Factors affecting Kawashima Masayuki`s paranoid schizophrenia in Ryu Murakami`s PIERCING - USD Repository

  

FACTORS AFFECTING KAWASHIMA MASAYUKI’S

PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA SEEN IN RYU MURAKAMI’S

PIERCING

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

  

Ellysa Gusniati Simatupang

  Student Number: 064214074

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2013

  

FACTORS AFFECTING KAWASHIMA MASAYUKI’S

PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA SEEN IN RYU MURAKAMI’S

PIERCING

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

  

Ellysa Gusniati Simatupang

  Student Number: 064214074

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

  

“ONCE YOU STOP LEARNING, YOU START DYING”

• Albert Einstein-

  

“LIVE AS IF YOU WERE TO DIE TOMORROW, LEARN

AS I F YOU WERE TO LIVE”

• Mahatma Gandhi-

  “

IJUK DIPARA PARA, HOTANG DIPARLABIAN,

  

NABISUK NAMPUNA HATA NAOTO

TUPANGGADISAN ”

• Umpasa Batak-

  This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to My Beloved Father and Mother My Grandfathers and Grandmothers My Sister, Brothers and Amos Dian

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ Almighty for all blessings and strength during this undergraduate thesis writing. My big gratitude is dedicated to Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum., my advisor, for her time, understanding, advice, support, and patience. My thanks also go to my co-advisor, Linda Valentina Budiman, S.S., M.Hum., who willingly spent her time to read, corrected and gave valuable suggestions for the improvement of this thesis. I also thank all the lecturers of English Letters Department, staff, especially Mbak Nik.

  My gratitude goes to my beloved father, Gurasa Simatupang, and also my

  

beloved mother, Sherly M. Gultom for their prayers, patience, encouragement and

  being my motivator. I owe my gratitude to my lovely sister, Purnama, and my brothers, Gerry and Debby, for their supports, and being my best friends; my handsome nephew Amos Dian, who always knows how to make me smile and laugh.

  Big thanks, kisses and hugs go to Tafira, Rosa, Anissa, Saverin, Itok, Rintan, Denty, Sonson and Ariata for encouragement and friendship they have given to me. I also should thank my rock-n-roll friend, Janu Satmoko, who always supports and reminds me to finish this writing. Big thanks are also dedicated to Prayudi, Widi and Shintia for their advices and helps. Finally, I would like to thank all buddies whose names I cannot mention one by one for all the supports in helping me finish this undergraduate thesis.

  Ellysa G. Simatupang

  TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................i

APPROVAL PAGE ......................................................................................ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE .................................................................................iii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY…......................................... iv

  4. Theory of Schizophrenia .................................................................14

  1. Suspicious ....................................................................................... 31 2.

  

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .............................................................25

A. Object of the Study ..................................................................................25

B. Approach of the Study .............................................................................27

C. Method of the Study .................................................................................27

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ..........................................................................30

A. The Characteristics of Kawashima Masayuki ...........................................30

  

C. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................23

  7. Psychological Factor in Schizophrenia ............................................22

  6. Family Theory in Perspective of Schizophrenia ..............................21

  5. Theory of Paranoid Schizophrenia ..................................................19

  3. The Relation between Literature and Psychology ............................13

  Lembar Pernyataan Persetujuan Publikasi Karya Ilmiah ..................................... v

  2. Theory of Characterization .............................................................10

  1. Theory of Character ........................................................................9

  

B. Review of Related Theories ....................................................................9

  

A. Review of Related Studies .......................................................................7

  

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................1

A. Background of the Study ..........................................................................1

B. Problem Formulation ...............................................................................4

C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................................4

D. Definition of Terms …………………………………....……....…............ 5

CHAPTER II: THE THEORETICAL REVIEW ........................................7

  

MOTTO PAGE .............................................................................................vi

DEDICATION PAGE ...................................................................................vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..........................................................................viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................ix

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................xi

ABSTRAK .....................................................................................................xii

  Anxious …....................................................................................... 34 3. Fearful ……..................................................................................... 37 4. Spiteful ……………........................................................................ 39 5. Violent ………………………………………………..................... 40

  B. Paranoid Schizophrenia Reflected from the Characteristics ......................44 1. Delusions ……...............................................................................

  46

  2. Hallucinations ..............................................................................50

  3. Egocentric Individuals ..................................................................53

  4. Violent .........................................................................................55

  C. Factors Affecting Kawashima Masayuki’s Paranoid Schizophrenia ..........58

  1. Psychological Factors ...................................................................59

  a. Mental Abuse ............................................................................59

  b. Physical Abuse .........................................................................61

  2. Environmental Factors ..................................................................64

  

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ....................................................................68

BIBLIOGRAPHY .........................................................................................72

APPENDIX ...................................................................................................74

  

ABSTRACT

  ELLYSA GUSNIATI SIMATUPANG. Factors Affecting Kawashima

Masayuki’s Paranoid Schizophrenia Seen in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing.

Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

  As a field of study, psychology can be connected into the sphere of literature, because both of them have, more or less, the same purpose as a mirror of life and self-reflection. Being put together, those purposes will save values of humanity. In this study, literature is concluded as a way to express ideas through the language and writing, emerged from feeling and thought. Although seemingly connected, the roles of psychology and literature in this study are still distinguished according to their field. While psychology studies more about phenomena seen from human behavior, literature is used as a tool that can give knowledge through the experience so that people can read the social values of the novel. This is exemplified in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing that is presented in the theme of psychology.

  Three issues are carried out in order to accomplish the objectives of the study. The first one is the characteristics of Kawashima Murakami; second is the reflections of Kawashima’s characteristics toward his mental illness as a paranoid schizophrenic; and third is the factors that influence Kawashima’s mental condition.

  Some theories were used as the groundwork of the analysis. These theories covered theory of character and characterization, the theory of schizophrenia and paranoid schizophrenia, a family theory in perspective of schizophrenia and psychological factor in schizophrenia, and a theory about the relation between psychology and literature.

  Along with the emergence of mental illness experienced by the main character, the writer revealed six characteristics and four symtomps of schizophrenia that could indicate the main character’s mental illness. Besides, it was also found that there were two main factors that affect someone’s psychological stance: the environmental factor and the psychological factor, such as physical abuse and mental abuse. Abuses that happen over and over again during childhood usually are easily recorded until they leave a deep trauma and create fear unconsciously. The bitter experiences faced by the main character were samples that could be seen in Piercing until it led into conclusion that abuse was dangerous for the development of someone’s psychological stance. In short, the analysis found that Kawashima, as the main character in the novel, really suffered from paranoid schizophrenia.

  

ABSTRAK

  ELLYSA GUSNIATI SIMATUPANG. Factors Affecting Kawashima

Masayuki’s Paranoid Schizophrenia Seen in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing.

Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

  Sebagai salah satu bidang ilmu, psikologi juga dapat dihubungkan ke dalam lingkup sastra karena keduanya sedikit banyak memiliki tujuan yang sama, yaitu sebagai cermin kehidupan dan refleksi diri. Apabila disatukan, tujuannya akan menyimpan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan. Sastra sendiri, dalam studi ini, disimpulkan sebagai cara pengungkapan gagasan melalui bahasa dan tulisan yang muncul dari perasaan dan pemikiran. Dalam analisis studi ini, peran psikologi dan sastra tetap berbeda sesuai dengan bidangnya. Psikologi lebih mempelajari sebuah phenomena yang terjadi dilihat dari perilaku manusia, sementara sastra dapat dinilai sebagai alat yang dapat memberikan pengetahuan melalui pengalaman- pengalaman yang tertulis dalam sebuah karya sehingga, orang - orang dapat memetik nilai sosial yang terkandung dalam karya sastra tersebut. Hal ini contohnya terlihat dalam novel Piercing karya Ryu Murakami, yang disuguhkan dalam tema psikologi.

  Tiga rumusan masalah dimunculkan guna tercapainya tujuan dari studi ini. Masalah pertama adalah karakteristik Kawashima Masayuki; yang ke dua adalah pengaruh karakteristik Kawashima terhadap penyakit mentalnya, paranoid schizophrenia; dan yang ketiga adalah penyebab yang mempengaruhi kondisi mental Kawashima.

  Beberapa teori digunakan sebagai landasan analisis. Teori-teori ini meliputi teori karakter dan karakteristik, teori tentang schizophrenia dan

  

paranoid schizophrenia , teori keluarga dalam pandangan schizophrenia dan faktor

  psikologis dalam schizophrenia, serta teori tentang hubungan antara psikologi dan sastra.

  Seiring dengan munculnya gangguan jiwa yang dialami tokoh utama dalam novel ini, penulis menemukan 6 karakteristik dan 4 gejala schizophrenia yang dapat menunjukan penyakit mental tokoh utama. Disamping itu, juga ditemukan 2 faktor utama yang sangat mempengaruhi kondisi kejiwaan seseorang, yaitu faktor lingkungan dan faktor psikologi seperti kekerasan fisik dan mental. Kekerasan yang terus menerus terjadi selama masa kecil biasanya dengan mudah terekam sehingga meninggalkan sebuah trauma yang membekas dan tanpa sadar menciptakan rasa takut. Pengalaman pahit yang dialami oleh tokoh utama adalah beberapa contoh yang dapat dilihat dalam Piercing sehingga mengarah pada kesimpulan bahwa kekerasan itu berbahaya dalam perkembangan psikologi seseorang. Singkatnya, dalam analisis ini disimpulkan bahwa tokoh utama dalam novel ini benar-benar menderita paranoid schizophrenia.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Psychology is an important aspect in literature. The ideas of psychology

  can be found in literary works like novel (Coleman 1976: 8). Both literature and psychology teach us to see the real world because literature and psychology can mirror human’s life and teach people about human values. Besides, according to Cummings and Simmons in the Language of Literature: A Stylistic Introduction to

  

the Study of Literature, a literary work can be used “as a device for imaginative

  stimulation, a way to find out what we’re thinking or feeling or who we are” (1983: 1).

  From the above quotation, every moment and experience happening in one’s life can teach someone to be wiser and more critical in facing a life. It can be concluded that literary work helps us understand situations and conditions around us in everyday life and make us more sensitive toward something that we read and see in front of us.

  In this study, the writer explains further about the mental illness that the main character suffers from, that is, paranoid schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is one of many mental illnesses. In psychology, schizophrenia is classified into some types: catatonic type, paranoid type and hebephrenic. Furthermore about schizophrenia, Davison wrote:

  The symptoms of schizophrenic patients can be organized into disturbances in several major areas thought, perception and attention, motor behavior, affect or emotion, and life functioning (1986: 337). People who suffer from schizophrenia usually show some bizarre behaviors because they probably cannot control their fear and anxiety because of disturbances of thought and emotion inside them. Most of them cannot distinguish between hallucination and reality. People who suffer from schizophrenia are illogical. Usually, their perception and attention are usually wrong. In this novel, the mental illness is caused by some past problems or bad experiences. That is why, considering the correlation between literature and psychology, a study of psychological aspects in literature is worth doing. In short, this study is to analyze the psychological aspect in a novel entitled Piercing.

  Well-written by Ryu Murakami, Piercing is a story about the life of Kawashima Masayuki, the main character. During his childhood, Kawashima had always been abused by his mother. She always hit and said inappropriate things to him until it left trauma in Kawashima’s life. All bad experiences he had gone through slowly disturb his emotion and psychology. Every time he remembered about his mother, he would feel angry, anxious and afraid that finally made him felt strong drive of adrenaline and big anger. If it happened to him, usually those feeling would disturb his mind until they forced him to stab someone using an ice pick.

  From Kawashima’s experiences, it is concluded that children easily remember memories in their mind. In many cases nowadays, some bad experiences make people develop and build their own characters and emotion to make them feel safe and comfortable. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that attitude, information and knowledge that children get can bring significant influences for the formation of their personality and behavior. As it can be seen in

  

Piercing , Kawashima, who had always been abused and ignored by his mother

  during his childhood, later realized that what she did to him had make him become insane in some ways.

  According to Kawashima Masayuki’s case in Piercing, this study focuses on the psychological condition of the main character. The physical abuse is one of two abuses that Murakami presented in Piercing. In this study, the writer also explains further about the factors that make Kawashima suffer from Paranoid schizophrenia. In the story, Kawashima’s emotion and thought that always change made him switch personality easily from a good person, husband and father, into someone else that likes violence. Being violent is the only thing that can satisfy him and enable him to overcome his fear. That is why from this novel, there are still some clumsy things in Kawashima’s behavior that show his mental illness. This can be seen from his behavior, thought and emotion.

  The phenomena that the main character had gone through make Piercing interesting to be analyzed because many forms of abuses still exist until now.

  Kawashima gradually got various influences from the society around him, especially in family through his relationship with his mother. Here, all events that happened in Kawashima’s life during childhood are the reasons why the writer chooses this novel to be analyzed. The purpose of this study is to find out the factors that made Kawashima suffer from paranoid schizophrenia.

  B. Problem Formulation

  In order to reach a conclusive point of analysis and to focus the explanation, three problems are formulated as follows:

  1. What are the characteristics of Kawashima Masayuki as seen in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing?

  2. How do Kawashima’s characteristics as described in this novel reflect his paranoid schizophrenia?

  3. What factors affect Kawashima’s paranoid schizophrenia?

  C. Objective of the Study

  There are three objectives of the study. The purpose of the undergraduate thesis is to find out the answer of the questions mentioned in the problem formulation. First, the study tries to describe Kawashima Masayuki’s characteristics in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing. The second objective is to find out how the characteristic of Kawashima Masayuki can describe and prove that he suffered from paranoid schizophrenia. The last objective is to find out the factors that affect Kawashima Masayuki’s suffering from paranoid schizophrenia.

D. Definition of Terms

  To avoid any misunderstandings about the content of this research, there are some important keywords that are listed as follows:

  1. Schizophrenia

  According to Gary R. Vandenbos in APA Dictionary of Psychology, schizophrenia defined as “a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances on thinking (cognition), emotional responsiveness, and behavior” (2007: 815).

  From the above quotation, the writer finds out that people who suffer from schizophrenia sometimes find difficulties in communicating because when their thoughts are disturbed by imaginations and false believe that they made, they cannot control their behavior. In short, they trust more what is in their mind instead of the reality.

  2. Paranoid Schizophrenia

  Taken from APA Dictionary of Psychology, paranoid schizophrenia is defined as follow: In DSM-IV-TR, a subtype of schizophrenia. Often with a later onset that other types, characterized by prominent delusions or auditory hallucinations. Delusions are typically persecutory, grandiose, or both: hallucinations are typically related to the content of the delusional theme. Cognitive functioning and mood are affected to a much lesser degree than in other types of schizophrenia. The DSM-III designation was paranoid type schizophrenic disorder (Vandenbos, 2007: 670). From the above quotation, people who suffer from paranoid schizophrenia have almost the same symptoms as those who suffer from paranoid. The difference is that in paranoid, the patients just feel suspicious and insecure, but in paranoid schizophrenia, not only do the patients feel suspicious toward something or someone, but they are also stuck in their imagination like hallucinations and delusions that lead them into becoming violent or to commit suicide. People who suffer from paranoid schizophrenia totally cannot differentiate which one is real and which one is only a hallucination.

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEWS In this chapter, the writer explains some theories which are considered to

  be related to this study. There are three parts that will be explained further. The first part is the review of related studies containing some previous studies which are related to this study. The second part is the review of related theories to be applied to this study. And the last part is the theoretical framework which explains further about the function of those studies and theories and how they apply in this study.

A. Review of Related Studies

  In the beginning scene of the novel, Kawashima Masayuki became paranoid when he saw his wife murmuring something to his baby. What he saw between his daughter and wife suddenly made him became afraid and anxious.

  Murakami gets to his trademark grit on impact, with Kawashima Masayuki watching his newborn daughter sleep in her crib in the middle of the night. three pages, he is caressing her cheek with an ice pick. Imagining what it would feel like to puncture the baby’s skin. Instead of following his brutal instincts, he makes himself a promise: He will instead stab a prostitute with the ice pick. Get it out of his system, and save his little family. Kawashima begins filling a notebook with elaborate plans involving gloves, a change of clothes, a falsified accent, and the size, shape and skin color of the victim (http://christalawler.com/2010/09/02). The related study above shows that the emotion and the thought of

  Kawashima Masayuki are disorganized. On one hand, he wanted to stab his daughter, but on the other hand, he realized that he is her father. His fears of being left or lonely caused him to be unable to control his desire to hurt someone because his bad experiences had already affected his social life.

  Another related study is taken from an undergraduate thesis written by Agatha Maria W.S.P who summarized about mental illness and schizophrenia.

  Most times mental illness in general and schizophrenia in particular comes the public attention’s only when behaviours are bizarre or violent, but there is still a long way to go in helping educate families and remove the stigma. However people with such illness are still human. (Palupi, 2004: 50) Agatha Maria tried to say that everybody has the same right to be treated as a human although that person has mental illness. She believed that there is still a way to help patients with mental illness or schizophrenia and that is why she tried to find a way to change people’s mind into thinking that mental illness is something that can be cured.

  In this novel, Kawashima is described as a sick, insecure, and violent person. Below is another study that is written by Irene Wanner, From here, the two limited-third-person points of view interweave, gaining speed as the narrative moves from one mind to the other, building tension. Kawashima -- paranoid, frightened and uncertain -- has met his match in the schizophrenic Chiaki, whom he later will see as "a chronic suicide case." The two are a mismatch made in hell. As their bizarre encounter unfolds, Murakami keeps his readers pinned in the unpleasant present, where we can't help wanting to learn how the horrors of these terrible childhoods will play out in the sick games of deeply damaged adults (http://www.sfgate.com/2007/04/01/RVG3OOPB2O1.DTL). From the above quotation, Wanner wanted to share that actually the past life during childhood influences behavior and attitude of someone in adults’ life. The fear of being rejected had already tore up Kawashima’s confidence and figures of time he saw and believed that his girlfriend or his wife would leave or ignored him. Usually his paranoid would lead him into committing violence.

  The last literary study that supports this study is related to schizophrenia. Here, a schizophrenic patient wishes that everything must go the way s/he wants. Below is the appropriate evidence to introduce little about schizophrenia.

  Events and situations in someone’s life may affect one aspect or more in his life to change. The changes can positive, negative or even both. In Nash’s case, schizophrenia has the role in developing his character into better and worse. Somehow, the development is just a process he has to live with and it cannot always be the same as he wants it to be. (Bhirowo, 2004: 57) Environment affects someone’s psychological stance and can build a positive or negative characteristics and behavior. Here, Bhirowo wanted to say that bad experiences that have happened will usually be easy to remember because it left trauma in people who faced it. Besides, bad experiences also contribute in shaping one’s character.

B. Review of Related Theories

  This subchapter consists of some theories that will be applied in the analysis. They are theory of literature and theory of psychology that are discussed as follow.

1. Theory of Character

  According to M.H. Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms, character can be identified and interpreted by the reader through the speech and action that is shown.

  Character are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interested by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say – the dialogue – and by what the do – action (1993: 23).

  Based on the quotation above, the writer concludes that to understand a character, the readers need to understand how to describe the character in the novel or play.

  There are two ways that must be concerned about: showing and telling. To analyze the character, the author must be concerned to the actions and expressions of the character because automatically they are dealing with the characteristic and the behavior of its character.

2. Theory of Characterization The theory of characterization is important in analyzing the characteristic.

  M.J. Murphy in Understanding Unseens: An Introduction to English Poetry and

  

English Novels for Overseas Students stated that there are nine ways that the

writer usually uses.

  a. Personal Description

  Personal description is one of many steps in analyzing the character. “The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes” (Murphy, 1972: 161).

  From the personal description, the reader can conclude and imagine the physical appearance of the character.

  b. Character as Seen by Another Physical appearance is not the only thing that needs to be analyzed.

  Besides, the second way to analyze a character in a literary work is by noticing other’s opinion because it holds a role in understanding the characterization.

  Instead of describing a character directly, an author can describe it through the eyes and the opinions of another character. “The reader gets, as it were, a reflected image” (Murphy, 1972: 162). It shows the reader how to understand a character by analyzing deeply through other people’s opinion. So the author of a literary work tries to give an opinion to the reader by putting an idea through his choice of words and phrases that s/he writes.

  c. Speech

  The third way is speech. Through the speech in conversation, the reader will usually find the personalities of the character that will be analyzed.

  The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what that person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving us some clue to his character (Murphy, 1972: 164).

  From the above quotation, speech also holds an important role because from verbal action, it will be easy for the reader to decide the characterization of the character that will be analyzed.

  d. Past Life

  By knowing the background and the past life of the character, it will be easy to see what kind of person that the writer wants to describe.

  By letting the reader learn something about a person’s past life the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thoughts, through his conversation or through the medium of another person (Murphy, 1972: 166). From the above quotation, the writer concludes that past life constitutes the characteristics of someone at present. Good or bad experiences happening to the character will influence her/his personality, behavior and attitude.

  e. Conversation of Others

  The fifth way is to ask the reader to see and to analyze the character through the things that are said. Through the conversation in the story, the reader will get a clue about what kind of person s/he is. “The author can also give the reader clues to a person’s character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about him” (Murphy, 1972: 167).

  f. Reactions

  In a story, there is a situation that will affect the readers’ perception in understanding the character. Reaction is one of the important things that the readers need to notice. “The author can also give us a clue to a person’s character by letting us know how that person reacts to various situations and events” (Murphy. 1972: 168). Every reaction that is shown will show further about the characterization of the character that will be analyzed.

  g. Direct Comment

  “The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly” (Murphy, 1972: 170). Here, the author is free to comment on his character in order to get a better and clear understanding of the character.

  h. Thoughts

  The thoughts of the reader in reading and understanding a literary work are important. “The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about” (Murphy, 1972: 171). This quotation means that the thoughts can only be seen by the readers. The readers usually will feel it, think about it and safe it in their mind to make her/him get the point of one character.

i. Mannerisms

  Mannerisms are the last way that Murphy wants to share. Mannerisms hold an important role in understanding the character. “The author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his character” (Murphy, 1972: 173). So, mannerisms usually will show the reader a deeper understanding about the personality of the character itself.

3. The Relation between Literature and Psychology

  In literature, people can learn about psychology, like they can in psychology. As already known, literature is a part of art. There are always meanings, reasons, moods and feeling of the artist or the authors, hidden behind all literary works.

  A good novelist can communicate the feelings of his fictional characters and make them seem more life-like than the real people whose behavior the psychologist attempts to describe. Writers can use the understanding provided by psychologists to enrich their stories, and psychologists can gain in their understanding of human behavior by drawing from the deep sensitivity of good authors (Kalish, 1972: 8).

  The above quotation shows that psychology and literature are connected to each other. Both literature and psychology learn about phenomena happening in the past and nowadays. Usually, a work of literature can be analyzed from many points of view, which are, from the character, the situation that the author describes and also from the biography of the author him/herself.

  Seeing literature from psychological aspect leads the writer to conclude that both literature and psychology have the same purpose, that is, as a mirror for the reader in understanding human behavior by increasing self-awareness and learning to be wiser in facing the life and doing something. Besides, psychologists believe that people cannot be separated from the cause and effect.

4. Theory of Schizophrenia

  Before the writer goes and explains further about the symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia, it is important to know what schizophrenia is.

  Schizophrenia is a disorder with a range of symptoms involving disturbances in content of thought, form of thought, perception, affect, sense of self, motivation, behavior, and interpersonal functioning (Halgin, 1994: 276).

  From the above quotation, the writer found that schizophrenia is generally a type of mental illness that attacks emotion, thought and sense in general. Here, a person who suffers from schizophrenia usually has bizarre behavior every time s/he feels anxious or fear. It happens because the stimulation that comes to schizophrenic has already disturbed his thought until it makes her/him not able to think logically anymore. A person who suffers from schizophrenia does not realize that s/he is sick. In most cases, a schizophrenic person cannot control what just appears in her/his mind.

  To know whether someone gets schizophrenia or not, it is important to know the symptoms first. According to G. Terence Wilson, “delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior and negative symptoms” are classic symptoms of schizophrenia (1996, 416).

  Although he said there are five symptoms of schizophrenia, he also said that to identify that someone really suffers from schizophrenia or not, the writer only needs to identify two symptoms out of five.

a. Delusions

  Delusions usually appear to a schizophrenic person. “Delusions are false believe. Person with schizophrenia often express unusual beliefs that are not shared by others in their culture” (Wilson, 1996: 417). From this quotation, the writer concludes that schizophrenic patient believes in something that is not real.

  He believes what he thinks is real although the real condition is not. Here, a schizophrenic creates and builds that perceptions only in her/his mind. That is why delusions usually will lead a schizophrenic into becoming suspicious toward something in front of her/him.

  In schizophrenia, there are four types of delusions that should be known

  i. Delusions of Persecution

  Person who gets delusions of persecution usually believes that someone is trying to hurt her/him or believe that someone is against him/her. “People are out to get me” (Wilson,1996: 417).

  ii. Delusions of Grandeur

  Person who gets these delusions usually think that s/he is a famous person and have special power and control everything (Wilson, 1996: 418).

  iii. Delusions of Control

  A schizophrenic who gets these delusions believe that his/her thought or actions are controlled by external factors (Wilson, 1996: 428).

  iv. Delusions of Romance (Erotomania)

  People who get these delusions believe that someone is in love with or romantically involved with them (Wilson, 1996: 148).

b. Hallucinations People who suffer from schizophrenia usually will get hallucinations.

  “Sensation experienced by an individual that are not experienced by others” (Wilson, 1996: 419). This quotation means that only a schizophrenic who can feel and see it while other people around her/him cannot.

  According to James C. Coleman, there are five types of hallucinations. They are auditory hallucinations, visual hallucinations, olfactory hallucinations, gustatory hallucinations and tactual hallucinations. Below are further explanations about those types of hallucinations.

  i. Auditory Hallucinations

  People who suffer from schizophrenia usually will hear voices that others cannot hear.

  Hallucinations involving the sense of hearing: the individual may hear voices telling him what to do, commenting on or criticizing his actions, or warning him that he will be punished unless he repents (Coleman, 1976: 296).

  From the above quotation it is obvious that the voice that a schizophrenic hear is only in his head and is not real. Usually a person who gets these hallucinations will easily accept what the voice told them. The voice that exist in her/his head will influence her/his action and thought in everyday life.

  ii. Visual Hallucinations

  In visual hallucinations, usually a schizophrenic will see thing that other people cannot see. “Hallucinations involving the sense of sight” (Coleman, patients can see something in front of them like it is really happened and exist which actually only appear in their mind. That is why schizophrenic patients cannot differentiate reality and hallucinations.

iii. Olfactory Hallucinations

  These hallucinations are closed to human sense. “Hallucination involving the sense of smell” (Coleman, 1976: 296). Usually people who get this hallucinations will smell bizarre things every time they are under a depressing condition or a dangerous situation.

  iv. Gustatory Hallucinations

  These hallucinations still connects to the sense, that is, the sense of taste (Coleman, 1976: 296). Here, people who suffer from schizophrenia will think that someone is trying to kill them. They become worry toward food and drink that they consume and usually believe that their food and drink are poisoned.

  v. Tactual Hallucinations

  Still related to the human’s sense, usually people who get this hallucination believe and feel that something touches them. They imagine that what touches them is real.

c. Disorganized Speech (Derailment)

  People who have this symptom have difficulty to relate a question and the answer. Most of all, there is no connection between question and answer. “A person moves from one topic to another without any natural transitions” (Wilson,

  1996: 420). This person is easy to change topics without any confirmation, so it looks like s/he is answering a question that is out of topic.

  d. Grossly Disorganized Behavior and Catatonic Behavior

  In grossly disorganized behavior, usually people who have this symptom will do an inappropriate behavior. “It seen in childlike silliness or highly agitated behavior” (Wilson, 1996: 420). From this quotation, the writer concludes that people who suffer from schizophrenia will do a bizarre thing in inappropriate place and situation.

  Grossly disorganized behavior is different from catatonic behavior. In catatonic behavior, people who have this symptom will look like they have problem with their motor abnormalities. Person who have this symptom usually like peculiar postures, usually soldier. “Catatonic behavior refers to marked motor abnormalities, including motor immobility, excessive motor behaviors and the maintenance of fixed postures over long periods of time” (Wilson, 1996: 420).

  This quotation shows that this symptom will make schizophrenic patients look helpless because it looks like they need other people to help them. In short, this symptom makes them passive that can be seen from their lack of energy.

  e. Negative symptoms

  There are three negative symptoms according to G. Terence Wilson. First is flat or blunt affect which shows that a person who has this symptom will show flat expression in their emotion, second is little speech (alogia) which shows that a person who has this symptom will talk very little and the last symptom is lack of drive (avolition) which means a person who has this symptoms shows no interest in activity (Wilson, 1996: 421).

5. Theory of Paranoid Schizophrenia

  In theory of schizophrenia, the writer finds that paranoid schizophrenia is one of the main type of schizopherenia. Here, the symptoms that are found in paranoid schizophrenia is triggered from symptoms of schizophrenia. But, in this theory, paranoid schizophrenia has particular symptoms which cannot be found in schizophrenia. “Paranoid schizophrenia are agitated, argumentative, angry, and sometimes violent” (Davison, 1986: 343). People who suffer from paranoid schizophrenia will always feel insecure and think that somebody is going to go against them. That is why, when they face a bad situation, their reaction will appear spontaneously.