The spelling of early modern english as seen in the King James version 1611 holy bible compared to new king james version holy bible - USD Repository
THE SPELLING OF EARLY MODERN ENGLISH
AS SEEN IN
THE KING JAMES VERSION 1611 HOLY BIBLE
COMPARED TO
NEW KING JAMES VERSION HOLY BIBLE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Prestented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
Student Number: 044214151
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
THE SPELLING OF EARLY MODERN ENGLISH
AS SEEN IN
THE KING JAMES VERSION 1611 HOLY BIBLE
COMPARED TO
NEW KING JAMES VERSION HOLY BIBLE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Prestented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
Student Number: 044214151
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
“Those who don’t give up will win in the end”
Surely goodnes and mercie shall followe me
all the daies of my life: and I will dwell in the house of the Lord for euer (KJV 1611, Psalm 23: 6)YÉÜ Ytà{xÜ? ]xáâá V{Ü|áà tÇw [ÉÄÄç fÑ|Ü|à `Éà{xÜ `tÜç `ç Wtwwç Uxđđç ^âưđ|tw| 9 ẫç `Éẫ fư| fâátđà|
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan dii bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Lucia KurniadiNomor Mahasiswa : 044214151
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:The Spelling of Early Modern English as Seen in the King James Version 1611 Holy
Bible Compared to New King James Version Holy Bible
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan
dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,
mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media
lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin dari saya maupun
memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai
penulis.Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal : 24 Maret 2009 Yang menyatakan (Lucia Kurniadi)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to Jesus Christ for His kindness, so that I finally completed the thesis writing.There are a lot of people who have guided, supported and helped me in completing this thesis writing. Therefore, I would like to thank:
1. Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A as the advisor for guiding and giving a lot of advises so that I finally complete this research.
2. J. Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum as the reader for giving suggestions and advises.
3. All lecturers of English Letters study Programme of Sanata Dharma University, and Mbak Ninik.
4. My parents Benny Kurniadi and Sri Susanti, my beloved sister Aloysia Kurniadi, my beloved brother Sebastian Billy Kurniadi, uncles and aunties, and all of my cousins.
5. My friends Kiki, Dinda, Vonny, Theo, Hartati, Steven, Frans, Shendy.
6. My best friends Karisma Kurniawan, Yohanes Krisostomos, Ardi Nugroho, Reena Rai, Wahyu Puspita Sari, Scholastika Ardianita, Hilda Dina Santoja, Nur Indah, Vina Christiana, Prawira Atmaja. I realize that this thesis has not been perfect yet. Therefore, the criticisms and suggestions from whoever read this thesis are welcome. May God bless all of those who have helped me throughout my study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE .................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGE .......................................................................... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ..................................................................... iii
MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................. iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN ................................. v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................. vii
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................... ix
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................... x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ......................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation .............................................................. 2 C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................... 3 D. Benefit of the Study ................................................................ 3 E. Definition of Terms ................................................................. 3CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ................................... 5
A. Review of Related Theories .................................................... 5 1. English Modern English Problem ..................................... 5 2. Spelling of Early Modern English ..................................... 73. The English Alphabets ...................................................... 10
4. Classical Latin Spelling .................................................... 11
5. History of the Holy Bible in English .............................. 12 6.
The Sound System of English ............................................ 14 B. Theoretical Framework ........................................................... 17
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................ 18
A. Object of the Study ................................................................. 18 B. Method of the Study ................................................................ 18 C. Research Procedure ................................................................. 19
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ............................................................. 21
A. The Letter Addition ................................................................. 22 B. The Aposthrophe ‘s Addition ................................................. 29E.
The Doubled Letter ................................................................. 43
F. Grammar Shift ......................................................................... 46
G. The Compound Differences .................................................... 47
H. Negative Morpheme Shift ........................................................ 49 I.
The Singled Letter.................................................................... 49 J.
Word Adaptation...................................................................... 52 K. Letter Shift ............................................................................... 52 L. Misspelling............................................................................... 76
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ....................................................... 77
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................. 79APPENDICCES ................................................................................. 80
ABSTRACT
LUCIA KURNIADI. The Spelling of Early Modern English as Seen in the King
James Version 1611 Holy Bible Compared to New King James Version Holy Bible. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma
University, 2009.
Before the Renaissance, England used French as its national language and
English became the language of low-class people. However, after the Renaissance
era, English became popular because the nobles tried using it to communicate with
their people. Different from the Old English and Middle English, the early version of
Modern English looks much simpler for us. The inflection system is reduced, as well
as the gender. However, there is no particular rule about how to spell the words.
Every author had his own spelling. Therefore, we can know who the author of a book
is just from the spelling.The purposes of this study are first to identify the spelling of the King James
Version 1611 Holy Bible and second to understand the extent of its difference from
Modern English. Therefore, there are one problem that is discussed namely how the
spelling of Early Modern English is different from Modern English.In this study I conducted a desk research which means that this study is done
based on the theories from many sources and also the data from the King James
Version 1611 Holy Bible especially the Gospel of Luke. Then, I compared it with the
New King James Version Holy Bible to know the differencesBased on the research result, there are many differences between the King
James Version 1611 and the New King James Version. The differences are the letter
addition 2.4%, the apostrophe ‘s addition 1%, the change of consonant orders 0.02%,
letter deletion 40.8%, doubled letters 2.7%, grammar shifts 0.06%, compound
differences 1.7%, negative morpheme shifts 0.04%, singled letters 8.6%, word
adaptation 0.06%, the letter shifts 42.48%, and misspellings 0.1%.
ABSTRAK
LUCIA KURNIADI. The Spelling of Early Modern English as Seen in theKing James Version 1611 Holy Bible Compared to New King James Version Holy Bible. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata
Dharma, 2009.
Sebelum Renaisans, Inggris menggunakan bahasa Prancis sebagai bahasa
nasionalnya dan bahasa Inggris menjadi bahasa untuk rakyat jelata. Akan tetapi
setelah zaman Renaisans bahasa Inggris menjadi kembali terkenal karena para
bangsawan menggunakannya untuk berkomunikasi dengan rakyat mereka. Berbeda
dengan Inggris Kuno dan Inggris Pertengahan, versi awal Inggris Modern tampak
sangatlah sederhana bagi kita. Sistem infleksi dan gender dikurangi. Bagaimanapun
juga, tidak ada rumus umum untuk cara penulisan suatu kata. Setiap penulis
mempunyai cara penulisannya sendiri. Oleh karena itu, kita dapat mengetahui penulis
suatu buku dari cara penulisannya Tujuan penelitian ini yang pertama adalah untuk mengidentifikasi carapenulisan King James Version 1611 Holy Bible dan yang kedua adalah untuk
mengetahui sampai sejauh mana perbedaannya dengan Inggris Modern. Oleh karena
itu, ada satu masalah yang didiskusikan yaitu bagaimana cara penulisan Inggris
Modern Awal berbeda dengan Inggris Modern.Dalam studi ini saya menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan yang
berarti bahwa penelitian ini dilakukan berdasarkan teori-teori dari berbagai sumber
dan data diperoleh dari King James Version 1611 Holy Bible terutama Injil Lukas.
Kemudian saya membandingkannya dengan New King James Version Holy Bible
untuk mengetahui perbedaannya.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ada banyak perbedaan antara King James
Version 1611 dan New King James Version. Perbedaannya adalah penambahan huruf
2.4%, penambahan ‘s 1%, perubahan susunan konsonan 0.02%, penghapusan huruf
40.8%, penggandaan huruf 2.7%, perubahan tata bahasa 0.06%, perbedaan kata
majemuk 1.7%, perubahan morfem negatif 0.04%, penunggalan huruf 8.6%, adaptasi
kata 0.06%, perubahan huruf 42.48%, dan salah tulis 0.1%.CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Cable and Baugh (1978: 113-116) said that before the renaissance, England
used French as its national language and English became the language of low-class
people. However, after the renaissance era, English became popular again because the
nobles tried using it to communicate with their people. Different from the Old
English and Middle English, the early version of Modern English is much simpler.
The inflection system is reduced, as well as the gender. However, there is no
particular rule about how to spell the words. Every author had his own spelling.
Therefore, we can know who the author of a book is just from the spelling.
Basically, English used to be written as it sounded. However, people spoke
different varieties of English. A good example of an early Modern English text is
King James Holy Bible . It was translated from Latin by 54 experts in 1607 and
published in 1611. However, now, King James Holy Bible has been revised into
Modern English standard spelling but it still uses some archaic words such as thy, and
thou . Actually, early Modern English words are quite the same as today Modern
English. However, as I said before, because there was no standardization of spelling,
authors had their own spelling.The reason why I have chosen this topic as my topic is that if I would like to
find texts of early Modern English is much easier than to find the Old English and
the Middle English ones. Different from Old English which is more like German,
early Modern English, of course, is more like today Modern English but it is still
different. The third reason is that King James Holy Bible is a very good sample text
of early Modern English and a very famous book that has many versions. Therefore,
if I wish to know about the history of English language, I should choose the Holy
Bible.The next point is that I agree that there is no standardization of
spelling in the early Modern English. However, it does not mean that every author
has exactly different spelling.I limit my study just in the spelling of the Early Modern English. In addition, I
also only take King James Bible which was translated at 1611 as my focus of the
study. Moreover, I chose the Gospel of Luke in random.B. Problem Formulation
To guide the progress of this study, one research problems have been formulated as follows:
C. Objectives of the Study
There are two objectives of this study. The first one is to identify the spelling
of the original version of King James Version Holy Bible. The second one is to
understand the extent of its difference from Modern English.D. Benefit of the Study
There are two benefits of this study. The first benefit of this study is that the
reader knows more about the Early Modern English spelling. The second one is that
the reader can learn more about the history of English language.E. Definition of Term
These following are the definitions of the technical terms that are used in this study.
1. According to Cable and Baugh (1978: 199), Early Modern English is the English
language used around 1500-1600. It was also known as the Renaissance. It was used in the end of Middle English to the beginning of Modern English.th English language that we use today. It is used from the end of 15 century to now.
It is a living language that constantly changing.
3. According to Fromkin and Rodman (2003: 562-563), a spelling system is the
representation of the spoken language. The spelling of most English words today4. In Menyingkap Alkitab (2005: 8), the King James Bible is an English holy bible published to replace the Geneva Bible. It was also known as the Authorized . The New Testament was translated from the Textus Receptus (Received
Version
Text) edition of the Greek texts while the Old Testament was translated from the Masoretic Hebrew text and the Apocrypha was translated from the Greek Septuagint. It was translated by 54 experts in 1607 and published in 1611. It was named as the King James Bible because King James I was the main supporter of this holy bible. In 1982, it was revised and known as the New King James Version .
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Theories 1. Early Modern English problem Baugh and Cable (1978: 201-216) said that different from Middle English
period that had revolutionary changes in grammar but not so great changes in vocabulary, the early Modern English was a period when English just had slight changes in grammar but the changes in vocabulary was very extensive. In that time, the same as the other language in the European countries, English also faced three problems. The first one is recognition in the field where Latin had been supreme for centuries. The second one is the establishment of a more uniform spelling. The last one is the enrichment of the vocabulary so it can fulfill the demands for wider use.
First, recognition was a very hard problem at that time. Although English had become the language of popular literature, Latin was still used in all fields of knowledge. However, finally the demands were met after some scholar said that they would rather use English than Latin. Translations literally poured from the press in the course of sixteenth century. Many ancient works in Latin and Greek were translated into English including many theological writing.
Second, spelling in the sixteenth century was a real important discussion. The
problem is there is no accepted spelling for everyone. In short, it was neither
phonetic nor fixed. Although some people saw it as a chaotic, actually the
spelling of English was not as bad as that. There were limit to its variety and
inconsistency. Every author had his own consistent spelling. Some authors tried
to publish their books of spelling but it was not popular. However, finally Richard
Mulcaster and Dr. Johnson could make books of spelling which could be accepted
in common society.The last, since the scholar monopoly Latin language throughout the Middle
Ages, the vernacular was untouched. In the Early Modern English time, when the
monopoly was broken, the deficiencies of English was seen at the same time.
English had not enough vocabulary to replace the classical language in expressing
thought from many fields. Therefore, translators of foreign books such as Latin,
French, and Italian books, borrowed some words and adapted them into English.
Crystal (2003: 56-57) said in his book the Cambridge Encyclopedia of The
English Language that there is no consensus about when the Early Modern
English period begins. Some people choose for the early date, 1400-1450, just
after Chaucer and the beginning of pronunciation shift. The others choose for a
late date, around 1500, after the printing revolution. In this period, the spelling
was unstable. It is not until nearly a century later that there is a uniformity in the
appearance of printed text.2. Spelling of Early Modern English
Fromkin and Rodman (2003: 562-563) said that writing does not represent the
spoken language perfectly, though it supposes to do that. Therefore, spelling reform, in fact, is necessary. The irregularities between letters and phonemes is one of unsolved problem until today. Different spelling for the same sounds, silent letters, and missing letters also are the reasons that English needs a new orthographic system, as seen in the table below: Table 1: The irregularities of the English orthographic systemSame sound, Different sound, Silent letters Missing letters different spelling same spelling
/aj/ th ought / /juz/
θ/ listen useaye th ough /ð/ debt fuse /fjuz/
buy Thomas /t/ g nome by k now die ate /e/ p sychology hi at /æ/ rightThai Father /a/ m nemonic height Many / science ε/ guide talk h onest sword bomb clue Wednesday
(Fromkin and Rodman, p. 562)
The spelling of most English words today is based on the spoken English in
the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries because when the printing press was introduced in the fifteenth century, the scholars realized that there was a need for
those times saw that to spell the same word consistently was unnecessary. For
example in Shakespeare’s plays, he spelled the first person singular pronoun as I, ay,
and aye. However, the scholars changed the spelling of English words based on their
etymologies. Therefore, where Latin had a b, they added a b even if it was
pronounced such as debt.Crystal (2003: 66-68) also mentioned that even a generation after Caxton, the
English system remained in a highly inconsistent state although there were clear signs
of standardization. This can be seen even within the work of an individual printer or
author. Caxton, for example, in a single passage has both booke and boke (book), and
axyd and axed (asked). The printers were blamed because many of them were
foreigners and they were uncertain of orthographic traditions in English. thLater, Mulcaster published his Elementarie at the end of 16 century. It
provided a table listing of recommended spelling for nearly 9000 words. Vowels
especially came to be spelled in a more predictable way. There was increased use of
double-vowel (as in soon) or a silent –e (as in name) to mark length; and a doubled
consonant within a word became a more predictable sign of a preceding short vowel
(sitting) – though there continued to be some uncertainty over what should happen at
the end of the word (bed, and glad, but well, and glasse). In the 1630s, the use of u
and v was standardized. V was representing a consonant while u was representing a
vowel. These symbols were at first interchangeable, and then positionally
distinguished (with v used initially and u medially in a word). A similar th In 16 century, people began to use a capital letter at the beginning of every th
sentence, proper name, and important common noun. By the early 17 century, the
practice had extended to titles (Sir), forms of address (Mistris) and personified nouns
(Nature). Emphasized words and phrases would also attract a capital.According to Dent (2003: xxxiii-xxxv) In Early Modern English era, the most
common punctuation were the virgule (/), the period (.), and the colon (:). In Caxton,
the virgule had the function of modern comma, period, or semi colon; it fell out of
th use in the 16 century, and was largely replace by the comma.
In the Early Modern English, there was no orthographic distinction between
simple plural and either singular possessive or plural possessive. Therefore, the words
sisters, sisters’, sister’s were spelled the same, sisters.In the Early Modern English, sometimes two different words were spelled the
same such as tide which can mean either tide or tied. However, some words also
interchangeable such as travail which is now spelled as travel and travel that is
spelled travail now.3. The English Alphabet The following is the description of the development of the English alphabet according to Crystal (2003: 258-264). The letter-shapes of the modern alphabet in most cases are part of an alphabetic tradition which is over 3000 years old. Old English was first written in the runic alphabet, but the arrival of Christian
letters, those are the character a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, x, y,
and z. They were applied to the Old English sound system in a systematic way.
After the Norman Conquest, there was a new letter, w. To this alphabet of 24
letters were added, from the Modern English era, v and j, respectively
distinguished from u and i, with which they had previously interchangeable. The
result is the 26-letter alphabet known today.The letter i was a consonant in the Semitic alphabet, represented a vowel in Greek, and came into Latin with both vowel and consonant values.
The history of the letter j in English dates only from the medieval period.
Originally a graphic variant of i, it gradually came to replace i whenever that
letter represented a consonant, as in major and jewel.The ancestor of the letter u is to be found in the Semitic alphabet,
eventually emerging in Latin as a v used for both consonant and vowel. In Middle
English, both v and u appear variously as consonant and vowel, in some scribal
practice v being found initially and u medially. This eventually led to v being
th reserved for a consonant and u for the vowel, though it was not until the late 17 century that this distinction became standard.The letter y is a Greek adaptation of a Semitic symbol, representing a high
front rounded vowel. In Roman times, it was borrowed to help transcribe Greek
loan words into Latin, and given an unrounded value similar to i.4. Classical Latin Spelling According to Fromkin and Rodman (2003: 563), the spelling reformers saw the need for consistent spelling that correctly reflected the pronunciation of words. However, many scholars, authors, and translators become overzealous.
Because of their reverence for Classical Greek and Latin, they changed the spelling of English words to conform their etymologies. Therefore, in Early Modern English many words borrowed from Latin were spelled according to their Latin spelling. For example is the silent b in the word debt. The word debt comes from the Latin word debita. Therefore, Early Modern English people spelled it as debt although the b is silent.
However, classical Latin is different from today Latin. In some old text that is found in Israel, the Romans considered v and u as one letter as Evans wrote in his book Fabricating Jesus. For note, the letters inside the square brackets are the letters that is restored by the archeologist.
Table 2: The examples of Classical Latin Classical Latin Modern Latin Translation [NAVTI]S TIBERIVM Nautis Tiberium Tiberium’s shipmen [PON]TIVS PILATVS Pontius Pilatus Pontius Pilate [PRAEF]ECTVS Praefectus Judea Prefect
IVDA[EA]E Iudaeae [PEF]E[CIT] Pefecit Restoration (Evans, p. 199)
5. History of the Holy Bible in English In Menyingkap Alkitab (2005: 6-8), it is said that because of the Pope’s will, Jerome, a scientist, translated the Old Testament (in Hebrew) into Latin in 383- 405 A.D. The translation was called Vulgate (means common or usual). Vulgate became the standard text for more than 1000 years in the Roman Catholic Church.
When it came to England, Vulgate was translated into Old English, that was called as Bede’s Bible, although it was not the standard text in the Church since the Church forbade people to translate the Holy Bible into local languages to avoid misinterpretation.
Then, in 1384 Wycliffe’s Bible was published followed by Tyndale’s New
Testament in 1525. The first English standard bible is the Great Bible. Like its
name, the Bible was in the very big size. Therefore, the Geneva Bible was published in 1560 for the common people in Britain. In 1568, eight bishops revised the Great Bible. This revision was called as the Bishop’s Bible. Although it is not very popular, this Bible was accepted by the people as the substitute of
the Great Bible because of the authority of the Church and the government.
The next version is The King James Bible or Authorized Version. This bible was used to replace the Geneva Bible. The translation was started in 1607 by 54 experts that were divided into six ‘companies’, each working on a separate section of the Bible. The preliminary version took four years, and the final revision a further nine months, and finally in 1611, this Bible was published as Authorized
because King James I become the main supporter. This Bible immediately
became the Great Britain Holy Bible.
It has been estimated that about 80% of the text of the Authorized Version
shows the influence of Tyndale’s New Testament which was published in 1525,
revised in 1534, and known as the first English vernacular text to be printed. For
example the two passages of Matthew 5:1-10 below is almost identical. However,
there was a development of spelling there. Table 3: The Comparison between Tyndale’s New Testament and Authorized Version in spelling.Tyndale
Authorized Version
1 And seeing the multitudes, he went vp into a mountaine: and when he was set, his disciples came vnto him 2 and he opened hys mouthe, and taught them sayinge:
6 Blessed are they which doe hunger and thirst after righteousnesse: for they shall be filled.
9 Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall bee called the children of God.
9 Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shalbe called the children of God.
8 Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God.
8 Blessed are the pure in herte: for they shall se God.
7 Blessed are the mercifull: for they shall obtaine mercie.
7 Blessed are the mercifull: for they shall obteyne mercy.
6 Blessed are they which honger and thurst for rightewesnes: for they shalbe filled.
2 And he opened his mouth, and taught them, saying,
5 Blessed are the meeke: for they shall inherit the earth.
1 When he sawe the people, he went vp into a mountayne, and when he was set, his disciples came to hym,
4 Blessed are they that mourne: for they shall be comforted.
4 Blessed are they that morne: for they shalbe conforted
3 Blessed are the poore in spirit: for theirs is the kingdome of heauen.
3 Blessed are the povre in sprete: for theirs is the kyngdome of heven.
5 Blessed are the meke: for they shall inheret the erth. persecucion for rightwesnes sake: for theirs ys the kyngdome of heuen. persecuted for righteousnesse sake: for theirs is the kingdome of heauen.
(Crystal, p. 59) In the Modern English, there are New English Bible which was published in 1970, Good News Bible that was published in 1976, and New International Version which was published in 1979. In addition, in 1982, the King James Version was revised and published as New King James Version.
6. The sound system of English According to Crystal (2003: 236-243) when the alphabet of English was first devised, its letters were based on the nature of the sounds in the Old English. However, there are differences between the written language and the spoken language. In the English alphabet, there are five vowels (A, E, I, O, U). In fact, there are about 20 vowels in most accents of English. In the table below are the vowels that are introduced by the British phonetician A. C. Gimson .
Table 4: The list of vowels in English sound system based on A. C. Gimson
The vowels in: Gimson Sea, feet, me, field i: Him, big, village, womenɪ
Get, fetch, head, Thames e Sat, hand, ban, plait æ Sun, son, blood, does
ʌ
Calm, are, father, car ɑ
: Dog, lock, swan, cough ɒ
All, saw, cord, more ɔ:
Put, wolf, good, look ʊ
The, butter, sofa, about ə Ape, waist, they, say e
ɪ
Time, cry, die, high a
ɪ
Boy, toy, noise, voice ɔ
ɪ
ʊ
So, road, toe, know ə
Out, house, how, found a
ʊ, ɑʊ
ɪ
Deer, here, fierce, near ə
Care, air, bare, bear e ə Poor, sure, tour, lure
ʊ ə
(Crystal, p. 237)
If we look at the table above, there are twelve pure vowel. It is evident that five of
them are relatively long and the other seven are relatively short. The contrast
between long and short vowel is not just one of length (quantity) but also the
different place of articulation (quality). This is why Gimson, in his transcription
gives different symbols to these pairs of vowel (/i:/ vs / /,etc.). Length-wise, the
ɪ
diphthongs are like long vowels, but the first part of the diphthong in English is
much longer and louder than the second.On the other hand, the different between consonants in the English alphabets
and sound system is less significant. There are 21 consonant letters in the written
alphabet and there are 24 consonant sounds in most English accents. However,
because of the erratic history of English spelling, in several cases, one consonant
sound is spelled by more than one letter or one consonant letter symbolizes more
than one sound. In the table below are the consonants introduced by A. C.
Gimson
Table 5: The list of consonants in the English sound system introduced by
A. C. Gimson The consonant in Gimson Pie, up p By, ebb b Tie, at t Die, odd d Coo, ache k Go, egg g Chew, each t
ʃ
Jaw, edge d
ʒ
Few, off f View, of v Thigh, oath θ They, booth ð So, us s Zoo, ooze z Shoe, ash
ʃ
Genre, rouge
ʒ
He h Me, am m No, in n hang
ŋ Lie, eel l Row, ear r way w you j
B. Theoretical Framework
The writing system is the representation of the spoken language. To reduce the spoken language into the written one, spelling is needed. The spoken language develops more rapidly than the written one because writing is permanent while English in order to know more about the history of English language and its problems to answer my first question, what the spelling of Early Modern English is like as seen in the King James Version 1611.
The writing system and the alphabet have a close relationship with each other. To learn the spelling of Early Modern English, of course, I must also learn what kind of alphabet which that era had. In addition, it also helps me to answer my first and second question, how it is different from Modern English.
Before the renaissance era, the official language for education and printed books were Latin. Many people were influenced by Latin especially scholars, authors and translators. Therefore, whenever they had to decide the spelling themselves, they used some of Latin spellings. In this respect, learning Classical Latin is useful to answer my first question.
Every result has a cause. So does the differences between the spelling of the Authorized Version and the New King James Bible. In order to understand it, we must look back to the history of holy bible. Therefore, learning the history of the Authorized Version is necessary. It is also useful to answer my first question since the data come from the Holy Bible.
The writing system and the sound system is related each other. Therefore, I
also need the sound system theory to support my first and second questions’ answer. th
language between the end of Middle English (the second half of 15 century) to the
beginning of Modern English. However, I just take the spelling because at that time
the spelling had not standardized yet. I would like to know what the spelling of Early
Modern English period like and how it is different from Modern English spelling.I obtained the data from King James Version Holy Bible. King James Version
Holy Bible was translated in 1611 by 54 experts that worked in the 6 different groups.
Therefore, King James Version Holy Bible was included in the Early Modern English
period. In 1982, it was revised and published as the New King James Version and is
still used until now. It is a very famous Holy Bible which has become the source of
translation of the other Holy Bible in many languages. I retrieved King James Version
Holy Bible from <www.e-sword.net> that was published by Rick Meyer in January
2000.My research is a desk research. I took my primary data from King James
the differences of the spelling of King James Version 1611 by comparing it with the
New King James Version .C. Research Procedure
1. Gathering the data I took the primary data, King James Version 1611 and also some other Holy Bibles such as Latin Vulgate Bible, and New King James Version. I needed those Bibles to help my analysis.
Firstly, I read the King James Version 1611, and then if I found a word in the Bible which had different spelling from Modern English standard spelling, I looked for that word in the other Bibles that I had mention before.
After that, I went to the library or searched in the internet the theories that I had thought about. After I got the theories, I filtered them. I took the fit ones with my analysis and kept the others in order to make me easier if one of the unfit theories actually was a theory that I needed in my analysis.
After that, I put them in a list to help my analysis later.
3. Analysis In the first step of my analysis, I checked my list of differences that I made when I was gathering the data. After that, based on the theory of Early Modern
Classical Latin Spelling, the History of the Holy Bible in English, the Sound
System of English, I made my analysis to describe the differences between the
Early Modern English and the Modern English to answer my first problem how
the spelling of the Early Modern English is different from the spelling of Modern
English. The last step was identifying the pattern of the spelling of the Early
Modern English to answer my second problem what the spelling of Early Modern
English is like as seen in King James Version 1611 Holy Bible.5. Writing the thesis After all of those steps above had been done, I started to write my thesis in form of paragraphs and tables.
or well known as the King James Version was translated in 1607 by 54 experts who
were grouped into six sections. Each section translated some bibles. It was published
in 1611 to replace the Geneva Bible. The King James Version was translated from
Septuagint. However, it was influenced by Tyndale’s New Testament. The King
James Version is a great text of the Early Modern English. Due to the time of the
translation, of course, there are differences between the English of the King James
Version and today’s English because the spelling at that time was unstable. Fromkin
and Rodman said that every author had his own spelling. Not only that, but
sometimes an author wrote a word differently such as Shakespeare who wrote the