MAGIC LAWS AND THE FUNCTIONS OF FANTASY IN A FANTASY NOVEL.

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Gavra Cindy Anelis, 2013

Magic Laws And The Functions Of Fantasy In A Fantasy Novel

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu|perpustakaan.upi.edu

MAGIC LAWS AND THE FUNCTIONS OF

FANTASY IN A FANTASY NOVEL

A Research Paper

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree

GAVRA CINDY AMELIS 0703765

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

THE FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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MAGIC LAWS AND THE FUNCTIONS

OF FANTASY IN A FANTASY NOVEL

Oleh

Gavra Cindy Amelis

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra

April 2013

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.

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Gavra Cindy Anelis, 2013

Magic Laws And The Functions Of Fantasy In A Fantasy Novel

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu|perpustakaan.upi.edu

Magic Laws and the Functions of Fantasy in a Fantasy Novel

Gavra Cindy Amelis 0703765

Approved by

Main Supervisor

Dr. Bachrudin Musthafa, MA NIP. 195703101987031001

Co-Supervisor

Budi Hermawan, S.Pd., M.PC. NIP. 197308072002121002

Head of English Department Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

Prof. Dr. H. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001

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ABSTRACT

This present research is entitled “Magic Laws and the Functions of Fantasy in a Fantasy Novel”. It aims to investigate the kinds of magic laws, the functions of the fantasy, and how these elements work to construct the story in The Lightning Thief, a fantasy novel written by Rick Riordan (2005).

The present research uses a descriptive qualitative method. The collected data in the form of words, phrases, and sentences were categorized into the kind of magic laws used in The Lightning Thief, the functions of the fantasy as evidenced in the novel, and how these elements work to construct the story. Textual analysis is used to reveal the answers to the research questions. Magic Law theory as proposed by Nikolajeva (1988) and Tolkien’s function of fantasy (1966) are used as the framework theory of this research.

This research reveals that the kinds of magic laws used in The Lightning Thief are limitation, the idea that magic must be limited, and consistency, that secondary world must be constructed logically by creating and then obeying its rules. In addition, there are two functions of fantasy served in the novel which are recovery which is the regaining of a clear view, and escape which is regarding the desire for some qualities and the escape from modern world. The magic laws and functions of fantasy construct the story to be interesting, believable, and related to human life by creating the element of wonder, creating the element of surprise, maintaining the balance between primary and secondary world, composing the inner logic of the story, and conveying some interesting issues.

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Gavra Cindy Anelis, 2013

Magic Laws And The Functions Of Fantasy In A Fantasy Novel

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu|perpustakaan.upi.edu

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini berjudul “Magic Laws and the Functions of Fantasy in a

Fantasy Novel”. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah meneliti jenis-jenis hukum sihir, fungsi-fungsi fantasi, dan bagaimana elemen-elemen ini bekerja untuk membangun cerita dalam novel fantasi The Lightning Thief yang ditulis oleh Rick Riordan (2005).

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data yang dikumpulkan dalam bentuk kata, frasa, dan kalimat dikategorisasikan kedalam jenis hukum sihir yang digunakan dalam novel The Lightning Thief, fungsi fantasi yang ditunjukkan dalam novel, dan bagaimana elemen-elemen ini bekerja untuk membangun cerita. Analisis tekstual digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian. Teori Hukum Sihir yang dikemukakan Nikolajeva (1988) dan Fungsi Fantasi yang dikemukakan Tolkien (1966) merupakan kerangka teori dari penelitian ini.

Penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa jenis Hukum Sihir yang digunakan dalam novel The Lightning Thief adalah limitation, konsep bahwa sihir harus dibatasi, dan consistency, bahwa dunia fantasi harus didirikan secara logis dengan menciptakan dan mematuhi peraturan-peraturan yang ada di dalamnya. Selain itu, ada dua fungsi fantasi yang disajikan dalam novel ini, yaitu recovery yang berarti memperoleh kembali sebuah pandangan yang jelas, dan escape yang berkaitan dengan keinginan atas beberapa kualitas tertentu dan pelarian dari dunia moderen. Hukum dan fungsi fantasi ini membangun cerita yang menarik, dapat dipercaya, dan berkaitan dengan kehidupan manusia dengan menciptakan elemen keajaiban, menciptakan elemen kejutan, menjaga keseimbangan “dunia primer” dan “dunia

sekunder”, membuat inner logic dalam cerita, dan mengungkapkan beberapa isu/persoalan yang menarik.

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of Research ... 1

1.2Statement of Problem ... 3

1.3Aims of Research ... 4

1.4Research Methodology... 4

1.5Clarification of Terms ... 5

1.6Organization of Research ... 7

CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FOUNDATION 2.1 Fantasy Literature ... 8

2.1.1 Definition of Fantasy ... 8

2.1.2 Subgenres of fantasy ... 12

2.2Fantasy and The Magic Laws ... 14

2.3The Functions of Fantasy ... 19

2.4The Elements of Fiction ... 21

2.4.1 Plot ... 22

2.4.2 Character ... 23

2.4.3 Setting ... 25

2.4.4 Theme ... 27

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Gavra Cindy Anelis, 2013

Magic Laws And The Functions Of Fantasy In A Fantasy Novel

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu|perpustakaan.upi.edu

3.1Research Questions ... 29

3.2Subject of the Research ... 29

3.3Data Collection ... 30

3.4Data Analysis ... 30

3.5Data Presentation ... 32

CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1Findings ... 35

4.1.1 The Magic Laws ... 38

4.1.1.1 Consistency ... 38

4.1.1.1.1 Consistency of Magical Characters ... 39

4.1.1.1.1.1 The Magical Characters Are Based on Greek Mythology ... 40

4.1.1.1.1.2 The Magical Characters Have Particular Nature and Ability ... 42

4.1.1.1.1.3 The Magical Characters Adjust Themselves into the Mortal World When They Interfere With Mortal World ... 46

4.1.1.1.1.4 The Magical Characters Are Immortal ... 50

4.1.1.1.1.5 There Is Motive behind the Living of the Magical Characters in Mortal World ... 52

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4.1.1.1.1.6 The Gods Move along with Western Civilization ... 53 4.1.1.1.2 Consistency of Magical Settings ... 54 4.1.1.1.2.1 Magical Settings Have Particular Condition and Mechanism ... 55 4.1.1.1.2.2 Mount Olympus and Underworld Move as the Gods Do ... 58 4.1.1.1.2.3 Magical Setting Has Boundaries That Contact Them to Primary World ... 59 4.1.1.1.3 Consistency of Magical Objects ... 60 4.1.1.1.3.1 Mist Is Generated to Obscure the Vision of Human ... 61 4.1.1.1.3.2 There is Spoil of War Comes from the Monster’s Remains ... 63 4.1.1.2 Limitation ... 64 4.1.1.2.1 Limitation of Magical Characters ... 64 4.1.1.2.1.1 The Magical Powers of Magical Characters Are Limited ... 64 4.1.1.2.1.2 The Actions of Magical Characters Are Limited by Prohibition ... 67 4.1.1.2.1.3 Immortal Magical Characters Can Be Wounded or Killed ... 68

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Magic Laws And The Functions Of Fantasy In A Fantasy Novel

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu|perpustakaan.upi.edu

vii 4.1.1.2.1.4 Magical Characters Do Not Have

Authority ... 69

4.1.1.2.2 Limitation of Magical Settings ... 70

4.1.1.2.3 Limitation of Magical Objects ... 71

4.1.2 The Functions of Fantasy ... 71

4.1.2.1. Recovery ... 71

4.1.2.1.1 Magical Characters’ Function as Recovery ... 72

4.1.2.1.1.1 Magical Characters’ Nature and Ability ... 72

4.1.2.1.1.2 Magical Characters’ Adjustment ... 73

4.1.2.1.1.3 Magical Characters’ Motive ... 76

4.1.2.1.1.4 Magical Characters’ Limitation of Ability ... 77

4.1.2.1.1.5 Magical Characters’ Prohibition ... 79

4.1.2.1.1.6 Magical Characters’ Vulnerability .... 80

4.1.2.1.1.7 Magical Characters’ Authority ... 81

4.1.2.1.2 Magical Settings’ Function as Recovery ... 81

4.1.2.1.2.1 Magical Settings’ Condition and Mechanism ... 82

4.1.2.1.2.2 Magical Settings’ Adjustment ... 83

4.1.2.1.2.3 Magical Settings’ Boundary ... 83

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4.1.2.1.3.1 The Obscurity Which Is Created by the

Mist ... 85

4.1.2.2. Escape ... 86

4.1.2.2.1 Magical Characters’ Function as Escape ... 87

4.1.2.2.1.1 Magical Characters Who Are Based on Greek Mythology ... 87

4.1.2.2.1.2 Magical Characters’ Nature and Ability ... 88

4.1.2.2.1.3 Magical Characters’ Immortality ... 90

4.1.2.2.1.4 Magical Characters’ Motive ... 91

4.1.2.2.1.5 The Gods’ Movement ... 92

4.1.2.2.1.6 Magical Characters’ Limitation of Ability ... 93

4.1.2.2.1.7 Magical Characters’ Prohibition ... 94

4.1.2.2.2 Magical Settings’ Function as Escape ... 95

4.1.2.2.2.1 Magical Settings’ Condition and Mechanism ... 95

4.1.2.2.2.2 Magical Settings’ Movement ... 96

4.1.1.4.2.3 Magical Settings’ Boundary ... 98

4.1.2.2.3 Magical Objects’ Function as Escape ... 98

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Gavra Cindy Anelis, 2013

Magic Laws And The Functions Of Fantasy In A Fantasy Novel

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu|perpustakaan.upi.edu

ix 4.1.2.3. How Magic Laws and Functions of Fantasy Construct the Story ... 99 4.2Discussions ... 103

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1Conclusion ... 108 5.2 Suggestion ... 109

References ... 110 Appendix

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the introduction of the research which covers background of research, statements of problem, aims of research, research methodology, data collection, data analysis, clarification of terms, and organization of research.

1.1 Background of Research

Many fantasy novels are adapted into fantasy films and get public’s attention. One of them is Harry Potter film series, which was adapted into a film and was very successful. Abramowitz (2009), through her writing for Los Angeles Times, said that the first five Potter films have generated $4.4 billion in global box-office. Searching for another 'Harry Potter'-like success, Hollywood studios adapted other fantasy novels into films. One of them was Percy Jackson & The Olympians: The Lightning Thief film, which was released in 2009. The film was adapted from the first novel of Percy Jackson and the Olympians series, which was written by Rick Riordan, The Lightning Thief. According to Nielsen Bookscan, the first four books in the series have sold nearly 1.5 million copies (Rich, 2008).

After Percy Jackson & The Olympians: The Lightning Thief was released, the comparison between Percy Jackson and Harry Potter, both of the novel and the film, arose. Chris Columbus, the director of Percy Jackson & The Olympians: The

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Gavra Cindy Anelis, 2013

Magic Laws And The Functions Of Fantasy In A Fantasy Novel

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu|perpustakaan.upi.edu

2 Lightning Thief and the first two Harry Potter films, finds the similarities between the story of Harry Potter and the story of Percy Jackson. Through an exclusive interview conducted by Spelling in 2010, Columbus argued that the comparisons were inevitable in novels or films under the same fantasy genre. It is not astonishing that the two stories share similarities as they are adapted from fantasy fiction.

The same argument was stated by Rick Riordan, the author of The Lightning Thief. In his personal website, rickriordan.com, Riordan said that the comparisons to Harry Potter are inevitable for any new children’s fantasy. Commenting on the issue of similarities between Percy Jackson and Harry Potter, Riordan argued that these two stories are similar because they use folklore and mythology as their sources. Although these two novels share similarities, Rick Riordan considered Percy Jackson and Harry Potter as different boys, with different backgrounds, in different worlds.

The success of Harry Potter film series followed the success of the novel series, which is written by J.K. Rowling and came to public first in 1997. The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling has become bestseller by selling more than 325 million copies around the world. It “has become one of the most successful book publishing sensations of all time” (Pooley, 2007).

Following the success of the films and the novels, some studies have been conducted to discuss both of the novels and the films, for example the study conducted by Husain (2009) and that by Barton (2006). Both of the studies reveal that the magic world of Harry Potter becomes a metaphor of non-magical world

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and presents some rules, operation, and system which exist in real world, such as in colonial context (Husain, 2009) and government context (Barton, 2006)

Another study, Harry Potter and the Fundamentals of Fantasy written by Martin (2007), also discusses about Harry Potter novel. Martin (2007) argues that it is the limited power of magic which brings tension to the story. Limited power can be a component that makes a story work, as Harry Potter story does.

Some studies have been conducted to discuss the limitation of magic in Harry Potter series. One of them is a study which was conducted by Watts in 2006. Using the idea of Magic Law offered by Maria Nikolajeva and Gote Klingberg, Watts (2006) finds that Rowling has built a magic world which is fulfilled with rules about how magic is supposed to be used and in which ways magic are allowed to be used. In Harry Potter series, Rowling limits the magic by creating its rules in such a way that the problems on the story are not easily solved by just a spell or wand. However, Watts (2006) also finds some inconsistencies in the rules of Harry Potter world which have impacts on the story.

This research investigates what kinds of magic laws are used in The Lightning Thief, the functions of fantasy as evidenced in the novel, and how these elements construct the story.

1.2 Statements of Problem

This research is geared towards answering the following research questions:

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Gavra Cindy Anelis, 2013

Magic Laws And The Functions Of Fantasy In A Fantasy Novel

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu|perpustakaan.upi.edu

4 2. What functions does the fantasy serve as evidenced in the text? 3. How do these elements work to construct the story?

1.3 Aims of Research

The research is aimed:

1. To reveal the kinds of magic laws in The Lightning Thief 2. To reveal the functions of fantasy as evidenced in the novel

3. To reveal how magic laws and the functions of fantasy work to construct the story.

1.4 Research Methodology

The research uses a descriptive qualitative method. The research investigates the kinds of magic laws used in The Lightning Thief, the functions of the fantasy as evidenced in the novel, and how these elements work to construct the story. Textual analysis is used to critically select and examine the textual evidence which serve as the answers to the research questions.

The data for this research were in the form of words, phrases, and sentences which were intentionally selected and examined from the novel to answer the research questions. The data were collected by critically selecting and examining the words, phrases, and sentences which answer the research questions.

The collected data were categorized into what kinds of magic laws are found in The Lightning Thief, functions of fantasy as evidenced in the novel, and how these elements work to construct the story. Magic Law theory as proposed by

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Nikolajeva (1988) and Tolkien’s function of fantasy (1966) are used as the framework theory to analyze the data.

1.5 Clarification of Terms

The following is the clarification of terms used in this research:

1. Fantasy is the work of fiction which is usually novel length and involves the supernatural or some other unreal elements (The Oxford Companion to Children’s Literature, 1984, as cited in Nikolajeva, 1988). In addition, Merriam-Webster dictionary defines it as “a creation of the imaginative faculty whether expressed or merely conceived”. This resembles the notion of “the marvellous” suggested by Swinfen (1984), as cited in Nikolajeva (1988), which is regarded as “anything outside the normal space-time continuum of the everyday world”.

2. Magic Law is the laws and rules that operate in fantasy literature. According to Nikolajeva (1988), magic law is divided into limitation and consistency

3. Limitation is the law that magic must be limited (Nikolajeva, 1988) 4. Consistency means that secondary world must be constructed logically, by

creating and then obeying its rules (Nikolajeva, 1988)

5. Secondary world, according to Lewis (1955), as cited in Nikolajeva (1988), is totally Other World with another nature, which is possibly reached only by the use of magic.

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Magic Laws And The Functions Of Fantasy In A Fantasy Novel

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu|perpustakaan.upi.edu

6 6. Primary world is the textual world which is resembling the human’s

world.

7. Functions of fantasy, according to Tolkien (1966), as cited in Sammons (2010), are the three advantages of fantasy which are identified in Tolkien’s essay, On Fairy Stories. The advantages are recovery, escape, and consolation.

8. Recovery is the regaining of a clear view (Tolkien, 1966). By reading fantasy, the readers are able to rediscover reality, see things more clearly (Sammons, 2010), and change the view of real world (Lewis, 1982, as cited in Sammons, 2010).

9. Escape, according to Tolkien (1966), is the function of fantasy which focuses on the recollection of a desire for some qualities that can no longer be fulfilled in real world. Fantasy deals with what is fundamental and real and also escapes the modern world (Sammons, 2010).

10.Consolation is the function of fantasy in which a fantasy should give the reader sudden joyous turn of events when good triumphs (Tolkien, 1966, as cited in Sammons, 2010). Tolkien (1966) argues that the consolation of happy ending is important in fantasy.

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1.6 Organization of Research

This research is organized into five chapters.

Chapter I is Background which consists of background of research, statements of problem, aims of research, research methodology, data collection, data analysis, clarification of terms, and organization of research.

Chapter II is Theoretical Foundation, which consists of the theoretical foundation related to the research. It covers the definition and elaboration of fantasy literature, fantasy and the magic laws, the functions of fantasy, the elements of fiction, and previous study of fantasy literature.

Chapter III is Research Methodology. This chapter presents the research method and the data presentation of the research. This chapter also covers research questions, subject of the research, data collection, and data analysis.

Chapter IV is Findings and Discussion which consists of findings and discussion of this research. The findings are divided into three sections. The first section is the magic laws, the second section is the functions of fantasy, and the third section is how magic laws and functions of fantasy construct the story.

Chapter V is Conclusion and Suggestion which presents the conclusion of the research, which are based on the findings and the discussion in the previous chapters. This chapter also presents the suggestion for further research on text analysis.

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Gavra Cindy Anelis, 2013

Magic Laws And The Functions Of Fantasy In A Fantasy Novel

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu|perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research method and the data presentation of the research. This chapter also covers research questions, subject of the research, data collection, and data analysis.

3.1 Research Questions

The research is geared towards answering the following research questions:

1. What kind of magic laws are found in The Lightning Thief? 2. What functions does the fantasy serve as evidenced in the text? 3. How do these elements work to construct the story?

3.2 Subject of the Research

A novel entitled The Lightning Thief was chosen as the subject of this research. The Lightning Thief, which consists of 22 chapters, is the first novel of the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series. This novel was written by Rick Riordan (2005) and published by Miramax Books. This research used the e-book pdf version of The Lightning Thief which was downloaded from Readers Stuffz Articles & Ebooks in March 2011.

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3.3. Data Collection

The data for this research are in the form of words, phrases, and sentences taken from The Lightning Thief, a novel which was written by Rick Riordan and consists of 22 chapters. The data which served as the textual evidence that answers the research questions were critically selected and examined from the novel.

3.4. Data Analysis

The present research uses a descriptive qualitative method. The collected data were categorized into the kind of magic laws used in The Lightning Thief, the functions of the fantasy as evidenced in the novel, and how these elements work to construct the story. Textual analysis is used to reveal the answers to the research questions.

In conducting the research, the first step taken was reading the novel critically and thoroughly. The next step was identifying, selecting, and examining words, phrases, and sentences, which serve as the textual evidence to answer the research questions. Because the research wants to reveal the magic laws used in the novel, the textual evidence which were gathered from the novel are the words, phrases, and sentences that show the existence of magic. After identifying, selecting, and examining the words, phrases, and sentences that show the existence of magic to be the textual evidence, the textual evidence were further categorized into magical characters, magical settings, and magical objects. The understanding about the elements of fiction is helpful to get the textual evidence

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Gavra Cindy Anelis, 2013

Magic Laws And The Functions Of Fantasy In A Fantasy Novel

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu|perpustakaan.upi.edu

regarding the characters, settings, and objects from the fantasy novel. In addition, after being categorized into magical characters, settings, and objects, the textual evidence were categorized into two kinds of magic laws, using the Magic Laws theory offered by Nikolajeva (1988). Afterwards, the functions of fantasy of the magical characters, settings, and objects, which were categorized into two kinds

of magic laws, were determined using Tolkien’s functions of fantasy (1966).

After the magic laws and the functions of fantasy were determined, the research investigated how these elements work to construct the story. The magical characters, settings, and objects which were under the categorization of magic laws show certain functions of fantasy. The research attempts to reveals the importance of the magic laws and functions of fantasy to the construction of the story. The research interpreted the gathered data to reveal how the magic laws and the functions of fantasy work to construct the story. The next step taken was drawing conclusion based on findings and making suggestions for further research.

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3.5. Data Presentation

The analyzed data are then presented in tables such as the following:

How The Magic Laws and The Functions of Fantasy in the Lightning Thief Construct the Story N o Chapter/ Page Kinds of Magic Laws Functions of Fantasy Magical

Characters Textual Evidence Comment

How They Construct The Story

Consistency: The Magical Characters are based on Greek mythology

Escape

A rule which is operating in the novel is that the magical characters are based on the

characters of Greek

mythology.

The characters that are based on Greek mythology function as an escape because they

show an escape from

modernity, such as machine and technology, and instead they are rooted from ancient

source such as Greek

mythology. The characters

depict non-rational

phenomena and satisfy the desire to glimpse other world which is filled with ancient characters although it sets in modern world.

The magical characters who

are based on Greek

mythology and escape from modernity construct an interesting story by creating the element of wonder in the text. They construct a world sets in modern world but is

filled with magical

characters who are based on

Greek mythology. The

characters maintain the story to be interesting and keep the reader to be enchanted to the story as they fulfill desire to take a look at things which

are impossible under

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Magic Laws And The Functions Of Fantasy In A Fantasy Novel

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu|perpustakaan.upi.edu

Chapter 4, page 33 Mythical creatures: Satyrs

"Blaa-ha-ha! There are satyrs who would trample you underhoof for such an insult!"

"Whoa. Wait. Satyrs. You mean like ... Mr. Brunner's myths?"

Percy refers Satyrs to the creatures told by his Latin

teacher’s myths. Chapter 7, page 61 Mythical creatures: Chiron

He smiled down at me.

"The Chiron from the stories? Trainer of Hercules and all that? Yes, Percy, I am."

Chiron confirms himself as Chiron, the trainer of Hercules that exists in Greek mythology. Chapter 4, page 33 Mythical creatures: The Furies

and The

Fates

"Were those old ladies at the fruit stand a myth, Percy? Was Mrs. Dodds a myth?"

"So you admit there was a Mrs. Dodds!" "Of course."

Grover argues that Mrs. Dodds as one of the Furies and the Fates are not merely a myth but are real. The Furies and Fates are characters that

are based on Greek

mythology.

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This chapter has briefly discussed the research methodology. The next chapter (Chapter IV) will explain how these theories are applied to achieve the aims of this research.

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108 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter presents the conclusion of the research, which are based on the findings and the discussion in the previous chapter. This chapter also presents the suggestion for further research on text analysis.

5.1. Conclusion

This research has investigated the kinds of magic laws used in The Lightning Thief, a fantasy novel written by Rick Riordan (2005), the functions of the fantasy as evidenced in the novel, and how these elements work to construct the story.

The research reveals that the magic in The Lightning Thief are categorized into two kinds of magic laws: limitation and consistency. The analysis shows that consistency is magic law that is mostly used, followed by limitation. Both of the consistency and limitation operate to magical characters, magical settings, and magical objects.

The magical objects, settings, and characters in The Lightning Thief, which were categorized under two kinds of magic laws, shows two functions of fantasy which are recovery and escape.

The research reveals that the magic laws and the functions of fantasy construct the story of the novel to be interesting, believable, and related to human

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life. As the result, The Lightning Thief can be counted as a successful fantasy novel.

5.2. Suggestion

Having conducted the investigation, the research recommends the followings:

 Further research should use a bigger number of fantasy novels to arrive at more strongly grounded findings

 Further research can use different perspective in addition to magic laws such as the magic space, magic time, magic passage, or magic impact which are also proposed by Nikolajeva (1988)

 Further research can focus only on one element of fantasy novel, for example magical characters and how they contribute to the development of story, or magical setting and its functions to construct the story.

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110 REFERENCES

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Athans, P., & Salvatore, R. A. (2010). The Guide to Writing Fantasy and Science Fiction. United States of America: Adams Media Corporation.

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Bolton, L. (2002). The Everything: Classical Mythology Book. United States of America: Adams Media Corporation.

Brooks, M. (2004). Writing Young Adult and Children's Science Fiction & Fantasy: Make the Impossible Possible. Available online at:

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Hawthorn, J. (2001). Studying the Novel (4th Ed.) United States of America: Oxford University.

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Gavra Cindy Anelis, 2013

Magic Laws And The Functions Of Fantasy In A Fantasy Novel

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu|perpustakaan.upi.edu

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion

The magical objects, settings, and characters in The Lightning Thief, which were categorized under two kinds of magic laws, shows two functions of fantasy which are recovery and escape.

The research reveals that the magic laws and the functions of fantasy construct the story of the novel to be interesting, believable, and related to human

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life. As the result, The Lightning Thief can be counted as a successful fantasy novel.

5.2. Suggestion

Having conducted the investigation, the research recommends the followings:

 Further research should use a bigger number of fantasy novels to arrive at more strongly grounded findings

 Further research can use different perspective in addition to magic laws such as the magic space, magic time, magic passage, or magic impact which are also proposed by Nikolajeva (1988)

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REFERENCES