Factors affecting Kawashima Masayuki`s paranoid schizophrenia in Ryu Murakami`s PIERCING.

ABSTRACT

ELLYSA GUSNIATI SIMATUPANG. Factors Affecting Kawashima

Masayuki’s Paranoid Schizophrenia Seen in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

As a field of study, psychology can be connected into the sphere of literature, because both of them have, more or less, the same purpose as a mirror of life and self-reflection. Being put together, those purposes will save values of humanity. In this study, literature is concluded as a way to express ideas through the language and writing, emerged from feeling and thought. Although seemingly connected, the roles of psychology and literature in this study are still distinguished according to their field. While psychology studies more about phenomena seen from human behavior, literature is used as a tool that can give knowledge through the experience so that people can read the social values of the novel. This is exemplified in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing that is presented in the theme of psychology.

Three issues are carried out in order to accomplish the objectives of the study. The first one is the characteristics of Kawashima Murakami; second is the reflections of Kawashima’s characteristics toward his mental illness as a paranoid schizophrenic; and third is the factors that influence Kawashima’s mental condition.

Some theories were used as the groundwork of the analysis. These theories covered theory of character and characterization, the theory of schizophrenia and paranoid schizophrenia, a family theory in perspective of schizophrenia and psychological factor in schizophrenia, and a theory about the relation between psychology and literature.

Along with the emergence of mental illness experienced by the main character, the writer revealed six characteristics and four symtomps of schizophrenia that could indicate the main character’s mental illness. Besides, it was also found that there were two main factors that affect someone’s psychological stance: the environmental factor and the psychological factor, such as physical abuse and mental abuse. Abuses that happen over and over again during childhood usually are easily recorded until they leave a deep trauma and create fear unconsciously. The bitter experiences faced by the main character were samples that could be seen in Piercing until it led into conclusion that abuse was dangerous for the development of someone’s psychological stance. In short, the analysis found that Kawashima, as the main character in the novel, really suffered from paranoid schizophrenia.

xii

ABSTRAK

ELLYSA GUSNIATI SIMATUPANG. Factors Affecting Kawashima

Masayuki’s Paranoid Schizophrenia Seen in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing.

Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

Sebagai salah satu bidang ilmu, psikologi juga dapat dihubungkan ke dalam lingkup sastra karena keduanya sedikit banyak memiliki tujuan yang sama, yaitu sebagai cermin kehidupan dan refleksi diri. Apabila disatukan, tujuannya akan menyimpan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan. Sastra sendiri, dalam studi ini, disimpulkan sebagai cara pengungkapan gagasan melalui bahasa dan tulisan yang muncul dari perasaan dan pemikiran. Dalam analisis studi ini, peran psikologi dan sastra tetap berbeda sesuai dengan bidangnya. Psikologi lebih mempelajari sebuah phenomena yang terjadi dilihat dari perilaku manusia, sementara sastra dapat dinilai sebagai alat yang dapat memberikan pengetahuan melalui pengalaman-pengalaman yang tertulis dalam sebuah karya sehingga, orang - orang dapat memetik nilai sosial yang terkandung dalam karya sastra tersebut. Hal ini contohnya terlihat dalam novel Piercing karya Ryu Murakami, yang disuguhkan dalam tema psikologi.

Tiga rumusan masalah dimunculkan guna tercapainya tujuan dari studi ini. Masalah pertama adalah karakteristik Kawashima Masayuki; yang ke dua adalah pengaruh karakteristik Kawashima terhadap penyakit mentalnya, paranoid schizophrenia; dan yang ketiga adalah penyebab yang mempengaruhi kondisi mental Kawashima.

Beberapa teori digunakan sebagai landasan analisis. Teori-teori ini meliputi teori karakter dan karakteristik, teori tentang schizophrenia dan paranoid schizophrenia, teori keluarga dalam pandangan schizophrenia dan faktor psikologis dalam schizophrenia, serta teori tentang hubungan antara psikologi dan sastra.

Seiring dengan munculnya gangguan jiwa yang dialami tokoh utama dalam novel ini, penulis menemukan 6 karakteristik dan 4 gejala schizophrenia yang dapat menunjukan penyakit mental tokoh utama. Disamping itu, juga ditemukan 2 faktor utama yang sangat mempengaruhi kondisi kejiwaan seseorang, yaitu faktor lingkungan dan faktor psikologi seperti kekerasan fisik dan mental. Kekerasan yang terus menerus terjadi selama masa kecil biasanya dengan mudah terekam sehingga meninggalkan sebuah trauma yang membekas dan tanpa sadar menciptakan rasa takut. Pengalaman pahit yang dialami oleh tokoh utama adalah beberapa contoh yang dapat dilihat dalam Piercing sehingga mengarah pada kesimpulan bahwa kekerasan itu berbahaya dalam perkembangan psikologi seseorang. Singkatnya, dalam analisis ini disimpulkan bahwa tokoh utama dalam novel ini benar-benar menderita paranoid schizophrenia.

FACTORS AFFECTING KAWASHIMA MASAYUKI’S

PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA SEEN IN RYU MURAKAMI’S

PIERCING

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

Ellysa Gusniati Simatupang

Student Number: 064214074

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2013

i

FACTORS AFFECTING KAWASHIMA MASAYUKI’S

PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA SEEN IN RYU MURAKAMI’S

PIERCING

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

Ellysa Gusniati Simatupang

Student Number: 064214074

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2013

“ONCE YOU STOP LEARNING, YOU START DYING”

-Albert Einstein-

“LIVE AS IF YOU WERE TO DIE TOMORROW, LEARN

AS I F YOU WERE TO LIVE”

-Mahatma Gandhi-

“

IJUK DIPARA PARA, HOTANG DIPARLABIAN,

NABISUK NAMPUNA HATA NAOTO

TUPANGGADISAN

”

vii

This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to

My Beloved Father and Mother

My Grandfathers and Grandmothers

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ Almighty for all blessings and strength during this undergraduate thesis writing. My big gratitude is dedicated to Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum., my advisor, for her time, understanding, advice, support, and patience. My thanks also go to my co-advisor, Linda Valentina Budiman, S.S., M.Hum., who willingly spent her time to read, corrected and gave valuable suggestions for the improvement of this thesis. I also thank all the lecturers of English Letters Department, staff, especially Mbak Nik.

My gratitude goes to my beloved father, Gurasa Simatupang, and also my beloved mother, Sherly M. Gultom for their prayers, patience, encouragement and being my motivator. I owe my gratitude to my lovely sister, Purnama, and my brothers, Gerry and Debby, for their supports, and being my best friends; my handsome nephew Amos Dian, who always knows how to make me smile and laugh.

Big thanks, kisses and hugs go to Tafira, Rosa, Anissa, Saverin, Itok, Rintan, Denty, Sonson and Ariata for encouragement and friendship they have given to me. I also should thank my rock-n-roll friend, Janu Satmoko, who always supports and reminds me to finish this writing. Big thanks are also dedicated to Prayudi, Widi and Shintia for their advices and helps. Finally, I would like to thank all buddies whose names I cannot mention one by one for all the supports in helping me finish this undergraduate thesis.

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...i

APPROVAL PAGE ...ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...iii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY…... iv

Lembar Pernyataan Persetujuan Publikasi Karya Ilmiah... v

MOTTO PAGE ...vi

DEDICATION PAGE ...vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...ix

ABSTRACT ...xi

ABSTRAK ...xii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...1

A.Background of the Study ...1

B.Problem Formulation ...4

C.Objectives of the Study ...4

D.Definition of Terms ………....……....…... 5

CHAPTER II: THE THEORETICAL REVIEW...7

A. Review of Related Studies...7

B. Review of Related Theories ...9

1. Theory of Character ...9

2. Theory of Characterization ...10

3. The Relation between Literature and Psychology ...13

4. Theory of Schizophrenia ...14

5. Theory of Paranoid Schizophrenia ...19

6. Family Theory in Perspective of Schizophrenia ...21

7. Psychological Factor in Schizophrenia ...22

C.Theoretical Framework ...23

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...25

A.Object of the Study ...25

B.Approach of the Study ...27

C.Method of the Study ...27

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS...30

A.The Characteristics of Kawashima Masayuki ...30

1. Suspicious ... 31

2. Anxious …... 34

3. Fearful ……... 37

4. Spiteful ………... 39

5. Violent ………... 40

B.Paranoid Schizophrenia Reflected from the Characteristics ...44

1. Delusions ……... 46

2. Hallucinations ...50

3. Egocentric Individuals...53

4. Violent ...55

C.Factors Affecting Kawashima Masayuki’s Paranoid Schizophrenia ...58

1. Psychological Factors ...59

a. Mental Abuse ...59

b. Physical Abuse ...61

2. Environmental Factors ...64

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...68

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...72

xi

ABSTRACT

ELLYSA GUSNIATI SIMATUPANG. Factors Affecting Kawashima

Masayuki’s Paranoid Schizophrenia Seen in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

As a field of study, psychology can be connected into the sphere of literature, because both of them have, more or less, the same purpose as a mirror of life and self-reflection. Being put together, those purposes will save values of humanity. In this study, literature is concluded as a way to express ideas through the language and writing, emerged from feeling and thought. Although seemingly connected, the roles of psychology and literature in this study are still distinguished according to their field. While psychology studies more about phenomena seen from human behavior, literature is used as a tool that can give knowledge through the experience so that people can read the social values of the novel. This is exemplified in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing that is presented in the theme of psychology.

Three issues are carried out in order to accomplish the objectives of the study. The first one is the characteristics of Kawashima Murakami; second is the reflections of Kawashima’s characteristics toward his mental illness as a paranoid schizophrenic; and third is the factors that influence Kawashima’s mental condition.

Some theories were used as the groundwork of the analysis. These theories covered theory of character and characterization, the theory of schizophrenia and paranoid schizophrenia, a family theory in perspective of schizophrenia and psychological factor in schizophrenia, and a theory about the relation between psychology and literature.

Along with the emergence of mental illness experienced by the main character, the writer revealed six characteristics and four symtomps of schizophrenia that could indicate the main character’s mental illness. Besides, it was also found that there were two main factors that affect someone’s psychological stance: the environmental factor and the psychological factor, such as physical abuse and mental abuse. Abuses that happen over and over again during childhood usually are easily recorded until they leave a deep trauma and create fear unconsciously. The bitter experiences faced by the main character were samples that could be seen in Piercing until it led into conclusion that abuse was dangerous for the development of someone’s psychological stance. In short, the analysis found that Kawashima, as the main character in the novel, really suffered from paranoid schizophrenia.

ABSTRAK

ELLYSA GUSNIATI SIMATUPANG. Factors Affecting Kawashima

Masayuki’s Paranoid Schizophrenia Seen in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing.

Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

Sebagai salah satu bidang ilmu, psikologi juga dapat dihubungkan ke dalam lingkup sastra karena keduanya sedikit banyak memiliki tujuan yang sama, yaitu sebagai cermin kehidupan dan refleksi diri. Apabila disatukan, tujuannya akan menyimpan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan. Sastra sendiri, dalam studi ini, disimpulkan sebagai cara pengungkapan gagasan melalui bahasa dan tulisan yang muncul dari perasaan dan pemikiran. Dalam analisis studi ini, peran psikologi dan sastra tetap berbeda sesuai dengan bidangnya. Psikologi lebih mempelajari sebuah phenomena yang terjadi dilihat dari perilaku manusia, sementara sastra dapat dinilai sebagai alat yang dapat memberikan pengetahuan melalui pengalaman-pengalaman yang tertulis dalam sebuah karya sehingga, orang - orang dapat memetik nilai sosial yang terkandung dalam karya sastra tersebut. Hal ini contohnya terlihat dalam novel Piercing karya Ryu Murakami, yang disuguhkan dalam tema psikologi.

Tiga rumusan masalah dimunculkan guna tercapainya tujuan dari studi ini. Masalah pertama adalah karakteristik Kawashima Masayuki; yang ke dua adalah pengaruh karakteristik Kawashima terhadap penyakit mentalnya, paranoid schizophrenia; dan yang ketiga adalah penyebab yang mempengaruhi kondisi mental Kawashima.

Beberapa teori digunakan sebagai landasan analisis. Teori-teori ini meliputi teori karakter dan karakteristik, teori tentang schizophrenia dan paranoid schizophrenia, teori keluarga dalam pandangan schizophrenia dan faktor psikologis dalam schizophrenia, serta teori tentang hubungan antara psikologi dan sastra.

Seiring dengan munculnya gangguan jiwa yang dialami tokoh utama dalam novel ini, penulis menemukan 6 karakteristik dan 4 gejala schizophrenia yang dapat menunjukan penyakit mental tokoh utama. Disamping itu, juga ditemukan 2 faktor utama yang sangat mempengaruhi kondisi kejiwaan seseorang, yaitu faktor lingkungan dan faktor psikologi seperti kekerasan fisik dan mental. Kekerasan yang terus menerus terjadi selama masa kecil biasanya dengan mudah terekam sehingga meninggalkan sebuah trauma yang membekas dan tanpa sadar menciptakan rasa takut. Pengalaman pahit yang dialami oleh tokoh utama adalah beberapa contoh yang dapat dilihat dalam Piercing sehingga mengarah pada kesimpulan bahwa kekerasan itu berbahaya dalam perkembangan psikologi seseorang. Singkatnya, dalam analisis ini disimpulkan bahwa tokoh utama dalam novel ini benar-benar menderita paranoid schizophrenia.

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.Background of the Study

Psychology is an important aspect in literature. The ideas of psychology can be found in literary works like novel (Coleman 1976: 8). Both literature and psychology teach us to see the real world because literature and psychology can mirror human’s life and teach people about human values. Besides, according to Cummings and Simmons in the Language of Literature: A Stylistic Introduction to the Study of Literature, a literary work can be used “as a device for imaginative stimulation, a way to find out what we’re thinking or feeling or who we are” (1983: 1).

From the above quotation, every moment and experience happening in one’s life can teach someone to be wiser and more critical in facing a life. It can be concluded that literary work helps us understand situations and conditions around us in everyday life and make us more sensitive toward something that we read and see in front of us.

In this study, the writer explains further about the mental illness that the main character suffers from, that is, paranoid schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is one of many mental illnesses. In psychology, schizophrenia is classified into some types: catatonic type, paranoid type and hebephrenic. Furthermore about schizophrenia, Davison wrote:

The symptoms of schizophrenic patients can be organized into disturbances in several major areas thought, perception and attention, motor behavior, affect or emotion, and life functioning (1986: 337).

People who suffer from schizophrenia usually show some bizarre behaviors because they probably cannot control their fear and anxiety because of disturbances of thought and emotion inside them. Most of them cannot distinguish between hallucination and reality. People who suffer from schizophrenia are illogical. Usually, their perception and attention are usually wrong. In this novel, the mental illness is caused by some past problems or bad experiences. That is why, considering the correlation between literature and psychology, a study of psychological aspects in literature is worth doing. In short, this study is to analyze the psychological aspect in a novel entitled Piercing.

Well-written by Ryu Murakami, Piercing is a story about the life of Kawashima Masayuki, the main character. During his childhood, Kawashima had always been abused by his mother. She always hit and said inappropriate things to him until it left trauma in Kawashima’s life. All bad experiences he had gone through slowly disturb his emotion and psychology. Every time he remembered about his mother, he would feel angry, anxious and afraid that finally made him felt strong drive of adrenaline and big anger. If it happened to him, usually those feeling would disturb his mind until they forced him to stab someone using an ice pick.

From Kawashima’s experiences, it is concluded that children easily remember memories in their mind. In many cases nowadays, some bad

experiences make people develop and build their own characters and emotion to make them feel safe and comfortable. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that attitude, information and knowledge that children get can bring significant influences for the formation of their personality and behavior. As it can be seen in Piercing, Kawashima, who had always been abused and ignored by his mother during his childhood, later realized that what she did to him had make him become insane in some ways.

According to Kawashima Masayuki’s case in Piercing, this study focuses on the psychological condition of the main character. The physical abuse is one of two abuses that Murakami presented in Piercing. In this study, the writer also explains further about the factors that make Kawashima suffer from Paranoid schizophrenia. In the story, Kawashima’s emotion and thought that always change made him switch personality easily from a good person, husband and father, into someone else that likes violence. Being violent is the only thing that can satisfy him and enable him to overcome his fear. That is why from this novel, there are still some clumsy things in Kawashima’s behavior that show his mental illness. This can be seen from his behavior, thought and emotion.

The phenomena that the main character had gone through make Piercing interesting to be analyzed because many forms of abuses still exist until now. Kawashima gradually got various influences from the society around him, especially in family through his relationship with his mother. Here, all events that happened in Kawashima’s life during childhood are the reasons why the writer

chooses this novel to be analyzed. The purpose of this study is to find out the factors that made Kawashima suffer from paranoid schizophrenia.

B. Problem Formulation

In order to reach a conclusive point of analysis and to focus the explanation, three problems are formulated as follows:

1. What are the characteristics of Kawashima Masayuki as seen in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing?

2. How do Kawashima’s characteristics as described in this novel reflect his paranoid schizophrenia?

3. What factors affect Kawashima’s paranoid schizophrenia?

C. Objective of the Study

There are three objectives of the study. The purpose of the undergraduate thesis is to find out the answer of the questions mentioned in the problem formulation. First, the study tries to describe Kawashima Masayuki’s characteristics in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing. The second objective is to find out how the characteristic of Kawashima Masayuki can describe and prove that he suffered from paranoid schizophrenia. The last objective is to find out the factors that affect Kawashima Masayuki’s suffering from paranoid schizophrenia.

D. Definition of Terms

To avoid any misunderstandings about the content of this research, there are some important keywords that are listed as follows:

1. Schizophrenia

According to Gary R. Vandenbos in APA Dictionary of Psychology, schizophrenia defined as “a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances on thinking (cognition), emotional responsiveness, and behavior” (2007: 815).

From the above quotation, the writer finds out that people who suffer from schizophrenia sometimes find difficulties in communicating because when their thoughts are disturbed by imaginations and false believe that they made, they cannot control their behavior. In short, they trust more what is in their mind instead of the reality.

2. Paranoid Schizophrenia

Taken from APA Dictionary of Psychology, paranoid schizophrenia is defined as follow:

In DSM-IV-TR, a subtype of schizophrenia. Often with a later onset that other types, characterized by prominent delusions or auditory hallucinations. Delusions are typically persecutory, grandiose, or both: hallucinations are typically related to the content of the delusional theme. Cognitive functioning and mood are affected to a much lesser degree than in other types of schizophrenia. The DSM-III designation was paranoid type schizophrenic disorder (Vandenbos, 2007: 670).

From the above quotation, people who suffer from paranoid schizophrenia have almost the same symptoms as those who suffer from paranoid. The difference is that in paranoid, the patients just feel suspicious and insecure, but in

paranoid schizophrenia, not only do the patients feel suspicious toward something or someone, but they are also stuck in their imagination like hallucinations and delusions that lead them into becoming violent or to commit suicide. People who suffer from paranoid schizophrenia totally cannot differentiate which one is real and which one is only a hallucination.

7

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEWS

In this chapter, the writer explains some theories which are considered to be related to this study. There are three parts that will be explained further. The first part is the review of related studies containing some previous studies which are related to this study. The second part is the review of related theories to be applied to this study. And the last part is the theoretical framework which explains further about the function of those studies and theories and how they apply in this study.

A.Review of Related Studies

In the beginning scene of the novel, Kawashima Masayuki became paranoid when he saw his wife murmuring something to his baby. What he saw between his daughter and wife suddenly made him became afraid and anxious.

Murakami gets to his trademark grit on impact, with Kawashima Masayuki watching his newborn daughter sleep in her crib in the middle of the night. three pages, he is caressing her cheek with an ice pick. Imagining what it would feel like to puncture the baby’s skin. Instead of following his brutal instincts, he makes himself a promise: He will instead stab a prostitute with the ice pick. Get it out of his system, and save his little family. Kawashima begins filling a notebook with elaborate plans involving gloves, a change of clothes, a falsified accent, and the size, shape and skin color of the victim (http://christalawler.com/2010/09/02).

The related study above shows that the emotion and the thought of Kawashima Masayuki are disorganized. On one hand, he wanted to stab his daughter, but on the other hand, he realized that he is her father. His fears of being

left or lonely caused him to be unable to control his desire to hurt someone because his bad experiences had already affected his social life.

Another related study is taken from an undergraduate thesis written by Agatha Maria W.S.P who summarized about mental illness and schizophrenia.

Most times mental illness in general and schizophrenia in particular comes the public attention’s only when behaviours are bizarre or violent, but there is still a long way to go in helping educate families and remove the stigma. However people with such illness are still human. (Palupi, 2004: 50)

Agatha Maria tried to say that everybody has the same right to be treated as a human although that person has mental illness. She believed that there is still a way to help patients with mental illness or schizophrenia and that is why she tried to find a way to change people’s mind into thinking that mental illness is something that can be cured.

In this novel, Kawashima is described as a sick, insecure, and violent person. Below is another study that is written by Irene Wanner,

From here, the two limited-third-person points of view interweave, gaining speed as the narrative moves from one mind to the other, building tension. Kawashima -- paranoid, frightened and uncertain -- has met his match in the schizophrenic Chiaki, whom he later will see as "a chronic suicide case." The two are a mismatch made in hell. As their bizarre encounter unfolds, Murakami keeps his readers pinned in the unpleasant present, where we can't help wanting to learn how the horrors of these terrible childhoods will play out in the sick games of deeply damaged adults (http://www.sfgate.com/2007/04/01/RVG3OOPB2O1.DTL).

From the above quotation, Wanner wanted to share that actually the past life during childhood influences behavior and attitude of someone in adults’ life. The fear of being rejected had already tore up Kawashima’s confidence and figures of a happy family. Rejection and abuses caused Kawashima to be paranoid every

time he saw and believed that his girlfriend or his wife would leave or ignored him. Usually his paranoid would lead him into committing violence.

The last literary study that supports this study is related to schizophrenia. Here, a schizophrenic patient wishes that everything must go the way s/he wants. Below is the appropriate evidence to introduce little about schizophrenia.

Events and situations in someone’s life may affect one aspect or more in his life to change. The changes can positive, negative or even both. In Nash’s case, schizophrenia has the role in developing his character into better and worse. Somehow, the development is just a process he has to live with and it cannot always be the same as he wants it to be. (Bhirowo, 2004: 57)

Environment affects someone’s psychological stance and can build a positive or negative characteristics and behavior. Here, Bhirowo wanted to say that bad experiences that have happened will usually be easy to remember because it left trauma in people who faced it. Besides, bad experiences also contribute in shaping one’s character.

B.Review of Related Theories

This subchapter consists of some theories that will be applied in the analysis. They are theory of literature and theory of psychology that are discussed as follow.

1. Theory of Character

According to M.H. Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms, character can be identified and interpreted by the reader through the speech and action that is shown.

Character are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interested by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say – the dialogue – and by what the do – action (1993: 23).

Based on the quotation above, the writer concludes that to understand a character, the readers need to understand how to describe the character in the novel or play. There are two ways that must be concerned about: showing and telling. To analyze the character, the author must be concerned to the actions and expressions of the character because automatically they are dealing with the characteristic and the behavior of its character.

2. Theory of Characterization

The theory of characterization is important in analyzing the characteristic. M.J. Murphy in Understanding Unseens: An Introduction to English Poetry and English Novels for Overseas Students stated that there are nine ways that the writer usually uses.

a. Personal Description

Personal description is one of many steps in analyzing the character. “The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes” (Murphy, 1972: 161). From the personal description, the reader can conclude and imagine the physical appearance of the character.

b. Character as Seen by Another

Physical appearance is not the only thing that needs to be analyzed. Besides, the second way to analyze a character in a literary work is by noticing other’s opinion because it holds a role in understanding the characterization.

Instead of describing a character directly, an author can describe it through the eyes and the opinions of another character. “The reader gets, as it were, a reflected image” (Murphy, 1972: 162). It shows the reader how to understand a character by analyzing deeply through other people’s opinion. So the author of a literary work tries to give an opinion to the reader by putting an idea through his choice of words and phrases that s/he writes.

c. Speech

The third way is speech. Through the speech in conversation, the reader will usually find the personalities of the character that will be analyzed.

The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what that person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving us some clue to his character (Murphy, 1972: 164). From the above quotation, speech also holds an important role because from verbal action, it will be easy for the reader to decide the characterization of the character that will be analyzed.

d. Past Life

By knowing the background and the past life of the character, it will be easy to see what kind of person that the writer wants to describe.

By letting the reader learn something about a person’s past life the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thoughts, through his conversation or through the medium of another person (Murphy, 1972: 166).

From the above quotation, the writer concludes that past life constitutes the characteristics of someone at present. Good or bad experiences happening to the character will influence her/his personality, behavior and attitude.

e. Conversation of Others

The fifth way is to ask the reader to see and to analyze the character through the things that are said. Through the conversation in the story, the reader will get a clue about what kind of person s/he is. “The author can also give the reader clues to a person’s character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about him” (Murphy, 1972: 167).

f. Reactions

In a story, there is a situation that will affect the readers’ perception in understanding the character. Reaction is one of the important things that the readers need to notice. “The author can also give us a clue to a person’s character by letting us know how that person reacts to various situations and events” (Murphy. 1972: 168). Every reaction that is shown will show further about the characterization of the character that will be analyzed.

g. Direct Comment

“The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly” (Murphy, 1972: 170). Here, the author is free to comment on his character in order to get a better and clear understanding of the character.

h. Thoughts

The thoughts of the reader in reading and understanding a literary work are important. “The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about” (Murphy, 1972: 171). This quotation means that the thoughts can only be seen by the readers. The readers usually will feel it, think about it and safe it in their mind to make her/him get the point of one character.

i. Mannerisms

Mannerisms are the last way that Murphy wants to share. Mannerisms hold an important role in understanding the character. “The author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his character” (Murphy, 1972: 173). So, mannerisms usually will show the reader a deeper understanding about the personality of the character itself.

3. The Relation between Literature and Psychology

In literature, people can learn about psychology, like they can in psychology. As already known, literature is a part of art. There are always meanings, reasons, moods and feeling of the artist or the authors, hidden behind all literary works.

A good novelist can communicate the feelings of his fictional characters and make them seem more life-like than the real people whose behavior the psychologist attempts to describe. Writers can use the understanding provided by psychologists to enrich their stories, and psychologists can gain in their understanding of human behavior by drawing from the deep sensitivity of good authors (Kalish, 1972: 8).

The above quotation shows that psychology and literature are connected to each other. Both literature and psychology learn about phenomena happening in the past and nowadays. Usually, a work of literature can be analyzed from many points of view, which are, from the character, the situation that the author describes and also from the biography of the author him/herself.

Seeing literature from psychological aspect leads the writer to conclude that both literature and psychology have the same purpose, that is, as a mirror for the reader in understanding human behavior by increasing self-awareness and

learning to be wiser in facing the life and doing something. Besides, psychologists believe that people cannot be separated from the cause and effect.

4. Theory of Schizophrenia

Before the writer goes and explains further about the symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia, it is important to know what schizophrenia is.

Schizophrenia is a disorder with a range of symptoms involving disturbances in content of thought, form of thought, perception, affect, sense of self, motivation, behavior, and interpersonal functioning (Halgin, 1994: 276).

From the above quotation, the writer found that schizophrenia is generally a type of mental illness that attacks emotion, thought and sense in general. Here, a person who suffers from schizophrenia usually has bizarre behavior every time s/he feels anxious or fear. It happens because the stimulation that comes to schizophrenic has already disturbed his thought until it makes her/him not able to think logically anymore. A person who suffers from schizophrenia does not realize that s/he is sick. In most cases, a schizophrenic person cannot control what just appears in her/his mind.

To know whether someone gets schizophrenia or not, it is important to know the symptoms first. According to G. Terence Wilson, “delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior and negative symptoms” are classic symptoms of schizophrenia (1996, 416). Although he said there are five symptoms of schizophrenia, he also said that to identify that someone really suffers from schizophrenia or not, the writer only needs to identify two symptoms out of five.

a. Delusions

Delusions usually appear to a schizophrenic person. “Delusions are false believe. Person with schizophrenia often express unusual beliefs that are not shared by others in their culture” (Wilson, 1996: 417). From this quotation, the writer concludes that schizophrenic patient believes in something that is not real. He believes what he thinks is real although the real condition is not. Here, a schizophrenic creates and builds that perceptions only in her/his mind. That is why delusions usually will lead a schizophrenic into becoming suspicious toward something in front of her/him.

In schizophrenia, there are four types of delusions that should be known

i. Delusions of Persecution

Person who gets delusions of persecution usually believes that someone is trying to hurt her/him or believe that someone is against him/her. “People are out to get me” (Wilson,1996: 417).

ii. Delusions of Grandeur

Person who gets these delusions usually think that s/he is a famous person and have special power and control everything (Wilson, 1996: 418).

iii. Delusions of Control

A schizophrenic who gets these delusions believe that his/her thought or actions are controlled by external factors (Wilson, 1996: 428).

iv. Delusions of Romance (Erotomania)

People who get these delusions believe that someone is in love with or romantically involved with them (Wilson, 1996: 148).

b. Hallucinations

People who suffer from schizophrenia usually will get hallucinations. “Sensation experienced by an individual that are not experienced by others” (Wilson, 1996: 419). This quotation means that only a schizophrenic who can feel and see it while other people around her/him cannot.

According to James C. Coleman, there are five types of hallucinations. They are auditory hallucinations, visual hallucinations, olfactory hallucinations, gustatory hallucinations and tactual hallucinations. Below are further explanations about those types of hallucinations.

i. Auditory Hallucinations

People who suffer from schizophrenia usually will hear voices that others cannot hear.

Hallucinations involving the sense of hearing: the individual may hear voices telling him what to do, commenting on or criticizing his actions, or warning him that he will be punished unless he repents (Coleman, 1976: 296).

From the above quotation it is obvious that the voice that a schizophrenic hear is only in his head and is not real. Usually a person who gets these hallucinations will easily accept what the voice told them. The voice that exist in her/his head will influence her/his action and thought in everyday life.

ii. Visual Hallucinations

In visual hallucinations, usually a schizophrenic will see thing that other people cannot see. “Hallucinations involving the sense of sight” (Coleman, 1976: 296). This quotation means that certain objects that schizophrenic

patients can see something in front of them like it is really happened and exist which actually only appear in their mind. That is why schizophrenic patients cannot differentiate reality and hallucinations.

iii. Olfactory Hallucinations

These hallucinations are closed to human sense. “Hallucination involving the sense of smell” (Coleman, 1976: 296). Usually people who get this hallucinations will smell bizarre things every time they are under a depressing condition or a dangerous situation.

iv. Gustatory Hallucinations

These hallucinations still connects to the sense, that is, the sense of taste (Coleman, 1976: 296). Here, people who suffer from schizophrenia will think that someone is trying to kill them. They become worry toward food and drink that they consume and usually believe that their food and drink are poisoned.

v. Tactual Hallucinations

Still related to the human’s sense, usually people who get this hallucination believe and feel that something touches them. They imagine that what touches them is real.

c. Disorganized Speech (Derailment)

People who have this symptom have difficulty to relate a question and the answer. Most of all, there is no connection between question and answer. “A person moves from one topic to another without any natural transitions” (Wilson,

1996: 420). This person is easy to change topics without any confirmation, so it looks like s/he is answering a question that is out of topic.

d. Grossly Disorganized Behavior and Catatonic Behavior

In grossly disorganized behavior, usually people who have this symptom will do an inappropriate behavior. “It seen in childlike silliness or highly agitated behavior” (Wilson, 1996: 420). From this quotation, the writer concludes that people who suffer from schizophrenia will do a bizarre thing in inappropriate place and situation.

Grossly disorganized behavior is different from catatonic behavior. In catatonic behavior, people who have this symptom will look like they have problem with their motor abnormalities. Person who have this symptom usually like peculiar postures, usually soldier. “Catatonic behavior refers to marked motor abnormalities, including motor immobility, excessive motor behaviors and the maintenance of fixed postures over long periods of time” (Wilson, 1996: 420). This quotation shows that this symptom will make schizophrenic patients look helpless because it looks like they need other people to help them. In short, this symptom makes them passive that can be seen from their lack of energy.

e. Negative symptoms

There are three negative symptoms according to G. Terence Wilson. First is flat or blunt affect which shows that a person who has this symptom will show flat expression in their emotion, second is little speech (alogia) which shows that a person who has this symptom will talk very little and the last symptom is lack of

drive (avolition) which means a person who has this symptoms shows no interest in activity (Wilson, 1996: 421).

5. Theory of Paranoid Schizophrenia

In theory of schizophrenia, the writer finds that paranoid schizophrenia is one of the main type of schizopherenia. Here, the symptoms that are found in paranoid schizophrenia is triggered from symptoms of schizophrenia. But, in this theory, paranoid schizophrenia has particular symptoms which cannot be found in schizophrenia. “Paranoid schizophrenia are agitated, argumentative, angry, and sometimes violent” (Davison, 1986: 343). People who suffer from paranoid schizophrenia will always feel insecure and think that somebody is going to go against them. That is why, when they face a bad situation, their reaction will appear spontaneously.

After knowing what paranoid schizophrenia is, there are many kinds of symptoms that are better to be known.

Paranoid patients are suspicious, sensitive, egocentric individuals whose lives revolve about the theme of persecution. They imagine that people are against them and in devious ways are maltreating or plotting against them. At first their delusions of persecution are limited and fairly well systematized and their attitude toward the world is one of emotional aggressiveness (Page, 1947: 254).

The above quotation shows that people who suffer from paranoid schizophrenia have a sensitive feeling so it makes them fragile. Their fears already affect their perception, thought and emotion. Another symptom to identify whether or not someone is schizophrenic is hallucination. The hallucination can be a fear or a

brave voice that makes them follow the direction of hallucinations that s/he sees or hears.

“Some diagnosed schizophrenics often behave quite normally” (Alloy, 1996: 355). It means that people who suffer from paranoid schizophrenia are sociable in her/his environment and community. Besides, “a paranoid person is usually capable of self-management in the community, but on occasion their persecutory ideas may render them dangerous” (Page, 1947: 184). It means that while on one hand a paranoid person is capable of living a normal life with a good interaction and relationship, on the other hand s/he can hurt her/himself or hurt people around her/him.

To give strong evidence to show that someone suffers from paranoid schizophrenia or not, below are some information that will help the writer in identifying this mental illness.

In rare instances a paranoid patient may become dangerous and kill or injure someone. In such an instance the patient’s feelings connected with his delusions had probably become very intense so that the violent assault seemed to him the only solution to this person. To this person it was seen very likely as a matter of kill or be killed (Strange, 1965: 313).

From the above quotation, the writer concludes that paranoid schizophrenia patients become dangerous if they start to feel delusions or hallucinations in front of them. Besides, the delusions and hallucinations that appear in paranoid schizophrenics mind will make them do something inappropriate and illogical until those lead them to do violence.

6. Family Theory in Perspective of Schizophrenia

Family has an important role in the development of children psychology. Every single moment, situation and treat in family’s life, children usually can easily record all actions that they see and words that they hear. Therefore, all things that happened and learned from the family will influence the children’s psychological stance in the future.

According to family theorists, psychological tensions in the home may also be a stress factor in schizophrenia, and not just for the children of schizophrenic mothers (Alloy, 1996: 395)

From the above quotation, it can be concluded that every condition and situation in the home will influence someone psychological stance in their social life. It also shows that family life is a main factor that can affect someone become schizophrenic. Not only is this condition faced by children of schizophrenic mothers, but also all people who have unstable family life.

In family theories, there are two theories that will answer the reason why someone suffers from schizophrenia. First is expressed emotion (EE). This factor is related to the relatives in the family. This theory tries to show that schizophrenogenic mother or schizophrenia-causing mother has a role to affect her children’s psychological stance until they suffer from schizophrenia. “Mothers who were cold, domineering, rejecting, and at the same time overprotective could induce schizophrenia in their children” (Alloy, 1996: 395). Usually, most of schizophrenics who have schizophrenogenic mother become dependent toward something or someone because they are shadowed by their past life.

The second theory is communication deviance. It focuses on the matter of communications between parents and children. Here, there are usually some misinterpretations in receiving words said between parents and children. Actually, most of that communication is caused by the contradictory message. Usually, to say and top express their message in verbal, they like to use a rejection and affecting but the aim of the use of them is as a complement. (Alloy, 1996:396).

7. Psychological Factor in Schizophrenia

Psychological factor is one that affects someone to become schizophrenic. Trauma that was felt during childhood usually will affect someone’s personality and behavior.

Karl Menninger has provided a vivid picture of the defenses – and special vulnerabilities – of adolescents and young adults who have suffered deep hurts and have come to view the world as a dangerous and hostile place (Coleman, 1976: 316).

The above quotation shows that children who had some bad past experiences usually will build their own defense to avoid the deep hurts in them appear. Besides, people who were tortured and ignored when they were children will see the world as a dangerous and hostile place. It happened because words and actions that children see and hear will be easily recorded in their mind.

Children who suffer from schizophrenia will usually be sensitive and fragile. Trauma in them does not make them make a distance with their social life but they do the opposite. Here, they want to make a relation with people although they cannot hide their anxious and fear every time they found a stimulation that reminds them about their bad past experience.

In some instance the outcome seems to be a “stormy” personality. Here, instead of withdrawing, the individual tries aggressively to relate to people. He is highly vulnerable to hurt, however and his existence is usually an anxious one (Coleman, 1976: 316).

C.Theoretical Framework

This study focuses on factors that make Kawashima Masayuki suffer from Paranoid schizophrenia. The theories that are already explained above will support the analysis of Kawashima Masayuki’s characteristics and what makes him suffer from paranoid schizophrenia.

In this study, the writer puts theories of intrinsic element of a literary work, which are character and characterization, to analyze the characteristics of Kawashima Masayuki. Murphy’s theory of characterization states that there are nine ways that the writer can choose to find out the characteristics of the character that want to be analyzed in the novel. Some ways that the writer chooses to support the analysis in this study are speech, past life, reactions and thoughts. These four ways are significant to be used in analyzing and answering the first problem formulations.

Theory of schizophrenia and paranoid schizophrenia, then, are used to prove whether Kawashima suffers from paranoid schizophrenia or not. It is used to answer the second problem formulation. The theory of schizophrenia focuses on the general symptoms of schizophrenia until it leads to a conclusion that the main character has mental illness. Besides, theory of paranoid schizophrenia is used to differentiate this type of schizophrenia with other types of schizophrenia in purpose to reach a conclusion that the main character in Piercing really suffers

from paranoid schizophrenia. Theory of paranoid schizophrenia will show deeply about the specific symptoms shown in a paranoid schizophrenic patient.

The last theory that is also important to answer the third problem formulation in this study is family theory in perspective of schizophrenia, psychological factors in schizophrenia and the relation between literature and psychology. These theories will help the reader to find the factors that make Kawashima suffer from paranoid schizophrenia. These three theories will also show the reader the details about phenomena that happen in the story, therefore the writer will analyze it from the background of the main character because what the main character faced in their past life had left a big trauma in him. Besides, Kawashima Masayuki’s background can also be learned from the characteristics and situation that Ryu Murakami already described in Piercing.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A.Object of the Study

The object of this study is Piercing, a novel written by Ryu Murakami, a Japanese novelist and filmmaker. This novel was published by the Penguin Group, Penguin Group (USA) Inc, New York, in January 2007, translated by Ralph F. McCarthy. The novel consists of 11 chapters with 185 pages. The genre of this novel is psycho thriller.

The writer thinks that this novel is interesting because it is related to human values. Negative and positive attitudes will influence someone in seeing and facing the world and life. From this novel, the writer also thinks that abuse in family not only happens in people’s imagination but in real life. That is why it cannot be ignored anymore.

Through this study, the writer wants to open people’s mind through the messages that the writer shares in this research, that actually every action taken both consciously and unconsciously will influence our environment, relatives or friends. That is why the writer thinks that Piercing can be a good example to show the reason why someone has psychological problem in her/his life.

The first scene is opened with the appearance Kawashima Masayuki who in 10 days always tried to find a way to stab his own daughter, Little Rie. Kawashima was a graphic designer, a husband and a father. He had a normal life and he was an introvert person. However, one day at an art exhibition gallery in

Ginza, for the first time he met a woman named Yoko. Kawashima fell in love with her. Shortly, a year and eight months after their first meeting in Ginza, they decided to get married and finally have a baby named Little Rie.

After short introductory about Kawashima’s family, the story began with Kawashima taking bath with his baby. After they finished taking a bath, Yoko usually dries his baby, and when Yoko was drying Little Rie, Kawashima saw Yoko murmuring something to Rie. After he saw his wife murmuring something to Rie, he felt something burning inside him and it made him anxious. Since then, he became suspicious and wanted to stab his daughter. Every time his anxiety came, he became sweating, then continue by smelt something weird like a pungent whiff of something organic burning, and so on.

Every time Kawashima tried to stab his baby, there was a doubt in him. In one side he realized that he was Rie’s father but on the other side he felt that he must stab her because he thought that the baby was a threat for him. Since that night, he could not sleep, so he decided to go outside. He thought that he would rather enjoy the cold than staying at home. When he was enjoying night, he suddenly stopped at a shop to buy some diapers and when he already in, he suddenly saw his other self standing before the shelves two or three paces ahead of him. It pointed to the picture of a baby on the package and grinned at Kawashima. No longer after that, it told him that the only way to overcome his fear and anxiety is by finding a way to stab someone else with an ice pick.

B.Approach of the Study

The focus of this study was to analyze the factors that make Kawashima suffer from paranoid schizophrenia and to prove that he has problems with his psychological condition. The psychological approach was used in this study. This approach focused on the behavior of the main character like symptoms, and reasons why he can be categorized as having a mental illness like paranoid schizophrenia.

To know deeper about the mental illness in the Piercing and relate it to the writer’s analysis, the writer applied the psychological approach by Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods, Jr. in Reading and Writing About Literature. “Psychological involves effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns” which “draws on a different body of knowledge” (1971: 13).

Psychological approach would help the writer to understand human behavior such as problems related to learning, perception, emotions, motivations, and thinking. Those behaviors usually are written as an object. In short, the psychological approach was used because it was related to the problems and factors that affect the main character in the novel.

C.Method of the Study

The data collection was done through a library research. In this study, the writer took the data from literary books, psychological books and dictionary, and some internet sources. There were two parts of sources that the writer used in this study. The primary data is Piercing, written by Ryu Murakami in 2007 in English version translated by Ralph F. McCarthy. The secondary source that would

support the analysis in this study were taken from books related to the character, some previous undergraduate theses, psychology and literary books, and articles from the internet

In this study, the writer took some steps in the analysis. The first step was to read and reread Ryu Murakami’s Piercing to gain a better understanding about the story until the author found an interesting topic to be studied. The second step was to determine the problem formulation. The third step was to start to find out the previous undergraduate theses, literary books, such as theories and approach to support the analysis, internet sources to find some reviews to get better understanding about the topic that would be analyzed.

The fourth step was to analyze the data by using those books and internet sources. From those books, the writer tried to prove and answer three problems that have already been formulated. The last step was to report and make a conclusion until it became a good research and useful for other future researchers that took the same topic.

In this study there were some books that the writer used to gain better understanding and to complete the information that was needed. The analysis of the character was taken from Glossary of Literary Terms by M. H. Abrams, and in analyzing the characterization, the writer used M.J. Murphy’s theories about characters and characterization in his book entitled Understanding Unseens: An introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Student.

Other books that support the analysis were Abnormal Psychology: A Clinical Approach to Psychological Deviants by James D. Page, Reading And

Writing About Literature by Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods, Abnormal Psychology And Modern Life Fifth Edition by James C. Coleman Abnormal Psychology An Experimental Clinical Approach by Gerald C. Davison and John M. Neale, APA Dictionary of Psychology by Gary R Vandenbos Phd, Abnormal Psychology: The Human Experience of Psychological Disorders by Richard P Halgin and Susan K Whitbourne, Abnormal Psychology : Current Perspectives by Lauren B. Alloy, Joan Acocella and Richard R. Bootzin, The Psychology of Human Behavior Third Edition by Richard A Kalish, The Language of Literature: A Stylistic Introduction to the Study of Literature by Michael Cummings and Robert Simmons, Abnormal Psychology: Understanding Behavior Disorders by Jack Roy Strange, Abnormal Psychology Integrating Perspectives by G. Terence Wilson, Peter E. Nathan, K. Daniel O’Leary and Lee Anna Clark.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter discusses the answer to the problems formulated in the first chapter. There are three main parts that are discussed. The first part is about the characteristics of the main character in Piercing. Here, the writer explains and give detail information about the characteristics of Kawashima Masayuki.

The second part discusses how the characteristics of the main character can be categorized as having paranoid schizophrenia. This part presents the description of paranoid schizophrenia’s symptoms in Kawashima’s characteristics in order to reveal the details of this mental illness.

The last part discusses the factors that influence the main character to suffer from paranoid schizophrenia. This part will observe some events that had happened to Kawashima Masayuki. Here, the writer will analyze it through his past life, environment and his psychological stance as the important factors that cause him to suffer from paranoid schizophrenia.

A.The Characteristics of Kawashima Masayuki

Kawashima Masayuki is the main character in Piercing. He is the central person in the story because from the beginning to the end of the story, the author described him in detail. Murakami wrote his story starting from Kawashima’s past life when he was a kid until he had became an adult. According to M.H Abrams, the most important or central person in the story is the major character, and it goes to Kawashima Masayuki. Kawashima is characterized as a twenty-nine-year-old

man with a normal life, but having bad childhood experiences. Here, he is described as a husband of Yoko, a father of a daughter named Little Rie and worked as a graphic designer.

In this story, there are several characteristics of Kawashima Masayuki. The writer analyzes those characteristics using the theory of characterization by M. J. Murphy. In this theory, there are nine ways that can be used to find the characteristics of the main character. But, in this analysis, only four ways are used. They are speech, past life, reactions, and thoughts. These four ways are considered the most significant ones that will support the analysis of the characteristics of the main character. They will help to analyze the characteristics of the main character seen from the mental or personality point of view.

Based on the analysis, there are six characteristics that are appropriate to describe Kawashima Masayuki. The six characteristics are suspicious, anxious, fearful, spiteful, violent and in doubt. To understand further about Kawashima Masayuki’s characteristics, the explanation is as follows.

1. Suspicious

In Piercing, Kawashima is described as a suspicious man. He became suspicious toward something that tried to hurt him, although it only appeared in his mind. Things that triggered his suspicion are feeling that someone knew his wicked plan to stab a woman, someone would ignore and leave him, and so on. Here, Kawashima’s feeling comes as a product of his childhood life, when his mother used to treat him badly. That is why when he felt comfortable with someone, he would easily get suspicious if he found that person was not like what

he wanted to be. For him, it could be a threat. Below is the evidence that shows the reason that caused Kawashima to be suspicious toward his daughter, Little Rie.

“Ten nights ago. He was in the bathtub with the baby, having just finished washing her. He handed her over to Yoko, who was waiting with a fluffy bath towel, and then he leaned back in the tub, leaving the pebbled-glass shower door partially open. Yoko was murmuring to the baby as she dried her, and he was aware of himself smiling at them. And then, with no prelude or warning, a thought came percolating up into his brain and he felt the muscles of his cheeks twitch and freeze” (Murakami, 2007: 16). After he saw Yoko murmuring something to his baby, Kawashima smiled. Actually behind his smile, he hid fear and suspicion. As the writer already explained in the previous page, Kawashima was always afraid of losing someone he loved, liked and cared about. Kawashima became suspicious because he thought that Yoko was getting closer to his baby. In Kawashima’s mind, what he had just seen between his wife and his baby was something that terrified him. That is why he became suspicious toward his baby.

In the story, he thought that his baby could take Yoko away from him. Actually, Yoko only did what she must do as a mother, but Kawashima thought the opposite. Looking back to Kawashima’s background and his bad experience, the writer assumes that the reason he became suspicious is his fear of losing Yoko’s attention and love. Here, he found Yoko very kind and patient. For him, Yoko was the only one who could comfort him, while his baby could not. That is why Kawashima thought that Little Rie was a threat that could decrease Yoko’s attention to him.

Other evidence that also shows his suspicious characteristic can be read when he thought that Sanada Chiaki had already read his notes, the note that contained his planned to stab someone in order to release his fear of stabbing his baby.

“Kawashima grunted agreement and stood up. It was then that he noticed his overnight bag lying on its side against the opposite wall, and his open notebook beside it. His blood turned ice. She must have read the notes, he thought, and a shiver emanating from his bitten finger rippled through every cell in his body. He experienced a surge of nausea and looked over at the girl, who had turned her back to him and was climbing into her slip. I have no choice now, he thought, and the chill and the nausea merged with a peculiar, bubbling excitement. I have no choice but to kill her” (Murakami, 2007: 117).

From the quotation above, Kawashima Masayuki thought that Sanada had already read his plan. He was afraid that she would go away after she read it. Here, Kawashima was suspicious toward things that he did not know whether it was right or not. He played with questions and suspicions in his mind until that feeling made him feel insecure and led him to one choice, that was to kill her. At that time, he believed that Sanada would tell all his plans to stab a woman to anyone. Facing that situation, he became suspicious and it drove him to stab her before she left him or turned against him.

Same as the previous paragraph, and still in the same situation, between the conversation of Sanada and Kawashima, below is the quotation that the writer finds as other evidence that proves Kawashima as a suspicious person.

“Hey,’she said softly, smiling up at him. ‘What hotel are you staying at really?

Kawashima’s body stiffened.

I knew it, Chiaki said to herself – he’s a secret rich man.

Sure enough, thought Kawashima – she read the notes” (Murakami, 2007: 121).

2. Anxious

In the story, Murakami described Kawashima Masayuki as an anxious person. The following quotation will prove that he is anxious. His anxiety began when he saw his wife murmuring something to his baby.

“The mental and emotion torment of the old cycle of anxiety – unable to bear being alone, wanting someone always near but growing anxious when someone does get close, fearing that if they get any closer there’s no telling what might happen, until the fear itself becomes unbearable and solitude seems the only solution – had seemed to be fast becoming a thing of the past” (Murakami, 2007: 14-15).

In the story, seeing Yoko murmuring something to the baby made Kawashima anxious. According to Murphy, the appropriate way to describe Kawashima Masayuki’s anxiety is reaction. From the quotation above, the writer concludes that the reaction when he saw his wife murmuring something to his baby is the evidence that shows he was anxious. Here, it also can be summarized that at the time he became closer to someone, or when someone got closer to him, he would feel anxious. His fear made him anxious, and his anxiety disturbed his thought and emotion.

In this novel, the writer sees that what Yoko did to Little Rie made Kawashima afraid. He felt that there was a strong tension in him. In this case, Kawashima did not want to be alone but he could not let someone get closer to him, either. The writer sees that there is a trauma left from his past life in Kawashima’s self. Whether he realized it or not, he became insecure and that feeling made him aware of and suspicious toward everything that happened to him. The reaction that appeared from the quotation above is one of the effects from his childhood’s past life when he was rejected and abused. Here, he was

worried about what would happen to him if Yoko became closer to Little Rie. That is why the author concludes that he is anxious.

Still explaining about the quotation above, Kawashima became anxious when he faced a certain situation and condition related to someone he loved, cared about and liked. He became anxious toward something vague in front of him. The following quotation will show how Kawashima Masayuki became anxious when he was disturbed by his own thought. Here, he felt anxious when the tension in him increased. At the time when his emotion and thought were in tension, some questions appeared in his mind and it ended into fear and anxiety that were united to disturb his own thought.

“Yoko had awakened but hadn’t seemed to notice anything, and for the moment, standing on the empty street of their neighborhood in Kokubunji, away from the room with the sleeping baby, he felt a certain degree of relief.

It’s just my neurosis, he reasoned with himself. I just get freaked out imagining I might stab the baby. It’s not as if I actually want to stab her. Who doesn’t imagine things that make them anxious?” (Murakami, 2007: 20).

The above quotation shows how anxious Kawashima Masayuki was. His emotion and thought made him think clearly toward all acts and imaginations that he wanted to do. Here, his anxiety appeared every time he got closer to his baby, which caused him to sweat and at the same time, the desire to stab his baby increased and then continue to imagine that he might stab his daughter.

The imagination that appeared in Kawashima Masayuki’s mind is caused by the reaction that he felt and thought of. Through this novel, the writer sees that his anxiety had already messed up his mind. All question and things that he was

thinking are influenced his anxiety. Murphy said that a secret that appears in the main character’s mind reveals some oddity from Kawashima Masayuki’s life.

The last evidence that also supports Kawashima Masayuki’s anxiety can be seen when he met a young prostitute named Sanada Chiaki. In the story, Kawashima thought that Sanada read his note about his plan to stab someone. Here, Kawashima did not know that actually Sanada had mental illness. She was described as a person who had bad experience in childhood life and got abused by their parents. That is why every time she felt uncomfortable with the situation in front of her, she would hurt herself and Kawashima made her feel insecure because he shouted ‘idiot’ to her (p.89). In short, Kawashima did not realize that Sanada Chiaki was a fragile person, just like him.

Below is the quotation showing that he was anxious after he prevented Sanada from committing suicide.

“Kawashima grunted agreement and stood up. It was then that he noticed his overnight bag lying on its side against the opposite wall, and a shiver emanating from his bitten finger rippled through every cell in his body. He experienced a surge of nausea and looked over at the girl, who had turned her back to him and was climbing into her slip. I have no choice now, he thought, and the chill and the nausea merged with a peculiar bubbling excitement. I have no choice but to kill her. If she read the notes and lived, there couldn’t be a next time. She’d be sure to tell someone: I had a client like that once” (Murakami, 2007: 117).

His anxiety appeared when he realized that Sanada was so close to his notebook that she would be able to read all his plans. Here, Kawashima got anxious because he could not let Sanada uncover all his plans and tell anything to anyone. Thus, he was thinking to kill Sanada as an effort to keep himself safe and to overcome his anxiety.

3. Fearful

Kawashima Masayuki is described as a fearful person. The abuse that he received during his childhood made him afraid and fragile. Every time he was scolded by somebody, he felt guilty and thought that he need to be punished or he would be left alone. His fear of losing someone made him do everything to relieve his fear in order to keep that person to stay with him. It can be seen from the quotation below.

“The woman had just go back from work and was sitting before the mirror, removing her make-up. He tried to hug her from behind, and she wouldn’t let him. All she said was, ‘Don’t touch me,’ but her manner was so cold and harsh that it terrified him. He put his arms around her again, and again she spurned him, prising his fingers loose this time and shaking him off. ‘Stop breathing your fucking thinner fumes on me!’ she snarled. Kawashima was devastated. All he could think was: I need to be punished. She’s mad at me, but she won’t hit me, so I’ve got to be punish myself. If I don’t, she might leave. He walked to the heater and shoved his right hand into the pot of boiling water” (Murakami, 2007: 26).

The conversation happened when Kawashima stayed with a late-thirties stripper who was his ex-girlfriend. Kawashima stayed with her for nearly two years and he felt comfortable with her. One day his ex-girlfriend was angry at him because of his passive attitude. At first, when his ex-girlfriend was angry at him, he did not take it seriously because he thought that she just showed common anger for a while. For him, it was impossible if she was really mad at him because he thought that he was the only one who cared about her. Actually his ex-girlfriend was really mad at him until she did not allow Kawashima to touch her. At that time, her manner was so cold and harsh until it terrified Kawashima. The reaction when he was scolded already made him feel insecure and afraid that his ex-girlfriend would leave him.

More evidence that shows his fear is when he heard the voice that he used to hear at Home. That voice made him remember the situation and condition at Home (a place for children who get abused by their parents). Every time he heard it and remembered his past life at Home, he would imagine it then he became terrified and fragile. He remembered what he felt when he was at Home. There, he saw that many kids at Home were similar to him, children who wanted to be loved and cared by their own parents. Therefore, every time he remembered a life at Home, he felt afraid. It can be seen from the quotation below.

“Keeping them closed was no more defence against the images that accompanied the sparks than plugging his ears was against the voice from inside, the voice he heard echoing off the interior walls of his skin. Only voices and images from the external world could neutralise those from inside. That was why Kawashima’s greatest fear-far greater for him than the fear of death – was of losing his sight and hearing to some illness or accident. Cut off from actual sights and sounds, with the unchecked terror swelling inside him, he knew he’d go mad in no time” (Murakami, 2007: 141-142).

Another fear that also terrified him also can be seen when he thought that what his mother used to say to him when he was a kid was right. It happened when Kawashima was at Sanada’s apartment. There, he learned about Sanada until he remembered the terrifying story that he got from his mother. Usually, when his mother got angry and beat him, his mother also said bad words to him like he would hear voices that could not be heard by people around him, he would be manipulated, and would become crazy like his mother’s friend who suffered from schizophrenia (p.152). Below is the evidence that shows his fear of being manipulated by his own thought.

Therefore, further conclusion that can be depicted from this study is through Piercing, Kawashima Masayuki’s life between him, his mother and environment around him can be made as a mirror for parents in raising their children because most factor that disturb Kawashima Masayuki’s psychology is caused by trauma that he got from his mother while he was a kid.

Through the novel, another factor that makes Kawashima suffered from paranoid schizophrenia could also be seen from the environment where he stays. After the death of his father, Kawashima was raised by his mother. During his childhood, he never felt love and care from his mother. It can be known because the author described Kawashima’s mother as a wicked mother who always abused and ignored him. Kawashima suffered from paranoid schizophrenia because he was abused and ignored by his mother and those treatments disturbed his psychological stance. Kawashima did not have a good communication with her. Here, the writer concludes that the role of a mother holds an important role in creating and building personality, behavior and psychological stance of children into good or bad person.

Here, Kawashima’s bad past experience made him get delusion and hallucination. The delusion appeared when he felt there was a threat that wanted to turn him down and the hallucination appeared when he felt stressful and oppressed toward stimulation that he received in front of him. Besides the condition in his own house, the life in Home also affected his psychological stance. As already explained before, he stayed there for about little over two years

and unconsciously it made him feel assured that he was also abnormal like his other friends in Home. The environment where he stayed slowly made him sick too. It could be seen when he did a bizarre things such as drawing nothing but pictures of narrow roads at night. Here, the writer assumes that the picture of narrow roads at night is a picture of his life that empty and lonely.

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APPENDIX

The Summary of Piercing by Ryu Murakami

Ryu Murakami’s Piercing is a story about a man who had mental illness named Kawashima Masayuki. In the story, Kawashima had a normal life, a beautiful wife named Yoko and a daughter named Little Rie and he even had a job. However, behind all of those, Kawashima experienced a quite terrible childhood that made him become a dangerous person. Ever since Kawashima was a child, his mother always abused him and ignored him.

In Piercing, Kawashima once stabbed someone when he was nineteen years old. The first time was when he stayed with his ex-girlfriend, who was a stripper. He stabbed her after his ex-girlfriend did not allow him to hug her. In Kawashima’s mind, he thought and believed that she would leave him.

In the story, the desire to stab someone appeared in sudden. Here, Kawashima felt suspicion toward his daughter, Rie, after he saw Yoko murmured something to her. Kawashima believed that his baby could take Yoko away from him. That is why for next ten days, he tried to stab his own daughter. However, he failed to do that because he faced doubt situation. Here, he was in doubt because he must choose whether he stabbed his own daughter or not.

To overcome his fear after trying to stab his own daughter, he went to the nearest shop from his home, there he saw his own self pointing a baby picture and heard a voice that told him to stab the baby or someone else to overcome his fear and anxiety. After listening to another self of him, Kawashima felt like receiving a

revelation from God. Shortly, he went home and in the next morning, happy-facedly he told Yoko that he would go to Tokyo to learn how to be a true salaryman, which he actually did not. The purpose of going to Tokyo was to find a perfect person for him to stab.

In Tokyo he started to make some plans, one of which was to stab a young and petite woman. Shortly, there he met a prostitute named Sanada Chiaki who was perfect for him to stab. Sanada was described as a woman who also had a mental illness like him. In Piercing, Sanada tended to hurt herself, leading her to commit suicide and Kawashima tended to do violence.

At the end of the story, Kawashima’s false believe toward Sanada appeared and led him to think that killing her was the perfect way to kept her silent. He believed that Sanada already read all his plans to stab someone. Besides, Kawashima also believed that Sanada needed his help to kill her. In short, Kawashima tried to kill her but he failed because he was under control of halcion tablet that Sanada gave to him. The effect of halcion already made him unable to control himself.