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  THE CAUSES OF NARRATOR’S SCHIZOPHRENIA IN CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN’S “THE YELLOW WALLPAPER” AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By ERLITA

  Student Number: 084214059

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2012

  THE CAUSES OF NARRATOR’S SCHIZOPHRENIA IN CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN’S “THE YELLOW WALLPAPER” AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By ERLITA

  Student Number: 084214059

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2012

  A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis THE CAUSES OF NARRATOR’S SCHIZOPHRENIA IN CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN’S “THE YELLOW WALLPAPER”

  By ERLITA

  Student Number: 084214059 Approved by Linda Valentina Budiman S.S., M.Hum. August 8, 2012. Advisor Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka M.Hum. August 8, 2012.

  Co-Advisor

  

A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

THE CAUSES OF NARRATOR’S SCHIZOPHRENIA IN

CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN’S “THE YELLOW WALLPAPER”

  

By

ERLITA

  

Student Number: 084214059

Defended before the Board of Examiners

On 31 August

and Declared Acceptable

  

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Name Signature

  

Chairperson : Dr. FX. Siswadi M.A ____________

Secretary : Dra. Agatha Bernadetha Sri Mulyani, M.A.,Ph.D. ____________

Member : Dra. Agatha Bernadetha Sri Mulyani, M.A.,Ph.D ____________

Member : Linda Valentina Budiman S.S., M.Hum. ____________

Member : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka M.Hum. ____________

Yogyakarta, August 31, 2012

  Faculty of Letters Sanata Dharma University Dean Dr. FX. Siswadi M.A

  

I can do all things in Christ

who strengthens me

(Philippians 4:13)

Success seems to be connected with action.

  

Successful people keep moving.

They make mistakes, but they don’t quit.

• -Conrad Hilton-

  

T HIS UNDERGRA DUA T E T HESIS IS DEDICA T ED T O

My A ll in A ll, Jesu s Ch rist

My Belov ed Pa ren ts

a n d My Su per Little Broth er

  

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswi Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Erlita Nomor Mahasiswa : 084214059

Demi kepentingan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

  

The Causes of Narrator’s Schizophrenia in

Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper”

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam

bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan

secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk

kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan

royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta. Pada tanggal: 10 September 2012 Yang menyatakan, (Erlita)

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would really like to express my greatest gratitude to my

Savior, Jesus Christ, for His wisdom, blessings and strength for making this thesis

finished in His beautiful time. Also, praise to Him because I can always walk with

Him through any storm. I could not have finished this thesis without Him.

  My gratitude also goes to my beloved parents and my little brother for

their supports and motivations to me. I thank them for being my spirit. It is a great

blessing to have them in my life. I love them all.

  My special thank goes to Linda Valentina Budiman S.S., M.Hum. as my

great major advisor for her time, guidance, understanding and patience in the

process of making this undergraduate thesis, so I was able to finish this. My

special thank also goes to Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka M.Hum. as my co-advisor

for his time and guidance so that I can know and correct my mistakes in this

thesis. My thankfulness goes to my examiner Dra. Agatha Bernadetha Sri

Mulyani, M.A.,Ph.D for the useful suggestions in order to make the thesis more

perfect. I would also like to express my great gratitude to all of the lecturers who

have taught and given me useful knowledge during my study in Sanata Dharma

University, Yogyakarta.

  Thanks to my best friends in Hands of God’s Cell Group: Tia, Linda,

Indri, and Heni, for holding and strengthening me on their prayers. They are super

girls! The Lions Sleep Tonight’s members: Via, Dewi, Lany, Astu, and Yulita,

  

thank cie Venna, kak Tony, ko Ady, cie Defvi, Gloria, Candra, and Indah for their

support and prayers in finishing my thesis. My special thank also goes to Daniel

Andrianto for his love, patience, time and support that always reminds me to

finish my thesis and cheers me up after my long day. He is always with me in the

ups and downs even though we are separated by the long distances.

  I would like thank all people who I cannot mention one by one for all of

their supports in making my undergraduate thesis. I love them. I thank them so

much.

  Erlita

  

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declared that the thesis which I wrote does not contain the work of

other people, except those cited in this quotations and bibliography, as a scientific

paper should.

  Yogyakarta, 10 September 2012 Erlita

  TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................................ i

APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................................. ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...........................................................................................iii

MOTTO PAGE ....................................................................................................... iv

DEDICATION PAGE ............................................................................................. v

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

  ...................................................................................... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... vii

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ....................................................................... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………x

ABSTRACTS .......................................................................................................... xi

ABSTRAK

  ............................................................................................................... xii

  

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1

A. Background of the Study ......................................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation ............................................................................... 4 C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................................ 4 D. Definition of Terms ................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW ............................................................ 7

A. Review of Related Studies ....................................................................... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ...................................................................... 9 1. Theory of Characterization .............................................................. 9 2. Theory of Narrator.......................................................................... 10 3. Theory of Schizophrenia................................................................. 11 C. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................ 15

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ...................................................................... 17

A. Object of the Study ................................................................................ 17 B. Approach of the Study ........................................................................... 18 C. Method of the Study .............................................................................. 19

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS ................................................................................... 21

A. The Descriptions of the Narrator ............................................................ 21 B. The Symptoms of the Narrator’s Schizophrenia ..................................... 34 C. The Factors Causing the Narrator’s Schizophrenia ................................. 45

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ............................................................................. 55

BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................. 59

APPENDIX ............................................................................................................ 61

  

ABSTRACT

ERLITA (2012). The Causes of the Narrator’s Schizophrenia in Charlotte

Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper”. Yogyakarta: Department of

English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.

  “The Yellow Wallpaper” is an American short story written by Charlotte

Perkins Gilman. The short story tells about a woman known as the Narrator who

is described as a person suffering mental illness, schizophrenia. Through this

thesis, the writer tries to find a deeper understanding about schizophrenia.

  This thesis writing has some purposes. First, to describe the Narrator’s

characterization. Second, to explain the symptoms of schizophrenia suffered by

the Narrator through the characterization. Third, to find out the factors that cause

the Narrator’s schizophrenia.

  To accomplish this study, the writer applies library research method and

psychological approach. The writer takes the primary data from “The Yellow

Wallpaper” short story. Whilst, the secondary data are taken from some theories

related to the topic of the study, such as theory of characterization, theory of

narrator, and theory of schizophrenia.

  The writer finds that the Narrator is described as a person who loves

writing because she is a writer. The writer also finds that she really wants to write

the progress of the wallpaper pattern in her room. The Narrator is also described

as a critical, expressive, and curious woman, even toward the wallpaper pattern.

The Narrator is also described as a woman who feels lonely because her husband

who is a physician of high standing is busy and often has many jobs in town.

From the Narrator’s description, the writer is able to know the symptoms of the

Narrator’s schizophrenia, such as hallucination, delusions, and experiences of

control. Based on these symptoms, the writer can conclude that the Narrator

suffers from schizophrenia. Then, the writer finds the factors that cause the

Narrator’s schizophrenia. The factors are the social life and life events. The social

life factor is the Narrator’s condition which she has to be isolated in the rented

house without being able to see her relatives, added by the lack of communication

between her and her husband, John; and life event factor is the condition which

she experiences a trauma after giving birth her first child that cause the Narrator

becomes a schizophrenia sufferer.

  

ABSTRAK

ERLITA (2012). The Causes of the Narrator’s Schizophrenia in Charlotte

Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper”. Yogyakarta: Department of

English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.

  “The Yellow Wallpaper” adalah sebuah cerita pendek dari Amerika yang

ditulis oleh Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Cerita pendek ini menceritakan seorang

wanita yang diketahui sebagai Narator yang digambarkan menderita sebuah

penyakit mental, schizophrenia. Melalui tesis ini, penulis mempelajari lebih dalam

mengenai schizophrenia.

  Tujuan dari studi ini adalah, pertama, mendeskripsikan karakter dari

Narator; kedua, menjelaskan gejala-gejala schizophrenia yang diderita oleh

Narator melalui pendeskripsian karakter; dan ketiga adalah menemukan faktor-

faktor yang menjadi penyebab dari schizophrenia yang diderita oleh Narator.

  Untuk menyelesaikan studi ini, penulis melakukan studi pustaka dan

meggunakan pendekatan psikologis. Penulis mengambil data pokok dari cerita

pendek, “The Yellow Wallpaper”, dan dari beberapa teori yang bersangkutan

dengan topik studi ini, seperti teori penokohan, teori narator, dan teori

  . schizophrenia

  Penulis menemukan bahwa Narator adalah seseorang yang digambarkan

sebagai seseorang yang suka menulis karena ia adalah seorang penulis. Penulis

juga menemukan bahwa ia ingin sekali menulis perkembangan dari pola kertas

dinding yang ada di kamarnya. Narator juga digambarkan sebagai wanita yang

kritis, ekspresif, dan memiliki rasa ingin tahu yang tinggi, bahkan terhadap suatu

pola kertas dinding. Narator juga digambarkan sebagai wanita yang merasa

kesepian karena suaminya yang merupakan seorang dokter terkemuka yang sibuk

dan sering pergi ke kota untuk pekerjaannya. Dari pendeskripsian tokoh Narator,

penulis dapat mengetahui gejala-gejala schizophrenia pada diri Narator, antara

lain halusinasi, delusi dan mengalami dikendalikan oleh sesuatu. Berdasarkan

gejala-gejala tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Narator menderita schizophrenia

yang termasuk dalam tahap awal atau dikenal dengan sebutan paranoid

schizophrenia. Kemudian, penulis menemukan faktor-faktor yang menjadi

penyebab Narator menderita schizophrenia. Faktor-faktor tersebut adalah

kehidupan sosial dan peristiwa kehidupan. Faktor kehidupan sosial adalah kondisi

yang mengharuskan Narator untuk berada di dalam rumah terus-menerus tanpa

dapat bercengkerama dengan saudara-saudaranya, ditambah dengan kurangnya

komunikasi dengan suaminya, John; serta faktor peristiwa kehidupan yang

menyebabkan ia mengalami sebuah trauma setelah melahirkan anak pertamanya

sehingga membuat Narator menjadi seorang penderita schizophrenia.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Nowadays, mental illnesses become very common in the world, even in Indonesia. In fact, they are more common than cancer, diabetes, or heart disease. According to the U.S. Surgeon General, about 23% of American adults (ages 18 and

  older), 44 million people, and about 20% of American children suffer from a mental disorder during a given year. Further, about 5 million American adults, and more than 5 million children and adolescents suffer from a serious mental condition. Moreover, the main of the mental condition cases are depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.

  Mental illness does not discriminate. It can affect people of any age and any life background. Although mental illness affects both males and females, in the certain conditions, such as eating disorders, it tends to occur more often in females. Many people cannot distinguish between schizophrenia and the other mental illnesses like depression and bipolar disorder.

  A blood test or an x-ray, can detect some illness but it is more complicated when it comes to diagnose schizophrenia. To decide if the patient’s symptoms fit with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or the other psychiatric disorder, the doctors should some information from the patient and also people who are close to the patient should diagnosis to know the symptoms of the schizophrenia sufferers. There are some different types of schizophrenia disorders and after knowing what types the patient get then the doctors can plan the treatment for the patient. (Miller and Susan Mason, 2011:55)

  The term schizophrenia has only been in use since 1911. Soon before that, it was deemed a separate mental illness in 1887 by Emil Kraepelin. Despite that relatively recent history, it has been described throughout written history. Ancient Egyptian, Hindu, Chinese, Greek, and Roman writings described symptoms similar to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. During medieval times, schizophrenia, like other illnesses, was often viewed as evidence of the sufferer being possessed by spirits or evil powers.

  A number of accomplished individuals suffer from schizophrenia. The film A

  

Beautiful Mind depicts the life of John Nash, a noted scientist, and his struggles with

  paranoid schizophrenia. The film The Soloist explores the challenges faced by Juilliard-trained musician Nathaniel Ayers as a result of schizophrenia.

  Schizophrenia which is also called split personality disorder is a chronic mental illness that affects about 1% of the population, more than 2 million people in a country. (medicinenet.com, 2011). Most psychiatrists recognize five general subtypes of the disorder. A subtype diagnosis is assigned based on a patient’s most recent clinical evaluation. In other words, the symptoms a patient displays when she sees a psychiatrist determine the diagnosis.

  Due to the fact that schizophrenia is an illness related to the mental condition, which is one of the psychological problems, the writer uses psychological approach.

  It is because literature also covers psychological cases which study the change our thinking toward human’s life through literary works. Moreover, the psychological problem is referred to by the writer related to the “The Yellow Wallpaper” short story written by an American woman, Charlotte Perkins Gilman. She is the main character in her short story. The writer’s focus of this work is related to the narrator’s way in expressing her fear and desires, and her behavior reflecting her mental disorder because this short story reflects her mental illness, schizophrenia.

  Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” short story can be regarded as one of the short stories that is worth reading, especially, for those who are interested in a psychological story because the story presents an interesting complex psychological problem, which is schizophrenia. Nearly one-third of people who are diagnosed with schizophrenia will attempt suicide and about ten percent of those with the diagnosis will commit suicide within twenty years of the beginning of the disorder (psychcentral.com, 2012). Thus, schizophrenia is regarded as a chronic and devastating disease which more people should know and learn further about this illness.

  In addition, the writer focuses on the main character, the narrator. Her mental illness that is described implicitly might be a little confusing the readers about her truly condition, whether she is really sick mentally or not, and this makes the writer by the series of the identifying and analyzing the characters that the writer does, the writer makes all things explicitly that she suffers from schizophrenia by describing the narrator in the short story, identifying the narrator’s schizophrenia through the character description, and identifying the factors that cause the narrator’s schizophrenia.

B. Problem Formulation

  After describing the background, the writer formulates the problems as follows:

  1. How is the Narrator described in the short story? 2.

  How can the Narrator’s schizophrenia be identified through the Narrator’s description?

  3. What are the factors that cause the Narrator’s schizophrenia in the short story? C.

   Objectives of the Study

  The writer formulates three objectives here. The writer wants to describe the narrator’s characteristic and personality to understand deeply about the narrator.

  Then, the writer finds out how the narrator’s schizophrenia can be identified after knowing the narrator’s characteristics. Finally, the writer explains the factors that cause the narrator’s schizophrenia after identifying the narrator’s characteristics and schizophrenia.

D. Definition of Terms The writer mentions two words which become the key terms in the research.

  The two words are schizophrenia and narrator.

1. Schizophrenia:

  Gill, Barret, and also Waelhens and Wilfried Ver Eecke have almost the same definitions about schizophrenia. In their opinion, schizophrenia is a psychotic illness and when it is in active phase; delusions, hallucinations, and disruption of thinking, feeling, and many other mental functions will happen to people. It is also a multitude of experiences that people will get such as confusing, unusual, often devastating, but also tempting and sometimes quite routine. Some patients cannot even define and consider those experiences as an illness at all. This disease hit the brain so that it is clinically mentioned as a disease of the mind. Patients have a variety of symptoms and impairments in cognition. Behind this diversity, however, is a final common pathway that defines the illness. (Gill, 2007:41); (Barrett, 1996:3); (Waelhens and Wilfried Ver Eecke, 2001:102) 2.

  Narrator: A person who is assumed telling the story in a given narrative. According to the modern analysis of fictional narratives, the narrator is the imagined ‘voice’ transmitting the story, and is distinguished both from the real author (who have does not recount the story, but is inferred as the authority responsible for selecting it and inventing a narrator for it). Narrators differ according to their extent of participation in the story: in first‐person narratives they are involved either as witnesses or as participants in the events of the story. (Baldick, 2004)

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies The writer has some of reviews of the other studies related to this research

  topic. By presenting these review related studies, people can know the differences between the studies with the other studies.

  

A.1. “Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper: A Poetics of the

Inside” by Dr. Beth Snyder-Rheingold (1999).

  In finding the topic related to this research, the writer has found the related studies by Dr. Beth Snyder-Rheingold (1999). Her study entitled “Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper": A Poetics of the Inside”. The writer thinks that its thesis reveals the inside of the house condition in “The Yellow Wallpaper” short story.

  In her study, she tries to analyze the house which is described by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. It is nearly all interior and emphasizing the interior and exterior dichotomy. She analyzes how the position of the bedroom is, the pattern of the wallpaper is, and everything in the house described on the text. Also, she describes the atmosphere given by the house and the narrator and her husband’s feeling about the atmosphere there, especially the situation and condition in the bedroom. She also powerful narrative that engages the symbolic significance of the wallpaper. The writer here also tries to analyze the absence in the page and the narrator's silence, John's physical absence from the house, and she explains that although the narrator's margins seem to suggest, they are not entirely passive. (Snyder-Rheingold, 1999)

  

A.2. “But One Expects That”: Charlotte Perkins Gilman's “The Yellow

Wallpaper” and the Shifting Light of Scholarship” by Julie Bates Dock with Daphne Ryan Allen, Jennifer Palais, and Kristen Tragc.

  The other related study that the writer finds is the study entitled “But One Expects That”: Charlotte Perkins Gilman's “The Yellow Wallpaper” and the Shifting Light of Scholarship” by Julie Bates Dock with Daphne Ryan Allen, Jennifer Palais, and Kristen Tragc, which is published by Modern Language Association. It is more likely an article or a critical work.

  The authors begin by introducing the two decades since the Feminist Press issued a slim volume containing a text of “The Yellow Wallpaper” with an after-word by Elaine R. Hedges, Charlotte Perkins Gilman's remarkable work has found a secure place in contemporary literary studies. “The Yellow Wallpaper” has been analyzed by literary historians, although most of the feminist critics still lead the way in championing Gilman's achievement. According to the author, at that time scholars have accumulated a wealth of information about Gilman's life in general and about “The Yellow Wallpaper” in particular.

  They write about the modern misidentification of texts, textual variants and diary entries, ghosts and male murderers, and also the critical watchfulness, that is related to the textual history of “The Yellow Wallpaper” which since 1973 illustrates changing critical priorities in the academy and it has been connected with the feminist that is from the Feminist Press. (Dock, Daphne Ryan Allen, Jennifer Palais and Kristen Tragc, 1996: 52)

  Both reviews of related studies above use the same short story, which is Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper.” The first study discusses the interior design of the house there and the second one focuses on the feminism. It sufficiently represent that this research is different from the other studies because this topic focuses on the psychological problems that the narrator has, schizophrenia. The writer identifies this mental disorder by analyzing the narrator’s characteristics.

B. Review of Related Theories

  In this research, the writer is going to use theory of characterization, narrator and theory of schizophrenia because they are related to each other.

  B.1. Theory of Characterization In a work of literature, authors use characterization to create the characters.

  Characterization provides a distinct description and depiction of each character’s appearance, personality, and impact within the story. There are some ways in which character, the words or the dialogue, the character’s actions, the character’s thoughts, and the ways in which he or she interacts with other characters in the story.

  The theory of characterization is also described by M. H. Abrams and Geoffrey Galt Harpham. They explain the two ways of presenting characterization.

  First, in showing or “the dramatic method,” the author simply presents the characters talking and acting, and leaves it entirely up to the reader to infer the motives and dispositions that lie behind what they say and do. Second, in telling, the author intervenes authoritatively in order to describe, and often to evaluate, the motives and dispositional qualities of the characters. (Abrams and Harpham, 2005: 47)

  Chris Baldick also gives the definition of term characterization in The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms as the following:

  The representation of persons in *narrative and dramatic works. This may include direct methods like the attribution of qualities in description or commentary, and indirect (or ‘dramatic’) methods inviting readers to infer qualities from character’s actions, speech, or appearance. (Baldick, 2008: 52)

  B.2. Theory of Narrator

  Narrator is actually the person telling the story who may or may not be a character in the story. In “The Anthem Dictionary of Literary Terms and Theory” by Peter Auger and Robert Douglas-Fairhurst, written that narrator is the figure who is distinct from the author. Some authors switch between narrators, and studying narrative structure is a separate field of its own. It is worth being able to identify the various kinds of narrator.

  This book also explains about the narrator’s relation to the action as the following: A first-person narrator is involved in the story, and describes events from his/her viewpoint, as he/she experienced it. A third-person narrator has no involvement in the action, though he/she may have a particular viewpoint on it. An omniscient narrator knows all the details, and seems to look down at the action, he/she sometimes supplies information before the characters know it, and knows their unspoken thoughts. An unreliable narrator will make discoveries as the reader does, and may make mistakes. … Intrusive narrators posses personalities of their own, whereas unintrusive narrators are neutral, allowing the audience to concentrate on the narrative. It is also explained there about what the narrator is thinking about. ‘Self- conscious narrator’ is a term used for narrators who are aware that they are telling a story, and are careful to present in a correct manner. The writer then conclude that relating to this research, the writer has found that the short story using the first-person narrator as she experienced that by herself.

  B.3. Theory of Schizophrenia

  The focus of this topic is narrator’s schizophrenia, and because schizophrenia is one of the mental illnesses related to the psychology, the writer uses psychological theory. Moreover, the writer uses theory of schizophrenia here. Symptoms of schizophrenia include auditory hallucinations, experiences of control, delusions, disorders of thinking and emotional and volitional changes below: 1.

  Hallucination is a condition when the patient often has false perception of pictures he or she sees, or noises or voices that he or she hears. After that, the patient will comment on his or her thoughts of the pictures, noises or voices. It is like these sounds disturb her mind so she comments on them.

  2. Experiences of control are the condition when the patient often feels under the control of a power or is restrained by someone or his or her thought. Then the patient experiences the feeling that can penetrate his or her mind or body. It is like a trance happens to the patient because it is interpreted as the presence of spirit. Or it can often be interpreted as the implanted radio transmitters or X-rays.

  3. Delusions are the condition when the patient can have false personal beliefs about the world that can take many different forms like delusions of reference, persecutory, grandiose, etc. Reference delusion is when the patient has strongly held belief to the random events, objects, behaviors of others, and so on. and it has a particular and unusual significance to oneself. Persecutory is when the patient has false beliefs that others have a plan to harm his or her. Grandiose is when the patient may think that he or she is a highly important person or in other words, he or she has a big ego.

  4. Disorders of thinking are the condition when the patient often has a feeling that his or her thoughts are broadcasted. The patient also let other people can hear them, often over long distances. It means that the patient has a disturbance of thought, such as confusion and hallucinations which affecting possession.

  5. Emotional and volitional changes are the conditions when the patient’s emotions and feelings become blurred and flat. It can also be a loss of energy and initiative. This symptom is sometimes referred to as negative symptom. (Birchwood and Jackson, 2001: 8)

  th

  According to the book entitled Hughes' Outline of Modern Psychiatry 4

  

Edition (1996: 36-38) by Jennifer Barraclough and David Gill, the causation of

  schizophrenia are genetics, neurochemistry, macroscopic brain disease, and psychodynamic and social theories.

  1. Genetics means that schizophrenia is inheritance. Lifetime expectation of developing schizophrenia among relatives of patient with the condition is parent 6%, sibling 10%, child (one parent affected) 14%, and child (both parents affected) 46%. It may also happen to twins and the studies show the concordance to be monozygotic 35-58% and dizygotic 9-26%.

  2. Neurochemistry means that schizophrenia can be caused by drugs. Symptoms of schizophrenia can be precipitated by drugs, such as amphetamines.

  Amphetamines can increase dopaminergic activity that is usually affected by dopamine—a drug that supports fine motor activity, blood pressure, focus, inspiration, intuition, enthusiasm, and joy.

  3. Macroscopic brain disease is a kind of organic brain lesion. The patient will be found that he or she has an abnormal brain or a brain damage development in early life. It can happen when his or her mother get birth complications or maternal infection when she pregnant.

  4. Psychodynamic and social theories are the causes that come from the patient’s social isolation and eccentricity. Also, the studies show that children who show these features have an increased risk of schizophrenia in his or her later life. It can also come from family dynamics which the parents have a big role in causing her children’s schizophrenia, like the over-involved parents who always show high levels of expressed emotion. The patients who also often live with critical from his or her relatives can increase the risk of schizophrenia. Life events can also become a cause because the patient’s life event experience can trigger an acute episode.

  Additionally, the book entitled Abnormal Psychology: Integrating

  

Perspectives also states the factors of schizophrenia. There are some important

  biological factors in the schizophrenia’s development according to G. Terence Wilson, K. Daniel O’Leary, Maureen A Sullivan in this book. They are genetic factors, central nervous dysfunction, viral infections and birth trauma.

  To diagnose schizophrenia, the patient must have experienced specific symptoms over a defined period of time. The patient also must have a complete physical examination, including blood and urine analyses for the presence of commonly abused drugs. Also, there are five types of schizophrenia according to

  Diagnosis Schizophrenia Second Edition by Rachel Miller and Susan Mason: 1.

  Paranoid schizophrenia. It is the condition when the patients are preoccupied with one or more delusions. The patient can also have many auditory hallucinations. However, they do not have symptoms of disorganized

  2. Disorganized schizophrenia. It is a condition when the patient speaks inconsequently. Also, the patient can have a disorganized behavior. However, the patient does not have enough symptoms to be characterized as catatonic schizophrenic.

  3. Catatonic schizophrenia. It is the condition when the patient makes the body movements that cannot be controlled. It is a physical posture problem. The patient also can have difficulty moving, resistance to moving, and/or repeating what others say or do.

  4. Undifferentiated schizophrenia. It is type of schizophrenia which met criteria for the general category of schizophrenia and characterized by episodes of the symptoms. The symptoms which are meant are delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior, catatonic behavior or negative symptoms.

  However, the individual does not fall into any of other types for a diagnosis of paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic type of schizophrenia.

  5. Residual schizophrenia. It is the condition when the patient withdraws him/herself from the environment, disinterest to all things, and do not speak at all. It can also be called as decreasing in function. These are included in negative types. (Miller and Mason, 2011:59-60)

C. Theoretical Framework

  The writer decided to use those theories in analyzing the causes of the those theories because this analysis needed the theory of characterization which is the way how each character’s appearance, personality, and impact within the story were described. Characterization is also the way to identify the characters through physical description of the character, the dialogue, the character’s actions, the character’s thoughts, and the ways in which he or she interacts with other characters in the story. Then, the character who is going to be characterized here is the narrator and the theory of narrator is used to know exactly what kind of narrator presented in the short story. Because there are many definitions of narrator and also each person has different perception about narrator, hence, without knowing type of narrator in the short story that the writer analyzed, it can make confusion to people who read this thesis. Theory of schizophrenia is also needed because in the story it is told that the narrator has schizophrenia, and by seeing that theory we can know and identify what exactly the factors or causes of the narrator’s schizophrenia which is taken from psychological aspect.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study

  “The Yellow Wallpaper” short story is written by an American writer, Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935). It was first published in January 1892 in The New England Magazine. It was considered as an important early work of American feminist literature, and also illustrating attitudes in the nineteenth century toward women's physical and mental health. It is also the best known for Gilman’s short story and known as the controversial work because when the first story came out, in the New England Magazine about 1891, a Boston physician made protest in

  

The Transcript that the story ought not to be written; it was enough to drive anyone

mad to read. This story is also considered horror fiction.

  Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” had also ever been adapted to a short film produced by Marie Ashton in 1977. In 1989, John Clive also directed the BBC mini- series of this short story, and directed the movie in 2008 by altering and lengthening the storyline. Margaret Wooster had also narrated “The Yellow Wallpaper” to the audio book. (Dock, 1998:4, shmoop.com, 2011)

  The story tells about the effect of internment of the narrator's mental condition. The yellow wallpaper pattern in her room is obsessed by the Narrator because there is nothing to stimulate her. By obsessing the pattern, then she can see also believes that she is one of them. In the end of the story, she locks herself in the room and she is tearing the yellow wallpaper, trying to get the women out of the wallpaper. When John succeeds to enter the room, he is shocked by the Narrator’s action toward the wallpaper and he faints. Lastly, the Narrator is creeping on John who is fainted on the floor.

B. Approach of the Study

  In analyzing this work, the writer uses psychological approach because it is well dealing with mental health found in “The Yellow Wallpaper” short story.

  According to the S. M. Mohsin, in his book entitled Elementary Psychology: Psychology is a study about the man and his environment because man should deal with his environment which is present to him and also with his life, either something happened in the past or which has yet to happen in future. It is also a study about the various activities of man, both bodily and mental which he performs while he is dealing with the environment of objects and persons. Glossary of Psychological

  

Terms , psychology is the scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their

mental processes (Mohsin, 1988: 1,3).

  However, psychological approach cannot only learn about the mental process of individuals and their environment but this approach can also be a study of the other elements which are related to any literary works. The psychological study of the writer, or the psychological study of elements presented in a literary work, or the psychological study on the effects of literature upon its readers can also be implied by psychological approach as stated by Rene Wellek in the book entitled Theory of

  Literature (1956: 81).