THE USE OF RESPONSE TOKENS IN WAITING FOR GODOT BY SAMUEL BECKETT.

The Use of Response Tokens in Waiting for Godot by

Samuel Beckett

A THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By: M. Izzul Islam Reg. Number: A83211159

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA 2015

THE USE OF RESPONSE TOKENS IN

WAITING FOR GODOT BY SAMUEL

BECKETT

By

Muhammad Izzul Islam

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA 2015

DECLARATION

This thesis contains materials which have been accepted for the award of Sarjana degree of English Department Faculty of Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. It contains no material previously published or written by other person except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis.

APPROVAL SHEET

Thesis Entitled

THE USE OF RESPONSE TOKENS IN WAITING FOR GODOT BY SAMUEL BECKETT

This thesis has been approved by the Advisor and could be proposed to fulfill the requirement of Sarjana I Degree of English Department

Faculty of Letters and Humanities

State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Muhammad Izzul Islam NIM. A83211159

ABSTRACT

Islam, Muhammad Izzul. 2015. The Use of Response Tokens in Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett. English Department, Faculty of Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The Advisor : Murni Fidiyanti, M.A.

Key Terms : Response Tokens, Waiting for Godot, Vladimir and Estragon. This thesis discusses about the use of response tokens in Waiting for Godot written by Samuel Beckett. It examines response tokens uttered by the main characters, Vladimir and Estragon. The writer tries to look for the answers upon two questions. They are (1) what kinds of response tokens uttered by the main characters in Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett? and (2) what the functions of those response tokens in Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett.

The writer uses a qualitative approach because the data collected are in non-numerical form. He applies qualitative descriptive approach to obtain rich description and understanding about response tokens in Waiting for Godot. The data are taken form Vladimir's and Estragon's utterance only since they appear almost in the whole drama and they utter most response tokens.

The study results the fact that response tokens in Waiting for Godot are included in the all types of response tokens proposed by McCarthy (2003). The types of response tokens in the drama are single response token, response token preceding expanded response, premodified response token, negated token and doublet and triplet token. The writer describes further about the function of response token including the function of continuers, acknowledgement, newsmarker, change-of-activity, assessement and brief question token. The description also considers the context.

From the study, the writer concludes that doublet and triplet token is the most used token in Waiting for Godot, whereas acknowledgement function appears more than other functions in the drama. The research also finds that token "yes" is the most uttered response tokens, which the function is to agree and to confirm a prior's speaker talk. A person should know the function of response tokens and use them in their daily talk since they provide effective way to show an affective expression.

ABSTRAK

Islam, Muhammad Izzul. 2015. The Use of Response Tokens in Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett. English Department, Faculty of Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The Advisor : Murni Fidiyanti, M.A.

Key Terms : Response Tokens, Waiting for Godot, Vladimir and Estragon. Penelitian ini mendiskusikan tentang penggunaan response tokens dalam Waiting for Godot oleh Samuel Beckett. Ada dua karakter utama yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini, yakni Vladimir dan Estragon. Penulis mencoba untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan, yakni (1) apa saja jenis response tokens yang dituturkan oleh karakter-karakter utama dalam Waiting for Godot oleh Samuel Beckett dan (2) apa saja fungsi response tokens tersebut dalam Waiting for Godot oleh Samuel Beckett.

Penulis menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif karena data yang dikumpulkan tidak berupa angka. Selain itu, dia menggunakan pendekatan tersebut untuk memperoleh deskripsi dan pemahaman yang kaya tentang response tokens dalam Waiting for Godot. Data diambil hanya dari tuturan Vladimir and Estragon dikarenakan mereka selalu muncul sepanjang drama dan mereka mengucapkan response tokens paling banyak.

Penelitian ini menghasilkan fakta bahwa response token dalam Waiting for Godot ini masuk dalam semua tipe response token yang dikemukakan oleh McCarthy (2003). Tipe-tipe response token yang ada dalam drama tersebut yaitu single response token, response token preceding expanded response, premodified response token, negated token and doublet and triplet token. Penulis menjelaskan lebih jauh tentang fungsi response tokens tersebut termasuk fungsi continuers, acknowledgement, newsmarker, change-of-activity, assessement and brief question token. Penjelasan fungsi-fungsi tersebut juga mempertimbangkan konteks.

Dari penelitian ini, penulis dapat menyimpulkan bahwa doublet and triplet token adalah jenis yang sering digunakan dalam Waiting for Godot, sedangkan fungsi acknowledgement muncul lebih banyak daripada fungsi-fungsi yang lain. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa token "yes" diucapkan lebih banyak daripada token-token yang lain, yang fungsinya adalah untuk menyetujui dan memperkuat perkataan penutur utama. Seseorang seharusnya mengetahui fungsi dari response token dan menggunakannya dalam percakapan sehari-hari karena hal tersebut memberikan cara yang efektif untuk menunujukkan ekspresi afektif.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside Cover Page ... i

Inside Tittle Page ... ii

Declaration Page ... iii

Dedication Page... iv

... v

... vi

Acknowledgment... vii

Table of Contents ... ix

Abstract ... xii

Absrak ... xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... .. 1

1.2 Statement of the Problems ... .. 5

1.3 Objectives of the Study ... .. 5

1.4 Significance of the Study ... .. 6

1.5 Scope and Limitation ... .. 6

1.6 Definition of Key Terms ... .. 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... .. 9

2.2 Feedback and Response Tokens ... .. 9

2.3 Types of Response Tokens ... 10

2.2.1 Response Tokens without Expanded Content ... 11

2.2.2 Response Tokens Preceding Expanded Responses ... 12

2.2.3 Response Tokens with Premodification ... 13

2.2.4 Negated Response Tokens ... 13

2.2.5 Doublets and Triplets Tokens in Short Clauses ... 14

2.4.1 Continuers ... 15

2.4.2 Acknowledgement ... 16

2.4.3 Newsmarker... ... 17

2.4.4 Change-of-activity ... 18

2.4.5 Assessment ... ... 19

2.4.6 Brief Questions ... ... 20

2.5 Previous studies ... 20

CHAPTER III METHOD OF THE STUDY 3.1 Research Method ... 23

3.2 Technique of Data Collection ... 23

3.2.1 Data Source ... 23

3.2.2 Instrument ... 24

3.2.3 Procedure ... 24

3.3 Technique of Data Analysis ... 25

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Findings ... ... 26

4.2.1 The Types of Response Tokens in the Utterance of Vladimir and Estragon ... 26

4.2.1.1 Response Tokens Without Expanded Content ... ... 27

4.2.1.2 Response Tokens Preceding Expanded Response ... ... 33

4.2.1.3 Response Tokens With Premodification ... 37

4.2.1.4 Negative Tokens ... 39

4.2.1.5 Doublet and Triplet Tokens in Short Clauses ... 41

4.2.2 The Functions of Response Tokens in the Utterance of Vladimir and Estragon ... 47

4.2.2.1. Continuers Token ... 48

4.2.2.2. Acknowledgement Token ... 49

4.2.2.3. Newsmarker Token ... 55

4.2.2.5. Assessment Token ... 60 4.2.2.6. Brief Question Token ... 65 4.2 Discussion ... ... 70

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ... 75 5.2 Suggestion ... 76 REFERENCES ... ... 77 APPENDIX

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of Study

In everyday communication, sometimes we find a listener who does not clearly attend the speaker. This situation can be annoying for the speaker and can effect on the bad relationship. Hence, it is important for the listeners to give some signals which indicating that he pays attention to the speaker, for example, the use of response tokens like yeah or oh. By uttering response tokens, the speaker will think that he/she is respected.

Harris et al. (1975) said t

constructing and consolidating social relations but as strategic mechanisms for creating transitions into and out of transactional talk. Another opinion is conveyed by McCarthy (2003). He said that the responses are not something that just sits in the gaps between transactional episodes but actually facilitates the speakers and enhances their efficiency. This issue becomes one aspect of spoken interactions that has been examined by conversation analyst. It is the ways a speaker and another (other) speaker(s) provide each other with feedback.

Feedback is the ways in which listeners show they are attending to what is being

position and the use of eye contact (Paltridge 2006).

Giving feedback by uttering response tokens can be achieved if the speaker holds the floor. Holding the floor, as Young and Lee stated (2004),

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means a speaker continues to speak and the other participants in the conversation choose not to take turns. However, the listener is not silent. A turn of speaker is not only constructed by the speaker him/herself, but also the listener. The listener

gestures including head movements such as nodding.

Response Tokens, based on the research of McCarthy (2003), are short utterances consists of a syllable, or a word, a phrase or a small sentence which uttered as a response of the primary speaker. Gardner (2005) said that they are difficult to describe, because most of them lack meaning in the standard common dictionary like Oxford dictionary. Response tokens often stand alone in a turn as single items. Because of that difficulty, Gardner (2005) also stated that not many researchers considered response tokens as their object of research. It is further provided by a fact that even linguists interested in pragmatics and language-in use have struggled to provide adequate and convincing descriptions of response tokens. He added that this is especially true of more conventional linguistic approaches to the study of a language in some regions.

Gardner (2005) said that the

-continuers, acknowledgement and newsmarkers into response tokens. Yngve s not only minimal tokens but also

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There is an argument conveyed by McCarthy (1991) about the practical use of response tokens. He said that if we use response tokens like yeah or mm with the purpose of giving attention to the speaker, we cannot use those words to interrupt the speaker, thus wait until the speaker finish his/her talk. McCarthy said that it is linguistic means of not taking the turn when one has the opportunity, or simply of making it clear to the speaker that we are attending to the message.

Response tokens cannot be used to initiate a conversation. It requires common expectations among participants about its appropriateness and a common willingness to take part in the talk. Response token, though thematically considered unimportant, is an essential aspect of conversation in that it provides a

(Schneider 1988).

People cannot arrange the amount of response tokens in their talk. They occurs naturally where in one sequence of conversation there are many response tokens but in another sequence of talk they hardly appear. This is proved in a research conducted by Jefferson (1984) in Gardner (2005). She found that some speakers of English use both Hmm and Yeah, whilst others use very few Hmms.

A research by Gardner (2005) has found that each response tokens is used in different ways from others, and that each is a variable, multifunctional token in its own right. Gardner said that this variability can be extreme, to the extent that speakers regularly utter nonce words such as Nyem, Nyuh, which appear to be blends of more standard versions - like hmm or huh - of the tokens.

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The object of this response tokens research that examined is Waiting for Godot drama written by Samuel Beckett. It was aired first on 5 January 1953 in the Théâtre de Babylone, Paris (Wikipedia). This drama becomes phenomenal since it represents a hopeless real life, which the main characters always wait for a miracle and do nothing until the story comes to the end. The conversation below is the example of the small utterances or response tokens in the drama:

Estragon: I can't have been listening Vladimir: Oh ... nothing very definite. Estragon: A kind of prayer.

Vladimir: Precisely.

Estragon: A vague supplication. Vladimir: Exactly.

There are three arch

on this field. First, response tokens can be ambiguous depend on the context. It means that the speaker can use different response tokens for a same purpose and the speaker can use a same type of response token for different purpose. Second, the study of response tokens is applicable and it is the most appropriate study in the object of this research. Last, since many studies of conversation focus on turn taking (Some signals and Rules for Taking Speaking Turns in Conversation by Duncan 2011; Turn-taking in Japanese Conversation: A Study in Gramar and Interaction by Tanaka 1999) and adjacency pairs (Significance of Adjacency Pairs as Building Blocks of Social Interaction by Garratt 2009; Analysing Conversational Data with Regards to Interactional Structures: Turn-Taking and Adjacency Pairs, also Face and Authority by Mullins 2012), the study of verbal

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behavior of the listeners by producing response tokens is rarely used by researchers.

by using response tokens study has been most work has focused on speakers, for example in the speech act tradition (e.g. Austin 1962; Searle 1969, 1979, 1992) in (Gardner 2005), Gricean pragmatics (e.g. Grice 1975) in Gardner (2005), and politeness theory (e.g. Brown and Levinson 1988) in Gardner (2005), though there is also a focus on hearer-oriented speech acts in the last of these (Gardner 2005).

The writer discusses Waiting for Godot as the object because this drama is unique. Unique here means there are many small utterances which most of them consist of only one word and they are produced by characters especially the main characters, Vladimir and Estragon. This explains why the writer only uses their utterance to dig the source of data.

1.2. Statements of the Problem

The study tries to investigate response tokens used by Vladimir and Estragon in Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett. Specifically, this research answers the following questions:

1. What are kinds of response tokens uttered by the main characters in Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett?

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2. What are the functions of those response tokens in Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett?

1.3. Objectives of the Study

The study aims to describe paying attention signals in Waiting for Godot referenced specially to Vladimir and Estragon. Specifically, the study tries to accomplish the following objectives:

1. To describe kinds of response tokens uttered by the main characters in Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett

2. To explain the functions of each response tokens also by considering the context

1.4. Significance of the Study

Theoretically, this study is intended to find out how the interlocutors provide response signals by uttering response tokens. The researcher hopes the research provides knowledge of practical use and functions of uttering response tokens. The researcher also expects that this research makes the readers understand when they appropriately use response tokens and hence the relationship between two speakers will be maintained. Practically, the writer hopes this research inspires the readers, arouses curiosity and interest to other linguists. The writer also hopes that Indonesian students are encouraged to discuss this topic, since the study of response tokens are barely observed by students and researchers in Indonesia.

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1.5. Scope and Limitation

There are some discussions of discourse analysis which researchers can take; they are Adjacency pairs, turn-taking and opening and closing in conversation. However, this research only uses the theory of the response tokens type by McCarthy (2003) and the theory of response tokens functions by Gardner (2005) to examine the conversation by Vladimir and Estragon that uses response tokens. The writer also limits the examined characters. It is only Vladimir and Estragon since they appear in the whole drama and utter most response tokens,

which raised the wr drama an object for the research.

1.6. Definitions of Key Terms

a. Response Tokens

Response Tokens, based on the research of McCarthy (2003), are short utterances consists of a syllable, or a word, a phrase or a small sentence which uttered as a response of the primary speaker. They are produced by an interlocutor who is

cutor Response

tokens cannot be used as initiate in conversation.

b. Waiting for Godot

Waiting for Godot according to http//:wikipedia.com is a drama written by Samuel Beckett. It was first aired with the original title En Attendant Godot at 5 January 1953 in Paris. The characters are Vladimir, Estragon, Lucky, Pozzo, a boy and Godot.

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c. Vladimir and Estragon

Vladimir and Estragon are two main characters in Waiting for Godot drama. They are two vagrants who hang their hope in someone named Godot. They believe that Godot can solve their life problem. While waiting, they wander aimlessly, talk with people they meet. However, Godot does not come and never come.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Theoretical Framework

2.2. Feedback and Response Tokens

According to Paltridge (2006), feedback is the ways in which listeners show they are attending to what is being said. This can be done, for example, by by paraphrasing what the other person has just said; or through body position and the use of eye contact. Clancy et al. (1996) said that response token is short utterance produced by an

Discourse Analysis Conversa on Discourse Response Tokens

Types Func on

Nega e RT Doublet and Triplet

Tokens

RT preceding expanded responses New sm arkers Acknow ledgem ent

Brief Ques o

Co uers

RT w it hout expanded cont ent

RT ith pre odifica o _{Change-of-ac ity}

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speakership. The user of response tokens will normally not disrupt the primary o not let themselves take the chance of giving their speech. In the following example from the tutorial discussion by Paltridge, two students

of key words:

Example 2.1

Lecturer: And the middle one is Tadashi: Community.

Kylie: Community? Do you think it is? Tadashi: Yeah.

Kylie: Communi self community.

However, it is not always the case that an item of response token such as n acknowledging function in a conversation. Gardner (2005

many other functions as well. It may also serve to indicate a topic change instead of providing an acknowledging function, a recycling of a topic, or it may also

the context.

2.3. Types of Response Tokens

According to McCarthy (2003), There are several kinds of response tokens namely Response tokens without expanded content, Response tokens preceding expanded responses, Response tokens with premodification, negative response tokens and doublets and triplets tokens in short clause.

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2.3.1. Response Tokens without Expanded Content

The first type of response tokens occupies the whole response move or yes, yeah, okay, oh after the turn reverts to the previous speaker (McCarthy 2003). He said that the specific use of those tokens marks transactional or topical boundaries, where speaker makes arrangements or

agrees on some actions. Other examples of response tokens

wow really gosh ) said

that they potentially express strong affective responses of surprise, incredulity, delight, shock, horror, and so forth, as part of their lexical meaning. Here is the example of single response token without expanded content:

Example 2.2

ng to pay that much money? You know?

A: Really?

C: Are you serious?

B: Yeah. This one against Harvard is worth like thirty dollars. These are on the glass. Front row on the glass. Center ice.

A: Wow

Single token responses are often the result of the listener finding himself/herself in the role of receiver of new information to which minimal response is enough or else where the speaker has to say something important and urgent quickly (McCarthy 2003). Although only a word, the choice of response tokens reinforces the listeners to show that they concerns with the talk they attend.

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2.3.2. Response Tokens Preceding Expanded Responses

This type of response tokens prefaces expanded response moves. It means that the response tokens are not the only words to talk when someone has turn to talk. McCarthy (2003) stated that this type of response tokens shows the attention to interactional continuity before entering on the next topic, as in example 2.3 when friends playing cards, discussing the odds of getting a particular suit:

Example 2.3

then. Of getting a heart. B:

B: Yeah but

for several further turns]

B ca since the function of response is divided with the

content after it, but the conversation will become awkward. As said by McCarthy (2003), response tokens are needed because they create and maintain sociable relations. He continues that response tokens with expanded turn-content as in this category require turn-taking conditions where the listener is not bounded to minimal roles controlled by extended content.

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2.3.3. Response Tokens with Premodification

Response tokens often occurs premodified by adverb of degree, which serve to intensify their interactional and affective meanings as follows in an example of conversation transcribed by McCarthy (2003):

Example 2.4

t see each other that often, do they?

B: No they really

A: And yet they really do remember.

B: Most definitely.

McCarthy (2003) stated that simple intensification is one way in which listeners can apparently boost the interactional effect of their response without necessarily making a challenge for the floor and to converge with affective

reinfor .

2.3.4. Negative Response Tokens

Some response tokens may be negat

according to McCarthy (2003). He said that this is not a very frequent phenomenon and is a reflection of the general tendency of the response tokens to occur in one context. He gives an example of negative response tokens below.

Example 2.5

get well. B: Yeah.

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In example 2.5, McCarthy (2003) explains that the negative token which respond to negative utterance is convergent, not countering. A simple negation, like simple intensification, provides a simple way to reinforce affective convergence response without extended syntactic implications but at the same time clearly contributing a great deal more than a single word no.

2.3.5. Doublets and Triplets Tokens in Short Clauses

Response tokens often occur as doublets. According to McCarthy (2003), this is particularly noticeable in topic boundaries, where the doublet may signal a discourse boundary and at the same time inject a strong relational element of response to the situation. It can be the stronger satisfaction or agreement. The example of doublets is presented in McCarthy (2003).

Example 2.6

A: Go out at nine thirty five. B: Yeah.

B: Lovely. Terrific

A: Total price. Err hang on. One four five plus fifteen to get it here for tomor

B: Great. Lovely.

As we see on the conversation, the double response tokens reinforce the sponse. McCarthy (2003) stated that doublet can be a repetition of the same token, like great. great. In another case, triplets sometimes occur to intensify the affective response to the ongoing topic. Triplets most frequently occur as repetitions of the same token, which is an interesting reflection on the

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eated used of the same token (Schegloff 1982 in McCarthy 2003). In his further examples, many of the triplets that occur as independent tokens also occur frequently in short clauses

2.4. Functions of Response Tokens

Response Tokens have some functions which are flexible and exhibits multifunctionary of use (Gardner 2005). The functions are continuers, acknowledgement, newsmarker, change-of-activity tokens, assessment and brief question.

2.4.1. Continuers

The archetypical continuers are Mm hm and Uh huh, which are used to pass up the opportunity to take a more substantial turn at talk (Gardner 2005). It means that continuers are used by recipients to show that he or she understands that the speech is on progress but is not yet completed. Gardner said continuers have no apparent meaning and appear to work in very similar ways in conversation. There is no significant difference between the use of Mm hm and Uh huh.

The use of continuers has less to do with the sociability of the participants than it has to do most proximately with the sequential structure of the turns into which the talk is organized (Schegloff 1993 in Gardner 2005). They are usually used to give opportunity to speak. Gardner (2005) said that Mm hm and Uh huh

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are most typically found as the only speech in their turn. It means that they are rarely found with further speech. Gardner (2005) further stated that Yeah and Mm can be used as continuers, but they are usually used as acknowledgement which will be discussed below.

2.4.2. Acknowledgement

A research of Gardner (2005) found that the most frequently used of all response tokens in ordinary conversation are Yeah, the archetypical acknowledgement token in English. It claims agreement or understanding of the prior turn. Gardner (2005) said that Mm is also very common, but it is weaker acknowledgement than Yeah. The research of Gardner (2005) from several situations of these tokens indicates that because of the lack of repair or of dispreference in the respon

understanding or agreement.

The difference between acknowledgement and continuers is that acknowledgement is not handing the floor back like continuers to the prior speaker, but they make a claim to adequate talk of the prior turn (Schegloff 1982 in Gardner 2005). Gardner (2005) said that Yeah and another type of acknowledgement, yes

are often accompanied by further talk, which are responses to an argument by the prior speaker. Pomerantz (1984) in Gardner (2005) also said that they can be used for qualified agreements, but they can also be used for negative utterances.

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2.4.3. Newsmarker

According to Gardner (2005), newsmarker is a function of tokens which orthy in some way. Gardner (2005) stated that these tokens are more numerous in token quantity than the continuer or acknowledgement, but at the core are a few tokens that regularly stand as sole

utteranc Oh, Right, Really as well as minimal

question such as Did they? Jefferson (1978) in Gardner (2005) takes oh as an example, which it is a separated marker. It is produced by the speaker because he/she has suddenly remembered a story and wishes to tell that story. Gardner

(2005) took the examination of oh

-of-kind of change in his or her locally current state of knowledge, information, orientation or awareness. Schiffrin (1987) in Gardner (2005) also stated that Oh is used to mark transitions in information states of speakers.

Based on Gardner (2005), One characteristic of Oh is that it is usually followed by further talk by its speaker and often develops the talk topically. This is usual because a speaker tends to comment on something new rather than something which is already known. Oh does not stand alone. At least it appears with other minimal tokens like oh, yeah or often repetitive talk. Gardner also

stated that Oh Gardner (2005)

said that newsmarker tokens

contrary to the expectations of the producer, but that the responder to the inquiry is expressing that there is something inapposite, and thus unexpected in the

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inquiry itself. It can indicate that the inquiry being responded to is problematic to its relevance.

2.4.4. Change-of-activity

This function of Change-of-activity tokens is tokens which mark a transition to new activity or a new topic in the talk. The examples of Change-of-activity tokens are Okay and Alright. As Beach (1993) said in Gardner (2005), Okay signals varying degrees of activity shift and can be identified as momentary. In other words, Okays

current topic or activity in the conversation into another one, or it can be used when two speakers move out of the conversation together. Schegloff and Sacks (1973) in Gardner (2005) notes that Okay had later use in what they are called a pre-closing environment.

One major function of Okay thus appears to be the marking of junctures in the talk, and it proposes a move from one topic, activity or phrase to another (Gardner 2005). Okays are commonly prefaces to further talk by the same speaker as it is new will need to be introduced into the talk. However, it can be noted that they are not simply indicators of readiness to assume primary speakership. Gardner (2005) stated that Okays appear to propose the next talk to be on a new topic or activity in the conversation, whether it be a new or first topic, a new phase, or the good-byes at the end of conversation.There is a difference between Okay and alright. According to Gardner (2005), Alright is apparently equivalent

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to Okay, though with the possibility that Alright is a stronger signal and marks more major transitions.

The function of Okay is not only change of topic. Guthrie (1997) explained about the functions of okay which appear differently in different contexts. She said Okay is primarily produced in one of two positions relative to the turn in which it occurs: either turn initially, thus preceding further speech, or as the whole okay that she put an interest is those okays

-distinction of okays that are produced in this way can be affirmatively respond to a question.

2.4.5. Assessment

Assessment is the function which evaluates the talk of the prior speakers, for example: Great, Good, What a load of rubbish. Schegloff (1982) in Young and Lee (2004) said that this function were also recognized as co-constructing disco

reaction to the current turn. Gardner (2005) stated that assessment can occur as a last response to an extended turn, a position which is inappropriate for a continuer. If assessment occurs in the position, it would most likely be indicative of a problem with the telling. Assessment can be done by recipient or primary speaker. There is difference between assessment and continuers in the producer. Gardner (2005) said that continuers are purely recipient actions, whereas assessments can be done by recipient or primary speaker. Goodwin (1986) in Gardner (2005) also

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said that they also provide participants with the ability to not simply display alignment to ongoing talk, but establish and negotiate that alignment through a systematic process of interaction while the talk is still in progress.

2.4.6. Brief questions

Another function of tokens, Gardner (2005) stated, is brief question used for clarification or other types of repair, and it seeks to clarify mishearings or misunderstandings. e.g. Who?, Huh? It is used as a repair token when someone has not clearly heard what someone just said. Schegloff (1982) in Gardner (2005) said that it is found in roughly the same form and function in spoken languages across the globe.

2.5. Previous Studies

The study of response tokens is one of important studies in linguistic field. There are some works considering the use of response tokens in daily life which

.

The first research entitled "

Tokens in Everyday Conversation" is written by Michael McCarthy and published in 2003. The data of research are collected from the usage of response tokens among American and British English by using corpus-analytical software. McCarthy concludes that the use of responses shows a concern on the part of listeners toward conversation as well as performing the necessary feedback functions with which listeners cocreate the discourse with speakers.

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The second work is "Identifying units in interaction: Reactive tokens in Korean and English conversations" written by Richard F. Young and Jina Lee and published in 2004. Here, the writers use term reactive tokens rather than response tokens. However, the meaning is same. The writers conclude that reactive tokens in English are resources by which the listener declines to take the opportunity for a full turn. The same role is played by some reactive tokens in Korean. However,

a of placing a token is not simply to decline to take a turn at

talk, but it is rather to provide .

The third research entitled "Back channelling: The use of yeah and mm to portray engaged listenership" is written by Kathrin Lambertz and published in 2011. The conversation analysis approach was applied because it is important to transcribe every single utterance of a conversation to detect significant features such as pitch, stress, overlapping, loudness and intonation. The research proves that there are three different functions of yeah and mm as a back channel utterance to signal engaged listenership: continuers, alignment tokens and agreement tokens.

The writer of this study chooses those three studies as parts of his references because their studies talk about response tokens and their practical use. One of the differences between the previous study and this study is the data source. While the previous researches use corpus as data source, the writer of the study uses a literature work.

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British English. Research by Young and Lee is resembled with McCarthy one but the data source includes Korean conversation alongside the English conversation. The study by Lambertz examines deeper about the function of tokens yeah and mm. In this study, the writer describes the types and functions of response tokens in the drama Waiting for Godot considering the context.

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CHAPTER III

METHOD OF THE STUDY

3.1. Research Method

In conducting this research, the writer applied qualitative research because it attempted to provide in-depth and rich data (Litosseliti 2010). He wanted to obtain rich description and understanding about the use of Response Tokens uttered by Vladimir and Estragon. Qualitative research methods were suitable with this study since its data were written form not the numerical one. Miles and Huberman (1994) also explained that the research was interpretive. It means that the results of the research came from the researcher's own subjective interpretation of the data. The writer used qualitative descriptive research because he agreed with Dornyei's point of view (2007) that qualitative descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. He said further that it involves data collection procedures that resulted primarily open-ended, non-numerical data which was then analyzed primarily by non-statistical methods.

3.2. Technique of Data Collection

3.2.1. Source of Data

As said by Dornyei (2007), qualitative data usually involved any spoken data which was transcribed into textual form. However, the data in this study were textual form, thus the writer proceeded without transcribing. The source of data was taken from the written form of Waiting for Godot drama written by Samuel

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Beckett which was published in 1982. There are six characters in this drama including Vladimir, Estragon, Pozzo, Lucky, the boy and Godot. However, the researcher only took the data from the conversation between Vladimir and Estragon because they uttered most response tokens utterances which are relevant with this study.

The data of this study were the words, expressions, phrases, or small sentences produced by Vladimir and Estragon. The writer took dialogues in Waiting for Godot drama that involved Vladimir and Estragon as the field to collect the data.

3.2.2. Research Instruments

This study involved the writer as the main instrument. Bogdan and Biklen (1998) stated that in qualitative research, the human investigator is the primary instrument for the gathering and analyzing data. The writer selected the response tokens in Waiting for Godot which were uttered by Vladimir and Estragon only. After that, the writer started to analyze the found data.

3.2.3 Procedure

In collecting the data, the writer used these following steps. First, the writer read Waiting for Godot drama thoroughly. Second, He found and collected the words, phrases, expressions or small sentences by underlining those in the document file of Waiting for Godot drama if only those were uttered by Vladimir and Estragon. Last, he selected the data by distinguishing the response tokens

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from the usual responses because not all words, phrases, expressions or small sentences uttered by Vladimir and Estragon were included in response tokens criteria.

3.3. Technique of Data Analysis

There were several methods to analyze the data. In this study, since the data source was in written form, the researcher directly scanned the data without transcribing the source. First, the writer classified the collected data by sorting and arranging the data based on the types and functions of response tokens presented by McCarthy (2003) and Gardner (2005). The writer did the coding process by writing some numbers based on the types and the functions. He gives the first number in the bracket for the types of the tokens and the second number is for the functions of the tokens. Second, after the tokens has been classified, he examined the data by considering the contexts that has been classified in the types and the functions of response tokens to explain the meaning, to maintain validity, to establish description and to obtain the information in the data. Last, he drew conclusion based on the results of the steps before.

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter reveals the findings obtained from the research and discussion of the results. It deals with the analysis of kinds and functions in

4.1. Findings

In this sub-chapter, the writer presents the data of response token items which appear in Vladimir's and Estragon's utterance. There are the data of frequency of response tokens based on the types and the data of amount of response tokens based on the functions. The writer analyzes the types and functions of response tokens based on McCarthy's (2003) and Gardner's (2005) theories.

4.1.1. The Types of Response Tokens in the Utterance of Vladimir and

Estragon

The writer analyses the data of response tokens types in the utterance of Vladimir and Estragon based on McCarthy's theory (2003). There are five types of response tokens namely Response tokens without expanded content, Response tokens preceding expanded responses, Response tokens with premodification, negative response tokens and doublets and triplets tokens in short clause.

Figure 4.1 Types of Response Tokens

In figure 4.1, the most tokens uttered in Vladimir's and Estragon's utterance are response tokens without expanded content that appear mostly in the with total eighty three (83) tokens or thirty nine percent (39%) from the whole data; Sixty seven (67) tokens or thirty three percent (33%) tokens appear in type of response tokens preceding expanded response; fifty two (52) tokens or twenty three percent (23%) occur in doublet and triplet tokens type; ten (10) tokens or four percent (4%) appear as negative response tokens; response tokens with premodification type occurs least of all in one percent (1%) or three (3) tokens.

4.1.1.1. Response Tokens Without Expanded Content

The first type of response tokens is response tokens without expanded content. This type occurs as the whole response move (McCarthy 2003). It means that the token is the only utterance in the interlocutor's turn. In Vladimir and

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Estragon's utterance, there are eighty three (83) tokens of the first type or thirty nine percent (39%) from the whole data. Single response tokens type occur mostly in this drama. Here are the data of single tokens:

Data 1

VLADIMIR: One out of four. Of the other three two don't mention any

thieves at all and the third says that both of them abused him.

ESTRAGON: Who?

VLADIMIR: What?

ESTRAGON: What's all this about? Abused who? (p.7)

There is an example of response token without further content type in this fragment. Both Estragon and Vladimir utters the same type of response token, single response token without expanded content "who?" and "what?" Although only a word, the response tokens uttered by both of them indicate the interactional concerns that listeners attend to. The token "what?" is uttered after "who?" occurs.

Estragon says "who?"because he does not understand about who is abused

token "what?" because he does not "who?" means.

Data 2

VLADIMIR: We'll come back tomorrow.

ESTRAGON: And then the day after tomorrow.

VLADIMIR: Possibly. (p.11)

The single type of token also appear in the dialogue above. Vladimir utters a response token "possibly". It is uttered without expanded response. However,

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utterance. Vladimir says that they will come back one day after the day and Estragon makes the topic continue further by saying that they will come back afterwards again. Vladimir thinks that the option by Estragon is not an impossible thing.

Data 3

VLADIMIR: I don't hear a word you're saying.

ESTRAGON: (chews, swallows). I'm asking you if we're tied.

VLADIMIR: Tied? (p.24)

Another data of single response token is proposed above. Vladimir utters a response token "Tied?" The token that appears solely without extended response marks an expression of availability to align the talk. Estragon asks if both of them are tied. However, He says the token because he does not clearly understand what

word produced by Estragon.

Data 4

ESTRAGON: Why doesn't he put down his bags?

VLADIMIR: Rubbish!

POZZO: Are you sure?

VLADIMIR: Damn it, haven't you already told us? (p.56)

Response token without further content type occurs in fragment 4 as well. It is "rubbish!" uttered by Vladimir which stands alone without expanded

response tics towards previous

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even though the three of them have already done something to Lucky. He thinks that Lucky must put his bag to do their favor.

Data 5

VLADIMIR: What are you doing?

ESTRAGON: Pale for weariness.

VLADIMIR: Eh? (p.76)

Another data of response token without further content type occurs in this fragment. Vladimir utters a response token "eh?" The token stands alone without extended response which signifi

The token "eh?"

way, but in the dialogue above it indicates that Vladimir is surprised because

is not relevant with

Data 6

ESTRAGON: You can start from anything.

VLADIMIR: Yes, but you have to decide.

ESTRAGON: True. (p.92)

The single type of token appears in the dialogue above. It is a response token "true" uttered by Estragon in the fragment. The token appears as the only response in

signals the listener's agreement on Vladimir's speech. Vladimir suggests Estragon to decide on something particular rather than becoming vague in decision. Estragon agrees on the idea and thus utters the single token "true".

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Data 7

VLADIMIR: That prevents you from thinking.

ESTRAGON: You think all the same.

VLADIMIR: No no, it's impossible.

ESTRAGON: That's the idea, let's contradict each another.

VLADIMIR: Impossible. (p.93)

Another single response type of response token appears in fragment 7. It is "impossible" which is uttered by Vladimir. The token stands alone without any further response, expressing Vladimir's strong affective responses of disbelief as "impossible" is the continuance of his first token he utters in this dialogue. It signifies Vladimir's opinion towards estragon's utterance "you think all the same" and his opinion towards Estragon idea to contradict each other that both of them are bad things to do.

Data 8

VLADIMIR: On it's not the worst, I know.

ESTRAGON: What?

VLADIMIR: To have thought.

ESTRAGON: Obviously. (p.96)

Response token without further content type occurs in fragment 8 as well. Estragon utters them twice. The first response token is "what?" which stands solely without expanded content. It signifies that Estragon does not really understand on what being said by Vladimir. Thus, Estragon utters the token to make Vladimir's utterance clear for him. The second token is "obviously" which appears without any extended response. Although only a word, the choice of

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response tokens supports the interactional concerns that listeners attend to. In the conversation, he thinks that Vladimir's speech is truly right.

Data 9

VLADIMIR: Show me your leg.

ESTRAGON: Which?

VLADIMIR: Both. Pull up your trousers. (p.100)

There is also data of response token without further content type in this fragment. In Estragon's utterance, it is a response token "which?" that appears as a

single response token ion

towards the conversation. Estragon utters the token "which?" because he is still not clear with what being said by Vladimir. Vladimir asks Estragon to show his leg, but Estragon does not know which leg he should show to Vladimir. Thus, he utters response token "which?"

Data 10

POZZO: (Looking at Lucky) Why doesn't he answer when I call?

VLADIMIR: I don't know. He seems to be sleeping. Perhaps he's dead.

POZZO: What happened exactly?

ESTRAGON: Exactly! (p.140)

Another single response type of response token appears in fragment 10. It is "exactly" that occurs without any expanded response. It expresses curiosity towards the primary speaker, Vladimir who thinks that Lucky seems to be sleeping or maybe dead. It signifies that Estragon tries to evaluate the primary interactional response, signified that Estragon

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does not

and he affirms the question by uttering the token "exactly".

4.2.1.2. Response Tokens Preceding Expanded Response

The second type of response tokens is response tokens preceding expanded response. McCarthy (2003) stated that this type of response tokens shows the attention to interactional continuity before entering on the next topic. After a response token occurs, it is followed by further content in that listener's turn. There are sixty seven (67) tokens appearing in this type or thirty three percent (33%) from the total response tokens in Vladimir's and Estragon's utterance. These are the data of this response tokens type:

Data 11

VLADIMIR: (gloomily). It's too much for one man. (Pause. Cheerfully.)

On the other hand what's the good of losing heart now, that's what I say. We should have thought of it a million years ago, in the nineties.

ESTRAGON: Ah stop blathering and help me off with this bloody thing.

(p.3)

There is one of response tokens data preceding further content type in this fragment. In Estragon's utterance, it is a response token "ah" that precedes

token "ah" appears as an indication that the interlocutor hears something inapposite with his current situation. Estragon wants to take off something which appears to be his boot. It is hard to remove so when Vladimir verbose about what they should have thought about, Estragon does not want to continue the topic

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because he is busy with the "bloody thing", by uttering response token "ah" and expanded response after the token. The writer found 18 tokens "ah" in this drama, the second most uttered response tokens including the one in data 11.

Data 12

POZZO: Waiting? So you were waiting for him?

VLADIMIR: Well you see (p.29)

Another data of response tokens preceding expanded response type occurs in this fragment. The response token is "well" uttered by Vladimir. It predates expanded response

utterance. Pozzo asks Vladimir if he waits for someone. Vladimir does not answer directly but he utters the token "well"since he still yet tries to look for an answer.

Data 13

VLADIMIR: It's for the kidneys. (Silence. Estragon looks attentively at

the tree.) What do we do now?

ESTRAGON: Wait.

VLADIMIR: Yes, but while waiting (p.16)

In this fragment, Vladimir utters a response token included in response tokens preceding expanded response type. It is the token "yes" that predates expand

about what should they do. He suggests waiting for Godot. The token "yes" is used by Vladimir as a signal that he agrees with Estragon. The further response after the token is said as the idea of what they should do next, but in the turn Vladimir seems not be able to finish his talk before his turn ends. The writer

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found 20 tokens "yes" in the drama, which become the most frequent uttered response token.

Data 14

POZZO: You took me for Godot.

VLADIMIR: Oh no, Sir, not for an instant, Sir.

POZZO: Who is he?

VLADIMIR: Oh he's a . . . he's a kind of acquaintance.

ESTRAGON: Nothing of the kind, we hardly know him.

VLADIMIR: True . . . we don't know him very well . . . but all the same ..

(p.29)

Response tokens preceding expanded response type occurs in fragment 14 as well. utterance, there are two response tokens, "oh" and "true" that precede further response. The token "oh" is uttered as a signal of affective

haphazardly. He says that Godot is a kind of acquaintance even though in fact he never meets Godot. On the other hand, he utters the token "true" because he Both of the tokens reinforce their alignment towards the ongoing talk about Godot.

Data 15

VLADIMIR: Haven't they?

ESTRAGON: What?

VLADIMIR: Changed.

ESTRAGON: Very likely. They all change. Only we can't.

VLADIMIR: Likely! It's certain. Didn't you see them? (p.67)

In this fragment, there is a token "likely" that precedes extended response uttered by Vladimir. It adds sense of expressing Vladimir's firm conviction

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reaction towards Estragon's utterance. The function of token is strengthened by

response than "very likely" before it.

Data 16

VLADIMIR: What is it?

BOY: Mr. Godot . . .

VLADIMIR: Obviously . . . (Pause.) Approach. (p.69)

Another data of the second type is shown in fragment 6. In the dialogue, there is a token "obviously" uttered by Vladimir. The token precedes further

that makes the boy come. Thus, Vladimir comments on the boy's arrival by using the response token "obviously" since he waits for Godot.

Data 17

ESTRAGON: You couldn't have stopped them.

VLADIMIR: Why not?

ESTRAGON: There was ten of them.

VLADIMIR: No, I mean before they beat you. I would have stopped you

from doing whatever it was you were doing. (p.84)

Response tokens preceding expanded response type occurs in fragment 17 as well. Vladimir utters a response token "no" which precedes expanded response

utterance where the interlocutor thinks that the primary speaker is wrong. The token "no" is uttered as a signal that Vladimir understands and pays attention to Estragon's utterance even though he does not agrees with Estragon. Estragon says that Vladimir cannot stop

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some people to beat him because there are then of them. Vladimir understands Estragon's speech, but he gives different idea indicated by the token "no".

Data 18

VLADIMIR: And where were we yesterday evening according to you?

ESTRAGON: How would I know? In another compartment. There's no

lack of void.

VLADIMIR: (sure of himself). Good. We weren't here yesterday evening.

Now what did we do yesterday evening? (p.98)

Another second type of response token appears in fragment 17. In the dialogue above, there is a token "good" uttered by Vladimir which predates We weren't here yesterday evening. Now what did we do yesterday evening? . Estragon does not exactly know where they were the day before. He said that they were in a compartment. Vladimir thinks that it is a

before.

4.2.1.3. Response Tokens With Premodification

This is the least type of tokens that appear in Vladimir's and Estragon's utterance. There are only three (3) tokens of the third response tokens type or one percent (1%) from the whole data. Response tokens with premodification occurs premodified by adverb of degree (McCarthy 2003: 52). In the data analyzed, some tokens are premodified by very. Here are the data of this type of tokens:

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Data 19

ESTRAGON: I can't have been listening.

VLADIMIR: Oh . . . Nothing very definite.

ESTRAGON: A kind of prayer.

VLADIMIR: Precisely.

ESTRAGON: A vague supplication.

VLADIMIR: Exactly. (p.19)

In this fragment, Vladimir utters a response token included in premodified tokens type " " after listening to Estragon's utterance " I can't have been listening." The token is included in response token with premodification since there is a premodifier "very". This type of token marks a strong interactional effect of the response without holds the floor of talk. "Oh" is

said because there is something . Thus,

he utters "nothing very definite" as his judgment to the previous utterance.

Data 20

POZZO: How did you find me? (Vladimir and Estragon look at him

blankly.) Good? Fair? Middling? Poor? Positively bad?

VLADIMIR: (first to understand). Oh very good, very very good.

POZZO: (to Estragon). And you, Sir?

ESTRAGON: Oh tray bong, tray tray tray bong.

POZZO: (fervently). Bless you, gentlemen, bless you! (Pause.) I have

such need of encouragement! (Pause.) I weakened a little towards the end, you didn't notice?

VLADIMIR: Oh perhaps just a teeny weeny little bit. (p.51)

Another data of premodified response tokens is shown in the fragment. In the dialogue, Vladimir utters a response token "oh very good, very very good". It is a response tokens with premodifier "very" which intensifies their interactional and affective meanings to the talk. The token is actually a combination of the

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token "oh" and "very good, very very good". The token "oh" signifies that he i

token "very good, very very good" as his valuation. Vladimir seems wanting to satisfy Pozzo since he repeats the premodifier "very" three times. The premodifier "very" signals stronger adjective word "good".

Data 21

VLADIMIR: Haven't they?

ESTRAGON: What?

VLADIMIR: Changed.

ESTRAGON: Very likely. They all change. Only we can't.

VLADIMIR: Likely! It's certain. Didn't you see them? (p.67)

The last data of response token with premodification type is "very likely" uttered by Estragon. The

strong convergence with affective reinforcement towards the

"Very likely" signifies that Estragon evaluates on Vladimir's speech about the people around them who have changed except themselves. It adds stronger sense e than an usual token without premodifier.

4.2.1.4. Negative Token

The fourth type of response tokens is negative response tokens. According to McCarthy (2003), response tokens sometimes appear to be negated with a 10) negative response tokens or four percent (4%) from the whole response tokens in the main characters' utterance. These are the data of negative response tokens:

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Data 22

ESTRAGON: Then what are we complaining about?

VLADIMIR: Thinking is not the worst.

ESTRAGON: Perhaps not. But at least there's that.

VLADIMIR: That what?

ESTRAGON: That's the idea, let's ask each other questions. (p.94)

The first data of negative token type occurs in the fragment. Estragon utters a response token "perhaps not". The token is a negative token which express affective

more than a single token "no". Vladimir says that thinking is not the worst. However, Estragon evaluates that the idea could be wrong.

Data 23

VLADIMIR: And it's not over.

ESTRAGON: Apparently not.

VLADIMIR: It's only beginning. (p.45)

There is also data of negative token type of response tokens in this fragment. Estragon utters the token "apparently not" where the token is followed by postmodifier "not". It provides an effective way of affective response without any expanded response and simultaneously it reinforces the conversation more than just "no". It indicates that Estragon judges on the topic that Vladimir conveys, even though Vladimir also does the valuation. The word "apparently" added with "no" makes a stronger comment of negation in the utterance.

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4.2.1.5. Doublet and Triplet Tokens in Short Clauses

The last type of response tokens is doublet and triplet tokens in short clause. Doublet is response tokens that consist of two words whereas triplet consists of three words response tokens. McCarthy (2003) stated that doublet can occur as a repetition of the same token. Many triplets occur as an independent short clauses. There are fifty two (52) response tokens or twenty three percent (23%) appear in doublet and triplet type. Further data of doublet and triplet in Vladimir's and Estragon's utterance are proposed below:

Data 24

VLADIMIR: Where was I . . . How's your foot?

ESTRAGON: Swelling visibly.

VLADIMIR: Ah yes, the two thieves. Do you remember the story? (p.6)

The first data is shown in this dialogue. There is a doublet token "ah yes" uttered by Vladimir. By using token "ah" and "yes" along, it can signal a strong relation between the producer and the previous interlocutor. Vladimir utters response tokens because he remembers something to tell to Estragon, it is the story of two thieves. It is quite queer because a response to someone who feels hurt must be a sad response. However Vladimir chooses to forget it and tells Estragon another story. This shows the intimacy between the main characters and oddity of the drama.

Data 25

ESTRAGON: It's the normal thing

VLADIMIR: I think so too

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VLADIMIR: I beg your pardon? (p.20)

Other data of doublet and triplet type of token occurs in this fragment. Both Estragon and Vladimir utters each a response token in the dialogue. Estragon utters response token "and we?" and Vladimir utters a token "I beg your pardon?" Both of the tokens are included in doublet and triplet token which shows the strong affective response of inquiry towards the previous speakers. Estragon uses the token "and we?" because he may look for the role of themselves in the topic. However, because of the question, Vladimir utters a token "I beg your pardon?" Because he does not know the reason of Estragon asking with the use of token "and we?"

Data 26

VLADIMIR: He can't bear it.

ESTRAGON: Any longer.

VLADIMIR: He's going mad.

ESTRAGON: It's terrible. (p.44)

The triplet type of token appear in the fragment.

there is a response tokens " ". The token consists of a whole sentence. It expresses Estragon's feeling of anxiousness and worry towards the prior speaker, in this dialogue th

Data 27

POZZO: Gentlemen, you have been . . . civil to me.

ESTRAGON: Not at all!

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In this fragment, Vladimir utters a response token included in triplet type. He utters a response token in phrase form "what an idea!". Vladimir thinks that Pozzo's statement is good when Pozzo comments about Estragon and Vladimir who are being nice to him. It is a signal of evaluating token that has the added

Data 28

VLADIMIR: How those two have changed!

ESTRAGON: That's the idea, let's make a little conversation. (p.67)

Triplet type of token occurs in fragment 28 as well. Estragon utters a triplet token "that's the idea" contains a whole sentence. The token "That's the

idea" . Estragon realizes

he suggests his idea to Vladimir.

Data 29

ESTRAGON: For me it's over and done with, no matter what happens.

(Silence.) I heard you singing.

VLADIMIR: That's right, I remember. (p.82)

Another data of triplet token occurs in the dialogue above. Vladimir utters a response token "that's right". It is a sentence form of triplet token that occur as syntactically independent token. It indicates that the interlocutor wants to says that something is over and done with. Then, Vladimir agrees on Estragon's utterance and utters the token, while he says that he remembers something.

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Data 30

VLADIMIR: The tree, look at the tree.

ESTRAGON: Was is not there yesterday?

VLADIMIR: Yes of course it was there. Do you not remember? We

nearly hanged ourselves from it. But you wouldn't. Do you not remember? (p.86)

There is also data of doublet type of response tokens in this fragment. It is a token "yes of course" uttered by Vladimir in his turn. The doublet reinforces the vious utterance. The token "yes of course" gives stronger acknowledgement than a single token "yes". It also signifies that there is a close relationship between Vladimir and Estragon. Estragon asks that the tree is still there. Then, Vladimir agrees on Estragon and thus utters the triplet token.

Data 31

VLADIMIR: Perhaps it's not quite the right word.

ESTRAGON: And now? (p.83)

Another data of doublet type of token occurs in this fragment. In Estragon's utterance, the response token is "and now?" This token is a doublet token that injects a strong relational element of response to the situation. It signifies that Estragon seeks to clarify his misunderstanding towards Vladimir's utterance. Vladimir says that a word may not be the right expression. Estragon, however, does not clearly understand on what being said by Vladimir and thus utters the token.

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VLADIMIR: But we were there together, I could swear to it!. . . do you

not remember?

ESTRAGON: (a little calmer). It's possible. I didn't notice anything.

(p.88)

The triplet type of token appear in the fragment. Estragon utters a response token "it's possible". The token occurs in a syntactically sentence form. It gives a

strong element of evaluating . Vladimir tries to make

Estragon remembers the place they were. Then, Estragon evaluates Vladimir's utterance by saying it is possible for him to remember, even though it is still hard since the occurrence of further content "I didn't notice anything" is contrast with the triplet token.

Data 33

ESTRAGON: In the meantime let us try and converse calmly, since we

are incapable of keeping silent.

VLADIMIR: You're right, we're inexhaustible. (p.89)

In this fragment, Vladimir utters a response token included in triplet type. He utters a sentence form of token "you're right". The independent triplet token signals the relational and affective response of agreement to the topic. Estragon suggests Vladimir to try and converse calmly. By saying "you're right", Vladimir thinks that Estragon's suggestion is worth to do.

Data 34

VLADIMIR: That prevents you from thinking.

ESTRAGON: You think all the same.

VLADIMIR: No no, it's impossible.

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VLADIMIR: Impossible. (p.93)

Another data of triplet token is proposed in fragment 11. There is a response token "no no, it's impossible" uttered by Vladimir. It is a combination of token "no no" and token "it's impossible". The token appears as a triplet token which consists of two same words and an independent token in a sentence form. The token suggests a close relationship between Vladimir and Estragon indicated by the repeated token "no". The token indicates that Vladimir understands what being said by Estragon even though he does not agree with him. It is then added by the token "it's impossible" that signifies Vladimir's judgment towards Estragon's utterance. The occurrence of the triplet token shows close relationship between those two.

Data 35

ESTRAGON: We don't manage too badly, eh Didi, between the two of

us?

VLADIMIR: Yes yes. Come on, we'll try the left first.

ESTRAGON: We always find something, eh Didi, to give us the

impression we exist?

VLADIMIR: (impatiently). Yes yes, we're magicians. But let us persevere

in what we have resolved, before we forget. (p.105)

Doublet type of tokens occur in fragment 35 as well. Vladimir utters two same response tokens "yes yes". The doublet provides stronger agreement than a single token yes only. This type of token shows close relationship between the recipient and the primary speaker. The tokens are uttered as the signals that Vladimir agrees on what being said by Estragon. However, even though Vladimir agrees on Estragon, he still gives a contrast opinion with his own previous talk.

The further response in his last turn proves that he also disagree with the primary

4.2.2. The Functions of Response Tokens in the Utterance of Vladimir and

Estragon

The writer describes the functions of response tokens uttered by Vladimir and Estragon based on theory of Rod Gardner (2005). Gardner says that response tokens have some functions which are flexible. Indeed in this research the writer found a token which can have two functions. There are six functions of response tokens proposed by Gardner. They are continuers, acknowledgement, newsmarker, change-of-activity, assessment and brief question. The amount of response tokens classified based on the functions is shown in figure 4.2

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In figure 4.2, brief question functions appear mostly in the Vladimir's and Estragon's utterance with total sixty nine (69) tokens or thirty three percent (33%) from the whole data; acknowledgement functions occur sixty two (62) times or twenty nine percent (29%); assessment function tokens appear thirty seven (37) times or seventeen percent (17%); newsmarker functions occur thirty two (32) times or fifteen percent (15%); continuers functions appear ten (10) times or four percent (4%); change-of-activity functions occur least of all with only five (5) tokens or two percent (2%).

4.2.2.1. Continuers Token

Continuers are used to pass up the opportunity to take a more substantial turn at talk (Gardner 2005). It means that continuers are used by recipients to show that he or she understands that the speech is on progress but is not yet completed. Continuers usually appear without further content. This research found that there are ten (10) tokens or only four percent (4%) from the whole Vladimir's and Estragon's utterance which all of them appear as token "well?". Here are the data of continuers tokens:

Data 36

VLADIMIR: You're not unhappy? (The Boy hesitates.) Do you hear me?

BOY: Yes Sir.

VLADIMIR: Well?

BOY: I don't know, Sir. (p.77)

In the dialogue above, there is a continuers response token "well?" which is uttered by Vladimir. It has the function of signifying that Vladimir wants to

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give the boy opportunity to speak.

response of curiosity. It gives signal that Vladimir pays attention to what being said by the boy. Vladimir does not hold the floor, but he gives the floor back to the boy. However, the boy does not know what to talk. Vladimir feels that he is not given attention by the boy, thus he utters the response token "well?"

Data 37

VLADIMIR: But one of the four says that one of the two was saved.

ESTRAGON: Well? They don't agree and that's all there is to it. (p.8)

Different from the fragment 37, in this fragment, the continuers token "well?" appearing with expanded response establishes the alignment of the interlocutor towards the primary speaker. The token indicates that Estragon claims

something to tell from Vladimir. With the token "well?", he tries to say that it is no problem if one of the four argues about who was being saved.

4.2.2.2. Acknowledgement Token

Acknowledgement is the function of response token that aligns, agrees and confirms the prior spe Gardner (2005) said that because of the lack of

In Vladimir's and Estragon's utterance, there are sixty two (62) tokens or twenty nine percent (29%) from the total tokens. The data below are the data of acknowledgement tokens:

50

ESTRAGON: (pointing). You might button it all the same.

VLADIMIR: (stooping). True. (He buttons his fly.) Never neglect the

little things of life. (p.3)

The first data of acknowledgement function is a response token "true" uttered by Vladimir. The token indicates that he understand and agree with Estragon's statement. However, Vladimir does not give the turn immediately to Estragon after uttering response token. He gives further talk supporting Estragon's previous opinion which strengthens the response token "true". Estragon said that Vladimir should button his fly because it is still unbuttoned, and Vladimir immediately agrees to Estragon after realizes it.

Data 39

ESTRAGON: That wasn't such a bad little canter.

VLADIMIR: Yes, but now we'll have to find something else. (p.96)

There is also data of acknowledgement function of response tokens in this fragment. It is a response token "yes" which signifies that the recipient agrees on the primary speaker's utterance and he does not have any problem in understanding the utterance. Estragon says that something was not such a bad little canter. Vladimir agrees on him and utters the response token "yes". However, the content after the response shows suggestion that Vladimir has

different opinion with Estrago but

find something else

Data 40

51

VLADIMIR: Yes of course it was yesterday. (p.87)

Another data of acknowledgement function of token occurs in this fragment. It is a response token "yes of course". The token uttered by the interlocutor supports the response of the interlocutor to make sure that his statement is true. The token indicates that Vladimir understands and agrees on Estragon's utterance and the same time he stresses his agreement by uttering of course after "yes". Since the primary speaker, Estragon, is doubt with the situation, so Vladimir repeats Estragon's utterance "it was yesterday" to stresses his agreement.

Data 41

ESTRAGON: You can start from anything.

VLADIMIR: Yes, but you have to decide.

ESTRAGON: True. (p.92)

In this fragment, There are two response tokens uttered one after another. The first response token is uttered by Vladimir. It is the token "yes" which has the function of acknowledgement token. The token signifies that Vladimir understands and agrees on Estragon's utterance, but he provides a suggestion that It appears before the further

previous speaker.

The second response token is "true" uttered by Estragon. It is included in acknowledgement token which indicates that he understands Vladimir's speech. It marks conversational boundary where it signals the listener's agreement on

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In conclusion, the findings of this research have contributed to the

importance of the listener and response tokens in use. Response tokens are

important since they are used to give some signals indicating that they pay

attention to the prior speaker. It makes the previous speaker feels respected since

the speaker does not ignore him/her and thus, the conversation is maintained

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

Based on analyzed data, the writer discovers that the most tokens uttered

in Vladimir's and Estragon's utterance are response tokens without expanded

content that appear mostly in the with total eighty three (83) tokens from the

whole data; sixty seven (67) tokens appear in type of response tokens preceding

expanded response; fifty two (52) tokens occur in doublet and triplet tokens type;

ten (10) tokens appear as negative response tokens; response tokens with

premodification type occurs least of all with the amount of three (3) tokens.

On the other hand, other findings about function of the tokens uncover that

the main characters mostly use brief question tokens. Brief question functions

appear in the Vladimir's and Estragon's utterance with total sixty nine (69) tokens

from the whole data; acknowledgement functions occur sixty two (62) times;

assessment function tokens appear thirty seven (37) times or; newsmarker

functions occur thirty two (32) times; continuers functions appear ten (10) times;

change-of-activity functions occur least of all with only five (5) tokens.

The writer found that response token which appears most is token yes. It

indicates that the main characters who play as an interlocutor often agrees and

shows his understanding on the statements uttered by the speakers. Tokens yes in

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content. Both types of tokens yes are uttered as the signal that the information is

understood enough.

When it appears without expanded response, the listener feels that it does

not need to utter more response since the single token yes is enough representing

the listener's signal of understanding. However, the appearance of tokens yes

alongside the expanded tokens signifies more attention to the speaker rather than

utter single token only. When the main characters utter the tokens with expanded

response, their sociable relations are maintained better. Thus, the writer realizes

that the use of response tokens is important.

5.2. Suggestion

The writer realizes that there are further studies about response tokens. It is

suggested for the researchers in the future to examine the use of response tokens

in everyday conversation, especially the role of "mm" with the falling or raising

intonation. This study does not find the token "mm" which appears more in the

daily conversation, even though it is actually included in continuers token as

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