The De nitive Guide to Yii 2.0

❚❤❡ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐✈❡ ●✉✐❞❡
t♦
❨✐✐ ✷✳✵

◗✐❛♥❣ ❳✉❡✱
❆❧❡①❛♥❞❡r ▼❛❦❛r♦✈✱
❈❛rst❡♥ ❇r❛♥❞t✱
❑❧✐♠♦✈ P❛✉❧✱
❛♥❞
t❤❡ ❨✐✐ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②

❈♦♣②r✐❣❤t ✷✵✶✹ ❨✐✐ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲▲❈✳

❈♦♥t❡♥ts
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥



✶✳✶

❲❤❛t ✐s ❨✐✐


✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✳✷

❯♣❣r❛❞✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❱❡rs✐♦♥ ✶✳✶

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷ ●❡tt✐♥❣ ❙t❛rt❡❞




✶✸

✷✳✶

■♥st❛❧❧✐♥❣ ❨✐✐


✷✳✷

❘✉♥♥✐♥❣ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✾

✷✳✸

❙❛②✐♥❣ ❍❡❧❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✷✸

✷✳✹

❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❋♦r♠s

✷✻


✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✸

✷✳✺

❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✷

✷✳✻

●❡♥❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❈♦❞❡ ✇✐t❤ ●✐✐

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✼

✷✳✼


▲♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❆❤❡❛❞

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✹✹

✸ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡

✹✼

✸✳✶

❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸✳✷

❊♥tr② ❙❝r✐♣ts


✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✹✽

✸✳✸

❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✺✵

✸✳✹

❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✻✷

✸✳✺

❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡rs


✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✻✺

✸✳✻

▼♦❞❡❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✼✹

✸✳✼

❱✐❡✇s

✽✹

✸✳✽

▼♦❞✉❧❡s


✸✳✾

❋✐❧t❡rs

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✹✼

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✾✾

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✵✹

✸✳✶✵ ❲✐❞❣❡ts

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳


✶✶✷

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✶✺

✸✳✶✷ ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✸✶

✸✳✶✶ ❆ss❡ts

✹ ❍❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ❘❡q✉❡sts

✶✹✸

✹✳✶

❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇


✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✹✸

✹✳✷

❇♦♦tstr❛♣♣✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✹✹

✹✳✸

❘♦✉t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❯❘▲ ❈r❡❛t✐♦♥

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✹✺

✹✳✹


❘❡q✉❡sts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✺✾

✹✳✺

❘❡s♣♦♥s❡s

✶✻✷

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✐✐✐

❈❖◆❚❊◆❚❙

✐✈

✹✳✻ ❙❡ss✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❈♦♦❦✐❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✼

✹✳✼ ❍❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ❊rr♦rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✹
✹✳✽ ▲♦❣❣✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✽

✺ ❑❡② ❈♦♥❝❡♣ts
✺✳✶ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✺✳✷ Pr♦♣❡rt✐❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✺✳✸ ❊✈❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✺✳✹ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✺✳✺ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✺✳✻ ❆❧✐❛s❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✺✳✼ ❈❧❛ss ❆✉t♦❧♦❛❞✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✺✳✽ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ▲♦❝❛t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✺✳✾ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝② ■♥❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈♦♥t❛✐♥❡r ✳

































































































































































✶✽✼
✶✽✼
✶✽✾
✶✾✶
✶✾✻
✷✵✸
✷✵✽
✷✶✵
✷✶✷
✷✶✺

✻ ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡s
✻✳✶ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡ ❆❝❝❡ss ❖❜❥❡❝ts
✻✳✷ ◗✉❡r② ❇✉✐❧❞❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✻✳✸ ❆❝t✐✈❡ ❘❡❝♦r❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✻✳✹ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡ ▼✐❣r❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳

















































































✷✷✸
✷✷✸
✷✸✺
✷✹✼
✷✼✸


























✼ ●❡tt✐♥❣ ❉❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ❯s❡rs
✼✳✶ ❈r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❋♦r♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✼✳✷ ❱❛❧✐❞❛t✐♥❣ ■♥♣✉t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✼✳✸ ❯♣❧♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❋✐❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✼✳✹ ❈♦❧❧❡❝t✐♥❣ t❛❜✉❧❛r ✐♥♣✉t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✼✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❧❡① ❋♦r♠s ✇✐t❤ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ▼♦❞❡❧s















































































✷✽✼
✷✽✼
✷✽✾
✸✵✷
✸✵✼
✸✵✾

✽ ❉✐s♣❧❛②✐♥❣ ❉❛t❛
✽✳✶ ❉❛t❛ ❋♦r♠❛tt❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✽✳✷ P❛❣✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✽✳✸ ❙♦rt✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✽✳✹ ❉❛t❛ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✽✳✺ ❉❛t❛ ✇✐❞❣❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✽✳✻ ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❈❧✐❡♥t ❙❝r✐♣ts
✽✳✼ ❚❤❡♠✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

























































































































































✸✶✶
✸✶✶
✸✶✻
✸✶✻
✸✶✼
✸✷✷
✸✸✸
✸✸✺

✾ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②
✾✳✶ ❆✉t❤❡♥t✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✾✳✷ ❆✉t❤♦r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✾✳✸ ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ P❛ss✇♦r❞s
✾✳✹ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❜❡st ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s ✳
































































































✸✸✾
✸✸✾
✸✹✶
✸✺✺
✸✺✾











❈❖◆❚❊◆❚❙



✶✵ ❈❛❝❤✐♥❣
✶✵✳✶ ❈❛❝❤✐♥❣

✸✻✸
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻✸

✶✵✳✷ ❉❛t❛ ❈❛❝❤✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻✸
✶✵✳✸ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t ❈❛❝❤✐♥❣

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼✶

✶✵✳✹ P❛❣❡ ❈❛❝❤✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼✹
✶✵✳✺ ❍❚❚P ❈❛❝❤✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼✺

✶✶ ❘❊❙❚❢✉❧ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s
✶✶✳✶ ◗✉✐❝❦ ❙t❛rt
✶✶✳✷ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡s
✶✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡rs
✶✶✳✹ ❘♦✉t✐♥❣

✸✼✾

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼✾

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽✸
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽✼

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾✵

✶✶✳✺ ❘❡s♣♦♥s❡ ❋♦r♠❛tt✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾✷
✶✶✳✻ ❆✉t❤❡♥t✐❝❛t✐♦♥

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾✺

✶✶✳✼ ❘❛t❡ ▲✐♠✐t✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾✽
✶✶✳✽ ❱❡rs✐♦♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾✾
✶✶✳✾ ❊rr♦r ❍❛♥❞❧✐♥❣

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵✶

✶✷ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❚♦♦❧s

✹✵✺

✶✸ ❚❡st✐♥❣

✹✵✾

✶✸✳✶ ❚❡st✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵✾
✶✸✳✷ ❚❡st✐♥❣ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t s❡t✉♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶✶
✶✸✳✸ ❯♥✐t ❚❡sts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶✶
✶✸✳✹ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚❡sts

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶✷

✶✸✳✺ ❆❝❝❡♣t❛♥❝❡ ❚❡sts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶✷
✶✸✳✻ ❋✐①t✉r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶✷
✶✸✳✼ ▼❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ ❋✐①t✉r❡s

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶✽

✶✹ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❚♦♣✐❝s

✹✷✶

✶✹✳✶ ❈r❡❛t✐♥❣ ②♦✉r ♦✇♥ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷✸
✶✹✳✷ ❈♦♥s♦❧❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷✹

✶✹✳✸ ❈♦r❡ ❱❛❧✐❞❛t♦rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷✾
✶✹✳✹ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹✵
✶✹✳✺ ▼❛✐❧✐♥❣

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺✶

✶✹✳✻ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❚✉♥✐♥❣

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺✻

✶✹✳✼ ❙❤❛r❡❞ ❍♦st✐♥❣ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻✶

✶✹✳✽ ❯s✐♥❣ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ❡♥❣✐♥❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻✸
✶✹✳✾ ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❚❤✐r❞✲P❛rt② ❈♦❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻✹

✶✺ ❲✐❞❣❡ts

✹✻✾

❈❖◆❚❊◆❚❙

✈✐

✶✻ ❍❡❧♣❡rs
✶✻✳✶ ❍❡❧♣❡rs

✹✼✸
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✹✼✸

✶✻✳✷ ❆rr❛②❍❡❧♣❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✹✼✹

✶✻✳✸ ❍t♠❧ ❤❡❧♣❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✹✽✵

✶✻✳✹ ❯r❧ ❍❡❧♣❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✹✽✻

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
✶✳✶

❲❤❛t ✐s ❨✐✐

❨✐✐ ✐s ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✱ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❜❛s❡❞ P❍P ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r r❛♣✐❞❧②
❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❛♠❡ ❨✐✐ ✭♣r♦♥♦✉♥❝❡❞

✿❪✮

❨❡❡

♦r

❬❥✐

♠❡❛♥s ✏s✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥❛r②✑ ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❡s❡✳ ■t ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ t❤♦✉❣❤t ♦❢

❛s ❛♥ ❛❝r♦♥②♠ ❢♦r

✶✳✶✳✶

❨❡s ■t ■s✦

❲❤❛t ✐s ❨✐✐ ❇❡st ❢♦r❄

❨✐✐ ✐s ❛ ❣❡♥❡r✐❝ ❲❡❜ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✱ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ t❤❛t ✐t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞
❢♦r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✉s✐♥❣ P❍P✳ ❇❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ✐ts
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❜❛s❡❞ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ s♦♣❤✐st✐❝❛t❡❞ ❝❛❝❤✐♥❣ s✉♣♣♦rt✱ ✐t ✐s ❡s✲
♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② s✉✐t❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❧❛r❣❡✲s❝❛❧❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s s✉❝❤ ❛s ♣♦rt❛❧s✱ ❢♦✲
r✉♠s✱ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t s②st❡♠s ✭❈▼❙✮✱ ❡✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts✱ ❘❊❙❚❢✉❧
❲❡❜ s❡r✈✐❝❡s✱ ❛♥❞ s♦ ♦♥✳

✶✳✶✳✷

❍♦✇ ❞♦❡s ❨✐✐ ❈♦♠♣❛r❡ ✇✐t❤ ❖t❤❡r ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s❄

■❢ ②♦✉✬r❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇✐t❤ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✱ ②♦✉ ♠❛② ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t❡ ❦♥♦✇✲
✐♥❣ ❤♦✇ ❨✐✐ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡s✿



▲✐❦❡ ♠♦st P❍P ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s✱ ❨✐✐ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥ts t❤❡ ▼❱❈ ✭▼♦❞❡❧✲❱✐❡✇✲
❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r✮ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♣❛tt❡r♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♠♦t❡s ❝♦❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥
t❤❛t ♣❛tt❡r♥✳



❨✐✐ t❛❦❡s t❤❡ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② t❤❛t ❝♦❞❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ✐♥ ❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ ②❡t
❡❧❡❣❛♥t ✇❛②✳

❨✐✐ ✇✐❧❧ ♥❡✈❡r tr② t♦ ♦✈❡r✲❞❡s✐❣♥ t❤✐♥❣s ♠❛✐♥❧② ❢♦r t❤❡

♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ str✐❝t❧② ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ s♦♠❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♣❛tt❡r♥✳



❨✐✐ ✐s ❛ ❢✉❧❧✲st❛❝❦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ♠❛♥② ♣r♦✈❡♥ ❛♥❞ r❡❛❞②✲t♦✲
✉s❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s✿ q✉❡r② ❜✉✐❧❞❡rs ❛♥❞ ❆❝t✐✈❡❘❡❝♦r❞ ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞
◆♦❙◗▲ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s❀ ❘❊❙❚❢✉❧ ❆P■ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t s✉♣♣♦rt❀ ♠✉❧t✐✲t✐❡r ❝❛❝❤✐♥❣
s✉♣♣♦rt❀ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡✳




❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✶✳



■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

❨✐✐ ✐s ❡①tr❡♠❡❧② ❡①t❡♥s✐❜❧❡✳ ❨♦✉ ❝❛♥ ❝✉st♦♠✐③❡ ♦r r❡♣❧❛❝❡ ♥❡❛r❧② ❡✈❡r②
♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦r❡✬s ❝♦❞❡✳

❨♦✉ ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ t❛❦❡ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❨✐✐✬s s♦❧✐❞

❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ t♦ ✉s❡ ♦r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉t❛❜❧❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s✳



❍✐❣❤ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✐s ❛❧✇❛②s ❛ ♣r✐♠❛r② ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ ❨✐✐✳



❨✐✐ ✐s ♥♦t ❛ ♦♥❡✲♠❛♥ s❤♦✇✱ ✐t ✐s ❜❛❝❦❡❞ ✉♣ ❜② ❛ str♦♥❣ ❝♦r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡r t❡❛♠ ✱
❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ♦❢ ♣r♦❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❧② ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♥❣ t♦ ❨✐✐✬s
❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ❨✐✐ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡r t❡❛♠ ❦❡❡♣s ❛ ❝❧♦s❡ ❡②❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❧❛t❡st ❲❡❜
❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t tr❡♥❞s ❛♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜❡st ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r
❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts✳

❚❤❡ ♠♦st r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❜❡st ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s

❢♦✉♥❞ ❡❧s❡✇❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ r❡❣✉❧❛r❧② ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦r❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❛♥❞ ❡①✲
♣♦s❡❞ ✈✐❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❡❧❡❣❛♥t ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s✳

✶✳✶✳✸

❨✐✐ ❱❡rs✐♦♥s

❨✐✐ ❝✉rr❡♥t❧② ❤❛s t✇♦ ♠❛❥♦r ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✿ ✶✳✶ ❛♥❞ ✷✳✵✳ ❱❡rs✐♦♥ ✶✳✶ ✐s
t❤❡ ♦❧❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐s ♥♦✇ ✐♥ ♠❛✐♥t❡♥❛♥❝❡ ♠♦❞❡✳ ❱❡rs✐♦♥ ✷✳✵ ✐s ❛ ❝♦♠✲
♣❧❡t❡ r❡✇r✐t❡ ♦❢ ❨✐✐✱ ❛❞♦♣t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧❛t❡st t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣
❈♦♠♣♦s❡r✱ P❙❘✱ ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡s✱ tr❛✐ts✱ ❛♥❞ s♦ ❢♦rt❤✳ ❱❡rs✐♦♥ ✷✳✵ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡
❝✉rr❡♥t ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧ r❡❝❡✐✈❡ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t
❡✛♦rts ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ♥❡①t ❢❡✇ ②❡❛rs✳ ❚❤✐s ❣✉✐❞❡ ✐s ♠❛✐♥❧② ❛❜♦✉t ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✷✳✵✳

✶✳✶✳✹

❘❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ Pr❡r❡q✉✐s✐t❡s

❨✐✐ ✷✳✵ r❡q✉✐r❡s P❍P ✺✳✹✳✵ ♦r ❛❜♦✈❡✳ ❨♦✉ ❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts
❢♦r ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ❜② r✉♥♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥t ❝❤❡❝❦❡r ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥ ❡✈❡r②
❨✐✐ r❡❧❡❛s❡✳
❯s✐♥❣ ❨✐✐ r❡q✉✐r❡s ❜❛s✐❝ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♦❢ ♦❜❥❡❝t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✭❖❖P✮✱
❛s ❨✐✐ ✐s ❛ ♣✉r❡ ❖❖P✲❜❛s❡❞ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳ ❨✐✐ ✷✳✵ ❛❧s♦ ♠❛❦❡s ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛t✲

✷ ❛♥❞ tr❛✐ts✸ ✳ ❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡

❡st ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ P❍P✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡s

❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ✇✐❧❧ ❤❡❧♣ ②♦✉ ♠♦r❡ ❡❛s✐❧② ♣✐❝❦ ✉♣ ❨✐✐ ✷✳✵✳

✶✳✷

❯♣❣r❛❞✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❱❡rs✐♦♥ ✶✳✶

❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♠❛♥② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ✶✳✶ ❛♥❞ ✷✳✵ ♦❢ ❨✐✐ ❛s t❤❡ ❢r❛♠❡✲
✇♦r❦ ✇❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② r❡✇r✐tt❡♥ ❢♦r ✷✳✵✳ ❆s ❛ r❡s✉❧t✱ ✉♣❣r❛❞✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ✈❡rs✐♦♥
✶✳✶ ✐s ♥♦t ❛s tr✐✈✐❛❧ ❛s ✉♣❣r❛❞✐♥❣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♠✐♥♦r ✈❡rs✐♦♥s✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❣✉✐❞❡ ②♦✉✬❧❧
✜♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❛❥♦r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s✳
■❢ ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦t ✉s❡❞ ❨✐✐ ✶✳✶ ❜❡❢♦r❡✱ ②♦✉ ❝❛♥ s❛❢❡❧② s❦✐♣ t❤✐s s❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞
t✉r♥ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② t♦ ✏ ●❡tt✐♥❣ st❛rt❡❞✏✳
P❧❡❛s❡ ♥♦t❡ t❤❛t ❨✐✐ ✷✳✵ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s ♠♦r❡ ♥❡✇ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s t❤❛♥ ❛r❡ ❝♦✈❡r❡❞
✐♥ t❤✐s s✉♠♠❛r②✳ ■t ✐s ❤✐❣❤❧② r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ t❤❛t ②♦✉ r❡❛❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡



❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳②✐✐❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳❝♦♠✴❛❜♦✉t✴
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❤♣✳♥❡t✴♠❛♥✉❛❧✴❡♥✴❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡s✳♣❤♣

❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❤♣✳♥❡t✴♠❛♥✉❛❧✴❡♥✴❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳♦♦♣✺✳tr❛✐ts✳♣❤♣


✶✳✷✳



❯P●❘❆❉■◆● ❋❘❖▼ ❱❊❘❙■❖◆ ✶✳✶

❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❡ ❣✉✐❞❡ t♦ ❧❡❛r♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡♠ ❛❧❧✳ ❈❤❛♥❝❡s ❛r❡ t❤❛t s♦♠❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ②♦✉
♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② ❤❛❞ t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❢♦r ②♦✉rs❡❧❢ ❛r❡ ♥♦✇ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦r❡ ❝♦❞❡✳

✶✳✷✳✶

■♥st❛❧❧❛t✐♦♥



❨✐✐ ✷✳✵ ❢✉❧❧② ❡♠❜r❛❝❡s ❈♦♠♣♦s❡r ✱ t❤❡ ❞❡ ❢❛❝t♦ P❍P ♣❛❝❦❛❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡r✳ ■♥✲
st❛❧❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦r❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s✱ ❛r❡ ❤❛♥❞❧❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤
❈♦♠♣♦s❡r✳ P❧❡❛s❡ r❡❢❡r t♦ t❤❡ ■♥st❛❧❧✐♥❣ ❨✐✐ s❡❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❧❡❛r♥ ❤♦✇ t♦ ✐♥st❛❧❧
❨✐✐ ✷✳✵✳ ■❢ ②♦✉ ✇❛♥t t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ♥❡✇ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s✱ ♦r t✉r♥ ②♦✉r ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ✶✳✶ ❡①t❡♥✲
s✐♦♥s ✐♥t♦ ✷✳✵✲❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜❧❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s✱ ♣❧❡❛s❡ r❡❢❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❈r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥s
s❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣✉✐❞❡✳

✶✳✷✳✷

P❍P ❘❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts

❨✐✐ ✷✳✵ r❡q✉✐r❡s P❍P ✺✳✹ ♦r ❛❜♦✈❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛ ❤✉❣❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦✈❡r P❍P
✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✺✳✷ t❤❛t ✐s r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ❜② ❨✐✐ ✶✳✶✳ ❆s ❛ r❡s✉❧t✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♠❛♥② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s
♦♥ t❤❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ t❤❛t ②♦✉ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♣❛② ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦✳ ❇❡❧♦✇ ✐s ❛ s✉♠♠❛r②
♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛❥♦r ❝❤❛♥❣❡s r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ P❍P✿







◆❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡s ✳



❆♥♦♥②♠♦✉s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ✳
❙❤♦rt ❛rr❛② s②♥t❛①

❬✳✳✳❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✳✳✳❪

✐s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢

❛rr❛②✭✳✳✳❡❧❡♠❡♥ts

✳✳✳✮✳



❙❤♦rt ❡❝❤♦ t❛❣s

❁❄❂

❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ✈✐❡✇ ✜❧❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s s❛❢❡ t♦ ✉s❡ st❛rt✐♥❣

❢r♦♠ P❍P ✺✳✹✳









❙P▲ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ✳



▲❛t❡ ❙t❛t✐❝ ❇✐♥❞✐♥❣s ✳


❉❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❚✐♠❡ ✳
✶✵
❚r❛✐ts ✳

✶✶ ✳ ❨✐✐ ✷✳✵ ♠❛❦❡s ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥t❧ P❍P ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt ✐♥t❡r✲

✐♥t❧

♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s✳

✶✳✷✳✸

◆❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡

❚❤❡ ♠♦st ♦❜✈✐♦✉s ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ ❨✐✐ ✷✳✵ ✐s t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡s✳ ❆❧♠♦st ❡✈❡r②
❝♦r❡ ❝❧❛ss ✐s ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡❞✱ ❡✳❣✳✱

②✐✐❭✇❡❜❭❘❡q✉❡st✳

❚❤❡ ✏❈✑ ♣r❡✜① ✐s ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r

✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❝❧❛ss ♥❛♠❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❛♠✐♥❣ s❝❤❡♠❡ ♥♦✇ ❢♦❧❧♦✇s t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r② str✉❝t✉r❡✳
❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱

✴❘❡q✉❡st✳♣❤♣


②✐✐❭✇❡❜❭❘❡q✉❡st

✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❝❧❛ss ✜❧❡ ✐s

✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❨✐✐ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦❧❞❡r✳

❤tt♣s✿✴✴❣❡t❝♦♠♣♦s❡r✳♦r❣✴
❤tt♣✿✴✴♣❤♣✳♥❡t✴♠❛♥✉❛❧✴❡♥✴❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡s✳♣❤♣

❤tt♣✿✴✴♣❤♣✳♥❡t✴♠❛♥✉❛❧✴❡♥✴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✳❛♥♦♥②♠♦✉s✳♣❤♣

❤tt♣✿✴✴♣❤♣✳♥❡t✴♠❛♥✉❛❧✴❡♥✴❜♦♦❦✳s♣❧✳♣❤♣

❤tt♣✿✴✴♣❤♣✳♥❡t✴♠❛♥✉❛❧✴❡♥✴❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳♦♦♣✺✳❧❛t❡✲st❛t✐❝✲❜✐♥❞✐♥❣s✳♣❤♣

❤tt♣✿✴✴♣❤♣✳♥❡t✴♠❛♥✉❛❧✴❡♥✴❜♦♦❦✳❞❛t❡t✐♠❡✳♣❤♣
✶✵
❤tt♣✿✴✴♣❤♣✳♥❡t✴♠❛♥✉❛❧✴❡♥✴❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳♦♦♣✺✳tr❛✐ts✳♣❤♣
✶✶
❤tt♣✿✴✴♣❤♣✳♥❡t✴♠❛♥✉❛❧✴❡♥✴❜♦♦❦✳✐♥t❧✳♣❤♣


✇❡❜



❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✶✳

■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

✭❨♦✉ ❝❛♥ ✉s❡ ❛♥② ❝♦r❡ ❝❧❛ss ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❝❧❛ss ✜❧❡✱
t❤❛♥❦s t♦ t❤❡ ❨✐✐ ❝❧❛ss ❧♦❛❞❡r✳✮

✶✳✷✳✹ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❖❜❥❡❝t
❨✐✐ ✷✳✵ ❜r❡❛❦s t❤❡ ❈❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❝❧❛ss ✐♥ ✶✳✶ ✐♥t♦ t✇♦ ❝❧❛ss❡s✿ ②✐✐❭❜❛s❡❭❖❜❥❡❝t
❛♥❞ ②✐✐❭❜❛s❡❭❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ❖❜❥❡❝t ❝❧❛ss ✐s ❛ ❧✐❣❤t✇❡✐❣❤t ❜❛s❡ ❝❧❛ss t❤❛t
❛❧❧♦✇s ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣ ♦❜❥❡❝t ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ✈✐❛ ❣❡tt❡rs ❛♥❞ s❡tt❡rs✳ ❚❤❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t
❝❧❛ss ❡①t❡♥❞s ❢r♦♠ ❖❜❥❡❝t ❛♥❞ s✉♣♣♦rts ❡✈❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦rs✳
■❢ ②♦✉r ❝❧❛ss ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♥❡❡❞ t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥t ♦r ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ❢❡❛t✉r❡✱ ②♦✉ s❤♦✉❧❞
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ✉s✐♥❣ ❖❜❥❡❝t ❛s t❤❡ ❜❛s❡ ❝❧❛ss✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ✉s✉❛❧❧② t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ❢♦r ❝❧❛ss❡s
t❤❛t r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ❜❛s✐❝ ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡s✳

✶✳✷✳✺ ❖❜❥❡❝t ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥
❚❤❡ ❖❜❥❡❝t ❝❧❛ss ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s ❛ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r✐♥❣ ♦❜❥❡❝ts✳ ❆♥②
❞❡s❝❡♥❞❛♥t ❝❧❛ss ♦❢ ❖❜❥❡❝t s❤♦✉❧❞ ❞❡❝❧❛r❡ ✐ts ❝♦♥str✉❝t♦r ✭✐❢ ♥❡❡❞❡❞✮ ✐♥ t❤❡
❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✇❛② s♦ t❤❛t ✐t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♣r♦♣❡r❧② ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❡❞✿
❝❧❛ss ▼②❈❧❛ss ❡①t❡♥❞s ❭②✐✐❭❜❛s❡❭❖❜❥❡❝t

♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❴❴❝♦♥str✉❝t✭✩♣❛r❛♠✶✱ ✩♣❛r❛♠✷✱ ✩❝♦♥❢✐❣ ❂ ❬❪✮

✴✴ ✳✳✳ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❝♦♥❢✐❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞


♣❛r❡♥t✿✿❴❴❝♦♥str✉❝t✭✩❝♦♥❢✐❣✮❀

♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥✐t✭✮

♣❛r❡♥t✿✿✐♥✐t✭✮❀





✴✴ ✳✳✳ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛❢t❡r ❝♦♥❢✐❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞

■♥ t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡✱ t❤❡ ❧❛st ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t♦r ♠✉st t❛❦❡ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥
❛rr❛② t❤❛t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ♥❛♠❡✲✈❛❧✉❡ ♣❛✐rs ❢♦r ✐♥✐t✐❛❧✐③✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞
♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t♦r✳ ❨♦✉ ❝❛♥ ♦✈❡rr✐❞❡ t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✭✮ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ ❞♦ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥
✇♦r❦ t❤❛t s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞✳
❇② ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❝♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥✱ ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❡
♥❡✇ ♦❜❥❡❝ts ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❛rr❛②✿
✩♦❜❥❡❝t ❂ ❨✐✐✿✿❝r❡❛t❡❖❜❥❡❝t✭❬
✬❝❧❛ss✬ ❂❃ ✬▼②❈❧❛ss✬✱
✬♣r♦♣❡rt②✶✬ ❂❃ ✬❛❜❝✬✱
✬♣r♦♣❡rt②✷✬ ❂❃ ✬❝❞❡✬✱
❪✱ ❬✩♣❛r❛♠✶✱ ✩♣❛r❛♠✷❪✮❀

▼♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧s ❛❜♦✉t ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❜❥❡❝t ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s
s❡❝t✐♦♥✳

✶✳✷✳

❯P●❘❆❉■◆● ❋❘❖▼ ❱❊❘❙■❖◆ ✶✳✶

✶✳✷✳✻



❊✈❡♥ts

■♥ ❨✐✐ ✶✱ ❡✈❡♥ts ✇❡r❡ ❝r❡❛t❡❞ ❜② ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣ ❛♥ ♦♥✲♠❡t❤♦❞ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ♦♥❇❡❢♦r❡❙❛✈❡✮✳
■♥ ❨✐✐ ✷✱ ②♦✉ ❝❛♥ ♥♦✇ ✉s❡ ❛♥② ❡✈❡♥t ♥❛♠❡✳ ❨♦✉ tr✐❣❣❡r ❛♥ ❡✈❡♥t ❜② ❝❛❧❧✐♥❣
t❤❡ tr✐❣❣❡r✭✮ ♠❡t❤♦❞✿
✩❡✈❡♥t ❂ ♥❡✇ ❭②✐✐❭❜❛s❡❭❊✈❡♥t❀
✩❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❃tr✐❣❣❡r✭✩❡✈❡♥t◆❛♠❡✱ ✩❡✈❡♥t✮❀

❚♦ ❛tt❛❝❤ ❛ ❤❛♥❞❧❡r t♦ ❛♥ ❡✈❡♥t✱ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ♦♥✭✮ ♠❡t❤♦❞✿
✩❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❃♦♥✭✩❡✈❡♥t◆❛♠❡✱ ✩❤❛♥❞❧❡r✮❀
✴✴ ❚♦ ❞❡t❛❝❤ t❤❡ ❤❛♥❞❧❡r✱ ✉s❡✿
✴✴ ✩❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❃♦❢❢✭✩❡✈❡♥t◆❛♠❡✱ ✩❤❛♥❞❧❡r✮❀

❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♠❛♥② ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡♠❡♥ts t♦ t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥t ❢❡❛t✉r❡s✳ ❋♦r ♠♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧s✱ ♣❧❡❛s❡
r❡❢❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❊✈❡♥ts s❡❝t✐♦♥✳
✶✳✷✳✼

P❛t❤ ❆❧✐❛s❡s

❨✐✐ ✷✳✵ ❡①♣❛♥❞s t❤❡ ✉s❛❣❡ ♦❢ ♣❛t❤ ❛❧✐❛s❡s t♦ ❜♦t❤ ✜❧❡✴❞✐r❡❝t♦r② ♣❛t❤s ❛♥❞
❯❘▲s✳ ❨✐✐ ✷✳✵ ❛❧s♦ ♥♦✇ r❡q✉✐r❡s ❛♥ ❛❧✐❛s ♥❛♠❡ t♦ st❛rt ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❅ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✱
t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡ ❛❧✐❛s❡s ❢r♦♠ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ✜❧❡✴❞✐r❡❝t♦r② ♣❛t❤s ♦r ❯❘▲s✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠✲
♣❧❡✱ t❤❡ ❛❧✐❛s ❅②✐✐ r❡❢❡rs t♦ t❤❡ ❨✐✐ ✐♥st❛❧❧❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r②✳ P❛t❤ ❛❧✐❛s❡s ❛r❡
s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ✐♥ ♠♦st ♣❧❛❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❨✐✐ ❝♦r❡ ❝♦❞❡✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ②✐✐❭❝❛❝❤✐♥❣
❭❋✐❧❡❈❛❝❤❡✿✿✩❝❛❝❤❡P❛t❤ ❝❛♥ t❛❦❡ ❜♦t❤ ❛ ♣❛t❤ ❛❧✐❛s ❛♥❞ ❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r②
♣❛t❤✳
❆ ♣❛t❤ ❛❧✐❛s ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❝❧♦s❡❧② r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛ ❝❧❛ss ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡✳ ■t ✐s r❡❝♦♠✲
♠❡♥❞❡❞ t❤❛t ❛ ♣❛t❤ ❛❧✐❛s ❜❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ r♦♦t ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡✱ t❤❡r❡❜② ❛❧✲
❧♦✇✐♥❣ ②♦✉ t♦ ✉s❡ ❨✐✐ ❝❧❛ss ❛✉t♦❧♦❛❞❡r ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥② ❢✉rt❤❡r ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥✳
❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❅②✐✐ r❡❢❡rs t♦ t❤❡ ❨✐✐ ✐♥st❛❧❧❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r②✱ ❛ ❝❧❛ss ❧✐❦❡
②✐✐❭✇❡❜❭❘❡q✉❡st ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛✉t♦❧♦❛❞❡❞✳ ■❢ ②♦✉ ✉s❡ ❛ t❤✐r❞ ♣❛rt② ❧✐❜r❛r②✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s
t❤❡ ❩❡♥❞ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✱ ②♦✉ ♠❛② ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛ ♣❛t❤ ❛❧✐❛s ❅❩❡♥❞ t❤❛t r❡❢❡rs t♦ t❤❛t
❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✬s ✐♥st❛❧❧❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r②✳ ❖♥❝❡ ②♦✉✬✈❡ ❞♦♥❡ t❤❛t✱ ❨✐✐ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡
t♦ ❛✉t♦❧♦❛❞ ❛♥② ❝❧❛ss ✐♥ t❤❛t ❩❡♥❞ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❧✐❜r❛r②✱ t♦♦✳
▼♦r❡ ♦♥ ♣❛t❤ ❛❧✐❛s❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❆❧✐❛s❡s s❡❝t✐♦♥✳
✶✳✷✳✽

❱✐❡✇s

❚❤❡ ♠♦st s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❛❜♦✉t ✈✐❡✇s ✐♥ ❨✐✐ ✷ ✐s t❤❛t t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡
✩t❤✐s ✐♥ ❛ ✈✐❡✇ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r r❡❢❡rs t♦ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r ♦r ✇✐❞❣❡t✳ ■♥st❡❛❞✱
✩t❤✐s ♥♦✇ r❡❢❡rs t♦ ❛ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❜❥❡❝t✱ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ ✷✳✵✳ ❚❤❡ ✈✐❡✇
♦❜❥❡❝t ✐s ♦❢ t②♣❡ ②✐✐❭✇❡❜❭❱✐❡✇✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ✈✐❡✇ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❱❈
♣❛tt❡r♥✳ ■❢ ②♦✉ ✇❛♥t t♦ ❛❝❝❡ss t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r ♦r ✇✐❞❣❡t ✐♥ ❛ ✈✐❡✇✱ ②♦✉ ❝❛♥
✉s❡ ✩t❤✐s✲❃❝♦♥t❡①t✳
❚♦ r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ ✈✐❡✇ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ✈✐❡✇✱ ②♦✉ ✉s❡ ✩t❤✐s✲❃r❡♥❞❡r✭✮✱
♥♦t ✩t❤✐s✲❃r❡♥❞❡rP❛rt✐❛❧✭✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❛❧❧ t♦ r❡♥❞❡r ❛❧s♦ ♥♦✇ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧②



❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✶✳

■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

❡❝❤♦❡❞✱ ❛s t❤❡ r❡♥❞❡r✭✮ ♠❡t❤♦❞ r❡t✉r♥s t❤❡ r❡♥❞❡r✐♥❣ r❡s✉❧t✱ r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥
❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❞✐s♣❧❛②✐♥❣ ✐t✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✿
❡❝❤♦ ✩t❤✐s✲❃r❡♥❞❡r✭✬❴✐t❡♠✬✱ ❬✬✐t❡♠✬ ❂❃ ✩✐t❡♠❪✮❀

❇❡s✐❞❡s ✉s✐♥❣ P❍P ❛s t❤❡ ♣r✐♠❛r② t❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ❨✐✐ ✷✳✵ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❡q✉✐♣♣❡❞
✇✐t❤ ♦✣❝✐❛❧ s✉♣♣♦rt ❢♦r t✇♦ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r t❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ❡♥❣✐♥❡s✿ ❙♠❛rt② ❛♥❞ ❚✇✐❣✳
❚❤❡ Pr❛❞♦ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ✐s ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞✳ ❚♦ ✉s❡ t❤❡s❡ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡
❡♥❣✐♥❡s✱ ②♦✉ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❡ t❤❡ ✈✐❡✇ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❜② s❡tt✐♥❣ t❤❡
❱✐❡✇✿✿✩r❡♥❞❡r❡rs ♣r♦♣❡rt②✳ P❧❡❛s❡ r❡❢❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❚❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ❊♥❣✐♥❡s s❡❝t✐♦♥
❢♦r ♠♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧s✳
✶✳✷✳✾

▼♦❞❡❧s

❨✐✐ ✷✳✵ ✉s❡s ②✐✐❭❜❛s❡❭▼♦❞❡❧ ❛s t❤❡ ❜❛s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ s✐♠✐❧❛r t♦ ❈▼♦❞❡❧ ✐♥ ✶✳✶✳
❚❤❡ ❝❧❛ss ❈❋♦r♠▼♦❞❡❧ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞r♦♣♣❡❞ ❡♥t✐r❡❧②✳ ■♥st❡❛❞✱ ✐♥ ❨✐✐ ✷ ②♦✉ s❤♦✉❧❞
❡①t❡♥❞ ②✐✐❭❜❛s❡❭▼♦❞❡❧ t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❧❛ss✳
❨✐✐ ✷✳✵ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s ❛ ♥❡✇ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s✭✮ t♦ ❞❡❝❧❛r❡ s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞
s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s✱ ❛♥❞ t♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ ✉♥❞❡r ✇❤✐❝❤ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ ❛♥ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡ ♥❡❡❞s t♦ ❜❡
✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡❞✱ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s s❛❢❡ ♦r ♥♦t✱ ❡t❝✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✿
♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s✭✮

r❡t✉r♥ ❬
✬❜❛❝❦❡♥❞✬ ❂❃ ❬✬❡♠❛✐❧✬✱ ✬r♦❧❡✬❪✱
✬❢r♦♥t❡♥❞✬ ❂❃ ❬✬❡♠❛✐❧✬✱ ✬✦r♦❧❡✬❪✱
❪❀


■♥ t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡✱ t✇♦ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s ❛r❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❡❞✿ ❜❛❝❦❡♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❢r♦♥t❡♥❞✳ ❋♦r t❤❡
❜❛❝❦❡♥❞ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦✱ ❜♦t❤ t❤❡ ❡♠❛✐❧ ❛♥❞ r♦❧❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s ❛r❡ s❛❢❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡
♠❛ss✐✈❡❧② ❛ss✐❣♥❡❞✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ❢r♦♥t❡♥❞ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦✱ ❡♠❛✐❧ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♠❛ss✐✈❡❧② ❛ss✐❣♥❡❞
✇❤✐❧❡ r♦❧❡ ❝❛♥♥♦t✳ ❇♦t❤ ❡♠❛✐❧ ❛♥❞ r♦❧❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ r✉❧❡s✳
❚❤❡ r✉❧❡s✭✮ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✐s st✐❧❧ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡❝❧❛r❡ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥ r✉❧❡s✳ ◆♦t❡
t❤❛t ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s✭✮✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❛♥ ✉♥s❛❢❡
✈❛❧✐❞❛t♦r✳
■♥ ♠♦st ❝❛s❡s✱ ②♦✉ ❞♦ ♥♦t ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ♦✈❡rr✐❞❡ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s✭✮ ✐❢ t❤❡ r✉❧❡s✭✮
♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢✉❧❧② s♣❡❝✐✜❡s t❤❡ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s t❤❛t ✇✐❧❧ ❡①✐st✱ ❛♥❞ ✐❢ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ♥❡❡❞ t♦
❞❡❝❧❛r❡ ✉♥s❛❢❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s✳
❚♦ ❧❡❛r♥ ♠♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧s ❛❜♦✉t ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ ♣❧❡❛s❡ r❡❢❡r t♦ t❤❡ ▼♦❞❡❧s s❡❝t✐♦♥✳
✶✳✷✳✶✵

❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡rs

❨✐✐ ✷✳✵ ✉s❡s ②✐✐❭✇❡❜❭❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r ❛s t❤❡ ❜❛s❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r ❝❧❛ss✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s s✐♠✐❧❛r
t♦ ❈❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r ✐♥ ❨✐✐ ✶✳✶✳ ②✐✐❭❜❛s❡❭❆❝t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❡ ❜❛s❡ ❝❧❛ss ❢♦r ❛❝t✐♦♥ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳
❚❤❡ ♠♦st ♦❜✈✐♦✉s ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ♦♥ ②♦✉r ❝♦❞❡ ✐s t❤❛t ❛ ❝♦♥✲
tr♦❧❧❡r ❛❝t✐♦♥ s❤♦✉❧❞ r❡t✉r♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t t❤❛t ②♦✉ ✇❛♥t t♦ r❡♥❞❡r ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢
❡❝❤♦✐♥❣ ✐t✿

✶✳✷✳

❯P●❘❆❉■◆● ❋❘❖▼ ❱❊❘❙■❖◆ ✶✳✶



♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❛❝t✐♦♥❱✐❡✇✭✩✐❞✮

✩♠♦❞❡❧ ❂ ❭❛♣♣❭♠♦❞❡❧s❭P♦st✿✿❢✐♥❞❖♥❡✭✩✐❞✮❀
✐❢ ✭✩♠♦❞❡❧✮ ④
r❡t✉r♥ ✩t❤✐s✲❃r❡♥❞❡r✭✬✈✐❡✇✬✱ ❬✬♠♦❞❡❧✬ ❂❃ ✩♠♦❞❡❧❪✮❀
⑥ ❡❧s❡ ④
t❤r♦✇ ♥❡✇ ❭②✐✐❭✇❡❜❭◆♦t❋♦✉♥❞❍tt♣❊①❝❡♣t✐♦♥❀



P❧❡❛s❡ r❡❢❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡rs s❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ♠♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧s ❛❜♦✉t ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡rs✳
✶✳✷✳✶✶

❲✐❞❣❡ts

❨✐✐ ✷✳✵ ✉s❡s ②✐✐❭❜❛s❡❭❲✐❞❣❡t ❛s t❤❡ ❜❛s❡ ✇✐❞❣❡t ❝❧❛ss✱ s✐♠✐❧❛r t♦ ❈❲✐❞❣❡t ✐♥
❨✐✐ ✶✳✶✳
❚♦ ❣❡t ❜❡tt❡r s✉♣♣♦rt ❢♦r t❤❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✐♥ ■❉❊s✱ ❨✐✐ ✷✳✵ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s ❛ ♥❡✇
s②♥t❛① ❢♦r ✉s✐♥❣ ✇✐❞❣❡ts✳ ❚❤❡ st❛t✐❝ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❜❡❣✐♥✭✮✱ ❡♥❞✭✮✱ ❛♥❞ ✇✐❞❣❡t✭✮
❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞✱ t♦ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❧✐❦❡ s♦✿
✉s❡ ②✐✐❭✇✐❞❣❡ts❭▼❡♥✉❀
✉s❡ ②✐✐❭✇✐❞❣❡ts❭❆❝t✐✈❡❋♦r♠❀
✴✴ ◆♦t❡ t❤❛t ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ✧❡❝❤♦✧ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧t t♦ ❞✐s♣❧❛② ✐t
❡❝❤♦ ▼❡♥✉✿✿✇✐❞❣❡t✭❬✬✐t❡♠s✬ ❂❃ ✩✐t❡♠s❪✮❀
✴✴ P❛ss✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❛rr❛② t♦ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧✐③❡ t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s
✩❢♦r♠ ❂ ❆❝t✐✈❡❋♦r♠✿✿❜❡❣✐♥✭❬
✬♦♣t✐♦♥s✬ ❂❃ ❬✬❝❧❛ss✬ ❂❃ ✬❢♦r♠✲❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧✬❪✱
✬❢✐❡❧❞❈♦♥❢✐❣✬ ❂❃ ❬✬✐♥♣✉t❖♣t✐♦♥s✬ ❂❃ ❬✬❝❧❛ss✬ ❂❃ ✬✐♥♣✉t✲①❧❛r❣❡✬❪❪✱
❪✮❀
✳✳✳ ❢♦r♠ ✐♥♣✉t ❢✐❡❧❞s ❤❡r❡ ✳✳✳
❆❝t✐✈❡❋♦r♠✿✿❡♥❞✭✮❀

P❧❡❛s❡ r❡❢❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❲✐❞❣❡ts s❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ♠♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧s✳
✶✳✷✳✶✷

❚❤❡♠❡s

❚❤❡♠❡s ✇♦r❦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t❧② ✐♥ ✷✳✵✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ♥♦✇ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ♣❛t❤
♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ t❤❛t ♠❛♣s ❛ s♦✉r❝❡ ✈✐❡✇ ✜❧❡ ♣❛t❤ t♦ ❛ t❤❡♠❡❞ ✈✐❡✇
✜❧❡ ♣❛t❤✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✐❢ t❤❡ ♣❛t❤ ♠❛♣ ❢♦r ❛ t❤❡♠❡ ✐s ❬✬✴✇❡❜✴✈✐❡✇s✬ ❂❃ ✬✴
✇❡❜✴t❤❡♠❡s✴❜❛s✐❝✬❪✱ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ t❤❡♠❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✈✐❡✇ ✜❧❡ ✴✇❡❜✴✈✐❡✇s✴s✐t❡
✴✐♥❞❡①✳♣❤♣ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✴✇❡❜✴t❤❡♠❡s✴❜❛s✐❝✴s✐t❡✴✐♥❞❡①✳♣❤♣✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s r❡❛s♦♥✱ t❤❡♠❡s
❝❛♥ ♥♦✇ ❜❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ❛♥② ✈✐❡✇ ✜❧❡✱ ❡✈❡♥ ❛ ✈✐❡✇ r❡♥❞❡r❡❞ ♦✉ts✐❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡
❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r ♦r ❛ ✇✐❞❣❡t✳
❆❧s♦✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ♠♦r❡ ❈❚❤❡♠❡▼❛♥❛❣❡r ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✳ ■♥st❡❛❞✱ t❤❡♠❡ ✐s ❛ ❝♦♥✲
✜❣✉r❛❜❧❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈✐❡✇ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✳
P❧❡❛s❡ r❡❢❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❚❤❡♠✐♥❣ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ♠♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧s✳



❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✶✳

✶✳✷✳✶✸

■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

❈♦♥s♦❧❡ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s

❈♦♥s♦❧❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♥♦✇ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡❞ ❛s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡rs✱ ❧✐❦❡ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳
❈♦♥s♦❧❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡rs s❤♦✉❧❞ ❡①t❡♥❞ ❢r♦♠ ②✐✐❭❝♦♥s♦❧❡❭❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r✱ s✐♠✐❧❛r
t♦ ❈❈♦♥s♦❧❡❈♦♠♠❛♥❞ ✐♥ ✶✳✶✳
❚♦ r✉♥ ❛ ❝♦♥s♦❧❡ ❝♦♠♠❛♥❞✱ ✉s❡ ②✐✐ ❁r♦✉t❡❃✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❁r♦✉t❡❃ st❛♥❞s ❢♦r ❛
❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r r♦✉t❡ ✭❡✳❣✳ s✐t❡♠❛♣✴✐♥❞❡①✮✳ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥♦♥②♠♦✉s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts ❛r❡
♣❛ss❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞✱
✇❤✐❧❡ ♥❛♠❡❞ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♣❛rs❡❞ ❛❝❝♦r

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