Sediment grain size distribution in the Lake Laut Tawar, Aceh Province, Indonesia

AACL BI OFLUX

  

Aqu a cu lt u r e , Aqu a r iu m , Con se r va t ion & Le gisla t ion

I n t e r n a t ion a l Jou r n a l of t h e Bioflu x Socie t y

Se dim e n t gr a in - size dist r ibut ion in t he La k e La u t Ta w a r , Ace h Pr ov ince , I n don e sia

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  2 Syahr ul Pur nawan, I chsan Set iawan, Z ainal A. Muchlisin ₁ Depart m ent of Marine Science, Facult y of Marine and Fishery Sciences, Syiah Kuala ₂ Univ ersit y , Banda Aceh 23111, I ndonesia; Depart m ent of Aquacult ure, Facult y of Marine and Fisheries, Syiah Kuala Univ ersit y , Banda Aceh 23111, I ndonesia. Corresponding

  aut hor: S. Pur naw an, sy ahrulpurnaw an@unsy iah.ac.id

  Abst r a ct . The obj ect ive of t he pr esent st udy was t o evaluat e t he gr ain size dist ribut ion in Lake Laut Tawar . The st udy was done in May and June of 2012 at 5 locat ions: Boom , Klit u, Uj ung Mum par , Bint ang and Tower an. The sam ples wer e collect ed using a gr ab sam pler . The collect ed sam ples fr om t he r espect ive locat ions wer e sun dr ied and t hen sieved t o exam ine t he gr ain- size dist r ibut ion. The r esult showed t hat t he sedim ent t ypes wer e divided int o t hr ee cat egor ies: gr avel, sandy gr avel and gr avelly m ud. The Boom locat ion h ad gr avelly m ud ( pr edom inant ly m ud) t hat was well sor t ed, while gr avel was a m aj or por t ion of t he sedim ent in Uj ung Mum par and it was m oder at ely well sor t ed. I n addit ion, all of t he locat ions had negat ively skewed values, which indicat es a coar se- skew par t icle dist r ibut ion.

  Ke y W or ds: gr anulom et r ic analysis, geost at ist ics, lake sedim ent , sor t ing, skewness.

  

I n t r odu ct ion. Grain size is one of t he m ost im port ant sedim ent param et ers and it is

necessary t o int erpret t he deposit ional environm ent s ( Friedm an & Sanders 1978) .

  Variat ions in grain size dist ribut ion of lak e sedim ent s m ay reflect t he eart h’s surface processes such as t he dev elopm ent al processes of landform s t hrough changes in precipit at ion ( Siv asam andy & Ram esh 2014) . The grain size dist ribut ions are affect ed by v arious fact ors including t ransport at ion by rolling, suspension and salt at ion ( I nm an 1952; Dy er 1986; Folk 1974) . Crit ical st udies of t he sedim ent grain size hav e been carried out by Udden ( 1914) and Went w ort h ( 1922) , w ho int roduced t he Udden- Went w ort h scale. Furt herm ore, Friedm an ( 1961) dev eloped sedim ent st at ist ical review s based on arit hm et ic and m om ent m et hods, w hile Folk & Ward ( 1957) approached grain size dist ribut ion t hrough a graphical m et hod. Frequency dist ribut ions of sedim ent grain size ( nam ely m ean, sort ing, sk ew ness, and k urt osis) w ere used frequent ly t o int erpret t he precipit at ion of sedim ent w hen t hey re- ent er t he nat ural environm ent ( Folk & Robles 1964; Dy er 1986; Wacheck a- Kot k ow sk a & Kot k ow ski 2011; Welt j e & v on Ey nat t en 2004) .

  Lak e Laut Taw ar is one of t he oldest v olcanic caldera in I ndonesia and it has an im port ant ecological role as t he habit at for som e endem ic species of fishes i. e. Rasbora

  

t aw arensis and Poropunt ius t aw arensis ( Muchlisin & Sit i- Azizah 2009; Muchlisin et al

  2012; Muchlisin et al 2015) . This lak e is sit uat ed about 1200 m abov e sea lev el. I t is 16 k m long and 4 k m wide and surrounded by m ount ains reaching abov e 2000 m . The w at ershed is cov ered by rain forest s w hich are ex t rem ely affect ed by deforest at ion and agricult ural act ivit ies ( Muchlisin et al 2010) . Adhar ( 2008) st at ed t hat t he erosion condit ion of Lak e Laut Taw ar w as in a poor st at e and t his has led t o silt ing t he bott om of t his lak e. I n addit ion, Set iaw an ( 2013) carried out a st udy of grain size in Laut Taw ar Lak e, but did not com prom ise t he grain dist ribut ion analy sis based on t he st at ist ical approach. Hence, t his paper ex am ines st at ist ical analysis of t he sedim ent grain size based on a prev ious st udy report ed by Set iaw an (2013) .

  The grain size affect s t he w at er t urbidit y t hen influences t he prim ary product ion of t he lak e and foraging behaviour of aquat ic organism s ( Jones et al 2015; Tirok & Scharler

  2014) , for ex am ple in guppies, Poecilia ret iculat a t hat t urbidit y could lead t o a decreased collect iv e response t o predat ors and a loss of t he prot ect iv e benefit s of shoaling ( Kim bell & Morrell 2015) . I n addit ion, it w as st rong int eract ions bet w een t urbidit y, prey densit y and subst rat e t y pe on shrim ps predat ion by Thorn fish Terapon j arbua ( Macia et al 2003) . Ferrari et al ( 2010) st at ed t hat t urbidit y alt ers t he qualit y and quant it y of visual inform at ion receiv ed by t he m innow s, elim inat ing t heir abilit y t o generalize learned recognit ion of som e predat ors. This paper prov ides t he underst anding t he sedim ent ary deposit ional processes in t he Lak e Laut Taw ar, t his inform at ion is crucial in relat ion t o plan a bet t er conserv at ion st rat egy of Lak e Laut Taw ar.

  M a t e r ial an d Me t h od

Se dim e n t sa m plin g. Lake Laut Taw ar is locat ed in Cent ral Aceh, Aceh Province,

  approx im at ely 1200 m abov e sea lev el. Sev eral short t ribut aries discharge int o Lak e Laut Taw ar, w hich are affect ed by deforest at ion and agricult ural land conv ersions ( Muchlisin et al 2010) . The sedim ent sam ples w ere collect ed from May t o June in 2012 at 5 st at ions in Lak e Laut Taw ar at t he dept hs of 1. 2 t o 2. 4 m et ers: Klit u ( N 4° 38’16” : E 96° 54’04” ) , Bint ang ( N 4° 35’31” : E 96° 59’35” ) , Tow eran ( N 4° 36’19” : E 96° 53’49” ) , Boom ( N 4° 37’50” : E 96° 51’33” ) and Uj ung Mum par ( N 4° 37’44” , E 96° 56’39” ) ( Figure 1) .

  

Figur e 1. The m ap of t he st udy area shows t he sam pling locat ions: Boom , Klit u, Uj ung Mum par,

Bint ang, and Toweran.

  

Se dim e n t a na lysis. The sam ples w ere t ak en by using a grab sam pler of sedim ent , and

  t hen w ere dried t o rem ov e t he m oist ure. Approx im at ely 500 g of dried sam ples w ere t ak en and t hen siev ed using six lev els of siev e m esh size: 4. 75 m m , 1. 7 m m , 0. 85 m m , 0. 25 m m , 0. 15 m m and 0. 063 m m . The ret ained sam ples in t he respect ive m esh sizes w ere w eighed using a digit al balance. Grain size dist ribut ion analy sis consist s of m ean ( x a ) , sort ing ( σ a ) , sk ew ness ( Sk a ) , and k urt osis (K a ) deriv ed from a st at ist ical approach and m om ent m et hod following Friedm an ( 1961) :

  Where, f is w eight frequency ( % ) in each class, m m is m edian in each class. Based on Folk & Ward ( 1957) t he sort ed condit ion is cat egorized at sev en lev els: < 0. 35 is v ery w ell sort ed, 0. 35- 0. 50 is w ell sort ed, 0. 50- 0. 70 is m oderat ely w ell sort ed, 0. 70- 1. 0 is m oderat ely sort ed, 1. 0- 2. 0 is poorly sort ed, 2. 0- 4. 0 is very poorly sort ed, > 4. 0 is ex t rem ely poorly sort ed. Furt herm ore, t he skew ness v alues were divided int o fiv e lev els: st rongly fine sk ew ed ( > + 0. 3) , fine sk ewed ( + 0. 3 t o + 0. 1) , near sy m m et rically ( + 0. 1 t o – 0. 1) , coarse sk ew ed ( - 0. 1 t o - 0. 3) and st rongly coarse sk ew ed ( < - 0. 3) .

  Re su lt s a n d D iscu ssion

Se dim e n t ological ch a ra ct e rist ic. The result s show ed t hat grav el w as predom inant at

  t he four locat ions Klit u, Uj ung Mum par, Bint ang and Tow eran, w hile Boom w as dom inat ed by m ud. The st udy show ed t hat t he percent age of grav el w as higher in Uj ung Mum par ( 98. 80% ) and t herefore t he sedim ent t y pe in t his locat ion w as classified as grav el. The t y pe of sedim ent sam ples w ere defined by t he Folk t riangle ( Folk 1974) and t hus fall int o t he cat egories of grav elly m ud, sandy grav el, and grav el, as show n in Table

  1. All param et er v alues obt ained for t he grain size dist ribut ion param et ers t hrough t he st at ist ical and m om ent m et hods are present ed in Table 2.

  Table 1 Grain size dist ribut ion according t o sam pling locat ions

  

Weight percent age frequency ( % )

St at ion Ty pe

  

> 4.75 1.7- 4.75 0.85- 1.7 0.25- 0.85 0.15- 0.25 0.063- 0.15 < 0.063

Gravelly m ud

  Boom 9. 13 8. 37 2. 85 2. 66 0. 95 1. 52 74. 52

  Sandy gravel

  Klit u 45. 65 17. 67 13. 41 20. 78 1. 55 0. 8 0. 14 U. Mum par 92. 05 6. 75 0. 64 0. 33 0. 06 0. 09 0. 08 Gravel

  Sandy gravel

  Bint ang 42. 95 22.17 10. 98 13. 33 7. 56 2. 61 0. 4

  Sandy gravel

  Tow eran 44. 21 12. 73 6. 6 22. 89 5. 73 6. 94 0. 9 Table 2

  Grain size st at ist ical analy sis

  

St at ion Mean Sort ing Skew ness Kurt osis

  Boom 0. 8183 1. 5938 - 0. 0848 4. 8029 Klit u 3. 1417 1. 9135 - 0. 7347 1. 3731

  U. Mum par 4. 8304 0. 6269 - 3. 1983 24. 0817 Bint ang 3. 0940 1. 9216 - 0. 7742 1. 4789

  Tow eran 2. 8508 2. 1046 - 0. 6154 1. 2000

  

Se dim e n t gr ain size dist r ibu tion . Grain m ean size is regarded as t he m ain fact or for

  an index of energy condit ions referring t o current or t urbulence level ( Folk 1966) w here t he finer grained sedim ent is deposit ed in a lower energy condit ion. The m ean size of grain in Lak e Laut Taw ar ranged from 0. 8183 m m t o 4. 8304 m m . These v ariat ions are a reflect ion of t he av erage energy t hat has occurred in t he w at er colum n and t he energy of t he deposit ing agent . The v ariat ion in m ean grain size is an indicat ion of t he different energy condit ions, w hich effect s t heir deposit ion. For ex am ple, a higher grain m ean size w as recorded in Uj ung Mum par, w hile a sm aller grain size w as det ect ed in Boom , indicat ing t hat a higher energy lev el w as found in Uj ung Mum par, and a low er energy lev el w as found in Boom . Based on t hese result s it can be deduced t hat t he deposit ion occurred at t he Boom st at ion. This is probably due t o t he fact t hat t his locat ion is adj acent t o urban areas and receives a high am ount of dom est ic w ast e from set t lem ent s and agricult ure act ivit ies ( Set iaw an 2013) . Furt herm ore, Boom is also t he discharge of Lak e Laut Taw ar t hrough Peusangan Riv er, and t herefore t he fine- grained sedim ent from ot her locat ions are part ially t rapped and set t le in t his area. This process will raise t he pot ency of silt ing, t urbidit y and w at er pollut ion. Klit u, Uj ung Mum par and Bint ang are locat ed near t he side of t he m ount ain t hat has st eep land cont ours, and sev eral riv er dow nst ream ( Adhar 2008) . Hence, w e speculat e t hat gravel is carried- out by t he riv er st ream int o t he lak e and t hen set t les at t he bot t om . The st eep cont our is also probably t riggering t he erosion w hich erodes t he rock and sedim ent m at erials from t he m ount ain side ( Gasiorow ski 2008) .

  Sort ing indicat es t he range of forces w hich det erm ine t he sedim ent size dist ribut ion ( Briggs 1977; Dy er 1986; Folk 1974) . Low er sort ing v alues correspond t o bet t er sort ing processes of sedim ent sam ples. The st udy show ed t hat low sort ing v alues w ere found in Uj ung Mum par, indicat ing a m oderat ely w ell sort ed condit ion, w hile Tow eran and Bint ang hav e t he high sort ing v alues t hat indicat e a v ery poorly sort ed condit ion, and t he rest of t he locat ions w ere classified as poorly sort ed condit ions. The land conv ersion caused m ass w ast e of unconsolidat ed soil m at erials during rainy season and t herefore it is presum ed t hat land conv ersion along Lak e Laut Taw ar is one of t he m ost im port ant causes of erosion, part icularly in Tow eran. This condit ion has m ix ed t he eroded m at erials wit h exist ing m at erials at t he bot t om of t he lak e w hich result ed in a poor sort ing index.

  Sk ew ness m easures t he asy m m et ry of frequency dist ribut ion w it h respect t o t he m edian v alue of grain size ( Friedm an 1961) . All of t he locat ions show ed negat iv e sk ew ness, w hich indicat e t hat all of t he locat ions hav e coarse sk ew ed condit ions. Klit u, Uj ung Mum par, Bint ang, and Tow eran w ere cat egorized as st rongly coarse sk ew ed, w hile Boom w as cat egorized as near sy m m et rical dist ribut ion. The negat ive skew ness has a correlat ion wit h t he int ensit y and durat ion of a high energy deposit ional agent t hrough displacem ent of fine- grained sedim ent from respect iv e areas ( Mart ins 1965; Friedm an 1961; Duanne 1964) . This indicat es t hat Klit u, Uj ung Mum par, Bint ang and Tow eran hav e high energy lev els at each locat ion, and t hus t hese locat ions t end t o lose fine m at erial due t o high w at er current s. While Boom has a near sy m m et rical dist ribut ion ( indicat ed by a skew ness v alue near zero) , t his locat ion is a t rap area for fine grained sedim ent s t hat deposit ed as m ud.

  The Kurt osis analy sis show s t he dist ribut ion curv e, indicat ing t he peak edness degree or flat ness of t he dist ribut ion, wit h t he m inim um v alue found at Tow eran and t he m ax im um v alue at Uj ung Mum par ( Table 2) . Tow eran, Bint ang and Klit u hav e lept ok urt ic curv es, w hile Boom and Uj ung Mum par w ere cat egorized as ext rem e lept ok urt ic. Alt hough Boom and Uj ung Mum par hav e t he sam e cat egory, t heir curv es were deriv ed from different processes. While high peak ed k urt osis in Boom w as deriv ed from finer grained part icles, t he curv e in Uj ung Mum par w as deriv ed from coarser grained part icles. The highest k urt osis v alue w as in Uj ung Mum par and w as associat ed wit h t he sort ing process t hat occurred t here. As m ent ioned before, t he fine grained sedim ent s in Uj ung Mum par w ere t ransport ed out of t his area w hile coarse part icles rem ained at t he bot t om . This phenom enon is in agreem ent wit h Boggs ( 2009) , w hich ex plained t hat k urt osis v alues hav e a st rong correlat ion t o t he sort ing process, w here a higher k urt osis v alue is in line wit h a bet t er sort ing process.

  I t is a st rong relat ionship bet w een grain size and w at er t urbidit y w here sm all grain size result ed in high t urbidit y as recorded in t his st udy, for ex am ple t he sm all grain size w as det ect ed in Boom st at ion, t his is in correlat ion t o low w at er t ransparency or high t urbidit y as report ed by Nurfadillah et al ( 2012) . As m ent ioned early t hat t he cat chm ent area of t he Lak e Laut Taw ar has been deforest ed int ensiv ely and t he w at er lev el has been decreased significant ly during t he last t w o decades ( Muchlisin et al 2010; Muchlisin et al 2011) . Deforest at ion has a pr ofound influence on t he riv ers and st ream s t hat form an im port ant feat ure of t he forest ecosy st em and t heir associat ed wit h aquat ic flora and fauna ( Wright & Fleck er 2004) . I nt ensiv e deforest at ion can also result in changes t o inv ert ebrat e com m unit ies dom inat ed by sm all burrow ing form s, such as larv ae chironom ids w hich m ay be less av ailable t o foraging fishes. High t urbidit y hinders t he sun light penet rat ion int o w at ers, it ham per phot osy nt hesis of m icro algea t hen decreases prim ary product ion of w at ers ( Tirok & Scharler 2014) . Turbidit y is also affect predat ory fishes t o det ect and caught t heir prey s ( Johnst on et al 2007) . I n addit ion, increases of w at er t urbidit y w ould dev ast at ing of spaw ning and nursing habit at s t hen reduced t he product ivit y of fish com m unit ies ( Craig 2000) .

  

Con clusion s. Based on t he w eight percent age frequency , it w as concluded t hat grav el is

  a predom inant port ion of t he sedim ent in Lak e Laut Taw ar. The calculat ions for sort ing index indicat e t hat Boom has a w ell sort ed condit ion, Uj ung Mum par a m oderat ely w ell sort ed condit ion, and Tow eran a v ery poor sort ed condit ion. I n addit ion, all of t he locat ions hav e negat iv ely sk ew ed v alues, wit h Klit u, Uj ung Mum par, Bint ang, and Tow eran st rongly coarse skew ed. Boom and Uj ung Mum par hav e high Kurt osis v alues and an ex t rem ely lept ok urt ic curv e.

  

Ack n ow le dge m e n t s. The aut hors w ould lik e t o t hank t he Environm ent al Agency of

Cent er Aceh, Aceh Prov ince, I ndonesia, for support during t he st udy. Re fe r en ce s

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  Received: 04 May 2 015. Accept ed: 03 June 2 015. Published on line: 15 June 2 015. Aut hor s:

Syahr ul Pur nawan, Depar t m ent of Mar ine Sciences, Facult y of Mar ine and Fisher ies, Syiah Kuala Univer sit y, Jl.

  

Put r oe Phang, Kopelm a Dar ussalam , Banda Aceh, I ndonesia, 2 3111, e- m ail: syahr ulpur nawan@unsyiah. ac. id

I chsan Set iawan, Depar t m ent of Mar ine Sciences, Facult y of Mar ine and Fisher ies, Syiah Kuala Univer sit y, Jl. Put r oe Phang, Kopelm a Dar ussalam , Banda Aceh, I ndonesia, 2 3111, e- m ail: ichsan. set iawan@unsyiah. net Zainal A. Muchlisin, Depar t m ent of Aquacult ur e, Facult y of Mar ine and Fisher ies, Syiah Kuala Univer sit y, Jl. Put r oe Phang, Kopelm a Dar ussalam , Banda Aceh, I ndonesia, 2 3111, e- m ail: m uchlisinza@unsyiah. ac. id lizadam at @gm ail. com

  

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Pur nawan S. , Set iawan I . , Muchlisin Z. A. , 2015 Sedim ent gr ain- size dist r ibut ion in t he Lake Laut Taw ar , Aceh

Pr ovince, I ndonesia. AACL Bioflux 8( 3) : 404- 41 0.