MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES {–ER} AND {-IST} IN AGENTIVE NOUNS
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE DERIVATIONAL
SUFFIXES {–ER} AND {-IST} IN AGENTIVE NOUNS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
FRANSISKA RIZKINAULI
Student Number: 144214087
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2019
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE DERIVATIONAL
SUFFIXES {–ER} AND {-IST} IN AGENTIVE NOUNS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
FRANSISKA RIZKINAULI
Student Number: 144214087
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2019
i
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,
to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material
previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the
text of the undergraduate thesis.
Yogyakarta, December 12, 2018
Fransiska Rizkinauli
iv
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiwa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa
: Fransiska Rizkinauli
: 144214087
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE DERIVATIONAL
SUFFIXES {–ER} AND {-IST} IN AGENTIVE NOUNS
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan, dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 12 Desember 2018
Yang menyatakan,
Fransiska Rizkinauli
v
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Hail Mary, full of grace
The Lord is with thee
Blessed are thou amongst women
And blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus
Holy Mary, Mother of God,
pray for us sinners,
now and at the hour of our death,
Amen.
vi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
This page is dedicated to
My beloved parents
Apul Tamba
and
Hotdi Henrika Naibaho
vii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to express my gratefulness to Jesus Christ, Mother
Mary, Saint Joseph, and Saint Claudius as my saviors of my life who always love
and blessing me. I am grateful because of Their help, mercy and blessing, I could
finish my undergraduate thesis. I also would like to express my deepest gratitude
to my beloved family, namely Apul Tamba, Hotdi Henrika Naibaho, Michael
Kevin Tamba, and Alfred Hisar Tamba. I can be the best of me because I always
get the best support, advice, and love from my best family.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis advisor Dr. Fr.
B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. for patiently understanding, guiding, and helping me from
the beginning until I finished my undergraduate thesis. I also would like to thank
my co-advisor and my academic advisor, Ms. Wedhowerti, M.Hum. who has read
and given me suggestions and detail corrections for my thesis. My gratitude is
also due to all of the lectures and staffs in English Letters Department for helping
and supporting me in every condition.
I give my deepest thanks to my beloved best friends namely, Koido,
Windy, Novi, Trisna, Kak Chitra, Daite, Daniel, Rani, members of KitKat,
members of Cacing Naga OTW SS and all of my friends and every one I cannot
mention one by one for the support and love in every situation and during the
processing of finishing my undergraduate thesis..
The last I thank everyone who never stops sending me prayers during the
process of finishing my undergraduate thesis.
Fransiska Rizkinauli
viii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................
APPROVAL PAGE .......................................................................................
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ..................................................................................
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .............................................................
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH.......................................................................
DEDICATION PAGE ....................................................................................
MOTTO PAGE ..............................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...........................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...............................................................................
LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................
ii
iii
iv
v
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................
A. Background of the Study......................................................................
B. Problem Formulation ...........................................................................
C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................
D. Definition of Terms ..............................................................................
1
1
4
4
5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .............................................
A. Review of Related Studies ...................................................................
B. Review of Related Theories .................................................................
1. Theory of Morphology ...................................................................
a. Morpheme ................................................................................
b. Derivational Morpheme ...........................................................
c. Affixation .................................................................................
i. Suffix ...............................................................................
ii. Prefix ...............................................................................
iii. Infix .................................................................................
d. The Derivational Affixes..........................................................
i. Suffix -er .........................................................................
ii. Suffix -ist.........................................................................
C. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................
7
7
10
10
11
12
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
xiv
xv
xvi
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ............................................................. 17
A. Object of the Study............................................................................... 17
B. Approach of the Study ......................................................................... 17
ix
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
C. Method of the Study ............................................................................. 18
1. Data Collection............................................................................... 18
2. Data Analysis ................................................................................. 19
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS) ...............
A. The Bases Receiving the Suffixes {-er} and {-ist} ..............................
1. Lexical Category of the Bases........................................................
a. Bases Attached to the Suffix {-er} ...........................................
i. Verb Base ............................................................................
ii. Noun Base............................................................................
iii. Adjective Base .....................................................................
b. Bases Attached to the Suffix {-ist} ..........................................
i. Noun Base............................................................................
ii. Adjective Base .....................................................................
iii. Verb Base ............................................................................
B. The Distributions of the Agentive Suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. ..............
1. The Application of the Suffix {-er} ...............................................
2. The Application of the Suffix {-ist} ..............................................
21
22
22
25
26
28
30
31
33
35
36
37
40
43
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ..................................................................... 47
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................
APPENDICES ................................................................................................
Appendix 1 ..................................................................................................
Appendix 2 ..................................................................................................
Appendix 3 ..................................................................................................
Appendix 4 ..................................................................................................
Appendix 5 ..................................................................................................
Appendix 6 ..................................................................................................
x
50
51
51
53
54
54
56
56
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LIST OF TABLES
No
Table
1.
Table 1. The Bases of the Suffix {-er}
2.
Table 2. The Bases of the Suffix {-ist}
3.
Table 3. Number of Parts of Speech of Words with the Suffix
{-er}
4.
Table 4. Noun Bases with the Suffix {-er}
5.
Table 5. Adjective Bases of the Suffix {-er}
6.
Table 6. Number of Parts of Speech Words with in the Suffix
{-ist}
7.
Table 7. Noun Bases of the Suffix {-ist}
8.
Table 8. Abstract Nouns and Concrete Nouns attached with the
suffix {-ist}
9.
Table 9. Adjective Bases on the Suffix {-ist}
10. Table 10. Adjective Bases Derived from Latin
11. Table 11. Percentages of the Suffix {-er}
12. Table 12. Percentages of the Suffix {-ist}
13. Table 13. The Application of the Agentive Suffix {-er}
14. Table 14. The Application of the Agentive Suffix {-ist}
xi
Page
23
24
26
28
30
32
33
34
35
36
38
38
41
44
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
RIZKINAULI, FRANSISKA. (2018). Morphological Processes of the
Derivational Suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in Agentive Nouns. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Language has the most important role in people’s daily life. As time goes
by language has been developing to complete human needs. Affixation is one of
the examples of language’s development. Affixation is one of language
developments that is always used by people in their daily life. There are many
new words created by using affixation. Affixation is divided into three parts,
which are prefix, infix, and suffix.
In this study the researcher focuses on the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in
agentive noun. These suffixes are analyzed because in daily life they are often
used by people to perform agentive noun. To obtain a deeper analysis, the
researcher has two problem formulations, (1) Based on the lexical category, what
bases receive the suffixes nominalizer suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in agentive noun?
(2) Based on meaning and etymology, what is the distribution of the agentive
suffixes {-er} and {-ist}?
The data of this study are taken from Hornby’s Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary (2015). The agentive noun that contains the suffixes {-er}
and {-ist} are the data of this study. The researcher took two hundred and forty
five words with the suffix {-er} and one hundred and forty words with the suffix
{-ist}. The researcher took the words by reading the whole dictionary and took
every word that is included into agentive noun.
Finally, the researcher found that the suffix {-er} is mostly attached to
verb base, and the verbs are transitive verbs. Etymologically, most of suffix {-er}
is derived from Old English, and the verbs are monosyllabic. The suffix {-ist} is
mostly attached to noun base. The suffix {-ist} is derived from Latin and French.
The words that can receive the suffix {-er} are related to professions, habit, and
trade. Mostly, the base of the suffix {-ist} is a product and affixation result which
refers to a person who studies or an expert of the base. The words that can be
attached to the suffix {-ist} are related to natural science and medical science,
instrument of music, ideology, religion, adherents of a particular theory, idea and
emotion.
xii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
RIZKINAULI, FRANSISKA. (2018). Morphological Processes of the
Derivational Suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in Agentive Nouns. Yogyakarta: Program
Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma
Bahasa memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
manusia. Seiring berjalannya waktu, bahasa selalu berkembang untuk melengkapi
kebutuhan manusia. Proses imbuhan adalah salah satu contoh dari perkembangan
bahasa. Proses imbuhan adalah salah satu perkembangan bahasa yang selalu
digunakan manusia dalam kehidupan sehari-harinya. Ada banyak kata-kata baru
yang dibentuk dengan menambahkan proses imbuhan. Proses imbuhan itu sendiri
dibagi menjadi tiga bagian yaitu, awalan, sisipan, dan akhiran.
Dalam penelitian ini, penulis fokus kepada akhiran {-er} dan {-ist} yang
terdapat dalam kata benda orang. Akhiran ini dianalisis karena didalam kehidupan
sehari-hari akhiran tersebut sering digunakan untuk memggambarkan profesi
seseorang. Ada dua pokok bahan permasalahan yang telah dirumuskan untuk
melakukan penelitian yang lebih dalam: (1) Berdasarkan kategori leksikal, basis
apa saja yang bisa menerima akhiran {-er} dan {-ist} pada kata benda orang? (2)
Berdasarkan arti dan etimologi, apa saja distribusi kata benda orang pada akhiran
{-er} dan {-ist}?
Data dalam penelitian ini diambil dari Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary (2015) yang disusun oleh Hornby. Kata-kata benda orang yang
mengandung akhiran {-er} dan {-ist} merupakan data dalam penelitian ini. Penulis
mengambil dua ratus empat puluh lima kata dengan akhiran {-er} dan seratus
empat puluh kata dengan akhiran {-ist}. Penulis mengambil kata-kata tersebut
dengan membaca keseluruhan kamus dan mengambil setiap kata yang merupakan
kata benda orang.
Pada akhirnya, penulis menemukan bahwa akhiran {-er} lebih sering
disisipkan kedalam kata kerja yang tergolong ke dalam kata kerja transitif. Secara
etimologis, akhir {-er} berasal dari Old English dan monosilabik. Pada umumnya,
akhiran {-ist} disisipkan kedalam kata benda. Akhiran {-ist} berasal dari bahasa
Latin dan bahasa Prancis. Kata-kata yang dapat menerima akhiran {-er} adalah
kata-kata yang berhubungan dengan suatu pekerjaan dan kebiasaan. Pada
umumnya, kata dasar pada akhiran {-ist} adalah sebuah produk dan hasil dari
proses imbuhan yang mengacu kepada seseorang yang mendalami ilmu atau ahli
dalam bidangnya. Kata-kata yang dapat disisipkan oleh akhiran {-ist} adalah katakata yang berhubungan dengal ilmu pengetahuan alam, ilmu kesehatan, alat
musik, transportasi, ideologi, agama, penganut sebuah teori, ide dan juga
perasaan.
xiii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
The use of language cannot be separated from people’s activities. In daily
life, people always need language to perform their activities and communicate
with each other. When people know and understand the language, people can
speak and communicate with others who know language. Communication delivers
messages or ideas to others. Therefore, people understand the language they use.
Language and people have a connection to convey the purpose of communication.
In order to make a good conversation, people have known the words of the
language that they use.
According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2014), words are important
part of linguistic knowledge and a constitute component of our mental grammar
(p. 33). On the other hand, without knowing a language and having several words,
we would be unable to convey our idea through the language and the
communication will not happen.
There are many studies which discuss about language. Morphology is one
of linguistics study which study about language and word formation. Fromkin,
Rodman, and Hyams (2014) argue that morphology is the study of the internal
structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed (p. 37). Therefore,
people have knowledge of knowing the use of word structure and the meaning of
the word in their language.
1
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2
The most important component of word structure is morpheme. Morpheme
itself is the smallest unit of language that carries information about the meaning
and function of the word. According to Szymanek (1988), the definition of
morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about the
meaning (p.14). Every morpheme has different forms and from the different forms
can created many new meaning from the basic word. O’Grady (1980) states that a
morpheme that can stand by its-self is called free morpheme and the morpheme
that must be added to another element is called bound morpheme (p. 56). Based
on the examples small, carry, inform, mean are termed free morphemes, and {–
est}, {-ation}, {-ing} are called affixes that instances of bound morpheme.
Affixation is the most common process that is used by people every day
and it is used because most of the new words created by using affix. The result
from the process of affixation is noun derived from verb, adjective derived from
adverb, and adjective derived into noun. Affixation is bound morpheme which
divided into three part, prefix, infix and suffix. There are many affixes that
applied in English Language. In prefix there are {anti-},{de-}, {dis-}, {ex-}, {in}, {mis-}, {un-},{re-}. In suffix there are {–able}, {-ion}, {-er}, {-ing}, {-ive}, {ed}, {-al}, {-ment}, {-ful}, {-ic}, {-ness}, {-less}, {-ous}, {-ity}, {-ly}, {-en}, {ate}, {-ize}, etc Adding an affix can created a new meaning and it can be
derivational affixes and inflectional affixes. The transformation of affixes brings
out the characteristic of words. According to Szymanek (1989) “the field of
morphology is conventionally divided into two components, they are inflectional
and derivational morphology” (p. 20). Fromkin et al also states that “derivational
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3
morpheme is the new word with a new meaning is derived when they are added to
a base and inflectional morpheme never change the grammatical category of the
stem to which they are attached (Fromkin et al, 2014, pp. 44-46).
Sometimes people have troubles determining the category of the base to
which an affix is added. For examples in player the base play is used as a verb (to
do things for pleasure) and as noun (a person who takes part in game or sport). By
attaching affixes to the base of words, it is difficult to identify the category.
However, people should consider using and choosing appropriate form.
In this study, the researcher focuses on morphological process of
derivational suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in agentive noun. According to Szymanek
(1988) “deverbal nominalizations traditionally referred to as Names of Agents are
formed in English very productively, potentially from a vast majority of verbs”
(p.174). However, from Szymanek’s statement, the researcher is interested to
analyse the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. Because in English, these suffixes always
produce in people daily life. In daily life, people always find and use these
suffixes to form agentive noun and create a new form of agent with these suffixes.
For examples are teacher, farmer, gardener, artist, scientist, violinist, etc. By
adding the suffix {–er} to the verb base and noun base, the formed verb will
change into noun and noun will change into noun. The importance of studying
about suffixes {-er} and {-ist} is people can understand the characteristic of the
base, whether it is acceptable or not. However, people can minimize their misuse
in using these suffixes, especially to produce agentive noun.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4
In this study, the data are taken from Oxford Advanced Leaner’s
Dictionary of Current English (9th Ed). (2015). The researcher takes more than
200 agentive nouns that receive suffix {-er} and more than 100 agentive nouns
that receive the suffix {-ist}. The researcher collects two hundred words because
there are many agentive nouns which receive suffixes {-er} and {-ist} and also it
helps the researcher to analyze clearly.
B.
Problem Formulation
Based on the background of the study above there are two questions as the
problem formulations, they are:
1)
Based on the lexical category, what bases do receive the nominalizer
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in the agentive nouns?
2)
Based on meaning and etymology, what is the distribution of the agentive
suffixes {-er} and {-ist}?
C.
Objectives of the Study
According to the problem formulation, this study has two objectives. First,
the researcher know what kind of words base that receive the nominalizer suffixes
{–er} and {–ist} in agentive noun. The second objectives of this study is to find
and identify the distributon of agent the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} to the bases
based on meaning and etymology. In this study, the researcher wants to classify
the base of the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} based on the part of speech. Next, the
researcher went to discover distribution of the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} to the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5
bases through the meaning and etymology. The distribution here is understood
when each suffix is used based on the meaning and etymology.
D.
Definition of Terms
In this part the researcher provides the definition of terms used in this
study. The definitions are going to be discussed are morphology, affixes,
derivational morphology, agentive nominalizations.
The first terminology is morphology. Morphology is the study of words
structure.
According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2014), “morphology means
the study of the internal structures of words, and of the rules by which
words are formed. Morphology itself consists of two morphemes, there are
morph + ology. The suffix –ology means ‘branch of knowledge’, so the
meaning of morphology is ‘the branch of knowledge concerning (word)
forms’” (p.33).
Most of English words are morphologically complex. They can be
separated into the smaller units that are meaningful. The examples of words which
are morphologically complex are teach-er, violin-ist, where teach refers a verb
that perform something to someone and teacher refers to show the agent who does
the verb. Next, violin refers to a noun and violinist refers to someone who plays
violin.
The second terminology is affixes. Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2014)
states that affixes are bound morphemes and they may attach at the beginning of
words, the end of words, in the middle, or both at the beginning and at the end of
words (p.40). Szymanek (1989) also states that there are many types of affixation
phenomena and the uses of affixation and it depends on the form of the language.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
6
The most familiar affixation phenomena are prefixes, suffixes, and infixes.
A prefix is an affix attached before the root, for examples are dis-like, re-mark,
and in-accurate. A suffix is an affix attached after the root, for examples are player, and sleep-ing, cat-s. An infix is an affix inserted between the root.
The third terminology is morpheme. Based on Crystal (2008) “morpheme
is the minimal distinctive unit of grammar, and the central concern of
morphology” (p.313). Through this definition morpheme is the smallest meaning
of the words. According to Crystal (2008) “morphemes are commonly classified
into free forms (morphemes which can occur as separate words) and bound forms
(morphemes which cannot so occur mainly affixes)” (p.313).
The fourth terminology is derivational morphemes. According to
Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2014), bound morphemes like –ify, -cation, and –
arian are called derivational morphemes. Derivational morphemes are morphemes
which are added to a base creating a new word with a new meaning. The result
from the addition of a derivational morpheme is called a derived word (p.44).
The last terminology is agentive noun. According to Szymanek (1989),
“agentive noun traditionally referred as names of agents. Agentive nouns are
formed in English very productively.” (p.174). Based on Szymaenk’s statement
above, agentive noun is a person who does something according to the bases. For
examples are banker, farmer, teacher, scientist, and biologist.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A.
Review of Related Studies
In this part, the researcher takes two related studies that are related to
morphology. The first previous study was written by Denista and Alip (2014)
entitled “The Distribution of the Agentive Nominalizer of the Suffixes {-er} and
{-an}”. In this study, the previous researchers discuss about how the distribution
of the agentive nominalizer of the suffixes {-er} and {-an}. This study focuses on
the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} because people nowadays always use these suffixes
in their daily life and they usually use these suffixes to categorize agentive
nominalizer. From this study, the researchers find the characteristics of stems that
are receiving the suffixes {–er} and {-an}, the meaning which are introduced by
the suffixes {–er} and {–an} and also the distributions of the allomorphs of
suffixes {–er} and {-an}.The data of this study are morphemes and affixes. The
previous study uses Hornby’s Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (year of
2000) as the data.
The result of this study is suffix {-er} are attached to certain verbs,
adjectives and nouns. The suffix {-an} is attached to certain adjectives and noun.
From the data analysis, the suffix {-er} is mostly attached to transitive verbs to
create a new meaning. However, it is not impossible for intransitive verbs to have
{–er} as an indicator to have the agent noun.
7
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
Based on previous studies, the researcher has the similar topic with the
previous researcher. Both of the studies discuss about suffixes in agentive noun.
The differences from this study are the variety of the suffixes. In previous study,
the researchers focus on the suffixes {-er} and {-an}, but in this study the
researcher focuses on the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. Another differences are the
previous study identifies the morphophonemic processes and the allomorph of the
suffixes {-er} and {-an}, but in this study the researcher focuses on the base of the
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} and the distribution of the agentive suffix {-er} and suffix
{-ist}. By comparing to this study, the previous researcher focuses and analyses
morphophonemic processes occured in the agentive noun.
The second related study is written by Samuel Kristian (2014) entitled “A
Morphological Study of the English Derivatonal Suffixes {-ence} and {-ance}”.
This study discusses about the suffixes {-ence} and {-ance} in Oxford Advenced
Learner’s Dictionary. The researcher of this undergraduate thesis uses
morphological approach to analyze his data. In his analysis, the researcher
discusses the morphological structure of suffixes {-ence} and {-ance}. In his
research, he tries to find the stem which can be attached to the suffixes {-ence}
and {-ance}, the meaning brought by the suffixes {-ence} and {-ance} ater they
are attached to the stem, and to find the allomorph and morphophonemic
processes are involvedin suffixes {-ence} and {-ance}. In this research, the
researcher try to find the bases do receive the nominalizer suffixes {-er} and {-ist}
in the agentive nouns and the distribution of attaching the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}
to the base.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9
The previous study has similar method to analysis the data which is
morphological approach. Both of the research disccuses about derivational
suffixes. The difference between these study is that the type of suffixes. The
previous study discusses about the suffixes {-ence} and {-ance} while this study
discusses about the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in agentive noun.
The third study was written by Nursanti (2013) entitled “A Morphological
Analysis on the Derivational Affixes Suffixes {–ion} and {–ation} Used in
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Pocket Dictionary”. This undergraduate research is
about the morphological analysis on derivational suffixes {–ion} and {–ation} in
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Pocket dictionary. The previous research analyses
and clarifies the similarities and differences between the usage of suffixes {–ion}
and {–ation} in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Pocket Dictionary.
She describes the characteristics of the suffixes {–ion} and {–ation}. The
usage of the suffixes {-ion} and {-ation} have the similarities in the function
category. The word category such as verb and adjective are followed by the
suffixes {-ion} and {-ation}, the grammatical category will change into noun
category. It is called derivational affixes noun forming.
However, the noun category which is followed by the suffixes {-ion} and
{–ation} do not change the grammatical category, because there is no change
between noun into noun. The similarities between the uses of the suffix {-ion} and
{-ation} are the functions of each suffix. The differences between the uses of
suffixes{ –ion} and {–ation} are the characteristics of each suffixes.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10
In this undergraduate thesis, the researcher develops this study and
discover new ideas with suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. The similarity between the
previous study and this study is the data. Both of these studies discuss the type of
affix. Both of these studies take suffixes as the object to analyze. In this study,
researcher tries to find the bases that can receive the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in
agentive noun and analyses the distribution of attaching the suffixes {-er} and {ist} to the bases. The researcher uses Hornby’s Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary 9th edition (2015) as the data and collect more than 200 words which
are contained with the suffixes {-er} and more than 100 words which are
contained with the suffixes {-ist}. These suffixes are always used by people in
their daily communication to state someone who does something.
B.
Review of Related Theories
1.
Theory of Morphology
Syzmanek (1989) defines “morphology is the branch of linguistics dealing
with internal structure and formation of words. Morphology define a two concepts
of morphological analysis, there are ‘word’ and ‘morpheme’” (p.13). According
to Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fudeman (2004), “in linguistics morphology refers
to the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics
that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed” (p.2).
From those theories, the researcher concludes that morphology is the study
dealing with the word formation and also branch of linguistics that always relates
to the word formation in every language. Morphology is the study about how to
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11
know and classify the characteristics of the words and how to create words in a
language.
In this study, the researcher applies the theory of morphology. Therefore,
by applying this theory to the research, the researcher is able to recognize how to
identify the words or morphemes in English language and the distribution in
forming words.
a.
Morpheme
Morpheme is derived from the Greek word morphe, meaning ‘form’
(Fromkin, et al, 2014, p.37). The classic definition from Hockett (1958) is “The
smallest individually meaningful element in the utterances of language” (p.123).
O’Grady and Videa P.de Guzmain (1980) say “the most important component of
word structure is the morpheme, the smallest unit of language that carries
information about meaning and function” (p.55).
It means that morpheme is the smallest unit of the words with a
grammatical function. For example, the words happy, sad, think, drink, beauty,
tall, pink, and blue are morphemes. The words playing, beautiful, desks, suffixes,
hunters, manly and gentleman are the words which contain more than one
morpheme. A morpheme consists of a word that can be divided into smaller
meaningful parts and carry information about their meaning and the function.
“The meaning of morpheme must be constant. For example, the
agentive morpheme {-er} means ‘one who does’ in words like
singer,
painter, lover, and worker, but same sounds represent the comparative
morpheme, meaning ‘more’, in nicer, prettier, and taller. The identical
form represents two morpheme because of the different meanings”
(Fromkin, et al ,2013, p.39).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12
All languages use morpheme to create phrases and sentences. By knowing the
small meanings of morpheme, the language development will keep on growing to
create new words.
“Our morphological knowledge has two components: knowledge of the
individual morphemes and knowledge of the rules that combine them” (Fromkin,
et al, 2013, p.40). From the statement, the researcher concludes that morphemes
can stand alone by themselves and also they must be attached to another
morpheme.
“Morphemes are further categorized into two classes: free morpheme and
bound morpheme. A free morpheme can stand alone as an independent word”
(Akmajian, et al, 2001, p.18). By knowing the classes of morpheme, the
researcher concludes that the free morpheme is a morpheme which can stand
alone as an independent word and bound morpheme is a morpheme which cannot
stand alone and needs another morpheme to create a word. Based on the
definition, bound morpheme must be attached to another morpheme to create a
word. It means that bound morpheme must be followed by free morpheme to
create a word.
b.
Derivational Morpheme
Derivational morpheme is a bound morpheme that creates a new word
with a new meaning (O’Grady et al, 2010, p.122). In other words, when the
morphemes are attached to the base of word, it will create a new meaning and new
category for the new word. According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2014),
“bound morphemes like –ify, -cation, and –arian are called derivational
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13
morphemes. When they are added to a base, a new word with a new meaning is
derived. The result from the addition of a derivational morpheme is called a
derived word” (p.44). For example, the addition of {-er} to teach teacher
means ‘a person who teach’ and the addition of {-ing} to teach teaching means
‘the work of the teacher’. By adding the morphemes {-er} and {-ing} to the base
of words, people must know the characteristics and the rules of the derivational
morpheme if it is acceptable or not.
c.
Affixation
Szymanek (1989) states that “affixation is a morpheme added to the base
of the words. In other words, affixation is the combination of a bound morpheme
with a stem or root” (p.63). Most of the new words are created by using affixation.
Affixation is the most common process to form the new words. “An affix is a
morpheme which only occurs when attached to some other morpheme or
morphemes such as root or stem or base” (Katamba,1993,p.44). In English
language, there are three main types of affixation, they are suffixation,
preffixation, infixation.
i.
Suffix
In this study, the researcher focusses on suffixation of {-er} and {-ist}.
According to Szymanek (1989) “suffixation consists in attaching a suffix to a base
or root. A suffix is an affix which follows the base-form” (p.63). In other words,
suffix is adding an affix after the base of a word, for examples teach + {-er}
teacher, farm + {-er} farmer. By attaching suffix {-er} after the base of words,
the meaning will change and create a new word.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14
ii.
Prefix
According to Katamba (1993), “a preffix is an affix attached before a root
or stem or base like re-,un-, and –in” (p.44). In other words, prefix is adding an
affix in front of the base of the word to change the meaning. The examples are
{dis-} + honest dishonest, {un-} + usual unusual, {in-} + complete
incomplete,{re-} + do redo, and {de-} + activate deactivate.
iii.
Infix
“An infix is an affix inserted into the root itself” (Katamba, 1993, p.44).
Another theory from Szymanek (1989), he states “the term infixation describes a
morphological process whereby a bound morpheme (inflectional or derivational is
inserted into the base form (usually, into a root-morpheme)” (p.65). The definition
means, an infix is adding an in the middle of the base or stem or root of the words
to create a new meaning. Infixes are relatively rare in English language, but infix
can be found in another language.
d.
The Derivational Affixes
According to Akmajian et al (1988), “derivational affixes often change the
part of speech of the base morpheme” (p.81). In other words, derivational affixes
can change the meaning of the base and create new words from the base.
i.
Suffix {-er}
There are many words that can be attached with the suffix {-er}. Most of
them
are
used
to
formed
agentive
nominalizations
and
instrument
nominalizations. In this study, the researcher focuses on agentive nominalizations.
This suffix is productively used in people’s life. According to Szymanek (1988)
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15
“the principal agentive suffix in English is {-er}. Its remarkably high productivity
is attested by the fact that it is frequently added to recently coined verbs. It is true
to say that the suffix {-er} is the first choice when it comes to deriving an agent
noun from a verb” (p.176). According to Quirk (1972), “suffix {-er} added to
nouns to form personal and innanimate nouns. There are varied meanings from
suffix {-er} they are, something having X, inhabitant of X, and maker of X.
Examples are glover, teenager, and Londoner (p.994).
ii.
Suffix {-ist}
After the suffix {-er}, the suffix {-ist} also commonly used in people’s
daily life. The suffix {-ist} also has the similar function with suffix {-er}, both of
them are used to form agentive noun. According to Katamba (1993) “by suffixing
{-ist} we can form a very large number of nouns with the meaning advocate of,
follower of supporter of or partitioner of whatever is designed by the input noun”
(p.68). Quirk (1974) states that “the suffix {-ist} added to nouns or adjectives to
form personal nouns or adjectives. The meaning is member of a party, occupation.
For instances masochist, racialist, Buddhist, violinist, stylist, and loyalist (p.996).
C.
Theoretical Framework
In this study, there are several theories that are used for the data analysis.
Morphology is one of the primary theories that are used to analyse this study.
Morphology is related to word formations in affixation which contains suffix.
From the morphological theory, the researcher can understand the processes of
word formation including the change of the meaning, the characteristics of the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
16
morpheme, and also the change of the word’s class. In this case, morphology
theory helps the researcher to find the characteristic and the function of the
suffixes {-er} and {-ist}.
There are two problem formulations in this study. The first problem is to
identify the bases receive in suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. In order to analyses this
problem, the reseracher uses the theory of affixation to identify the process of the
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} when they are attached to the base of words..
The second problem in this study is to identify the distribution of the
agentive suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. In this problem, the researcher use theory of
derivational morpheme to help and find the function in each suffixes. The
researcher tries to find the meaning of the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. What kind of
bases that can be attached with the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A.
Object of Study
The objects of the studies are the words contain morpheme and affixation.
Type of the affixations that are used in this study are suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. The
words are taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English
(9th ed).(2015). In this study the researcher takes more than two hundred words
that receives the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} at the end of the base of words. The
researcher takes the words which are agentive nouns. The researcher collects two
hundred words because there are many agentive nouns which are receiving the
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} and also it helps the researcher to analyze the words
clearly.
B.
Approach of the Study
In this study, the researcher uses theory of morphology as an approach in
analysing the agentive noun with the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. The researcher uses
morphology because it is related to this study. Morphological approach is used to
analyse the agentive nouns with the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. Fromkin, Rodman,
and Hyams (2013) state “morphology is the study of the internal structure of
words, and rules by which words are formed” (p.37). According to Crystal (2008),
he states that “morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure
or forms of words, primarily through the use of the morpheme construct” (p. 340).
17
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
18
Based on the theories, morphology is related to derivational morpheme
which forms a word with new meaning and category by adding the suffixes {-er}
and {-ist} through the base of words. According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams
(2013) “affixes are bound morphemes and they may attach at the beginning, the
end, in the middle, or both at the beginning and end of a word” (p.40). Therefore,
morphological approach is appropriate for this study because these theories help
the researcher to analyse and examine the words which are attached with the
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in agentive nouns.
C.
Method of the Study
In this study, the researcher conducts a library research which analyze the
agentive nouns with the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. The researcher obtains the data
from reading the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 9th edition. The method
of this study is divided into two parts. The first is data collection and the second is
data analysis.
1.
Data Collection
The data was taken from Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary of Current
English (9th Ed). (2015). The researcher chooses the agentive nouns that receive
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} which are collected from Oxford Advanced Leaner’s
Dictionary of Current English (9th Ed). (2015). The researcher takes two hundred
words to be analysed in this study. The data collection takes the words randomly
and also the bases should contain the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. In this study, the
researcher collects two hundred words because there are many agentive nouns
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
19
which receive suffixes {-er} and {-ist} and also it helps the researcher to analyse
the data clearly.
Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary of Current English (2015) is used
as a tool to answer the problem formulation in this study. The researcher chooses
Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary of Current English (9th Ed). (2015).,
because it provides the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that helps the
researcher to find the lexical category.
2.
Data Analysis
In this study, the researcher takes some steps to analyse the data. First the
researcher collects and chooses the agentive nouns which are receiving the
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} from dictionary. Before choosing the words, the
researcher should know and check the base and the base after receiving the
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} because in this study the researcher wants to collect the
words base on the agent nouns. In order to help the researcher finds all the words,
the researcher uses Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary of Current English (9th
Ed). (2015). It is used to reduce the error in analysing the base and also to check
the IPA based on the words receiving suffixes {-er} and {-ist}.
There are some steps to find and understand the functions of the suffixes
{-er} and {-ist}. The first step to answer this problem is to make a classification
of each base. The researcher uses tables to help answering these problems and
categorizing the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. By categorizing the bases, the
researcher knows the category of the bases before the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} are
attached. After knowing the category, the researcher is able to understand the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
20
functions of the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} and also the characteristic of the words
receiving the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}.
Next, there is some steps to identify the distribution of the agentive
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} to the bases. The first step to answer this problem is
reading the Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary of Current English (9th
ed.).(2015)., because it provides the complete meaning and the definition of the
base. The second step is the researcher tries to analyse and understand the
meaning that is more appropriate to be attached with the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}.
After that, the last step is to collect the data into tables. Therefore, the researcher
can compare and analyse the distributions of attaching the suffixes {-er} and {ist} to the base.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter there are two problem formulations are discussed. This
chapter contains the analysis and results from the two problem formulations. The
first problem formulation is what bases receive the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in
agentive noun and the second problem formulation is the distribution of attaching
the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} to the agentive nouns. The researcher collected the
agentive nouns which contain the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} as the data. After that,
the researcher analyses the data and concludes if the words that received the
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} have alteration in the meaning. Suffixes {-er} and (-ist}
are used to create new words from the base. By adding these suffixes {-er} and {ist}, they can change the lexical category of the words, they change the meaning
to another meaning but they still have relation. The type of this process is called
derivational suffix, where the new words have new meanings.
Answering the first problem formulation, the researcher uses Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 9th edition (2015) as the main data of this study.
The researcher collects agentive nouns which are receiving the suffixes {-er} and
{-ist} from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 9th edition (2015). The
researcher chooses this dictionary because it provides the Standard English. The
dictionary provides the phonetic transcription, the part of speech, and specific
definition of the words. After that, the researcher finds and analyses the lexical
category of the words. After analyses and knows the lexical category, the
21
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
22
researcher finds the distribution of attaching the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} to the
bases of words. By analysing the base of the words, the researcher found some
bases have more than one lexical category. Based on the data, the researcher can
analyses the function of the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} by seeing the lexical category
according to the base of words.
A.
The Bases Receiving the Suffixes {-er} and {-ist}
1.
Lexical Category of the Bases
From the whole of the dictionary, the researcher discovers two hundred
and thirty eight words receiving the suffix {-er} and one hundred forty five words
receiving the suffix {-ist}. Akmajian et al (1988) say, “morphemes are further
categorized into two classes: free morpheme and bound morpheme. A free
morpheme can stand alone as an independent word and a bound morpheme cannot
stand alone” (p.58). By analysing the whole words, all the bases are free
morpheme. All the bases receiving the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} are free
morpheme because they can stand on their own. Suffixes {-er} and {-ist}
MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE DERIVATIONAL
SUFFIXES {–ER} AND {-IST} IN AGENTIVE NOUNS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
FRANSISKA RIZKINAULI
Student Number: 144214087
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2019
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE DERIVATIONAL
SUFFIXES {–ER} AND {-IST} IN AGENTIVE NOUNS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
FRANSISKA RIZKINAULI
Student Number: 144214087
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2019
i
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,
to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material
previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the
text of the undergraduate thesis.
Yogyakarta, December 12, 2018
Fransiska Rizkinauli
iv
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiwa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa
: Fransiska Rizkinauli
: 144214087
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE DERIVATIONAL
SUFFIXES {–ER} AND {-IST} IN AGENTIVE NOUNS
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan, dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 12 Desember 2018
Yang menyatakan,
Fransiska Rizkinauli
v
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Hail Mary, full of grace
The Lord is with thee
Blessed are thou amongst women
And blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus
Holy Mary, Mother of God,
pray for us sinners,
now and at the hour of our death,
Amen.
vi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
This page is dedicated to
My beloved parents
Apul Tamba
and
Hotdi Henrika Naibaho
vii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to express my gratefulness to Jesus Christ, Mother
Mary, Saint Joseph, and Saint Claudius as my saviors of my life who always love
and blessing me. I am grateful because of Their help, mercy and blessing, I could
finish my undergraduate thesis. I also would like to express my deepest gratitude
to my beloved family, namely Apul Tamba, Hotdi Henrika Naibaho, Michael
Kevin Tamba, and Alfred Hisar Tamba. I can be the best of me because I always
get the best support, advice, and love from my best family.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis advisor Dr. Fr.
B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. for patiently understanding, guiding, and helping me from
the beginning until I finished my undergraduate thesis. I also would like to thank
my co-advisor and my academic advisor, Ms. Wedhowerti, M.Hum. who has read
and given me suggestions and detail corrections for my thesis. My gratitude is
also due to all of the lectures and staffs in English Letters Department for helping
and supporting me in every condition.
I give my deepest thanks to my beloved best friends namely, Koido,
Windy, Novi, Trisna, Kak Chitra, Daite, Daniel, Rani, members of KitKat,
members of Cacing Naga OTW SS and all of my friends and every one I cannot
mention one by one for the support and love in every situation and during the
processing of finishing my undergraduate thesis..
The last I thank everyone who never stops sending me prayers during the
process of finishing my undergraduate thesis.
Fransiska Rizkinauli
viii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................
APPROVAL PAGE .......................................................................................
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ..................................................................................
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .............................................................
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH.......................................................................
DEDICATION PAGE ....................................................................................
MOTTO PAGE ..............................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...........................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...............................................................................
LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................
ii
iii
iv
v
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................
A. Background of the Study......................................................................
B. Problem Formulation ...........................................................................
C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................
D. Definition of Terms ..............................................................................
1
1
4
4
5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .............................................
A. Review of Related Studies ...................................................................
B. Review of Related Theories .................................................................
1. Theory of Morphology ...................................................................
a. Morpheme ................................................................................
b. Derivational Morpheme ...........................................................
c. Affixation .................................................................................
i. Suffix ...............................................................................
ii. Prefix ...............................................................................
iii. Infix .................................................................................
d. The Derivational Affixes..........................................................
i. Suffix -er .........................................................................
ii. Suffix -ist.........................................................................
C. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................
7
7
10
10
11
12
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
xiv
xv
xvi
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ............................................................. 17
A. Object of the Study............................................................................... 17
B. Approach of the Study ......................................................................... 17
ix
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
C. Method of the Study ............................................................................. 18
1. Data Collection............................................................................... 18
2. Data Analysis ................................................................................. 19
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS) ...............
A. The Bases Receiving the Suffixes {-er} and {-ist} ..............................
1. Lexical Category of the Bases........................................................
a. Bases Attached to the Suffix {-er} ...........................................
i. Verb Base ............................................................................
ii. Noun Base............................................................................
iii. Adjective Base .....................................................................
b. Bases Attached to the Suffix {-ist} ..........................................
i. Noun Base............................................................................
ii. Adjective Base .....................................................................
iii. Verb Base ............................................................................
B. The Distributions of the Agentive Suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. ..............
1. The Application of the Suffix {-er} ...............................................
2. The Application of the Suffix {-ist} ..............................................
21
22
22
25
26
28
30
31
33
35
36
37
40
43
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ..................................................................... 47
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................
APPENDICES ................................................................................................
Appendix 1 ..................................................................................................
Appendix 2 ..................................................................................................
Appendix 3 ..................................................................................................
Appendix 4 ..................................................................................................
Appendix 5 ..................................................................................................
Appendix 6 ..................................................................................................
x
50
51
51
53
54
54
56
56
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LIST OF TABLES
No
Table
1.
Table 1. The Bases of the Suffix {-er}
2.
Table 2. The Bases of the Suffix {-ist}
3.
Table 3. Number of Parts of Speech of Words with the Suffix
{-er}
4.
Table 4. Noun Bases with the Suffix {-er}
5.
Table 5. Adjective Bases of the Suffix {-er}
6.
Table 6. Number of Parts of Speech Words with in the Suffix
{-ist}
7.
Table 7. Noun Bases of the Suffix {-ist}
8.
Table 8. Abstract Nouns and Concrete Nouns attached with the
suffix {-ist}
9.
Table 9. Adjective Bases on the Suffix {-ist}
10. Table 10. Adjective Bases Derived from Latin
11. Table 11. Percentages of the Suffix {-er}
12. Table 12. Percentages of the Suffix {-ist}
13. Table 13. The Application of the Agentive Suffix {-er}
14. Table 14. The Application of the Agentive Suffix {-ist}
xi
Page
23
24
26
28
30
32
33
34
35
36
38
38
41
44
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
RIZKINAULI, FRANSISKA. (2018). Morphological Processes of the
Derivational Suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in Agentive Nouns. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Language has the most important role in people’s daily life. As time goes
by language has been developing to complete human needs. Affixation is one of
the examples of language’s development. Affixation is one of language
developments that is always used by people in their daily life. There are many
new words created by using affixation. Affixation is divided into three parts,
which are prefix, infix, and suffix.
In this study the researcher focuses on the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in
agentive noun. These suffixes are analyzed because in daily life they are often
used by people to perform agentive noun. To obtain a deeper analysis, the
researcher has two problem formulations, (1) Based on the lexical category, what
bases receive the suffixes nominalizer suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in agentive noun?
(2) Based on meaning and etymology, what is the distribution of the agentive
suffixes {-er} and {-ist}?
The data of this study are taken from Hornby’s Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary (2015). The agentive noun that contains the suffixes {-er}
and {-ist} are the data of this study. The researcher took two hundred and forty
five words with the suffix {-er} and one hundred and forty words with the suffix
{-ist}. The researcher took the words by reading the whole dictionary and took
every word that is included into agentive noun.
Finally, the researcher found that the suffix {-er} is mostly attached to
verb base, and the verbs are transitive verbs. Etymologically, most of suffix {-er}
is derived from Old English, and the verbs are monosyllabic. The suffix {-ist} is
mostly attached to noun base. The suffix {-ist} is derived from Latin and French.
The words that can receive the suffix {-er} are related to professions, habit, and
trade. Mostly, the base of the suffix {-ist} is a product and affixation result which
refers to a person who studies or an expert of the base. The words that can be
attached to the suffix {-ist} are related to natural science and medical science,
instrument of music, ideology, religion, adherents of a particular theory, idea and
emotion.
xii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
RIZKINAULI, FRANSISKA. (2018). Morphological Processes of the
Derivational Suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in Agentive Nouns. Yogyakarta: Program
Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma
Bahasa memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
manusia. Seiring berjalannya waktu, bahasa selalu berkembang untuk melengkapi
kebutuhan manusia. Proses imbuhan adalah salah satu contoh dari perkembangan
bahasa. Proses imbuhan adalah salah satu perkembangan bahasa yang selalu
digunakan manusia dalam kehidupan sehari-harinya. Ada banyak kata-kata baru
yang dibentuk dengan menambahkan proses imbuhan. Proses imbuhan itu sendiri
dibagi menjadi tiga bagian yaitu, awalan, sisipan, dan akhiran.
Dalam penelitian ini, penulis fokus kepada akhiran {-er} dan {-ist} yang
terdapat dalam kata benda orang. Akhiran ini dianalisis karena didalam kehidupan
sehari-hari akhiran tersebut sering digunakan untuk memggambarkan profesi
seseorang. Ada dua pokok bahan permasalahan yang telah dirumuskan untuk
melakukan penelitian yang lebih dalam: (1) Berdasarkan kategori leksikal, basis
apa saja yang bisa menerima akhiran {-er} dan {-ist} pada kata benda orang? (2)
Berdasarkan arti dan etimologi, apa saja distribusi kata benda orang pada akhiran
{-er} dan {-ist}?
Data dalam penelitian ini diambil dari Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary (2015) yang disusun oleh Hornby. Kata-kata benda orang yang
mengandung akhiran {-er} dan {-ist} merupakan data dalam penelitian ini. Penulis
mengambil dua ratus empat puluh lima kata dengan akhiran {-er} dan seratus
empat puluh kata dengan akhiran {-ist}. Penulis mengambil kata-kata tersebut
dengan membaca keseluruhan kamus dan mengambil setiap kata yang merupakan
kata benda orang.
Pada akhirnya, penulis menemukan bahwa akhiran {-er} lebih sering
disisipkan kedalam kata kerja yang tergolong ke dalam kata kerja transitif. Secara
etimologis, akhir {-er} berasal dari Old English dan monosilabik. Pada umumnya,
akhiran {-ist} disisipkan kedalam kata benda. Akhiran {-ist} berasal dari bahasa
Latin dan bahasa Prancis. Kata-kata yang dapat menerima akhiran {-er} adalah
kata-kata yang berhubungan dengan suatu pekerjaan dan kebiasaan. Pada
umumnya, kata dasar pada akhiran {-ist} adalah sebuah produk dan hasil dari
proses imbuhan yang mengacu kepada seseorang yang mendalami ilmu atau ahli
dalam bidangnya. Kata-kata yang dapat disisipkan oleh akhiran {-ist} adalah katakata yang berhubungan dengal ilmu pengetahuan alam, ilmu kesehatan, alat
musik, transportasi, ideologi, agama, penganut sebuah teori, ide dan juga
perasaan.
xiii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
The use of language cannot be separated from people’s activities. In daily
life, people always need language to perform their activities and communicate
with each other. When people know and understand the language, people can
speak and communicate with others who know language. Communication delivers
messages or ideas to others. Therefore, people understand the language they use.
Language and people have a connection to convey the purpose of communication.
In order to make a good conversation, people have known the words of the
language that they use.
According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2014), words are important
part of linguistic knowledge and a constitute component of our mental grammar
(p. 33). On the other hand, without knowing a language and having several words,
we would be unable to convey our idea through the language and the
communication will not happen.
There are many studies which discuss about language. Morphology is one
of linguistics study which study about language and word formation. Fromkin,
Rodman, and Hyams (2014) argue that morphology is the study of the internal
structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed (p. 37). Therefore,
people have knowledge of knowing the use of word structure and the meaning of
the word in their language.
1
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2
The most important component of word structure is morpheme. Morpheme
itself is the smallest unit of language that carries information about the meaning
and function of the word. According to Szymanek (1988), the definition of
morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about the
meaning (p.14). Every morpheme has different forms and from the different forms
can created many new meaning from the basic word. O’Grady (1980) states that a
morpheme that can stand by its-self is called free morpheme and the morpheme
that must be added to another element is called bound morpheme (p. 56). Based
on the examples small, carry, inform, mean are termed free morphemes, and {–
est}, {-ation}, {-ing} are called affixes that instances of bound morpheme.
Affixation is the most common process that is used by people every day
and it is used because most of the new words created by using affix. The result
from the process of affixation is noun derived from verb, adjective derived from
adverb, and adjective derived into noun. Affixation is bound morpheme which
divided into three part, prefix, infix and suffix. There are many affixes that
applied in English Language. In prefix there are {anti-},{de-}, {dis-}, {ex-}, {in}, {mis-}, {un-},{re-}. In suffix there are {–able}, {-ion}, {-er}, {-ing}, {-ive}, {ed}, {-al}, {-ment}, {-ful}, {-ic}, {-ness}, {-less}, {-ous}, {-ity}, {-ly}, {-en}, {ate}, {-ize}, etc Adding an affix can created a new meaning and it can be
derivational affixes and inflectional affixes. The transformation of affixes brings
out the characteristic of words. According to Szymanek (1989) “the field of
morphology is conventionally divided into two components, they are inflectional
and derivational morphology” (p. 20). Fromkin et al also states that “derivational
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3
morpheme is the new word with a new meaning is derived when they are added to
a base and inflectional morpheme never change the grammatical category of the
stem to which they are attached (Fromkin et al, 2014, pp. 44-46).
Sometimes people have troubles determining the category of the base to
which an affix is added. For examples in player the base play is used as a verb (to
do things for pleasure) and as noun (a person who takes part in game or sport). By
attaching affixes to the base of words, it is difficult to identify the category.
However, people should consider using and choosing appropriate form.
In this study, the researcher focuses on morphological process of
derivational suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in agentive noun. According to Szymanek
(1988) “deverbal nominalizations traditionally referred to as Names of Agents are
formed in English very productively, potentially from a vast majority of verbs”
(p.174). However, from Szymanek’s statement, the researcher is interested to
analyse the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. Because in English, these suffixes always
produce in people daily life. In daily life, people always find and use these
suffixes to form agentive noun and create a new form of agent with these suffixes.
For examples are teacher, farmer, gardener, artist, scientist, violinist, etc. By
adding the suffix {–er} to the verb base and noun base, the formed verb will
change into noun and noun will change into noun. The importance of studying
about suffixes {-er} and {-ist} is people can understand the characteristic of the
base, whether it is acceptable or not. However, people can minimize their misuse
in using these suffixes, especially to produce agentive noun.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4
In this study, the data are taken from Oxford Advanced Leaner’s
Dictionary of Current English (9th Ed). (2015). The researcher takes more than
200 agentive nouns that receive suffix {-er} and more than 100 agentive nouns
that receive the suffix {-ist}. The researcher collects two hundred words because
there are many agentive nouns which receive suffixes {-er} and {-ist} and also it
helps the researcher to analyze clearly.
B.
Problem Formulation
Based on the background of the study above there are two questions as the
problem formulations, they are:
1)
Based on the lexical category, what bases do receive the nominalizer
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in the agentive nouns?
2)
Based on meaning and etymology, what is the distribution of the agentive
suffixes {-er} and {-ist}?
C.
Objectives of the Study
According to the problem formulation, this study has two objectives. First,
the researcher know what kind of words base that receive the nominalizer suffixes
{–er} and {–ist} in agentive noun. The second objectives of this study is to find
and identify the distributon of agent the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} to the bases
based on meaning and etymology. In this study, the researcher wants to classify
the base of the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} based on the part of speech. Next, the
researcher went to discover distribution of the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} to the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5
bases through the meaning and etymology. The distribution here is understood
when each suffix is used based on the meaning and etymology.
D.
Definition of Terms
In this part the researcher provides the definition of terms used in this
study. The definitions are going to be discussed are morphology, affixes,
derivational morphology, agentive nominalizations.
The first terminology is morphology. Morphology is the study of words
structure.
According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2014), “morphology means
the study of the internal structures of words, and of the rules by which
words are formed. Morphology itself consists of two morphemes, there are
morph + ology. The suffix –ology means ‘branch of knowledge’, so the
meaning of morphology is ‘the branch of knowledge concerning (word)
forms’” (p.33).
Most of English words are morphologically complex. They can be
separated into the smaller units that are meaningful. The examples of words which
are morphologically complex are teach-er, violin-ist, where teach refers a verb
that perform something to someone and teacher refers to show the agent who does
the verb. Next, violin refers to a noun and violinist refers to someone who plays
violin.
The second terminology is affixes. Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2014)
states that affixes are bound morphemes and they may attach at the beginning of
words, the end of words, in the middle, or both at the beginning and at the end of
words (p.40). Szymanek (1989) also states that there are many types of affixation
phenomena and the uses of affixation and it depends on the form of the language.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
6
The most familiar affixation phenomena are prefixes, suffixes, and infixes.
A prefix is an affix attached before the root, for examples are dis-like, re-mark,
and in-accurate. A suffix is an affix attached after the root, for examples are player, and sleep-ing, cat-s. An infix is an affix inserted between the root.
The third terminology is morpheme. Based on Crystal (2008) “morpheme
is the minimal distinctive unit of grammar, and the central concern of
morphology” (p.313). Through this definition morpheme is the smallest meaning
of the words. According to Crystal (2008) “morphemes are commonly classified
into free forms (morphemes which can occur as separate words) and bound forms
(morphemes which cannot so occur mainly affixes)” (p.313).
The fourth terminology is derivational morphemes. According to
Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2014), bound morphemes like –ify, -cation, and –
arian are called derivational morphemes. Derivational morphemes are morphemes
which are added to a base creating a new word with a new meaning. The result
from the addition of a derivational morpheme is called a derived word (p.44).
The last terminology is agentive noun. According to Szymanek (1989),
“agentive noun traditionally referred as names of agents. Agentive nouns are
formed in English very productively.” (p.174). Based on Szymaenk’s statement
above, agentive noun is a person who does something according to the bases. For
examples are banker, farmer, teacher, scientist, and biologist.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A.
Review of Related Studies
In this part, the researcher takes two related studies that are related to
morphology. The first previous study was written by Denista and Alip (2014)
entitled “The Distribution of the Agentive Nominalizer of the Suffixes {-er} and
{-an}”. In this study, the previous researchers discuss about how the distribution
of the agentive nominalizer of the suffixes {-er} and {-an}. This study focuses on
the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} because people nowadays always use these suffixes
in their daily life and they usually use these suffixes to categorize agentive
nominalizer. From this study, the researchers find the characteristics of stems that
are receiving the suffixes {–er} and {-an}, the meaning which are introduced by
the suffixes {–er} and {–an} and also the distributions of the allomorphs of
suffixes {–er} and {-an}.The data of this study are morphemes and affixes. The
previous study uses Hornby’s Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (year of
2000) as the data.
The result of this study is suffix {-er} are attached to certain verbs,
adjectives and nouns. The suffix {-an} is attached to certain adjectives and noun.
From the data analysis, the suffix {-er} is mostly attached to transitive verbs to
create a new meaning. However, it is not impossible for intransitive verbs to have
{–er} as an indicator to have the agent noun.
7
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
Based on previous studies, the researcher has the similar topic with the
previous researcher. Both of the studies discuss about suffixes in agentive noun.
The differences from this study are the variety of the suffixes. In previous study,
the researchers focus on the suffixes {-er} and {-an}, but in this study the
researcher focuses on the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. Another differences are the
previous study identifies the morphophonemic processes and the allomorph of the
suffixes {-er} and {-an}, but in this study the researcher focuses on the base of the
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} and the distribution of the agentive suffix {-er} and suffix
{-ist}. By comparing to this study, the previous researcher focuses and analyses
morphophonemic processes occured in the agentive noun.
The second related study is written by Samuel Kristian (2014) entitled “A
Morphological Study of the English Derivatonal Suffixes {-ence} and {-ance}”.
This study discusses about the suffixes {-ence} and {-ance} in Oxford Advenced
Learner’s Dictionary. The researcher of this undergraduate thesis uses
morphological approach to analyze his data. In his analysis, the researcher
discusses the morphological structure of suffixes {-ence} and {-ance}. In his
research, he tries to find the stem which can be attached to the suffixes {-ence}
and {-ance}, the meaning brought by the suffixes {-ence} and {-ance} ater they
are attached to the stem, and to find the allomorph and morphophonemic
processes are involvedin suffixes {-ence} and {-ance}. In this research, the
researcher try to find the bases do receive the nominalizer suffixes {-er} and {-ist}
in the agentive nouns and the distribution of attaching the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}
to the base.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9
The previous study has similar method to analysis the data which is
morphological approach. Both of the research disccuses about derivational
suffixes. The difference between these study is that the type of suffixes. The
previous study discusses about the suffixes {-ence} and {-ance} while this study
discusses about the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in agentive noun.
The third study was written by Nursanti (2013) entitled “A Morphological
Analysis on the Derivational Affixes Suffixes {–ion} and {–ation} Used in
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Pocket Dictionary”. This undergraduate research is
about the morphological analysis on derivational suffixes {–ion} and {–ation} in
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Pocket dictionary. The previous research analyses
and clarifies the similarities and differences between the usage of suffixes {–ion}
and {–ation} in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Pocket Dictionary.
She describes the characteristics of the suffixes {–ion} and {–ation}. The
usage of the suffixes {-ion} and {-ation} have the similarities in the function
category. The word category such as verb and adjective are followed by the
suffixes {-ion} and {-ation}, the grammatical category will change into noun
category. It is called derivational affixes noun forming.
However, the noun category which is followed by the suffixes {-ion} and
{–ation} do not change the grammatical category, because there is no change
between noun into noun. The similarities between the uses of the suffix {-ion} and
{-ation} are the functions of each suffix. The differences between the uses of
suffixes{ –ion} and {–ation} are the characteristics of each suffixes.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10
In this undergraduate thesis, the researcher develops this study and
discover new ideas with suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. The similarity between the
previous study and this study is the data. Both of these studies discuss the type of
affix. Both of these studies take suffixes as the object to analyze. In this study,
researcher tries to find the bases that can receive the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in
agentive noun and analyses the distribution of attaching the suffixes {-er} and {ist} to the bases. The researcher uses Hornby’s Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary 9th edition (2015) as the data and collect more than 200 words which
are contained with the suffixes {-er} and more than 100 words which are
contained with the suffixes {-ist}. These suffixes are always used by people in
their daily communication to state someone who does something.
B.
Review of Related Theories
1.
Theory of Morphology
Syzmanek (1989) defines “morphology is the branch of linguistics dealing
with internal structure and formation of words. Morphology define a two concepts
of morphological analysis, there are ‘word’ and ‘morpheme’” (p.13). According
to Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fudeman (2004), “in linguistics morphology refers
to the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics
that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed” (p.2).
From those theories, the researcher concludes that morphology is the study
dealing with the word formation and also branch of linguistics that always relates
to the word formation in every language. Morphology is the study about how to
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11
know and classify the characteristics of the words and how to create words in a
language.
In this study, the researcher applies the theory of morphology. Therefore,
by applying this theory to the research, the researcher is able to recognize how to
identify the words or morphemes in English language and the distribution in
forming words.
a.
Morpheme
Morpheme is derived from the Greek word morphe, meaning ‘form’
(Fromkin, et al, 2014, p.37). The classic definition from Hockett (1958) is “The
smallest individually meaningful element in the utterances of language” (p.123).
O’Grady and Videa P.de Guzmain (1980) say “the most important component of
word structure is the morpheme, the smallest unit of language that carries
information about meaning and function” (p.55).
It means that morpheme is the smallest unit of the words with a
grammatical function. For example, the words happy, sad, think, drink, beauty,
tall, pink, and blue are morphemes. The words playing, beautiful, desks, suffixes,
hunters, manly and gentleman are the words which contain more than one
morpheme. A morpheme consists of a word that can be divided into smaller
meaningful parts and carry information about their meaning and the function.
“The meaning of morpheme must be constant. For example, the
agentive morpheme {-er} means ‘one who does’ in words like
singer,
painter, lover, and worker, but same sounds represent the comparative
morpheme, meaning ‘more’, in nicer, prettier, and taller. The identical
form represents two morpheme because of the different meanings”
(Fromkin, et al ,2013, p.39).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12
All languages use morpheme to create phrases and sentences. By knowing the
small meanings of morpheme, the language development will keep on growing to
create new words.
“Our morphological knowledge has two components: knowledge of the
individual morphemes and knowledge of the rules that combine them” (Fromkin,
et al, 2013, p.40). From the statement, the researcher concludes that morphemes
can stand alone by themselves and also they must be attached to another
morpheme.
“Morphemes are further categorized into two classes: free morpheme and
bound morpheme. A free morpheme can stand alone as an independent word”
(Akmajian, et al, 2001, p.18). By knowing the classes of morpheme, the
researcher concludes that the free morpheme is a morpheme which can stand
alone as an independent word and bound morpheme is a morpheme which cannot
stand alone and needs another morpheme to create a word. Based on the
definition, bound morpheme must be attached to another morpheme to create a
word. It means that bound morpheme must be followed by free morpheme to
create a word.
b.
Derivational Morpheme
Derivational morpheme is a bound morpheme that creates a new word
with a new meaning (O’Grady et al, 2010, p.122). In other words, when the
morphemes are attached to the base of word, it will create a new meaning and new
category for the new word. According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2014),
“bound morphemes like –ify, -cation, and –arian are called derivational
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13
morphemes. When they are added to a base, a new word with a new meaning is
derived. The result from the addition of a derivational morpheme is called a
derived word” (p.44). For example, the addition of {-er} to teach teacher
means ‘a person who teach’ and the addition of {-ing} to teach teaching means
‘the work of the teacher’. By adding the morphemes {-er} and {-ing} to the base
of words, people must know the characteristics and the rules of the derivational
morpheme if it is acceptable or not.
c.
Affixation
Szymanek (1989) states that “affixation is a morpheme added to the base
of the words. In other words, affixation is the combination of a bound morpheme
with a stem or root” (p.63). Most of the new words are created by using affixation.
Affixation is the most common process to form the new words. “An affix is a
morpheme which only occurs when attached to some other morpheme or
morphemes such as root or stem or base” (Katamba,1993,p.44). In English
language, there are three main types of affixation, they are suffixation,
preffixation, infixation.
i.
Suffix
In this study, the researcher focusses on suffixation of {-er} and {-ist}.
According to Szymanek (1989) “suffixation consists in attaching a suffix to a base
or root. A suffix is an affix which follows the base-form” (p.63). In other words,
suffix is adding an affix after the base of a word, for examples teach + {-er}
teacher, farm + {-er} farmer. By attaching suffix {-er} after the base of words,
the meaning will change and create a new word.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14
ii.
Prefix
According to Katamba (1993), “a preffix is an affix attached before a root
or stem or base like re-,un-, and –in” (p.44). In other words, prefix is adding an
affix in front of the base of the word to change the meaning. The examples are
{dis-} + honest dishonest, {un-} + usual unusual, {in-} + complete
incomplete,{re-} + do redo, and {de-} + activate deactivate.
iii.
Infix
“An infix is an affix inserted into the root itself” (Katamba, 1993, p.44).
Another theory from Szymanek (1989), he states “the term infixation describes a
morphological process whereby a bound morpheme (inflectional or derivational is
inserted into the base form (usually, into a root-morpheme)” (p.65). The definition
means, an infix is adding an in the middle of the base or stem or root of the words
to create a new meaning. Infixes are relatively rare in English language, but infix
can be found in another language.
d.
The Derivational Affixes
According to Akmajian et al (1988), “derivational affixes often change the
part of speech of the base morpheme” (p.81). In other words, derivational affixes
can change the meaning of the base and create new words from the base.
i.
Suffix {-er}
There are many words that can be attached with the suffix {-er}. Most of
them
are
used
to
formed
agentive
nominalizations
and
instrument
nominalizations. In this study, the researcher focuses on agentive nominalizations.
This suffix is productively used in people’s life. According to Szymanek (1988)
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15
“the principal agentive suffix in English is {-er}. Its remarkably high productivity
is attested by the fact that it is frequently added to recently coined verbs. It is true
to say that the suffix {-er} is the first choice when it comes to deriving an agent
noun from a verb” (p.176). According to Quirk (1972), “suffix {-er} added to
nouns to form personal and innanimate nouns. There are varied meanings from
suffix {-er} they are, something having X, inhabitant of X, and maker of X.
Examples are glover, teenager, and Londoner (p.994).
ii.
Suffix {-ist}
After the suffix {-er}, the suffix {-ist} also commonly used in people’s
daily life. The suffix {-ist} also has the similar function with suffix {-er}, both of
them are used to form agentive noun. According to Katamba (1993) “by suffixing
{-ist} we can form a very large number of nouns with the meaning advocate of,
follower of supporter of or partitioner of whatever is designed by the input noun”
(p.68). Quirk (1974) states that “the suffix {-ist} added to nouns or adjectives to
form personal nouns or adjectives. The meaning is member of a party, occupation.
For instances masochist, racialist, Buddhist, violinist, stylist, and loyalist (p.996).
C.
Theoretical Framework
In this study, there are several theories that are used for the data analysis.
Morphology is one of the primary theories that are used to analyse this study.
Morphology is related to word formations in affixation which contains suffix.
From the morphological theory, the researcher can understand the processes of
word formation including the change of the meaning, the characteristics of the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
16
morpheme, and also the change of the word’s class. In this case, morphology
theory helps the researcher to find the characteristic and the function of the
suffixes {-er} and {-ist}.
There are two problem formulations in this study. The first problem is to
identify the bases receive in suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. In order to analyses this
problem, the reseracher uses the theory of affixation to identify the process of the
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} when they are attached to the base of words..
The second problem in this study is to identify the distribution of the
agentive suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. In this problem, the researcher use theory of
derivational morpheme to help and find the function in each suffixes. The
researcher tries to find the meaning of the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. What kind of
bases that can be attached with the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A.
Object of Study
The objects of the studies are the words contain morpheme and affixation.
Type of the affixations that are used in this study are suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. The
words are taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English
(9th ed).(2015). In this study the researcher takes more than two hundred words
that receives the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} at the end of the base of words. The
researcher takes the words which are agentive nouns. The researcher collects two
hundred words because there are many agentive nouns which are receiving the
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} and also it helps the researcher to analyze the words
clearly.
B.
Approach of the Study
In this study, the researcher uses theory of morphology as an approach in
analysing the agentive noun with the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. The researcher uses
morphology because it is related to this study. Morphological approach is used to
analyse the agentive nouns with the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. Fromkin, Rodman,
and Hyams (2013) state “morphology is the study of the internal structure of
words, and rules by which words are formed” (p.37). According to Crystal (2008),
he states that “morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure
or forms of words, primarily through the use of the morpheme construct” (p. 340).
17
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
18
Based on the theories, morphology is related to derivational morpheme
which forms a word with new meaning and category by adding the suffixes {-er}
and {-ist} through the base of words. According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams
(2013) “affixes are bound morphemes and they may attach at the beginning, the
end, in the middle, or both at the beginning and end of a word” (p.40). Therefore,
morphological approach is appropriate for this study because these theories help
the researcher to analyse and examine the words which are attached with the
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in agentive nouns.
C.
Method of the Study
In this study, the researcher conducts a library research which analyze the
agentive nouns with the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. The researcher obtains the data
from reading the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 9th edition. The method
of this study is divided into two parts. The first is data collection and the second is
data analysis.
1.
Data Collection
The data was taken from Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary of Current
English (9th Ed). (2015). The researcher chooses the agentive nouns that receive
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} which are collected from Oxford Advanced Leaner’s
Dictionary of Current English (9th Ed). (2015). The researcher takes two hundred
words to be analysed in this study. The data collection takes the words randomly
and also the bases should contain the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. In this study, the
researcher collects two hundred words because there are many agentive nouns
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
19
which receive suffixes {-er} and {-ist} and also it helps the researcher to analyse
the data clearly.
Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary of Current English (2015) is used
as a tool to answer the problem formulation in this study. The researcher chooses
Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary of Current English (9th Ed). (2015).,
because it provides the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that helps the
researcher to find the lexical category.
2.
Data Analysis
In this study, the researcher takes some steps to analyse the data. First the
researcher collects and chooses the agentive nouns which are receiving the
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} from dictionary. Before choosing the words, the
researcher should know and check the base and the base after receiving the
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} because in this study the researcher wants to collect the
words base on the agent nouns. In order to help the researcher finds all the words,
the researcher uses Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary of Current English (9th
Ed). (2015). It is used to reduce the error in analysing the base and also to check
the IPA based on the words receiving suffixes {-er} and {-ist}.
There are some steps to find and understand the functions of the suffixes
{-er} and {-ist}. The first step to answer this problem is to make a classification
of each base. The researcher uses tables to help answering these problems and
categorizing the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}. By categorizing the bases, the
researcher knows the category of the bases before the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} are
attached. After knowing the category, the researcher is able to understand the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
20
functions of the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} and also the characteristic of the words
receiving the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}.
Next, there is some steps to identify the distribution of the agentive
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} to the bases. The first step to answer this problem is
reading the Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary of Current English (9th
ed.).(2015)., because it provides the complete meaning and the definition of the
base. The second step is the researcher tries to analyse and understand the
meaning that is more appropriate to be attached with the suffixes {-er} and {-ist}.
After that, the last step is to collect the data into tables. Therefore, the researcher
can compare and analyse the distributions of attaching the suffixes {-er} and {ist} to the base.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter there are two problem formulations are discussed. This
chapter contains the analysis and results from the two problem formulations. The
first problem formulation is what bases receive the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} in
agentive noun and the second problem formulation is the distribution of attaching
the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} to the agentive nouns. The researcher collected the
agentive nouns which contain the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} as the data. After that,
the researcher analyses the data and concludes if the words that received the
suffixes {-er} and {-ist} have alteration in the meaning. Suffixes {-er} and (-ist}
are used to create new words from the base. By adding these suffixes {-er} and {ist}, they can change the lexical category of the words, they change the meaning
to another meaning but they still have relation. The type of this process is called
derivational suffix, where the new words have new meanings.
Answering the first problem formulation, the researcher uses Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 9th edition (2015) as the main data of this study.
The researcher collects agentive nouns which are receiving the suffixes {-er} and
{-ist} from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 9th edition (2015). The
researcher chooses this dictionary because it provides the Standard English. The
dictionary provides the phonetic transcription, the part of speech, and specific
definition of the words. After that, the researcher finds and analyses the lexical
category of the words. After analyses and knows the lexical category, the
21
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
22
researcher finds the distribution of attaching the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} to the
bases of words. By analysing the base of the words, the researcher found some
bases have more than one lexical category. Based on the data, the researcher can
analyses the function of the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} by seeing the lexical category
according to the base of words.
A.
The Bases Receiving the Suffixes {-er} and {-ist}
1.
Lexical Category of the Bases
From the whole of the dictionary, the researcher discovers two hundred
and thirty eight words receiving the suffix {-er} and one hundred forty five words
receiving the suffix {-ist}. Akmajian et al (1988) say, “morphemes are further
categorized into two classes: free morpheme and bound morpheme. A free
morpheme can stand alone as an independent word and a bound morpheme cannot
stand alone” (p.58). By analysing the whole words, all the bases are free
morpheme. All the bases receiving the suffixes {-er} and {-ist} are free
morpheme because they can stand on their own. Suffixes {-er} and {-ist}