Performance of Quasi Real-Time Paddy Field Monitoring Systems in Indonesia.

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Udayana U Denpa

arch Institute 7-4 Motoyam Ky

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aru Mizoguc aaki Kato5 a

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tural Science kyo-Ku 1-1-okyo, Japan

tem Enginee us IPB Darm

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University, In asar, Indones

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Paddy F

onesia

chi2, Satyan and Jumpei

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Abstract:

Since 2010 paddy field monitoring systems have been installed in ten locations in Indonesia. Each system performs quasi real-time monitoring using a FieldRouter equipped with an in situ camera and connected to meteorological and soil data loggers. All parameters are measured and monitored at 30‐min intervals. Data and field images are daily transmitted to a remote server through Internet connection. During experiments, field monitoring systems showed good performance in monitoring and transmitting field data. Quasi real-time monitoring is more power-saving and Internet-cost-effective than real-time monitoring. However, its stability depends on the field solar power supply and Internet connection. If there are any problems with the Internet connection, power supply, or sensors, the field image and the data are lost. For minimizing problems in fields, it is best to involve local residents in maintaining the systems. We plan to develop an advanced data management system for analyzing the data with specific purposes bearing on climate change in the future works.

Keywords: monitoring system, paddy fields, system of rice intensification, FieldRouter, quasi real-time.

1. Introduction

Recently, scarcities of water resources and competition for their use have made water saving the main challenge to the sustainability of rice farming. Therefore, water saving technologies have become a priority in rice research [1]. In addition, the prospect of climate change has been affecting agricultural activities, particularly in paddy fields [2]. Adaptation and mitigation strategies in the face of climate change are a principal focus of rice research. Environmental data sets such as meteorological and soil data are needed to develop suitable strategies for addressing this issue.

Improvements in the technology for collecting such data from paddy fields in Indonesia via field monitoring has commenced since 2008 in the form of real-time monitoring [3]. However, the study was limited to a short-term experiment and exposed problems with the stability of real-time field monitoring. Its stability depends on the local electrical power supply and an Internet connection. Real-time monitoring was not suitable for Indonesia because paddy fields are commonly in open areas far from farmers' houses, rendering it difficult to find electrical sources to power field monitoring systems.

To solve this problem, quasi real-time monitoring with the newly developed FieldRouter [4] was introduced. The FieldRouter connects data loggers such as meteorological and soil data loggers. It then collects all measurement data from the data loggers, as well as field images, and sends them to a server daily via an Internet connection. The main objective of the present study was to

evaluate the performance of paddy field monitoring systems installed in several areas in Indonesia for quasi real-time monitoring.

2. Methods

2.1 Fields monitored

Field monitoring systems were installed in ten different paddy fields in Indonesia (Table 1). We installed the field monitoring systems gradually, starting in October 2010. The first installation was at Nusantara Organics Systems of Rice Intensification (SRI) Center (NOSC), a center for research, development, and training activities for SRI. Under SRI, reduced water input was applied in paddy fields instead of flood irrigation. The same cultivation practice was conducted in Cimanggu-Cilacap (Field 3) and Wates-Kulonprogro (Field 4).

Table 1. Location of paddy fields monitored in Indonesia

No Location Province GPS Position Time installation

1 NOCS, Nagrak-Sukabumi West Java 06º50′43′′ S, 106º48′20′′ E October 2010 2

PT. Sang Hyang Seri,

Sukamandi West Java 6°20′13.00′′ S, 107°39‘10.00′′ E

November 2010 3 Cimanggu-Cilacap Central Java 7°21′28.87′′ S, 108°52′6.05′′ E July 2011 4 Wates-Kulonprogro Yogyakarta 7°53′55.80′′ S, 110° 7′51.00′′ E November 2012 5 Umejero-Buleleng Bali 8°17′1.43′′ S, 115° 2′13.00′′ E December 2012 6 Titab-Buleleng Bali 8°16′16.43′′ S, 114°58′2.87′′ E December 2011 7 Lokapaksa-Buleleng Bali 8°12′42.44′′ S, 114°55′45.19′′E October 2012 8 Malino-Gowa South Sulawesi 5°16′31.20′′ S, 119°51′6.00′′ E November 2012 9 Bisua-Takalar South Sulawesi 5°22′56.40′′ S, 119°26′21.60′′E November 2012 10 Kampili-Gowa South Sulawesi 5°18′10.20′′ S, 119°30'51.00′′ E March 2012 Conventional rice cultivation with continuous flooding irrigation was applied in paddy fields 2 and 5–10. For field 2, rice cultivation was conducted to produce rice seed by PT. Sang Hyang Seri is an Indonesian state-owned agricultural enterprise. Fields 5–10 were located in upstream, mid-stream, and downstream regions of two well-known watersheds, Saba and Jeneberang, in Bali and South Sulawesi. Those locations were selected because they have contrasting socioeconomic backgrounds, evaluated in a preliminary study. They have faced in recent years similar water availability problems that may be consequences of climate change. Water management in the Saba watershed has a long historical background involving many aspects of nature and human life with a “subak” irrigation system [5]. In contrast, water management in the Jeneberang watershed follows a modern approach based on the establishment of the new Bili-bili Dam.

2.2 Conn

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nection syste

eloped a pad urveillance c

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Figure

nection syste d to the Dav were set up ored in each ng, operating

em for field

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e soil surfac mperature an ix potential a

e 1. Connect

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d monitoring

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dy field mon by a Bluetoo

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g

tem in Indon to meteorolo vis instrume The weather and precipi ces, Inc., U

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itoring system

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m in Indone

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through a did not u battery eq

3. Result 3.1 Acce

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Figure 2.

data for bo below the f

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/, http://x-/ for Ume ).

data paddy fi

ological and s on the we

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ield monitor

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ieldRouter/v

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fficial webs accessed t

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in Bali, Ind

resented gra are then co

site. This sy a solar pane

ite for each through http

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aphically an onverted fir

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p://x-

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A daily f the webs image ca with the NOSC, f Fig Although sent to th was dom cultivatio grew wel very you informati profile an 3.3 Mete Meteorol precipitat humidity

t growth mo

field image i site it is pres alendar. On s Internet con five field ima

gure 3. Plant

h some field he server (F minated by s on at NOSC

ll to cover t ung seedling ion from fie nalysis for b

eorological m

logical param tion were m y during 201

onitoring

is sent by th sented as a s some days, t nnection duri

ages were lo

t growth mo

d images we igure 3). In oil, owing t C. In contras he entire fie gs results in eld images etter crop m

monitoring

meters, inclu monitored we

3 at

Malino-he FieldRout single image the FieldRou ing the trans st, as shown

nitored by th

ere lost, field the early st o a single p st, in the mi eld. This res

more dry m was useful management [

data

uding solar r ell by field m

-Gowa, Sou

ter through t e in which m uter fails to s smission tim n in Figure 3

he FieldRou

d images de ages, plants planting with id-season an ult suggeste matter produ for assessin [7]. radiation, air monitoring. F th Sulawesi. the Internet monthly ima send a field me. As an ex

.

uter in NOSC

epicting plan were barely h very youn nd late-seaso ed that use o uction than t ng plant co

r temperatur Figure 4 sho . The trend o

connection age data can image when ample, in Se

C, West-Java

nt growth w y visible and ng seedlings on growth s of a single p

three plants ondition usin

re, humidity, ows daily air of air tempe

to the serve n be viewed n there is pro eptember 20

a, Indonesia

were captured d the field im

adopted for stages, the p plant per hill

per hill [6] ng plant spe

, wind speed r temperatur erature was f

er. On in an oblem 012 in d and mage r SRI plants l with . The ectral d, and e and found

to contra 29.2°C, were 98.6

Meteorol Bisua-Ta they wer panel wa by natura data we meteorol

3.4 Soil m

Soil data importan monitorin relationsh

ast that of 21.1°C, and 6%, 87.2%,

Figure 4. D

logical data akalar, Kamp re lost when as insufficien

al events suc re different logical data l

monitoring

a, including nt for monit ng. Here w hip paramete

humidity. T d 14.9°C, re

and 48.0%,

aily air temp

were lost in pili-Gowa, a n the battery

nt. Furthermo ch as severe

t in each lost during 2

data

g soil moist toring water we present

ers (Figure 5

The maximu espectively.

respectively

perature and

some locati and Malino-G

of the cons ore, data we weather or a field. For 2013 as prese

ture, soil te r status in

only prec 5).

um, average The maxim y.

d humidity at

ons on certa Gowa. Altho sole was dep ere lost when

animal (inclu example at ented in Figu

emperature, the fields. ipitation an

e, and minim mum, averag

t Malino-Go

ain dates, suc ough the dat

pleted and b n the meteor

uding ant an t Malino-G ure 4.

GWL, and Soil data w nd soil-moi

mum air te ge, and mini

owa, South S

ch as at Lok ta were store backup powe rological sen nd bee) activ Gowa, there

d soil matr were collecte

isture data

mperatures imum humi

Sulawesi.

kapaksa-Bule ed in the con

er from the nsors were br vity. The tota were 5.2%

ix potential ed well by

as cause–e were dities

eleng, nsole, solar roken al lost % of

l, are field effect

At Malin in the ear 5). Soil m Novembe However occurred sensor ca as occurr Common condition 3.5 Discu Quasi re monitorin were stor for obser moisture in the fie

Figure 5. So

no-Gowa, co rly crop seas moisture the er 2013.

r, some data at the 5 cm able was unp

red at Bisua nly, all prob ns, though hu

ussion eal-time mon

ng, based on red in the fie rving plant g data, were r elds. This ex

oil moisture

onventional r son, as indic en dropped b

a such as for m soil depth i

plugged from -Takalar, NO blems are ca

uman error m

nitoring in n experience eld data logg growth and c required as b xperiment re

and precipit

rice cultivat cated by the by the end o

r soil moistu in August 2 m the data lo OCS, Ciman aused by na may also cau

Indonesian e. Although gers and sent condition and basic inform evealed that

tation data a

tion with con soil moistur of the crop s

ure were also 013 (Figure ogger or the nggu-Cilacap atural events use the probl

paddy field this monitor t daily to the d the daily n mation to mon

quasi real-t

at Malino-Go

ntinuous flo re level abov season, occu

o lost when 5). In addit e battery of t p, and PT. S s, such as h lems.

ds was more ring did not e server. The numeric data nitor water s time monitor

owa, South S

ooding irriga ve the satura urring at the

n the sensors tion, data we the data logg Sang Hyang heavy rain o

e appropriat send real-tim e daily field i a, the meteor status and w

ring was mo

Sulawesi

ation was ap ation line (F end of June

s were broke ere lost whe ger was depl Seri-Sukam or extremely

te than real me data, the image was u rological and weather condi ore power-sa pplied Figure e and en, as en the leted, mandi. y dry l-time e data useful d soil itions aving

Since 2010 the field situations have been monitored effectively by a field monitoring system that yields numeric and image data. The data were very important for improving crop management under conditions of climate change. However, the stability of current monitoring systems depends on the field solar power supply and the Internet connection. If there are any problems with the Internet connection during the data transmission time, the field image is lost. In addition, data are lost when the sensors are broken, the battery of the data logger is depleted, or the sensor cable is unplugged from the data logger.

4. Conclusions and future works

The field monitoring system showed good performance for long-term experiments. It was effective, efficient, and reliable in monitoring paddy fields in Indonesia. The actual field conditions were monitored well in term of image, numeric, and graphical data acquisition. Although this monitoring did not send real-time data, the data were stored in the field data loggers. Quasi real-time monitoring was more power-saving and Internet-cost-effective than real-time monitoring. However, some problems also occurred in the fields that caused data loss. For better maintenance and to minimize the problems, it is best to involve local people in maintaining the system. In addition, an advanced data management system should be developed in the future works by analyzing the data with specific purposes dealing with climate change.

Acknowledgments

This research was part of a research project entitled “Environmental Monitoring System on the Advancement of the System of Rice Intensification (EMSA-SRI)”collaboration with the University of Tokyo, funded by the Ministry of Education, Republic of Indonesia (2010–2012), with subsequent support from the Research Institute of Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Japan, in its collaborative project with Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) launched in 2011 and entitled “Designing Local Framework for Integrated Water Resources Management”.

References

1. Barker, R., Dawe, D., Tuong, T.P., Bhuiyan, S.I., Guerra, L.C., 2000. The outlook for water resources in the year 2020: challenges for research on water management in rice production. International Rice Commission Newsletter 49, 7-21

2. De Silva, C.S., Weatherhead, E.K., Knox, J.W., Rodriguez-Diaz, J.A., 2007. Predicting the impacts of climate change - A case study of paddy irrigation water requirements in Sri Lanka. Agr Water Manage 93, 19-29

3. Setiawan, B.I., Mizoguchi, M., Arif, C., Ito, T., 2010. Environmental Monitoring System on the Advancement of the System of Rice Intensification in Asian Countries, AFITA 2010 International Conference: the Quality Information for Competitive Agricultural based Production System and Commerce, Bogor, Indonesia

4. Mizoguchi, M., Ito, T., Arif, C., Mitsuishi, S., Akazawa, M., 2011. Quasi real-time field network system for monitoring remote agricultural fields, SICE Annual Conference 2011, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 1586-1589.

5. Suarja, I.G., Thijssen, R. 2003. Traditional Water Management in Bali. LEISA Magazine, September 2003 pp.25-26. Accesses at [23May 2014]:

http://www.fao.org/prods/gap/database/gap/files/597_WATER_MGMT_BALI.PDF 6. San-oh, Y., Mano, Y., Ookawa, T., Hirasawa, T., 2004. Comparison of dry matter

production and associated characteristics between direct-sown and transplanted rice plants in a submerged paddy field and relationships to planting patterns. Field Crop Res 87, 43-58 7. Doi, R., C. Arif, B.I. Setiawan and M. Mizoguchi, 2013. Quantitative use of

luminosity-normalized grayscale images of greenness, redness and yellowness of a rice canopy derived from multi-temporally acquired digital photographs. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 15: 707-712

8. Manzano, V.J.P., Mizoguchi, M., Mitsuishi, S., Ito, T., 2011. IT field monitoring in a Japanese system of rice intensification (J-SRI). Paddy Water Environ 9, 249-255.

through a did not u battery eq 3. Result 3.1 Acce The raw monitore ability.jp ability.jp Buleleng

The raw located b particular

a GSM conn use electrica

quipped with ts and Discu ssing Data

data and da ed. For ex p/FieldRoute p/FieldRoute g, respectivel

Figure 2. data for bo below the f

r software b

nection. The al power from

h a regulator ussion

aily field im ample, fiel r/vbox0081/ r/vbox0062/ ly (Figure 2)

Accessing d oth meteoro field images efore further

e data is obt m farmers' h r as the main

mage can be ds monitor /, http://x-/ for Ume ).

data paddy fi ological and

s on the we r analysis.

tained via F houses or ot n power sour

accessed th red in Bal -ability.jp/Fi ejero-Bulele

ield monitor soil param ebsites. The

FieldRouter o ther sources rce.

hrough an of li can be ieldRouter/v eng,

Titab-ring systems meters are pr

e raw data

official web s, but only a

fficial webs accessed t vbox0048/, -Buleleng a

in Bali, Ind resented gra are then co

site. This sy a solar pane

ite for each through http

and http and Lokap

donesia aphically an

onverted fir ystem el and

field p://x-

paksa-d are st by

3.2 Plant A daily f the webs image ca with the NOSC, f Fig Although sent to th was dom cultivatio grew wel very you informati profile an 3.3 Mete Meteorol precipitat humidity

t growth mo field image i site it is pres alendar. On s Internet con five field ima

gure 3. Plant h some field he server (F minated by s on at NOSC

ll to cover t ung seedling ion from fie nalysis for b eorological m

logical param tion were m y during 201

onitoring is sent by th sented as a s some days, t nnection duri

ages were lo

t growth mo d images we igure 3). In oil, owing t C. In contras he entire fie gs results in eld images etter crop m monitoring meters, inclu monitored we

3 at

Malino-he FieldRout single image the FieldRou ing the trans st, as shown

nitored by th ere lost, field the early st o a single p st, in the mi eld. This res

more dry m was useful management [

data uding solar r ell by field m

-Gowa, Sou

ter through t e in which m uter fails to s smission tim n in Figure 3

he FieldRou d images de

ages, plants planting with id-season an ult suggeste matter produ for assessin [7]. radiation, air monitoring. F th Sulawesi. the Internet monthly ima send a field me. As an ex

.

uter in NOSC epicting plan were barely h very youn nd late-seaso ed that use o uction than t ng plant co

r temperatur Figure 4 sho . The trend o

connection age data can image when ample, in Se

C, West-Java nt growth w y visible and ng seedlings on growth s of a single p

three plants ondition usin

re, humidity, ows daily air of air tempe

to the serve n be viewed n there is pro eptember 20

a, Indonesia were captured

d the field im adopted for stages, the p plant per hill

per hill [6] ng plant spe

, wind speed r temperatur erature was f

er. On in an oblem 012 in d and mage r SRI plants l with . The ectral d, and e and found

to contra 29.2°C, were 98.6

Meteorol Bisua-Ta they wer panel wa by natura data we meteorol 3.4 Soil m Soil data importan monitorin relationsh

ast that of 21.1°C, and 6%, 87.2%,

Figure 4. D logical data akalar, Kamp re lost when as insufficien

al events suc re different logical data l monitoring a, including nt for monit ng. Here w hip paramete

humidity. T d 14.9°C, re

and 48.0%,

aily air temp were lost in pili-Gowa, a n the battery

nt. Furthermo ch as severe

t in each lost during 2

data

g soil moist toring water we present

ers (Figure 5

The maximu espectively.

respectively

perature and some locati and Malino-G

of the cons ore, data we weather or a field. For 2013 as prese

ture, soil te r status in

only prec 5).

um, average The maxim y.

d humidity at ons on certa Gowa. Altho sole was dep ere lost when

animal (inclu example at ented in Figu

emperature, the fields. ipitation an

e, and minim mum, averag

t Malino-Go ain dates, suc

ough the dat pleted and b n the meteor

uding ant an t Malino-G ure 4.

GWL, and Soil data w nd soil-moi

mum air te ge, and mini

owa, South S ch as at Lok ta were store backup powe rological sen nd bee) activ Gowa, there

d soil matr were collecte

isture data

mperatures imum humi

Sulawesi. kapaksa-Bule

ed in the con er from the nsors were br vity. The tota were 5.2%

ix potential ed well by

as cause–e were dities

eleng, nsole, solar roken al lost % of

l, are field effect

At Malin in the ear 5). Soil m Novembe However occurred sensor ca as occurr Common condition 3.5 Discu Quasi re monitorin were stor for obser moisture in the fie and Inter

Figure 5. So no-Gowa, co

rly crop seas moisture the er 2013. r, some data

at the 5 cm able was unp

red at Bisua nly, all prob ns, though hu ussion eal-time mon

ng, based on red in the fie rving plant g data, were r elds. This ex rnet-cost effe

oil moisture onventional r

son, as indic en dropped b

a such as for m soil depth i

plugged from -Takalar, NO blems are ca

uman error m

nitoring in n experience eld data logg growth and c required as b xperiment re ective than th

and precipit rice cultivat cated by the by the end o

r soil moistu in August 2 m the data lo OCS, Ciman aused by na may also cau

Indonesian e. Although gers and sent condition and basic inform evealed that

he real-time

tation data a tion with con

soil moistur of the crop s

ure were also 013 (Figure ogger or the nggu-Cilacap atural events use the probl

paddy field this monitor t daily to the d the daily n mation to mon

quasi real-t monitoring

at Malino-Go ntinuous flo re level abov season, occu

o lost when 5). In addit e battery of t p, and PT. S s, such as h lems.

ds was more ring did not e server. The numeric data nitor water s time monitor developed i

owa, South S ooding irriga ve the satura urring at the

n the sensors tion, data we the data logg Sang Hyang heavy rain o

e appropriat send real-tim e daily field i a, the meteor status and w

ring was mo in the previo

Sulawesi ation was ap

ation line (F end of June

s were broke ere lost whe ger was depl Seri-Sukam or extremely

te than real me data, the image was u rological and weather condi

ore power-sa ous study [3,

pplied Figure e and en, as en the leted, mandi. y dry l-time e data useful d soil itions aving 8].

Since 2010 the field situations have been monitored effectively by a field monitoring system that yields numeric and image data. The data were very important for improving crop management under conditions of climate change. However, the stability of current monitoring systems depends on the field solar power supply and the Internet connection. If there are any problems with the Internet connection during the data transmission time, the field image is lost. In addition, data are lost when the sensors are broken, the battery of the data logger is depleted, or the sensor cable is unplugged from the data logger.

4. Conclusions and future works

The field monitoring system showed good performance for long-term experiments. It was effective, efficient, and reliable in monitoring paddy fields in Indonesia. The actual field conditions were monitored well in term of image, numeric, and graphical data acquisition. Although this monitoring did not send real-time data, the data were stored in the field data loggers. Quasi real-time monitoring was more power-saving and Internet-cost-effective than real-time monitoring. However, some problems also occurred in the fields that caused data loss. For better maintenance and to minimize the problems, it is best to involve local people in maintaining the system. In addition, an advanced data management system should be developed in the future works by analyzing the data with specific purposes dealing with climate change. Acknowledgments

This research was part of a research project entitled “Environmental Monitoring System on the Advancement of the System of Rice Intensification (EMSA-SRI)”collaboration with the University of Tokyo, funded by the Ministry of Education, Republic of Indonesia (2010–2012), with subsequent support from the Research Institute of Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Japan, in its collaborative project with Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) launched in 2011 and entitled “Designing Local Framework for Integrated Water Resources Management”.

References

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