Inference of Indonesian Uttered by Indonesian Chinese in Semarang
INTERFERENCED INDONESIAN UTTERED BY INDONESIAN
CHINESE IN SEMARANG1
Dian Suryani and Dwi Wulandari
English Department Faculty of Letterrs Diponegoro University
Abstrak
Masyarakat WNI Keturunan Cina merupakan pengguna Bahasa Indonesia yang
menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa sehari-hari. Namun, di dalam Bahasa
Indonesia tersebut, terdapat unsur-unsur bahasa lain yaitu Bahasa Jawa dan Bahasa
Mandarin yang menyebabkan adanya penyimpangan terhadap Bahasa Indonesia yang
disebut dengan istilah interferensi. Tulisan ini membahas tentang tipe-tipe interferensi
dalam tuturan Bahasa Indonesia Masyarakat WNI Keturunan Cina di Semarang beserta
faktor-faktror penyebabnya.
Kata-kata kunci: interferensi, WNI Keturunan Cina, Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Jawa,
Bahasa Mandarin.
1
Published in Kajian Sastra, Vol 33 no.1 May 2008
1
the real name of Zheng He was Sam
1. Introduction
Indonesian people consist of many
Poo Tay Djien.
ethnics who are widely spread in its
The first Chinese immigrants are
thousands of islands. There are original
called as “Totok Chinese”. They were
ethnics and comer ethnics who live
the
together as one community. One of
Meanwhile,
their
the
called
“Peranakan
comer
ethnics
is
Indonesian
native
as
speaker
of
Mandarin.
descendants
are
Chinese”.
Chinese ethnic. According to Hidajat
“Peranakan Chinese” is the native
(1993), the first Chinese came to
speaker
Indonesia was Fa Hien, a Buddist
“Peranakan Chinese” has integrated
Monk. He came to Java Island in 413
into Indonesian people, they are also
A.D. Meanwhile, in 1412 A.D several
called as Indonesian Chinese or WNI
army fleets leaded by Zheng He
Keturunan Cina (Oka, cited in Sudja’i,
anchored in Bintan, Bangka, Blitung,
et all 1986).
of
Indoesian.
Since
Karimata, Semarang, and Madura.
When Mallacca became the center
Zheng He’s arrival had a mission to
of trading in South East of Asia, Malay
find a Chinese ambassador who was
became a commerce language used in
lost in Indonesia (based on Sam Poo
Indonesia. The Totok who mostly had
Kong’s relieft wall’s story). After his
proffesion as traders were forced to
departure, in 1417-1419, hundreds of
master regional language and Malay in
ships sailed from China Mainland
the swame time. In this case, they
(from Fukien and Kwantungregions
created
mostly) to Indonesia. Most of the
variation mixed from Malay, regional
immigrants work as traderes since the
language
biggest ethnic, Hokkian, worked as
Sundanese, etc) and Mandarin (Go,
traders. The other ethnics, Teochius got
Swan Djien cited in Sudja’i, et all
jobs as farmers while Cantonese
1986).
opened
hotels,
restourants,
and
workshops (Hidajat, 1993).
To
honor
Zheng
Chinese
Malay;
(such
as
Malay’s
Javanese,
Next, by the time of Netherland’s
colonialization, the Dutchman used
He’s
Chinese
immigrants
as
brokers
commendable. Indonesian Chinese in
between colonial and local residents in
Semarang built a temple named Sam
trading imported commodities. This
Poo Kong. It is named “Sam Poo” for
position has made them have strong
2
role as traders in Indonesia’s economic
Wang state that Indonesian is their
until now.
main language. Based on the research
a
done by them, the Indonesian language
separation between Chinese and local
which is used by Indonesian Chinese
residents. They must live with their
has characteristics as follows (1991):
own ethnics in the certain place called
1. They usually use Indonesian mixed
The
Dutchman
also
made
“Pecinan”. Today, Pecinan as the
from
place of Chinese community still exists
Indonesian’s elements.
in several places in Indonesia (Hidajat,
language’s
and
2. When their regional language is
honorific language, they only use
1993).
In the early of 18
th
century,
Hokkian School was opened for the
Chinese
regional
immigrant.
The
Hokkian
the lowest level of it. It happens in
Sunda, Java, and Madura.
3. They insert Mandarin’s words to
dialect became the language in school.
their
Then, in 1901, Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan
(especially Hokkian language) is
(THHK) that was schools for Totok
used to refer certain things such as
Chinese was opened widely. It used
numeral,
Mandarin as its language in school.
concept, cultural practices, and
Meanwhile, the Peranakan Chinese
object.
studied in Public School using Malay
Mandarin’s words indicates that
language. This situation makes not all
they maintain Chinese identity.
Chinese
Indonesian.
relationship,
The
Mandarin
cultural
maintenance
of
mastering
This phenomenon attracted the
Mandarin anymore (Cushman, Jennifer
writers to search it. In Central Java
& Wang Gung Wu, 1991).
Province, for instance, Indonesian
of
immigrants
In 1965, THHK were closed. Next,
Chinese are able to speak Indonesian
Indonesian became national language.
and Javanese as local residents are.
In that time, Chinese immigrants had
Usually, they only master Ngoko.
named as Indonesian Chinese (WNI
Some of them even still maintain
keturunan
used
Mandarin. Those languages are their
Indonesian as their solidarity language
colloquials. In this case, the Javanese
(Cushman, Jennifer & Wang Gung
and the Mandarin languages which
Wu, 1991). Their Indonesian consisted
they have give some influences to their
of Indonesian, regional language, and
Indonesian. In using the Indonesian
Mandarin. Furthermore, Cushman and
language, Indonesian Chinese tend to
Cina).
They
3
insert some Javanese elements and
semantic, and elemental (elements of
borrowed Mandarin words into their
word, phrase, and clause). In this case,
Indonesian. Thus, their Indonesian is
Javanese and Mandarin give influnce
the mixing from Indonesian, Javanese,
in Indonesian. To understang the
and Mandarin This phenomenon is
changes or the distortion happen in it,
called interference. Interference firstly
the Interferenced Indonesian (II) is
stated by Weinrich to call a language
compared to Javanese (J) and standart
phenomenon in which a language
Indonesian (I). The meaning of it is in
system had changed as the result of
English (M).
language contact done by bilingual
speakers (cited in Chaer, Abdul and
2. 1. Phonological Interference
Leoni Agustina, 1995).
Meanwhile,
considering
that
2.1.1. The changing of vowels
Semarang is the place where many
Chinese immigrants firstly arrived in
2.1.1.1 The changing of vowel u [u]
Indonesia hundreds of years ago, that
into o [o]
Chinese culture is still held strongly in
this city, and that there are many
Indonesian Chinese who are able to
Data
who assemble in this city, the research
I
J
M
h
(i)
[turon]
[turun]
[mə
d on]
go down
(ii)
[tə
ros]
[tə
rus]
[tə
ros]
then
[payoŋ]
[payuŋ]
[payoŋ]
Umbrella
[jatoh]
[jatuh]
[tibɔ]
Fall
speak Indonesian and Javanese, who
are still maintain Chinese culture and
II
(iii)
down
[tidor]
[tidur]
[turu]
Go to
about Interferenced Indonesian uttered
sleep
by Indonesian Chinese is carried out in
Semarang city. The research has two
From the table, we can see that
purposes; to find types of interferences
vowel u [u] located in the last sillable
and to find factors causing it.
of the words changes into o [o]. The
2. Type of Interferences
Javanese
pronunciation
influences
Interferenced Indonesian uttered by
Indonesian pronunciation as in Data (i)
Indonesian Chinese in Semarang can
and Data (ii), vowel o [o] in [mə
dhon],
be
[tə
ros] and [payoŋ] that are Javanese
devided
into
six
types
of
interference stated by Suwito (1983).
word are applied in Indonesian.
Interference happens in phonology,
morphology,
syntax,
vocabulary,
4
Furthermore, both Indonesian and
Vowel a [a] located in the last
Javanese have almost same words
sillable of the words changes into e
showing in Data (ii) like [tə
rus] and
[ə]. In Data (i) we can see The Almost
[tə
ros], [payuŋ] and [payoŋ]. Haugen
Same Diamorph phenomenon, for
says that this phenomenon could make
instance “cepat” [cə
pat] and “cepet”
the speaker identify them as the same
[cə
pə
t]; “tetap” [tə
tap] and ‘tetep”
thing
in
[tə
tə
p], etc. In this point, interference
choosing the appropriate word between
occurs when the speaker use Javanese
them. This phenomenon is called by
pronunciation in Indonesian sentence
Haugen
since Indonesian has the parable
which
as
creates
The
mistakes
Almost
Same
Diamorph that is morphemes with the
words.
same meaning and the almost similar
form (cited in Hastuti: 2003).
Meanwhile, the overgeneralization
is applied in Data (ii).
Next, in Data (iii), interference
occurs as the overgeneralization (Ellis,
2.1.1.3 The changing of vowel i [i]
1992) from what happen before in
into e [e] or e [ε]
Data (i) and Data (ii). The word
D
II
I
J
M
“jatuh” is pronunced [jatoh]; word
(i)
[tules]
[tulis]
[tules]
Write
“tidur” is pronunced [tidor]. The rule
(ii)
[cincen]
[cincin]
[ali-ali]
Ring
[kə
maren];
[kə
ma
[wiŋi]
Yester
[kə
marε n]
rin]
[mobel]
[mobil]
of changing vowel u [u] into o [o] in
the last sillable of the words is
extended eventhough in Javanese, its
day
Car
[mɔn
tɔr]
words are different.
In this point, vowel i [i] changes
into e [e] or e [ε] since e[e] has two
2.1.1.2 The changing of vowel a [a]
alophones; e [e] and e[ε] (Moeliono, et
into e [ə]
all, 1988). Thus, vowel i [i] can occur
D
II
I
J
M
(i)
[cə
pə
t]
[cə
pat]
[cə
pə
t]
Quick
[tə
tə
p]
[tə
tap]
[tə
tə
p]
Constant
[lə
ŋə
n]
[lə
ŋan]
[lə
ŋə
n]
Arm
[pinjə
m]
[pinjam]
[silε h]
Borrow
[datə
ŋ]
[dataŋ]
Come
[iŋə
t]
[iŋat]
[tə
kɔ]
[eleŋ]
(ii)
Remem
ber
as e [e] or e [ε]. Those changes occur
in the last sillable of the words.
Javanese’s influence and The Almost
Same Diamorph phenomenon can be
seen
in
Data
(i).
Meanwhile
overgeneralization is applied in Data
(ii).
5
2.1.2 The changing of diphtong
D
II
I
J
M
2.1.2.1 The changing of diphtong au
(i)
[isa]
[bisa]
[bisɔ];
Able
[udah]
[sudah]
[isɔ]
[uwes];
Already
[a] into vowel o [o] or o [ɔ]
D
II
I
J
M
(i)
[kalo]
[kalau]
[nε k]
If
[atɔ]
[atau]
[ɔpɔ]
Or
[walɔpun]
[walaupun]
[mbɔk]
Though
[wes]
(ii)
[napa]
[kə
napa]
[nɔpɔ]
Why
[lapan]
[də
lapan]
[wɔlu]
Eight
The deleting of phonemes takes
From the table above, it can be
place in the first sillable of the words
seen that diphtong au [au] changes
as descripted in the table above. In
into vowel o [ɔ] or o [o]. It could
Javanese,
happen since Javanese has no diphtong
the
word
“bisa”
is
pronunced [bisɔ]. The first phoneme of
(Widada, et all, 2001) and for o[o] has
it usually is deleted. Sometimes, it is
two allophones; o [ɔ] and o [o]
uttered as [isɔ]. This phenomenon also
goes on in word “uwis” which is
(Moeliono, et all, 1988).
pronunced [uwes] or [wes]. In this
2.1.2.2 The changing of diphtong ai
[ai] into vowel e [e] or e [ε].
ocassion, word “bisa” is pronunced
[isa], and word “kenapa” is pronunced
[napa] as the result of Javanese’s
D
II
I
J
M
(i)
[sampε ?]
[sampai]
[ŋanti]
Till
[rame]
[ramai]
[rame]
Noisy
[pakε ?]
[pakai]
[aŋgo]
Use
deleting
simplifications
phoneme.
or
the
Those
phoneme
deletions have a purpose to economise
and to ease the articulation. It also
In this case, vowel e [e] or e [ε]
happen in Data (ii), word “delapan”
substitutes diphtong ai [ai]. As stated
[də
lapan] deletes its phonemes into
before, vowel e [e] has alophones of e
“lapan” [lapan] which consists of two
[e] and e [ε] (Moeliono, et all, 1988).
sillables which similar to Javanese
word [wɔlu].
2.1.3 The deleting of phonemes
located in the first sillable of the
word
6
[hurop]. It is interference for [huruf] is
2.1.4 The deleting of vowel
not pronunced as it should be.
D
II
I
J
M
(i)
[sapa]
[siapa]
[sɔpɔ]
Who
[karna]
[karə
na]
[sebab]
Because
2.1.5.1 The articulating of x [x] as k
[k]
From the descriptions above, it can
be
seen
that
word
“siapa”
D
II
I
J
M
(i)
[tip ε k]
[tip ex]
-
Stationery
is
functioning to
articulated [sapa]. In this case, ia [ia]
correct wrong
in “siapa” is not a diphtong. Vowel i
letters.
[i] in ia [ia] is deleted. Meanwhile, the
[pilɔk]
-
[pilɔx]
Stationery in form
of coloured liquid
word “karena” is articulated [karna].
The vowel e [ə] is deleted. Both
The interference happens since
“siapa” [siapa] and “karena” [karə
na]
phonemes x [x] which has integrated
consist of three sillables. Vowel i [i]
into Indonesian’s phoneme (Nababan,
located in first sillable of [siapa] and
1993) is articulated as k [k] not x [x].
vowel e [ə] located in second sillable
of [karə
na] are deleted. The deletion
2.1.6 The adding of nasal in front of
makes Indonesian words which consist
the words
of three sillables change into two
According to Suwito, the adding
sillables as Javanese’s has. Again, the
aim
of this
simplification
is
of nasal occurs when Javanese people
to
utters some name of places (1983). In
economize and to ease articulation.
Interferenced Indonesian, it occurs not
only for the name of places but also for
2.1.5 The identifiying of articulation
another noun and adverb.
2.1.5.1 The articulating of f [f] as p
[p]
D
II
I
Note
(i)
[mbali] ( m +
[bali]
Name of
D
II
I
J
M
bali)
(i)
[hurop]
[huruf]
[hurop]
Letter
[mbañumanek]
[bañuma
Name of
(m +
nik]
place (noun)
[jagalan]
Name of
The phoneme f [f] in Indonesian is
banyumanik)
identified by phoneme p [p] in
[njagalan](n +
Javanese, thus “huruf” is articulated in
bagalan)
the same way with Javanese’s that is
(ii)
[mbakso] ( m
+ bakso)
place (noun)
place (noun)
[bakso]
Name of
food (noun)
7
(iii)
[mbesok] (m +
[besɔk]
besok)
Tomorrow
utterance. It is different from “lha iyo”
(adverb)
or “ha yo” (Javanese) or “iya”
(Indonesian). It shows that her habit in
The nasal occurs not only for the
uttering Mandarin is taken along in her
name of places. It is overgeneralized
Indonesian.
for food (as in mbakso) as we can see
interference in Indonesian. Bassically,
in Data (ii) and for tomorrow (as in
it
mbesok) as can be seen in Data (iii). In
Indonesian.
has
It
parable
is
counted
word
as
“iya”
in
this case, “mbakso” [mbakso] ussualy
is used in Javanese as verb means eat
2.2 Morphological Interference
meatball (eat bakso). But, in the
The
morphological
interference
sentences shown above, “mbakso”
occurs in affixation; the Indonesian’s
[mbakso] is used as noun to say
affixes are substituted by Javanese’s
“bakso” [bakso]. Meanwhile, the word
affixes (Suwito, 1983). It can happen
“besok”
[besok]
is
pronunced
in prefix, suffix, and konfix, such as:
“mbesok” [mbesɔk] with the adding of
nasal m [m]. It is almost similar to
2.2.1 Prefix meng- is substituted by
Javanese’s way in which word “sesok”
N-
[sesok] or “esuk” [esok] pronunced as
According to Subroto, in Javanese,
the Javanese’s way in uttering “sesok”
prefix N- has morphophonemics such
[sesok] or “esuk” [esok] sometimes
as nge- [ŋə], ng- [ŋ], ny- [ñ], m- [m],
occurs as “ngesok” [ŋesok] with the
n- [n] (1991: 35-36). Meanwhile, in
adding of nasal ng [ŋ].
Indonesian,
prefix
morphophonemics
2.1.7
The
pronunciation
using
in
like
meng-
has
me-
[mə],
Chinese’s
mem- [məm], men- [mə-], meng-
Indonesian’s
[məŋ], meny- [məñ] (Moeliono, et all,
of
1988: 87-90). In this case, prefix N-
utterance
The word “haya” is used to
subsitutes prefix meng-.
precede the sentence. This word has
function
to
confirm
an
idea.
It
originally comes from Mandarin. One
speaker, who tends to use Mandarin at
home, uses it in her Indonesian’s
8
D
II
I
J
M
(i)
[mbawa] (N-
[mə
mbawa]
[ŋgɔwɔ]
Bring
+ bawa)
(meng- +
bawa)
(ii)
[ndarat]
[mendarat]
(N- + darat)
(meng- +
darat)
[ñari]
[mə
ncari]
(N- + cari)
(meng- +
cari)
[ŋə
rasa]
[mə
rasa](m
(N- + rasa)
eng-+ rasa)
ended by consonants, suffix –ne will
gawa)
(N- +
ne
If suffix –e attaches to roots
(N- +
[nibɔ]
2.2.3 Suffix –nya is substituted by –
Fall
in
attach to roots ended by vowels
D
II
I
J
M
(i)
[makane]
[makaña]
[mulane]
That
(maka + -
(maka + -
(mula-
is
ne)
nya)
+ne)
why
[lamane]
[lamaña]
[suwene](
Long
(lama + -
(lama + -
suwe- + -
time
ne)
nya)
ne)
tibo)
[ŋgɔlε k]
(N-
To
find
+golε k)
[ŋrɔsɔ]
(N- +
rasa)
Feel
2.2.4 Suffix –an
When suffix –an attaches to
2.2.2 Suffix –nya is substituded by –e
Here, suffix –e (Javanese) attaches
vowel, it changes into –nan, while it
attaches to consonant, it is unchanged
to roots ended by consonants and
D
II
I
J
M
substitutes suffix –nya (Indonesian).
(i)
[tiganan]
[sə
kitar
[tə
lunan]
Around
(tiga + -
jam
(tə
lu +
three
(n)an)
tiga]
(n)an)
o’clock
Look at the table below:
D
II
I
J
M
[ə
mpatan]
[sə
kitar
[papatan]
Around
(i)
[jalane](ja
[jalanña]
[dalane]
The
(empat +
jam
(papat + -
four
lan + -e)
(jalan + -
(dalan +
way
-an)
ə
mpat]
an)
o’clock
nya)
-e)
[gigitane]
[gigitanña]
[cɔkɔta
[limanan]
[sə
kitar
(gigitan + -
[limɔnan]
Around
(gigitan +
jam
nya)
ne]
(lima + -
-e)
(cokot +
(n)an)
lima]
Its bite
five
(limo + -
o’clock
an)
-e)
[takute]
[takutña]
[wə
dine
(takut + -
(takut + -nya
] (wedi
e)
+ -e)
Afraid
Here, suffix –an is used to explain
approximating
time.
Actually,
in
Indonesian, approximating time is
explained by using word “sekitar”,
such as sekitar jam empat, sekitar jam
tiga, etc. It is interference for the
9
speaker applies Javanese’s way in term
phenomenon is called The Almost
of Indonesian.
Same Diamorph.
2.2.5 Suffix –i
2.2.7 Konfix se-/-nya substituted by
sa-/-ne
D
II
I
J
M
(i)
[saŋka?i]
[saŋka]
[arani]
Gu
D
II
I
J
M
(sangaka
(aran +
ess
(i)
[sa?adane]
[sə
adaña]
[sa?ɔnɔne]
Exist
+ -i)
-i)
(sa-+ada+-
(se-+ada+-
ne)
nya)
Word
”sangka”
is
(sa-+ana+ne)
Indonesian
word. It is usually used to express
people’s guess. In Indonesian, it will
occur as “ku sangka” without any
suffix. In interferenced Indonesian,
“sangka” occurs with suffix –i as it
In this affixation, prefix –sa occurs
with
phoneme
[?]
to
ease
the
articulation as there are two vowels
which are near one and another, like
[sa?ɔnɔne]. In this point, the speaker
takes Javanese’s way.
maintains Indonesian root and uses
2.2.6 Konfix meng-/-i is substituted
Javanese’s konfix in the affixation
by N-/-i
process.
D
II
I
J
M
(i)
[ŋlayani]
[mə
layani]
[ŋladε ni]
Ser
(N-
(meng-
(N-
ving
+layan+-i)
+layan+-i)
+laden+-i)
[ŋlewati]
[mə
lewati]
[ŋliwati]
Pass
(N-
(meng-
(N-
ing
+lewat+-i)
+lewat+-i)
+liwat+-i)
(ii)
2.3 Syntactical Interference
2.3.1 The applying of Javanese’s
structure in Indonesian
The Javanese structure sometimes
is applied in Indonesian. To show the
Javanese structure in Interferenced
Here, N-/-i (Javanese’s konfix)
Indonesian,
which occurs as ŋ-/-i substitutes meng-
Interference
/-i (Indonesian’s konfix). In Data (ii),
Javanese (J) and Indonesian (I) while
both Indonesian and Javanese have the
(M) is its meaning in English.. The
almost same word in their vocabulary
bold letter is the inserted Javanese’s
those are “lewat” [lewat] and “liwat”
structure.
[liwat].
As
stated
before,
the
writer
Indonesian
compares
(II)
to
this
10
ence
II
Nanti kita kumpul di depan gereja
karena ruang ini dipakek sama e…lupa
aku.
J
I
Nggon Lukas mungken ndak ya?
J
Nggon Lukas mungken ora yo?
I
Di rumah Lukas, mungkin atau tidak
ya?
Mengko dhewe padha kumpul ning
ngarep greja amargo ruang iki dinggo
E
At Lukas‘s home, it is possible, isn’t it?
karo… lali aku.
I
E
Nanti kita berkumpul di depan gereja
2.3.3
karena ruang ini dipakai oleh..saya lupa
conjunction
siapa yang akan memakai.
Indonesian’s
Next time, we will gather in front of the
church since this room is used by… I
forget who uses it.
The
using
of
to
Javanese’s
substitute
II
Nek dipakek, walopun lama tetep biru
J
Nek dinggo, arepo suwe, tetep biru
I
Kalau cincin ini dipakai, meskipun lama,
tetap berwarna biru.
E
When this ring is worn, although it is for
II
Orang ndak ada Bali Pesona Asia.
J
Lawong ora ono Bali Pesona Asia.
I
Bukankah Bali Pesona Asia tidak ada.
E
There is no bali Pesona Asia, is it.
II
Hayo malah ndak ikut KKR semua.
Kamu siang itu jam berapa?
J
Hayo malah ora melu KKR kabeh
Ya iya sih, tapi kan maksude perjalanane sana
I
Semua orang justru tidak ikut KKR
tu jauh.
E
All people will not come.
II
Tinggal hari ini sama minggu depan
J
Kari dina iki karo minggu ngarep.
I
Tinggal hari ini dan minggu depan.
a long time, the colour is still blue
2.3.4 Deleting grammatical function
Tadi nggon sekolah mainan besi.
In the first sentence there is the
deleting of subject, while in the second
one there is the deleting of verb.
Meanwhile, in the third sentence, there
II
Cik, nanti les apa ndak?
is no preposition “ke” that it should be
J
Cik, mengko les opo ora?
“ke sana”.
I
Cik, nanti les atau tidak?
E
Cik, should we have a lesson?
2.3.5 Deleting Indonesian’s affixes
Saya bawak obat asma sendiri
Menurutku cat air itu barang prakarya, na itu
bawak
2.3.2
The
preposition
Indonesian’s
using
to
of
Javanese’s
substitute
The sentences above are incorrect
since there are prefix deletions in its
11
verb. The first one deletes prefix meng-
words: sekia (children), cicik (old
.
be
sister), kokoh (old brother), encek
voice).
(young uncle from father), encim
Meanwhile, the second one deletes
(encek’s wife), engkim (young aunt
prefix –di. It should be “dibawa”
from father), etc.
The
correct
“membawa”
verb
should
(active
(passive voice).
Furthermore, this
In this part, not all of addressers in
from
human relationship are still maintained
because
by Indonesian Chinese. For example,
there are no Javanese affixes which are
“zu mu” (grandfather), and “zu fu”
substituted Indonesian’s affixes.
(grandmother)
phenomenon
is
different
morphological
interference
are
lost
and
are
substituted by Indonesian’s words
“emak” and “engkong”. Moreover,
2.4 Vocabulary Interference
The vocabulary interference comes
there is assimilation in addresser for
from
old brother, which originally is “gege”
Mandarin. As stated before, Cushman
[kə
kə
]. In Indonesian it changes into
and Wang Gung Wu states that those
“kokoh” [kɔkɔh], “koko” [koko], or
from
the
borrowed
words
words are used to refer certain things
such as numeral, relationship, cultural
“o’oh” [ɔ?ɔh].
concept, cultural practices, and object
(1991).
2.4.3 Concept and practices
In this occasion, the writer finds
2.4.1 Numeral
that most of Indonesian Chinese still
E. g: cepek (one hundred), san (three),
maintain certain concept linked to
etc.
Chinese’s cultures which are done with
In Mandarin, actually, a numeral
its practices for instance: shangsheng
word to say one hundred is “i pai”
(a ceremony for the death), kamsia
[i?pai].
(thank you), Sinchia (Chinese New
In
Indonesian,
it
has
assimilated into “cepek” [cə
pε k].
Year), etc.
2.4.2 Relationship
2.4.4 Object
The borrowed words occur in this
occasion comes from Mandarin. Those
words are used to refer to human
relationship,
such
as
Mandarin’s
E.g: bong (graveyard), Chungkuok
(China Mainland), etc.
In Indonesian, word that means
China Mainland is “Tiongkok”. It is a
12
loan translation for original word. It is
2.5.2 Narrowing Meaning
also almost similar with “Chungkuok”.
If there is widening meaning, there
In fact, some Indonesian Chinese
would be narrowing meaning too. The
prefer “Chungkuok” to “Tiongkok”.
narrowing
meaning
occurs
in
Indonesian words to refer to certain
things for non-Chinese’s community.
2.5 Semantical Interference
For instance, word “mas” (older
brother or men whose ages are almost
2.5.1 Widening Meaning
The widening meaning uttered by
similar with older brother) or “mbak”
Indonesian Chinese in Semarang is
(older sister or women whose ages
additive
additive
almost similar with older sister) has
meaning is used to their community
different meaning from “kokoh” or
(Indonesian
“cicik”. Those are used to address non-
meaning.
The
Chinese’s
community).
For instance, they say “bong” to refer
Chinese or local recidents.
to Chinese’s graveyard; it is different
from public graveyard (graveyard for
non-Chinese)
which
they
call
2.6 Elemental Interference
The
interference
happens
in
“kuburan”. They call “kokoh” or
elements such as in word, phrase, and
“koko” or “o’oh” (Semarang dialect)
clause (Soewito, 1983). The inserted
to refer to their old brother or Chinese
elements are signed by bold letters.
men older than they are. They use
word “i’ik” (mothers’s younger sister)
and
“engku”
(mother’s
younger
brother) to substituted “bibi” and
2.6.1 Inserted Word, e.g:
Sing disini bersedia to?
Terserah, monggo, dibebaskan
“paman” or “bu lek” and “pak lek”.
They also do not call them “tante” and
2.6.2 Inserted Phrase, e.g:
“om” as modern local recident does.
Yo wis, besok rebo minggu depan yo, ok!
Word “tante” and “om” are used to
Ndak tahu orang mana, ndak ketok, lawong
refer to Chinese women and Chinese
nama wae ndak tahu. Sing mesti cewek.
men whose ages are almost similar to
Ning nek dilepas nggon dingin, lama-lama
jadi ijo
their parents.
13
2.6.3 Inserted Clause, e.g:
culture. Moreover, their ancestor also
Tapi kan orang Suriname biasane kan isa. He,
learned in separated school specialized
kowe neng kene. Tapi ndak mungkin Ngoko.
for them with Mandarin as language in
Aku ndak tahu. Pokoke tak ajaki sek wae
school. Those situations result in
to.
inclusive attitude between Peranakan
Chinese
3. Factors Causing Interferences
and
becomes
local
strong
recidents.
cultural
It
attitude
toward Chinese’s culture which is
3.1 Language Contact
Weinrich
contact
states
causing
derived to their descendants. Then, it
that
language
interference.
grows as their cultural attitude until
now.
Indonesian Chinese at least master two
They do not change their mistakes
languages (Javanese and Indonesian).
in using Standard Indonesian since it is
Even, there are some Indonesian
difficult to be changed (based on
Chinese who still master Mandarin.
interview
Those languages are used in home. The
Chinese). Thus, their mistakes are not
using of more than one language in
avoided and become their habit until
their home causes language contact
now.
to
some
Indonesian
which results in interference. It can be
seen from the types of interferences
3.3
explained above.
Identification
Interchanging
Elements,
Process,
and
Overgeneralization Process.
3.2 Cultural Attitude
Trudgill denotes that interference is
Partana and Sumarsono say that
caused by imperfect learning and
cultural attitude give background in
narrower language acquisition (2002).
maintaining the culture (2002). From
The narrower language acquisition
their vocabulary, it can be seen that
occurs when ancestors of Indonesian
they strongly maintain their culture.
Chinese had to master two languages
Based on history of Chinese immigrant
in the same and narrow time. They had
in
of
to master Malay and Javanese in the
colonialization, Chinese immigrants
same time. It is more difficult than
lived separately from local recident.
learning only one language. Thus,
They lived in “Pecinan” where they
some mistakes can happen in this
are free in doing their custom and
learning acquisition. In this case, the
Indonesia,
in
the
era
14
interchanging elements (Lippi-Green,
phonology,
2001)
constructing
vocabulary, semantic, and elemental.
Indonesian Sound House and Javanese
The interference itself is resulted by
Sound House because the Javanese’s
language contact between Indonesian
element are constructed in Indonesian
and Javanese
as
cultural
happens
explained
in
in
morphological
phonological,
and
interferences.
Then,
identification
of
it
morphology,
and
attitude
Mandarin; the
in
maintaining
syntactical
Chinese’s
results
in
derived to their descendants and has
and
become their cultural attitude until
Indonesian
strongly
now;
identification occurs in diaphones,
narrower language acquisition which
diamorph,
grammatical
was done by their ancestors which
identification as stated by Haugen
results in interchanging elements and
(cited in hastutui, 2003). It is still
identification process which followed
followed by overgeneralization process
by overgeneralization process. The
as can be seen in the explanations of
interference itself is not
interference’s types (Ellis, 1992).
because it becomes their habit and it is
Meanwhile,
their
habit
in
difficult
imperfect
which
Javanese as the same language. The
and
the
culture
syntax,
to
be
learning
and
stopped
changed.
shortening and simplifying utterances
by
deleting
phonemes,
subject,
preposition, etc are usual since all
language rub out their element to ease
articulation and to economize the
written (see p. 21).
4. Conclusion
Indonesian Chinese in Semarang is
a part of Indonesian community which
used Indonesian as their colloquial. In
using Indonesian, their Indonesian is
interferenced
by
Javanese
and
Mandarin. The interference happens in
their
Indonesian
takes
place
in
15
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alwasilah, A. Chaedar. 1993. Pengantar Sosiologi Bahasa. Bandung: Penerbit Angkasa
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1995. Language: Bahasa. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Brown, H. Douglas. 2000. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, Fourth
Edition. New York: Pearson Education.
Chaer, Abdul & Leoni Agustina. 1995. Sosiolinguistik: Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: PT.
Rineka Cipta
Chaer, Abdul. 1994. Linguistik Umum. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta
Cushman, Jennifer & Wang Gung Wu. 1991. Perubahan Identitas Orang Cina di Asia
Tenggara. Jakarta: PT. Temprint
Ellis, Rod. 1992. Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Hastuti, Sri, P. H. 2003. Sekitar Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa Indonesia. Yogyakarta:
PT. Mitra Gama Widya
Hidajat, Z. M. 1993. Masyarakat dan Kebudayaan Cina Indonesia. Bandung: Tarsito
Holmes, Janet. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. New York: Longman
Publishing.
Kridalaksana, Harimurti. 1985. Fungsi Bahasa dan Sikap Bahasa. Ende: Nusa Indah.
Lippi-Green, Rosina, 2001. English with an Accent: Language, Idiology and
Discrimination in the United State. New York: Routledge.
Mangunsuwito, S. A. 2002. Kamus Lengkap Bahasa Jawa: Jawa-Jawa, Jawa-Indonesia,
Indonesia-Jawa. Bandung: Yrama Widya.
Mesthrie, Rajend, et all. 2000. Introducting Sociolinguistics. Philadelphia: John
Benjamins Publishing Company.
Moeliono, dkk. 1988. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka
Partana, Paina dan Sumarsono. 2002. Sosiolinguistik. Yogyakarta: Sabda.
Richard, Jack. C. 1974. Error Analysis: Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition.
London: Longman.
16
Rindjin, Ketut, et all. 1981. Interferensi Gramatikal Bahasa Bali Dalam Pemakaian
Bahasa Indonesia Murid Sekolah Dasar di Bali. Jakarta: Pusat Pambinaan dan
Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Subroto, Edi, dkk. 1991. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Jawa. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana
University Press.
Sudja’i, M. A., dkk. 1986. Pemakaian Bahasa Indonesia di Lingkungan Masyarakat
Tionghoa Jawa Timur: Sebuah Analisis Kesalahan Bahasa Indonesia Tulis Siswa
Kelas VI SD WNI Keturunan Cina Tiga Kota di Jawa Timur. Jakarta: Pusat
Pambinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan
Suwito. 1983. Pengantar Awal Sosiolinguistik: Teori dan Problema. Solo: Henary Offset.
Trudgill, Peter. 2002. Sociolinguistis: Variation and Change. Washington D.C:
Georgetown University Press.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1986. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Widada, dkk. 2001. Kamus Basa Jawa (Bausastra Jawa). Yogyakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Sam Poo Kong’s relieft wall’s story.
DAFTAR INFORMAN
Informan 1
:
Male, 14, Junior High Scholl Student
Informan 2
:
Female, 18, Senior High School
Informan 3
:
Female, 21, college student
Informan 4
:
Male, 21, college student
Informan 5
:
Female, 22, college student
Informan 6
:
Male, 26, private officer
Informan 7
:
Female, for abot 60, teacher
17
CHINESE IN SEMARANG1
Dian Suryani and Dwi Wulandari
English Department Faculty of Letterrs Diponegoro University
Abstrak
Masyarakat WNI Keturunan Cina merupakan pengguna Bahasa Indonesia yang
menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa sehari-hari. Namun, di dalam Bahasa
Indonesia tersebut, terdapat unsur-unsur bahasa lain yaitu Bahasa Jawa dan Bahasa
Mandarin yang menyebabkan adanya penyimpangan terhadap Bahasa Indonesia yang
disebut dengan istilah interferensi. Tulisan ini membahas tentang tipe-tipe interferensi
dalam tuturan Bahasa Indonesia Masyarakat WNI Keturunan Cina di Semarang beserta
faktor-faktror penyebabnya.
Kata-kata kunci: interferensi, WNI Keturunan Cina, Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Jawa,
Bahasa Mandarin.
1
Published in Kajian Sastra, Vol 33 no.1 May 2008
1
the real name of Zheng He was Sam
1. Introduction
Indonesian people consist of many
Poo Tay Djien.
ethnics who are widely spread in its
The first Chinese immigrants are
thousands of islands. There are original
called as “Totok Chinese”. They were
ethnics and comer ethnics who live
the
together as one community. One of
Meanwhile,
their
the
called
“Peranakan
comer
ethnics
is
Indonesian
native
as
speaker
of
Mandarin.
descendants
are
Chinese”.
Chinese ethnic. According to Hidajat
“Peranakan Chinese” is the native
(1993), the first Chinese came to
speaker
Indonesia was Fa Hien, a Buddist
“Peranakan Chinese” has integrated
Monk. He came to Java Island in 413
into Indonesian people, they are also
A.D. Meanwhile, in 1412 A.D several
called as Indonesian Chinese or WNI
army fleets leaded by Zheng He
Keturunan Cina (Oka, cited in Sudja’i,
anchored in Bintan, Bangka, Blitung,
et all 1986).
of
Indoesian.
Since
Karimata, Semarang, and Madura.
When Mallacca became the center
Zheng He’s arrival had a mission to
of trading in South East of Asia, Malay
find a Chinese ambassador who was
became a commerce language used in
lost in Indonesia (based on Sam Poo
Indonesia. The Totok who mostly had
Kong’s relieft wall’s story). After his
proffesion as traders were forced to
departure, in 1417-1419, hundreds of
master regional language and Malay in
ships sailed from China Mainland
the swame time. In this case, they
(from Fukien and Kwantungregions
created
mostly) to Indonesia. Most of the
variation mixed from Malay, regional
immigrants work as traderes since the
language
biggest ethnic, Hokkian, worked as
Sundanese, etc) and Mandarin (Go,
traders. The other ethnics, Teochius got
Swan Djien cited in Sudja’i, et all
jobs as farmers while Cantonese
1986).
opened
hotels,
restourants,
and
workshops (Hidajat, 1993).
To
honor
Zheng
Chinese
Malay;
(such
as
Malay’s
Javanese,
Next, by the time of Netherland’s
colonialization, the Dutchman used
He’s
Chinese
immigrants
as
brokers
commendable. Indonesian Chinese in
between colonial and local residents in
Semarang built a temple named Sam
trading imported commodities. This
Poo Kong. It is named “Sam Poo” for
position has made them have strong
2
role as traders in Indonesia’s economic
Wang state that Indonesian is their
until now.
main language. Based on the research
a
done by them, the Indonesian language
separation between Chinese and local
which is used by Indonesian Chinese
residents. They must live with their
has characteristics as follows (1991):
own ethnics in the certain place called
1. They usually use Indonesian mixed
The
Dutchman
also
made
“Pecinan”. Today, Pecinan as the
from
place of Chinese community still exists
Indonesian’s elements.
in several places in Indonesia (Hidajat,
language’s
and
2. When their regional language is
honorific language, they only use
1993).
In the early of 18
th
century,
Hokkian School was opened for the
Chinese
regional
immigrant.
The
Hokkian
the lowest level of it. It happens in
Sunda, Java, and Madura.
3. They insert Mandarin’s words to
dialect became the language in school.
their
Then, in 1901, Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan
(especially Hokkian language) is
(THHK) that was schools for Totok
used to refer certain things such as
Chinese was opened widely. It used
numeral,
Mandarin as its language in school.
concept, cultural practices, and
Meanwhile, the Peranakan Chinese
object.
studied in Public School using Malay
Mandarin’s words indicates that
language. This situation makes not all
they maintain Chinese identity.
Chinese
Indonesian.
relationship,
The
Mandarin
cultural
maintenance
of
mastering
This phenomenon attracted the
Mandarin anymore (Cushman, Jennifer
writers to search it. In Central Java
& Wang Gung Wu, 1991).
Province, for instance, Indonesian
of
immigrants
In 1965, THHK were closed. Next,
Chinese are able to speak Indonesian
Indonesian became national language.
and Javanese as local residents are.
In that time, Chinese immigrants had
Usually, they only master Ngoko.
named as Indonesian Chinese (WNI
Some of them even still maintain
keturunan
used
Mandarin. Those languages are their
Indonesian as their solidarity language
colloquials. In this case, the Javanese
(Cushman, Jennifer & Wang Gung
and the Mandarin languages which
Wu, 1991). Their Indonesian consisted
they have give some influences to their
of Indonesian, regional language, and
Indonesian. In using the Indonesian
Mandarin. Furthermore, Cushman and
language, Indonesian Chinese tend to
Cina).
They
3
insert some Javanese elements and
semantic, and elemental (elements of
borrowed Mandarin words into their
word, phrase, and clause). In this case,
Indonesian. Thus, their Indonesian is
Javanese and Mandarin give influnce
the mixing from Indonesian, Javanese,
in Indonesian. To understang the
and Mandarin This phenomenon is
changes or the distortion happen in it,
called interference. Interference firstly
the Interferenced Indonesian (II) is
stated by Weinrich to call a language
compared to Javanese (J) and standart
phenomenon in which a language
Indonesian (I). The meaning of it is in
system had changed as the result of
English (M).
language contact done by bilingual
speakers (cited in Chaer, Abdul and
2. 1. Phonological Interference
Leoni Agustina, 1995).
Meanwhile,
considering
that
2.1.1. The changing of vowels
Semarang is the place where many
Chinese immigrants firstly arrived in
2.1.1.1 The changing of vowel u [u]
Indonesia hundreds of years ago, that
into o [o]
Chinese culture is still held strongly in
this city, and that there are many
Indonesian Chinese who are able to
Data
who assemble in this city, the research
I
J
M
h
(i)
[turon]
[turun]
[mə
d on]
go down
(ii)
[tə
ros]
[tə
rus]
[tə
ros]
then
[payoŋ]
[payuŋ]
[payoŋ]
Umbrella
[jatoh]
[jatuh]
[tibɔ]
Fall
speak Indonesian and Javanese, who
are still maintain Chinese culture and
II
(iii)
down
[tidor]
[tidur]
[turu]
Go to
about Interferenced Indonesian uttered
sleep
by Indonesian Chinese is carried out in
Semarang city. The research has two
From the table, we can see that
purposes; to find types of interferences
vowel u [u] located in the last sillable
and to find factors causing it.
of the words changes into o [o]. The
2. Type of Interferences
Javanese
pronunciation
influences
Interferenced Indonesian uttered by
Indonesian pronunciation as in Data (i)
Indonesian Chinese in Semarang can
and Data (ii), vowel o [o] in [mə
dhon],
be
[tə
ros] and [payoŋ] that are Javanese
devided
into
six
types
of
interference stated by Suwito (1983).
word are applied in Indonesian.
Interference happens in phonology,
morphology,
syntax,
vocabulary,
4
Furthermore, both Indonesian and
Vowel a [a] located in the last
Javanese have almost same words
sillable of the words changes into e
showing in Data (ii) like [tə
rus] and
[ə]. In Data (i) we can see The Almost
[tə
ros], [payuŋ] and [payoŋ]. Haugen
Same Diamorph phenomenon, for
says that this phenomenon could make
instance “cepat” [cə
pat] and “cepet”
the speaker identify them as the same
[cə
pə
t]; “tetap” [tə
tap] and ‘tetep”
thing
in
[tə
tə
p], etc. In this point, interference
choosing the appropriate word between
occurs when the speaker use Javanese
them. This phenomenon is called by
pronunciation in Indonesian sentence
Haugen
since Indonesian has the parable
which
as
creates
The
mistakes
Almost
Same
Diamorph that is morphemes with the
words.
same meaning and the almost similar
form (cited in Hastuti: 2003).
Meanwhile, the overgeneralization
is applied in Data (ii).
Next, in Data (iii), interference
occurs as the overgeneralization (Ellis,
2.1.1.3 The changing of vowel i [i]
1992) from what happen before in
into e [e] or e [ε]
Data (i) and Data (ii). The word
D
II
I
J
M
“jatuh” is pronunced [jatoh]; word
(i)
[tules]
[tulis]
[tules]
Write
“tidur” is pronunced [tidor]. The rule
(ii)
[cincen]
[cincin]
[ali-ali]
Ring
[kə
maren];
[kə
ma
[wiŋi]
Yester
[kə
marε n]
rin]
[mobel]
[mobil]
of changing vowel u [u] into o [o] in
the last sillable of the words is
extended eventhough in Javanese, its
day
Car
[mɔn
tɔr]
words are different.
In this point, vowel i [i] changes
into e [e] or e [ε] since e[e] has two
2.1.1.2 The changing of vowel a [a]
alophones; e [e] and e[ε] (Moeliono, et
into e [ə]
all, 1988). Thus, vowel i [i] can occur
D
II
I
J
M
(i)
[cə
pə
t]
[cə
pat]
[cə
pə
t]
Quick
[tə
tə
p]
[tə
tap]
[tə
tə
p]
Constant
[lə
ŋə
n]
[lə
ŋan]
[lə
ŋə
n]
Arm
[pinjə
m]
[pinjam]
[silε h]
Borrow
[datə
ŋ]
[dataŋ]
Come
[iŋə
t]
[iŋat]
[tə
kɔ]
[eleŋ]
(ii)
Remem
ber
as e [e] or e [ε]. Those changes occur
in the last sillable of the words.
Javanese’s influence and The Almost
Same Diamorph phenomenon can be
seen
in
Data
(i).
Meanwhile
overgeneralization is applied in Data
(ii).
5
2.1.2 The changing of diphtong
D
II
I
J
M
2.1.2.1 The changing of diphtong au
(i)
[isa]
[bisa]
[bisɔ];
Able
[udah]
[sudah]
[isɔ]
[uwes];
Already
[a] into vowel o [o] or o [ɔ]
D
II
I
J
M
(i)
[kalo]
[kalau]
[nε k]
If
[atɔ]
[atau]
[ɔpɔ]
Or
[walɔpun]
[walaupun]
[mbɔk]
Though
[wes]
(ii)
[napa]
[kə
napa]
[nɔpɔ]
Why
[lapan]
[də
lapan]
[wɔlu]
Eight
The deleting of phonemes takes
From the table above, it can be
place in the first sillable of the words
seen that diphtong au [au] changes
as descripted in the table above. In
into vowel o [ɔ] or o [o]. It could
Javanese,
happen since Javanese has no diphtong
the
word
“bisa”
is
pronunced [bisɔ]. The first phoneme of
(Widada, et all, 2001) and for o[o] has
it usually is deleted. Sometimes, it is
two allophones; o [ɔ] and o [o]
uttered as [isɔ]. This phenomenon also
goes on in word “uwis” which is
(Moeliono, et all, 1988).
pronunced [uwes] or [wes]. In this
2.1.2.2 The changing of diphtong ai
[ai] into vowel e [e] or e [ε].
ocassion, word “bisa” is pronunced
[isa], and word “kenapa” is pronunced
[napa] as the result of Javanese’s
D
II
I
J
M
(i)
[sampε ?]
[sampai]
[ŋanti]
Till
[rame]
[ramai]
[rame]
Noisy
[pakε ?]
[pakai]
[aŋgo]
Use
deleting
simplifications
phoneme.
or
the
Those
phoneme
deletions have a purpose to economise
and to ease the articulation. It also
In this case, vowel e [e] or e [ε]
happen in Data (ii), word “delapan”
substitutes diphtong ai [ai]. As stated
[də
lapan] deletes its phonemes into
before, vowel e [e] has alophones of e
“lapan” [lapan] which consists of two
[e] and e [ε] (Moeliono, et all, 1988).
sillables which similar to Javanese
word [wɔlu].
2.1.3 The deleting of phonemes
located in the first sillable of the
word
6
[hurop]. It is interference for [huruf] is
2.1.4 The deleting of vowel
not pronunced as it should be.
D
II
I
J
M
(i)
[sapa]
[siapa]
[sɔpɔ]
Who
[karna]
[karə
na]
[sebab]
Because
2.1.5.1 The articulating of x [x] as k
[k]
From the descriptions above, it can
be
seen
that
word
“siapa”
D
II
I
J
M
(i)
[tip ε k]
[tip ex]
-
Stationery
is
functioning to
articulated [sapa]. In this case, ia [ia]
correct wrong
in “siapa” is not a diphtong. Vowel i
letters.
[i] in ia [ia] is deleted. Meanwhile, the
[pilɔk]
-
[pilɔx]
Stationery in form
of coloured liquid
word “karena” is articulated [karna].
The vowel e [ə] is deleted. Both
The interference happens since
“siapa” [siapa] and “karena” [karə
na]
phonemes x [x] which has integrated
consist of three sillables. Vowel i [i]
into Indonesian’s phoneme (Nababan,
located in first sillable of [siapa] and
1993) is articulated as k [k] not x [x].
vowel e [ə] located in second sillable
of [karə
na] are deleted. The deletion
2.1.6 The adding of nasal in front of
makes Indonesian words which consist
the words
of three sillables change into two
According to Suwito, the adding
sillables as Javanese’s has. Again, the
aim
of this
simplification
is
of nasal occurs when Javanese people
to
utters some name of places (1983). In
economize and to ease articulation.
Interferenced Indonesian, it occurs not
only for the name of places but also for
2.1.5 The identifiying of articulation
another noun and adverb.
2.1.5.1 The articulating of f [f] as p
[p]
D
II
I
Note
(i)
[mbali] ( m +
[bali]
Name of
D
II
I
J
M
bali)
(i)
[hurop]
[huruf]
[hurop]
Letter
[mbañumanek]
[bañuma
Name of
(m +
nik]
place (noun)
[jagalan]
Name of
The phoneme f [f] in Indonesian is
banyumanik)
identified by phoneme p [p] in
[njagalan](n +
Javanese, thus “huruf” is articulated in
bagalan)
the same way with Javanese’s that is
(ii)
[mbakso] ( m
+ bakso)
place (noun)
place (noun)
[bakso]
Name of
food (noun)
7
(iii)
[mbesok] (m +
[besɔk]
besok)
Tomorrow
utterance. It is different from “lha iyo”
(adverb)
or “ha yo” (Javanese) or “iya”
(Indonesian). It shows that her habit in
The nasal occurs not only for the
uttering Mandarin is taken along in her
name of places. It is overgeneralized
Indonesian.
for food (as in mbakso) as we can see
interference in Indonesian. Bassically,
in Data (ii) and for tomorrow (as in
it
mbesok) as can be seen in Data (iii). In
Indonesian.
has
It
parable
is
counted
word
as
“iya”
in
this case, “mbakso” [mbakso] ussualy
is used in Javanese as verb means eat
2.2 Morphological Interference
meatball (eat bakso). But, in the
The
morphological
interference
sentences shown above, “mbakso”
occurs in affixation; the Indonesian’s
[mbakso] is used as noun to say
affixes are substituted by Javanese’s
“bakso” [bakso]. Meanwhile, the word
affixes (Suwito, 1983). It can happen
“besok”
[besok]
is
pronunced
in prefix, suffix, and konfix, such as:
“mbesok” [mbesɔk] with the adding of
nasal m [m]. It is almost similar to
2.2.1 Prefix meng- is substituted by
Javanese’s way in which word “sesok”
N-
[sesok] or “esuk” [esok] pronunced as
According to Subroto, in Javanese,
the Javanese’s way in uttering “sesok”
prefix N- has morphophonemics such
[sesok] or “esuk” [esok] sometimes
as nge- [ŋə], ng- [ŋ], ny- [ñ], m- [m],
occurs as “ngesok” [ŋesok] with the
n- [n] (1991: 35-36). Meanwhile, in
adding of nasal ng [ŋ].
Indonesian,
prefix
morphophonemics
2.1.7
The
pronunciation
using
in
like
meng-
has
me-
[mə],
Chinese’s
mem- [məm], men- [mə-], meng-
Indonesian’s
[məŋ], meny- [məñ] (Moeliono, et all,
of
1988: 87-90). In this case, prefix N-
utterance
The word “haya” is used to
subsitutes prefix meng-.
precede the sentence. This word has
function
to
confirm
an
idea.
It
originally comes from Mandarin. One
speaker, who tends to use Mandarin at
home, uses it in her Indonesian’s
8
D
II
I
J
M
(i)
[mbawa] (N-
[mə
mbawa]
[ŋgɔwɔ]
Bring
+ bawa)
(meng- +
bawa)
(ii)
[ndarat]
[mendarat]
(N- + darat)
(meng- +
darat)
[ñari]
[mə
ncari]
(N- + cari)
(meng- +
cari)
[ŋə
rasa]
[mə
rasa](m
(N- + rasa)
eng-+ rasa)
ended by consonants, suffix –ne will
gawa)
(N- +
ne
If suffix –e attaches to roots
(N- +
[nibɔ]
2.2.3 Suffix –nya is substituted by –
Fall
in
attach to roots ended by vowels
D
II
I
J
M
(i)
[makane]
[makaña]
[mulane]
That
(maka + -
(maka + -
(mula-
is
ne)
nya)
+ne)
why
[lamane]
[lamaña]
[suwene](
Long
(lama + -
(lama + -
suwe- + -
time
ne)
nya)
ne)
tibo)
[ŋgɔlε k]
(N-
To
find
+golε k)
[ŋrɔsɔ]
(N- +
rasa)
Feel
2.2.4 Suffix –an
When suffix –an attaches to
2.2.2 Suffix –nya is substituded by –e
Here, suffix –e (Javanese) attaches
vowel, it changes into –nan, while it
attaches to consonant, it is unchanged
to roots ended by consonants and
D
II
I
J
M
substitutes suffix –nya (Indonesian).
(i)
[tiganan]
[sə
kitar
[tə
lunan]
Around
(tiga + -
jam
(tə
lu +
three
(n)an)
tiga]
(n)an)
o’clock
Look at the table below:
D
II
I
J
M
[ə
mpatan]
[sə
kitar
[papatan]
Around
(i)
[jalane](ja
[jalanña]
[dalane]
The
(empat +
jam
(papat + -
four
lan + -e)
(jalan + -
(dalan +
way
-an)
ə
mpat]
an)
o’clock
nya)
-e)
[gigitane]
[gigitanña]
[cɔkɔta
[limanan]
[sə
kitar
(gigitan + -
[limɔnan]
Around
(gigitan +
jam
nya)
ne]
(lima + -
-e)
(cokot +
(n)an)
lima]
Its bite
five
(limo + -
o’clock
an)
-e)
[takute]
[takutña]
[wə
dine
(takut + -
(takut + -nya
] (wedi
e)
+ -e)
Afraid
Here, suffix –an is used to explain
approximating
time.
Actually,
in
Indonesian, approximating time is
explained by using word “sekitar”,
such as sekitar jam empat, sekitar jam
tiga, etc. It is interference for the
9
speaker applies Javanese’s way in term
phenomenon is called The Almost
of Indonesian.
Same Diamorph.
2.2.5 Suffix –i
2.2.7 Konfix se-/-nya substituted by
sa-/-ne
D
II
I
J
M
(i)
[saŋka?i]
[saŋka]
[arani]
Gu
D
II
I
J
M
(sangaka
(aran +
ess
(i)
[sa?adane]
[sə
adaña]
[sa?ɔnɔne]
Exist
+ -i)
-i)
(sa-+ada+-
(se-+ada+-
ne)
nya)
Word
”sangka”
is
(sa-+ana+ne)
Indonesian
word. It is usually used to express
people’s guess. In Indonesian, it will
occur as “ku sangka” without any
suffix. In interferenced Indonesian,
“sangka” occurs with suffix –i as it
In this affixation, prefix –sa occurs
with
phoneme
[?]
to
ease
the
articulation as there are two vowels
which are near one and another, like
[sa?ɔnɔne]. In this point, the speaker
takes Javanese’s way.
maintains Indonesian root and uses
2.2.6 Konfix meng-/-i is substituted
Javanese’s konfix in the affixation
by N-/-i
process.
D
II
I
J
M
(i)
[ŋlayani]
[mə
layani]
[ŋladε ni]
Ser
(N-
(meng-
(N-
ving
+layan+-i)
+layan+-i)
+laden+-i)
[ŋlewati]
[mə
lewati]
[ŋliwati]
Pass
(N-
(meng-
(N-
ing
+lewat+-i)
+lewat+-i)
+liwat+-i)
(ii)
2.3 Syntactical Interference
2.3.1 The applying of Javanese’s
structure in Indonesian
The Javanese structure sometimes
is applied in Indonesian. To show the
Javanese structure in Interferenced
Here, N-/-i (Javanese’s konfix)
Indonesian,
which occurs as ŋ-/-i substitutes meng-
Interference
/-i (Indonesian’s konfix). In Data (ii),
Javanese (J) and Indonesian (I) while
both Indonesian and Javanese have the
(M) is its meaning in English.. The
almost same word in their vocabulary
bold letter is the inserted Javanese’s
those are “lewat” [lewat] and “liwat”
structure.
[liwat].
As
stated
before,
the
writer
Indonesian
compares
(II)
to
this
10
ence
II
Nanti kita kumpul di depan gereja
karena ruang ini dipakek sama e…lupa
aku.
J
I
Nggon Lukas mungken ndak ya?
J
Nggon Lukas mungken ora yo?
I
Di rumah Lukas, mungkin atau tidak
ya?
Mengko dhewe padha kumpul ning
ngarep greja amargo ruang iki dinggo
E
At Lukas‘s home, it is possible, isn’t it?
karo… lali aku.
I
E
Nanti kita berkumpul di depan gereja
2.3.3
karena ruang ini dipakai oleh..saya lupa
conjunction
siapa yang akan memakai.
Indonesian’s
Next time, we will gather in front of the
church since this room is used by… I
forget who uses it.
The
using
of
to
Javanese’s
substitute
II
Nek dipakek, walopun lama tetep biru
J
Nek dinggo, arepo suwe, tetep biru
I
Kalau cincin ini dipakai, meskipun lama,
tetap berwarna biru.
E
When this ring is worn, although it is for
II
Orang ndak ada Bali Pesona Asia.
J
Lawong ora ono Bali Pesona Asia.
I
Bukankah Bali Pesona Asia tidak ada.
E
There is no bali Pesona Asia, is it.
II
Hayo malah ndak ikut KKR semua.
Kamu siang itu jam berapa?
J
Hayo malah ora melu KKR kabeh
Ya iya sih, tapi kan maksude perjalanane sana
I
Semua orang justru tidak ikut KKR
tu jauh.
E
All people will not come.
II
Tinggal hari ini sama minggu depan
J
Kari dina iki karo minggu ngarep.
I
Tinggal hari ini dan minggu depan.
a long time, the colour is still blue
2.3.4 Deleting grammatical function
Tadi nggon sekolah mainan besi.
In the first sentence there is the
deleting of subject, while in the second
one there is the deleting of verb.
Meanwhile, in the third sentence, there
II
Cik, nanti les apa ndak?
is no preposition “ke” that it should be
J
Cik, mengko les opo ora?
“ke sana”.
I
Cik, nanti les atau tidak?
E
Cik, should we have a lesson?
2.3.5 Deleting Indonesian’s affixes
Saya bawak obat asma sendiri
Menurutku cat air itu barang prakarya, na itu
bawak
2.3.2
The
preposition
Indonesian’s
using
to
of
Javanese’s
substitute
The sentences above are incorrect
since there are prefix deletions in its
11
verb. The first one deletes prefix meng-
words: sekia (children), cicik (old
.
be
sister), kokoh (old brother), encek
voice).
(young uncle from father), encim
Meanwhile, the second one deletes
(encek’s wife), engkim (young aunt
prefix –di. It should be “dibawa”
from father), etc.
The
correct
“membawa”
verb
should
(active
(passive voice).
Furthermore, this
In this part, not all of addressers in
from
human relationship are still maintained
because
by Indonesian Chinese. For example,
there are no Javanese affixes which are
“zu mu” (grandfather), and “zu fu”
substituted Indonesian’s affixes.
(grandmother)
phenomenon
is
different
morphological
interference
are
lost
and
are
substituted by Indonesian’s words
“emak” and “engkong”. Moreover,
2.4 Vocabulary Interference
The vocabulary interference comes
there is assimilation in addresser for
from
old brother, which originally is “gege”
Mandarin. As stated before, Cushman
[kə
kə
]. In Indonesian it changes into
and Wang Gung Wu states that those
“kokoh” [kɔkɔh], “koko” [koko], or
from
the
borrowed
words
words are used to refer certain things
such as numeral, relationship, cultural
“o’oh” [ɔ?ɔh].
concept, cultural practices, and object
(1991).
2.4.3 Concept and practices
In this occasion, the writer finds
2.4.1 Numeral
that most of Indonesian Chinese still
E. g: cepek (one hundred), san (three),
maintain certain concept linked to
etc.
Chinese’s cultures which are done with
In Mandarin, actually, a numeral
its practices for instance: shangsheng
word to say one hundred is “i pai”
(a ceremony for the death), kamsia
[i?pai].
(thank you), Sinchia (Chinese New
In
Indonesian,
it
has
assimilated into “cepek” [cə
pε k].
Year), etc.
2.4.2 Relationship
2.4.4 Object
The borrowed words occur in this
occasion comes from Mandarin. Those
words are used to refer to human
relationship,
such
as
Mandarin’s
E.g: bong (graveyard), Chungkuok
(China Mainland), etc.
In Indonesian, word that means
China Mainland is “Tiongkok”. It is a
12
loan translation for original word. It is
2.5.2 Narrowing Meaning
also almost similar with “Chungkuok”.
If there is widening meaning, there
In fact, some Indonesian Chinese
would be narrowing meaning too. The
prefer “Chungkuok” to “Tiongkok”.
narrowing
meaning
occurs
in
Indonesian words to refer to certain
things for non-Chinese’s community.
2.5 Semantical Interference
For instance, word “mas” (older
brother or men whose ages are almost
2.5.1 Widening Meaning
The widening meaning uttered by
similar with older brother) or “mbak”
Indonesian Chinese in Semarang is
(older sister or women whose ages
additive
additive
almost similar with older sister) has
meaning is used to their community
different meaning from “kokoh” or
(Indonesian
“cicik”. Those are used to address non-
meaning.
The
Chinese’s
community).
For instance, they say “bong” to refer
Chinese or local recidents.
to Chinese’s graveyard; it is different
from public graveyard (graveyard for
non-Chinese)
which
they
call
2.6 Elemental Interference
The
interference
happens
in
“kuburan”. They call “kokoh” or
elements such as in word, phrase, and
“koko” or “o’oh” (Semarang dialect)
clause (Soewito, 1983). The inserted
to refer to their old brother or Chinese
elements are signed by bold letters.
men older than they are. They use
word “i’ik” (mothers’s younger sister)
and
“engku”
(mother’s
younger
brother) to substituted “bibi” and
2.6.1 Inserted Word, e.g:
Sing disini bersedia to?
Terserah, monggo, dibebaskan
“paman” or “bu lek” and “pak lek”.
They also do not call them “tante” and
2.6.2 Inserted Phrase, e.g:
“om” as modern local recident does.
Yo wis, besok rebo minggu depan yo, ok!
Word “tante” and “om” are used to
Ndak tahu orang mana, ndak ketok, lawong
refer to Chinese women and Chinese
nama wae ndak tahu. Sing mesti cewek.
men whose ages are almost similar to
Ning nek dilepas nggon dingin, lama-lama
jadi ijo
their parents.
13
2.6.3 Inserted Clause, e.g:
culture. Moreover, their ancestor also
Tapi kan orang Suriname biasane kan isa. He,
learned in separated school specialized
kowe neng kene. Tapi ndak mungkin Ngoko.
for them with Mandarin as language in
Aku ndak tahu. Pokoke tak ajaki sek wae
school. Those situations result in
to.
inclusive attitude between Peranakan
Chinese
3. Factors Causing Interferences
and
becomes
local
strong
recidents.
cultural
It
attitude
toward Chinese’s culture which is
3.1 Language Contact
Weinrich
contact
states
causing
derived to their descendants. Then, it
that
language
interference.
grows as their cultural attitude until
now.
Indonesian Chinese at least master two
They do not change their mistakes
languages (Javanese and Indonesian).
in using Standard Indonesian since it is
Even, there are some Indonesian
difficult to be changed (based on
Chinese who still master Mandarin.
interview
Those languages are used in home. The
Chinese). Thus, their mistakes are not
using of more than one language in
avoided and become their habit until
their home causes language contact
now.
to
some
Indonesian
which results in interference. It can be
seen from the types of interferences
3.3
explained above.
Identification
Interchanging
Elements,
Process,
and
Overgeneralization Process.
3.2 Cultural Attitude
Trudgill denotes that interference is
Partana and Sumarsono say that
caused by imperfect learning and
cultural attitude give background in
narrower language acquisition (2002).
maintaining the culture (2002). From
The narrower language acquisition
their vocabulary, it can be seen that
occurs when ancestors of Indonesian
they strongly maintain their culture.
Chinese had to master two languages
Based on history of Chinese immigrant
in the same and narrow time. They had
in
of
to master Malay and Javanese in the
colonialization, Chinese immigrants
same time. It is more difficult than
lived separately from local recident.
learning only one language. Thus,
They lived in “Pecinan” where they
some mistakes can happen in this
are free in doing their custom and
learning acquisition. In this case, the
Indonesia,
in
the
era
14
interchanging elements (Lippi-Green,
phonology,
2001)
constructing
vocabulary, semantic, and elemental.
Indonesian Sound House and Javanese
The interference itself is resulted by
Sound House because the Javanese’s
language contact between Indonesian
element are constructed in Indonesian
and Javanese
as
cultural
happens
explained
in
in
morphological
phonological,
and
interferences.
Then,
identification
of
it
morphology,
and
attitude
Mandarin; the
in
maintaining
syntactical
Chinese’s
results
in
derived to their descendants and has
and
become their cultural attitude until
Indonesian
strongly
now;
identification occurs in diaphones,
narrower language acquisition which
diamorph,
grammatical
was done by their ancestors which
identification as stated by Haugen
results in interchanging elements and
(cited in hastutui, 2003). It is still
identification process which followed
followed by overgeneralization process
by overgeneralization process. The
as can be seen in the explanations of
interference itself is not
interference’s types (Ellis, 1992).
because it becomes their habit and it is
Meanwhile,
their
habit
in
difficult
imperfect
which
Javanese as the same language. The
and
the
culture
syntax,
to
be
learning
and
stopped
changed.
shortening and simplifying utterances
by
deleting
phonemes,
subject,
preposition, etc are usual since all
language rub out their element to ease
articulation and to economize the
written (see p. 21).
4. Conclusion
Indonesian Chinese in Semarang is
a part of Indonesian community which
used Indonesian as their colloquial. In
using Indonesian, their Indonesian is
interferenced
by
Javanese
and
Mandarin. The interference happens in
their
Indonesian
takes
place
in
15
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Bloomfield, Leonard. 1995. Language: Bahasa. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Brown, H. Douglas. 2000. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, Fourth
Edition. New York: Pearson Education.
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Sam Poo Kong’s relieft wall’s story.
DAFTAR INFORMAN
Informan 1
:
Male, 14, Junior High Scholl Student
Informan 2
:
Female, 18, Senior High School
Informan 3
:
Female, 21, college student
Informan 4
:
Male, 21, college student
Informan 5
:
Female, 22, college student
Informan 6
:
Male, 26, private officer
Informan 7
:
Female, for abot 60, teacher
17