Materi | Miqdad's Blog
PENGERTIAN
Ekologi : studi tentang tumbuhan dan hewan dalam hubungannya
dengan tempat hidupnya dan lingkungan eksternalnya. Istilah
penting : Oikos, “a house or a place to live in”.
Skala penyelidikan ekologi :
1.
Skala individu respon individu thd lingkungan
2.
Skala populasi respon populasi satu spesies thd lingkungan
dgn mempertimbangkan proses yang berlangsung.
3.
Skala komunitas menyelidiki komposisi dan struktur pop.
4.
Skala ekosistem menyelidiki kombinasi antara komunitas dan
komponen lingkungan abiotik.
komunitas : kumpulan hewan dan tumbuhan yg hidup pada lingkungan yg sama dan
memiliki ketergantungan satu sama lain.
Ekosistem : kesatuan hubungan antara tumbuhan dan hewan dalam suatu lingkungan
yg berinteraksi secara sinergi utk mendukung kehidupannya melalui mekanisme
umpan balik.
ECOLOGY
1.
2.
Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and
their environment.
The “environment” is a combination of the physical environment
(temperature, water availability, wind speed, soil acidity, etc) and
any influences on an organism exerted by other organisms – the
biotic environment.
Field study of ecology :
1. behavioral ecology the pattern of behavior in animals.
2. physiological ecology physiology of an individu and the
consequences on function and behavior.
3. evolutionary ecology the impact of evolution on current
patterns.
4. molecular ecology molecular biology to directly tackle
ecological problems
RULE 1
ECOLOGY IS A SCIENCE
Ecology is a purely scientific discipline which aims to
understand the relationships between oeganisms and their
wider environment. It is important to segregate political and
social impacts of ecological understanding from the
scientific viewpoint.
RULE 2
Ecology is only understandable in the light of evolution
The huge diversity of organisms, and the wealth of variety in their
morphologies, physiologies and behavior are all the result of many
millions of years of evolution. This evolutionary history has left an
indelible impression on each and every individual. It is only possible to
make sense of the patterns we find to day in the light of this
Evolutionary legacy.
RULE 3
Nothing happens “for the good of species”
A very common misconception is the idea that patterns of behavior in
organisms which appear to be costly to an individual occur “for the
good of the species”. This is absolutely and completely wrong. Natural
selection will favor those genes which are passed on to the most
offspring, even if these genes may cause a reduction in the species’
population size.
RULE 4
Genes and Environment are both important
The environment an organism finds itself in plays an important role in
Determining the options open to that individual. The genes which
define
an organism’s makeup are also of fundamental importance. To
understand ecology it is important to appreciate the fundamental nature
of both of these factors and the fact that they interact.
RULE 5
Understanding complexity requires models
Ecology is a complex subject, with huge variation at almost every
scale –millions of species, each with considerable genetic variation,
varying numbers and ever-changing behaviors in a complex and
dynamic environment. To understand it, it is necessary to clearly
identify specific questions and then formulate hypotheses which can
be tested. It is often very useful to frame the hypothesis in
mathematical term to avoid ambiguity and confusion which are often
inevitable in a verbal model. Mathematical models are widely used
in ecology.
RULE 6
‘Story-telling’ is dangerous
In attempting to explain ecological patterns or relationships, it is
easy to slip into a make-believe world where every observation is
readily expalined by some ad hoc assertion –’story-telling’. The
temptation to advance hypotheses as facts should be avoided at all
costs.
RULE 7
There are hierarchies of explanations
For any observationthere is often an immediate cause
that can be diagnosed. Often this causal explanation is
sufficiently informative and we need to probe deeper to
reach a fuller grasp of the situation. Even if a
phenomenon is ‘explained’ there may well be further and
deeper explanations which allow us to see the fuller
picture.
RULE 8
There are multiple constraints on organism
Whilst the total diversity of form, function &
environmental resilience exhibited by organisms is aweinspiring, each individual (and, to a slightly lesser extent,
each species) operates within a relatively narrow range
of constraints. Constraints fundamentally take two forms,
(i) physical and (ii) evolutionary. Evolution can never
reach ‘perfection’ because of these constraints and
organisms are essentially hotchpotches of numerous
compromises.
RULE 9
Chance is important
Chance events play a critical role in ecology. The opening of
a gap in a forest canopy or the breaching of a sand dune
after a storm will have a major impact on the ecology of
the local fauna and flora, but both are unpredictable in
either time and location. The role of chance is also integral
to the evolutionary past of organisms. The important of
chance events in ecology does not mean ecological
patterns are wholly unpredictable, but it necessarily places
boundaries on the potential level or predictive detail.
RULE 10
The boundaries of ecology are in the mind of ecologist
Ecology is a broad science, covering both organisms and
physical environments and hence excludes little as
potentially relevant. Mathematics, chemistry and physics
are tools essential to the understanding of ecology.
PELAJARI DAN BERIKAN PENJELASAN
SINGKAT DARI RULE OF ECOLOGY
TERSEBUT
DISKUSIKAN DENGAN SELURUH TEMAN
TEMAN DI KELAS UNTUK MEMBUAT SATU
RUMUSAN YANG PALING LENGKAP
RUMUSAN TERSEBUT HARUS DIMILIKI OEH
MASING MASING MAHASISWA, SEBAGAI
SALAH SATU BAHAN UJIAN
•
Geografi : studi tentang “the earth as the home of humanity”, “human
– environment interrelation & interaction”.
Ecological analysis salah satu pendekatan dalam analisis geografi di
samping Spatial analysis dan Regional Complex analysis.
Prinsip prinsip ekologi dan lingkungan sangat penting dalam analisis
geografi :
1. “oikos” – “tempat hidup” organisme (tumbuhan dan hewan) dan
interrelasinya dengan lingkungan.
2. “interdependensi” antar organisme dalam suatu komunitas
membentuk “rantai makanan” dalam suatu siklus.
3. “rantai makanan” (food-chain) mengikuti hirarki tertentu.
4. Putusnya mata rantai biasanya akan menimbulkan masalah.
Ekosistem danau
• Diagram proses dalam ekosistem danau (contoh ekologi,
lingkungan dan geografi)
Siklus dalam ekosistem
•
Tahapan perkembangan ekosistem alami melalui proses fisik (erosi
dan sedimentasi) dan proses ekologis.
Siklus enersi dalam ekosistem
•
Diagram alir enersi (siklus) dalam ekosistem hutan :
- dimanfaatkan oleh tumbuhan sebesar 21%
- dilepaskan melalui proses respirasi (evapotranspirasi)
sebesar 79% (hal 110)
Siklus karbon secara global
•
Siklus karbon dapat dijelaskan dalam proses fotosintesa tumbuhan
melalui proses ekstraksi CO2 dan H2O dari lingkungan:
Radiasi matahari + nCO2+nH2O -(CH2O)n+nO2
(ketersediaan unsur chlorophyll)
Proses fotosintesa paling maksimal terjadi pada daerah katulistiwa
dengan kelembaban tanah tinggi (misalnya di Indonesia).
- Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman hayati sangat tinggi di dunia
di samping Brasil.
Fotosintesis merupakan elemen kritis dalam suatu siklus carbon
global.
Pembabatan dan kebakaran hutan menyebabkan kerusakan
lingkungan dan ekosistem alam yang pada akhirnya akan
mempengaruhi siklus karbon
Rantai makanan (food-chain) dalam
Ekosistem
•
Diagram rantai makanan membentuk piramida yang disebut trophic
level ( trophe food ):
- level 1(T1) merupakan dasar piramida terdiri dari hijauan vegetasi
dengan enersi yg dikandung dalam tumbuhan.
- level 2 (T2) terdiri dari hewan pemakan tumbuhan yg disebut
herbivora.
- level 3 (T3) terdiri dari hewan pemakan daging (kelompok
herbivora) yang disebut hewan karnivora
- level 4 (T4) terdiri dari hewan karnivora (termasuk manusia) yaitu
pemakan hewan karnivora dan semua level organisme dibawahnya
- level 5 (T5) adalah kelompok dekomposer yang merubah
komposisi (dekomposisi) organisme semua level yang telah mati.
Ekologi : studi tentang tumbuhan dan hewan dalam hubungannya
dengan tempat hidupnya dan lingkungan eksternalnya. Istilah
penting : Oikos, “a house or a place to live in”.
Skala penyelidikan ekologi :
1.
Skala individu respon individu thd lingkungan
2.
Skala populasi respon populasi satu spesies thd lingkungan
dgn mempertimbangkan proses yang berlangsung.
3.
Skala komunitas menyelidiki komposisi dan struktur pop.
4.
Skala ekosistem menyelidiki kombinasi antara komunitas dan
komponen lingkungan abiotik.
komunitas : kumpulan hewan dan tumbuhan yg hidup pada lingkungan yg sama dan
memiliki ketergantungan satu sama lain.
Ekosistem : kesatuan hubungan antara tumbuhan dan hewan dalam suatu lingkungan
yg berinteraksi secara sinergi utk mendukung kehidupannya melalui mekanisme
umpan balik.
ECOLOGY
1.
2.
Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and
their environment.
The “environment” is a combination of the physical environment
(temperature, water availability, wind speed, soil acidity, etc) and
any influences on an organism exerted by other organisms – the
biotic environment.
Field study of ecology :
1. behavioral ecology the pattern of behavior in animals.
2. physiological ecology physiology of an individu and the
consequences on function and behavior.
3. evolutionary ecology the impact of evolution on current
patterns.
4. molecular ecology molecular biology to directly tackle
ecological problems
RULE 1
ECOLOGY IS A SCIENCE
Ecology is a purely scientific discipline which aims to
understand the relationships between oeganisms and their
wider environment. It is important to segregate political and
social impacts of ecological understanding from the
scientific viewpoint.
RULE 2
Ecology is only understandable in the light of evolution
The huge diversity of organisms, and the wealth of variety in their
morphologies, physiologies and behavior are all the result of many
millions of years of evolution. This evolutionary history has left an
indelible impression on each and every individual. It is only possible to
make sense of the patterns we find to day in the light of this
Evolutionary legacy.
RULE 3
Nothing happens “for the good of species”
A very common misconception is the idea that patterns of behavior in
organisms which appear to be costly to an individual occur “for the
good of the species”. This is absolutely and completely wrong. Natural
selection will favor those genes which are passed on to the most
offspring, even if these genes may cause a reduction in the species’
population size.
RULE 4
Genes and Environment are both important
The environment an organism finds itself in plays an important role in
Determining the options open to that individual. The genes which
define
an organism’s makeup are also of fundamental importance. To
understand ecology it is important to appreciate the fundamental nature
of both of these factors and the fact that they interact.
RULE 5
Understanding complexity requires models
Ecology is a complex subject, with huge variation at almost every
scale –millions of species, each with considerable genetic variation,
varying numbers and ever-changing behaviors in a complex and
dynamic environment. To understand it, it is necessary to clearly
identify specific questions and then formulate hypotheses which can
be tested. It is often very useful to frame the hypothesis in
mathematical term to avoid ambiguity and confusion which are often
inevitable in a verbal model. Mathematical models are widely used
in ecology.
RULE 6
‘Story-telling’ is dangerous
In attempting to explain ecological patterns or relationships, it is
easy to slip into a make-believe world where every observation is
readily expalined by some ad hoc assertion –’story-telling’. The
temptation to advance hypotheses as facts should be avoided at all
costs.
RULE 7
There are hierarchies of explanations
For any observationthere is often an immediate cause
that can be diagnosed. Often this causal explanation is
sufficiently informative and we need to probe deeper to
reach a fuller grasp of the situation. Even if a
phenomenon is ‘explained’ there may well be further and
deeper explanations which allow us to see the fuller
picture.
RULE 8
There are multiple constraints on organism
Whilst the total diversity of form, function &
environmental resilience exhibited by organisms is aweinspiring, each individual (and, to a slightly lesser extent,
each species) operates within a relatively narrow range
of constraints. Constraints fundamentally take two forms,
(i) physical and (ii) evolutionary. Evolution can never
reach ‘perfection’ because of these constraints and
organisms are essentially hotchpotches of numerous
compromises.
RULE 9
Chance is important
Chance events play a critical role in ecology. The opening of
a gap in a forest canopy or the breaching of a sand dune
after a storm will have a major impact on the ecology of
the local fauna and flora, but both are unpredictable in
either time and location. The role of chance is also integral
to the evolutionary past of organisms. The important of
chance events in ecology does not mean ecological
patterns are wholly unpredictable, but it necessarily places
boundaries on the potential level or predictive detail.
RULE 10
The boundaries of ecology are in the mind of ecologist
Ecology is a broad science, covering both organisms and
physical environments and hence excludes little as
potentially relevant. Mathematics, chemistry and physics
are tools essential to the understanding of ecology.
PELAJARI DAN BERIKAN PENJELASAN
SINGKAT DARI RULE OF ECOLOGY
TERSEBUT
DISKUSIKAN DENGAN SELURUH TEMAN
TEMAN DI KELAS UNTUK MEMBUAT SATU
RUMUSAN YANG PALING LENGKAP
RUMUSAN TERSEBUT HARUS DIMILIKI OEH
MASING MASING MAHASISWA, SEBAGAI
SALAH SATU BAHAN UJIAN
•
Geografi : studi tentang “the earth as the home of humanity”, “human
– environment interrelation & interaction”.
Ecological analysis salah satu pendekatan dalam analisis geografi di
samping Spatial analysis dan Regional Complex analysis.
Prinsip prinsip ekologi dan lingkungan sangat penting dalam analisis
geografi :
1. “oikos” – “tempat hidup” organisme (tumbuhan dan hewan) dan
interrelasinya dengan lingkungan.
2. “interdependensi” antar organisme dalam suatu komunitas
membentuk “rantai makanan” dalam suatu siklus.
3. “rantai makanan” (food-chain) mengikuti hirarki tertentu.
4. Putusnya mata rantai biasanya akan menimbulkan masalah.
Ekosistem danau
• Diagram proses dalam ekosistem danau (contoh ekologi,
lingkungan dan geografi)
Siklus dalam ekosistem
•
Tahapan perkembangan ekosistem alami melalui proses fisik (erosi
dan sedimentasi) dan proses ekologis.
Siklus enersi dalam ekosistem
•
Diagram alir enersi (siklus) dalam ekosistem hutan :
- dimanfaatkan oleh tumbuhan sebesar 21%
- dilepaskan melalui proses respirasi (evapotranspirasi)
sebesar 79% (hal 110)
Siklus karbon secara global
•
Siklus karbon dapat dijelaskan dalam proses fotosintesa tumbuhan
melalui proses ekstraksi CO2 dan H2O dari lingkungan:
Radiasi matahari + nCO2+nH2O -(CH2O)n+nO2
(ketersediaan unsur chlorophyll)
Proses fotosintesa paling maksimal terjadi pada daerah katulistiwa
dengan kelembaban tanah tinggi (misalnya di Indonesia).
- Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman hayati sangat tinggi di dunia
di samping Brasil.
Fotosintesis merupakan elemen kritis dalam suatu siklus carbon
global.
Pembabatan dan kebakaran hutan menyebabkan kerusakan
lingkungan dan ekosistem alam yang pada akhirnya akan
mempengaruhi siklus karbon
Rantai makanan (food-chain) dalam
Ekosistem
•
Diagram rantai makanan membentuk piramida yang disebut trophic
level ( trophe food ):
- level 1(T1) merupakan dasar piramida terdiri dari hijauan vegetasi
dengan enersi yg dikandung dalam tumbuhan.
- level 2 (T2) terdiri dari hewan pemakan tumbuhan yg disebut
herbivora.
- level 3 (T3) terdiri dari hewan pemakan daging (kelompok
herbivora) yang disebut hewan karnivora
- level 4 (T4) terdiri dari hewan karnivora (termasuk manusia) yaitu
pemakan hewan karnivora dan semua level organisme dibawahnya
- level 5 (T5) adalah kelompok dekomposer yang merubah
komposisi (dekomposisi) organisme semua level yang telah mati.