L( \clrll rnl NNht(100r) m.rritrid nmr i(.hir! iitrlgl.s nrtrn
5atu
What Teaching Strategies
Motivate Learners To
rEklEr"sEdituuru
Speak?
bo,rcqqbo lmsn 3 00 3 et)
ooE6ro$.o!l^,Jdroi,'[eo'r!
hdbemee,r
ns
no{ 4 m
, ndGBr hdnse,rereGs
nd!!kr
horrorrq,r]eioBkdoD,
ro 5 00 wr, ch ter.igEJ
prcderEor^s Thea@ redy.oiculledrE reGd
[et ei
(eryo& ieorhq, Eq+
rc
nrc& $,
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oo(,u'[i
eo.he6oid.o!6eJ6€oq'b
b+
INTRODUCTION
Mrndn!lDqursrs nr.n,s nhturirgt|c l,.rl\ ir n\,lrr rnJ i'r trnhr
rnnns. H!!t.ar, nrL.xl lingoigc, or ntrknu, :..trtr n, ,lc( .lc Nt NLr.Il).r .r
r.t*nn.o.. mx$.r hryri$. I h.r.nn, :loirr! skill nr hn!( isr Ir ning
ir! \rrf.fl(irlri,\r. nrer lJ...ii.s of..r .,lrdmn t n.nn-. \vL.ilu.r
rlrr h.!trrgr i: mrn.red tl l.ur!ur$ l.tr.ncr O" ,1," .11\.r lurJ, tcrJriry
trr
] r'nmd
'teiknr!do.s nots(m ciryr., Enlli:htui.heha. tLc,,L,ilir r'..ll
.rtircr nhn{u,!.trtLl si\tqr.mrlcxiNlii\rtrrburJ.r{rnlnr..inm
.i Nlu xpt)ci* n, l)\: n\!Lr(l'(Rr.hrhl [i R.Diid]i,l00l,p.101) L.rn,{s
n,Lqhr L,c.h, rrrinl, .r JotrLritrl tu.t,ril L F r..lfr,.ii(.l,rirEr!lLJr lhis
strltur \dLtr. r L's rnnncm n r l.imcrs !in!r tr.in [inn hr]r irntr\t.
m.n..TL.rf.tr.,r.i.hcr:lu,lJrr[cpirist.orlrrun.th..{..
71
t^ tu,.hnrg sp!rtnu shills,
ftn,usrol$,
rci.\si []ir
lvl r urril{tr r,lunr.F
nt.es durire iL. $.,kir! ?.inlfi's lnr cr,
rrdc, Han rr(100i)*md ttrhlr.rnl,c
t.roNprcr vho Lt\x l.&rr whrn tlrlysuJ^
J.nl) h.rk tu id!).rslft bsxl. Jurnr! ..r[irg
acnviics.Ir.sr.lcs, kilhers sn iLr rrrs Dr icifNs duri'rs srlcrlnr! $irri.r \ rh.!r (lo.\i' !
n! t&n.'hc li$ bl. is,h{ t]r}.rn be itd,
lia.l rrs,iJcN tu l.fi.b Th.renn., drc .oriil.
bunor anJ ftn. oa.r tur.Lcrto nrrtult l.rnc('
rfuhi'rx il,L.n.) {. aLnnurcLy nnN N.
l]td'i! tur.h6 Lrnrs Lig i'npi$ tu lerr cs
Jr.Gs h lFrih,np, dr$nrlLld mNnnil rhcn
u.l,n,\ i, tlur L.xmss .,u i.Lrc\t nrcir lorls
'rhcn t.irhnrs. tc nulfltJby si|!r.r.hnrg
{r.&gn\ rfpr.Nre aor ltrLrtrl -nnnut.rn.
!k,ll. VIl.us tc,Lhns itur..!r.s .m lir.lios.n
Lnsc.l on the l.rrnnrss.rls rll(an,rri rceds,
. g, a:k, ng t.a $.fi h hN! dL(Non ritL n\.ir
.Lsnfics mJ |n,v us.enri.: nJ L. roLe.
phlad Ap tr nor \ iicly s.l.d'rs r!r.l,nr!
{itr !ics, fclrlkrsJxrln rln,lxlte l.rnrrr'
JLfi.(nr \hrx.fu nn'6 i' o r..!rnt to hch
r.dnrs is rr.Nnnl! l.amine lhrmcr(1007,
r 107)r.{trldrhrt'.benrs.l!m...riit,i!
lfttnrq Laoi.: r ftrLpafu nrJ.!i\nn!mrhng
tikcs m.rc canlr rnd.rginlrtiun d)an..nr.L
hrg.h. !1,$ Iron
iiont." ft imrLi.s drtr
Qc|i'r! is not only.onEolhrs lcxn liut rlso
^
lromodrg lcim.si !rfi i.itrnrr
ln srik ol drc dn.6c [Nlie6, nor i.irli.x
drattrichrg*n.csi.s fr ihrrhnt
ih ncierninms i r'.ccs in l..rri'r! AL,flllirnt
leN,n sill not Lc s,r..snnly urnrr$ooJ bI
l.antn,lrr[.r Jo ro' rf f\.ur|()lrrid.
tcxrLrnrs *itrrlids ()rliih, arril,Jran, 1 l.nJ!r
Ttull\ i, and BnNr(1010 p.{)Jdncnr rci$-
\6nll
Ntrisr,c!l rti'rl.anr
.crJ,nlqnntrcsi.!
rn)Li\t l&m.n i. r$rk.
r,r.r
LIEMTUiE REVIEW
L)!Iiinn! krhnrc is not ):inrtn! ilii,r! n) J.
ALrh.uh miryt$JIi! hi,, rlnnN snnnr
0.th)J: nr r!.irlnig,
Dlishi L.Nt Jiiiii.nr
'hry
1]|,.qni,n:.n rhr i.trJiii]s is nr rhur. Somr
n,rr ldLc\r ih.r t.Nhnr ! is nnllf hNlcrt n!
tn.rylcJlr r,l.rnss OiL.^ r,rr.hiDl rl
tcB N 'tlroulhtlul
Jcircn tur.lji,r!srateqn\ N
nr?Lndft4rtr ronr tda ir ntr ra:rcE
'.fl
,k,l,n(. a ,]rtl)d u{r.!d'J,,( ,/ r/r ,,r/om'
lor al! t,ll),'xil tld o, nt d rpr, t5tulr.n
ro
,!n!i rlxitundm r z(ontk,Drn.,fntr
id lr
lahn,! tu ?nr ?l.ininniar.,si?J
J4isi
!4 lllr l&,r$ xr.4L!,isJ b
oL!n?, an(lrr., ri, J dn otnLr, o!d. a
nrF.turr Loldrd !n rnrfJ,li$ou l,LDrl
o, d
h JJrul
i usd n)dcl,rur l.s!n thlrh n\.n
licr.Li{
rhir!ni Jo Tl.rrtotu,
inns ro
tLN
n
p le)
dt l.inril{ suk trcruriii.s
Iunics' rrr.(n.e on p.ftiolxr rorll.!
'snorincN
i|]ree
plmn,! n, ,lo un.'
rnrg lniJJru\ F r.nl rnll ,\ir (1009,
nrs
,lrrnr r.h,.vc
$r.rcsLcs
rl)c
^r
urhi,r!
,
1.a.l,n!r srrrcsis .:
ro:ls inJ rl,nnr(l
Vi $
t.1.hnrg
n
ftu..Juhnr
nnrL..
shicri.s l,^r t.m nF
to\rJ andrmli.J i. Lin.rur*. !li:y..nr ioh.\)
L.th i.rrltrs inLll.rtrh rhidr iuinr!!o,,|
rhon *riresi- hxrc rlr l,c$ l,i(ivdi rlr{,xhx
nunnr...irn L( \/clrll rnl NNht(100r)
m.rritrid nmr i(.hir! iitrlgl.s nrtr n b.
^rDlid
r
r +..rkrnP.lxs!,
75
BRA NSTORM NG
Bnn}(,mi'rrsr iritely in lvhi.h lotr).
iLi'rk.lnltrs !r ni[..ns n]*trr\lr tr pn,L.lm Ir
u{LrllfJoncio lcal lcimcrto d.! mr.uLs
dutsiU tJ!.iught, so d\e hr$crs ger n.itiiL
hmwl.ds. otr Nhii they nrc soms to lcr"'
(imklin (1006) tont!.1 out r,t Lrrinr$o.ning
\6rlJ otr$nt 11.rlsr..nr Tltn,eh rhis
$r .sti l(anr6 un :(Nrlt Pri.rirc ntir
Fr,,l^h.
is
lerm.r' tcrmrtrk nlfro,ln.rivi.r k
)l$.11$vs lerncrs ro r:.ftnte xi NL\ nlc's rs
Fsiuc nr i slnxi pcriuJ olnmc. BnirNt.rmnr!
.nhxnces
JoN nlsmxllxd,prxtul l{lunrtr
:htu ll\.ir iJci! citlH nr r nftcn nrr .i
.{, lt
nr an
PFOBLEM.SOLV NG STRATEGY
Lea!ln,! lcrnds to sitinl rhnrkr!is (.1t N
DEMONSTRATION
Nl
NIruNt (1001) {,tcd drntdcm.N
ndn,r. be n,i f.rm of lenonnr! u
rin irr nr drai lernrir.xn oL.sc-t [o* it is
\|.h.lL
,l.ft
"nl.r
rnrg drNrln,
lrtrc. prento xnslcP
rritul itfli.rnor Thi\ |rn.u-
m hetp
hrt.r.hi,,sr k$ cnrl,lcs lrinrts n,vi{Lrhzc
whr n,.r rt !o,ns m lerm F.r cxrnrtlc, l.:N
.^ .u .\Fuin.nr on mrlilns $nndrln! rnlL
sflrn ittu illlrrhsmrt.i, nJ tur.L.i Vith
dr. !\! Nlcxl.o{,(.r En-llnh, tr\LU L'krl)
cnl,,r. nrens!.1[]n!:kills.
rmf$vn,sll r s|crln,g flucnrf0nt(tn !
GAMES
rlnougli |.,Ncm{lv,n| hrning l,rol,l..r
In rhe lNJ..xJr, manrlcr.hcr uv lcrnnrg
:olvnrs n .$ .mbles lc tcr\ro\$rt
$lhborrn'!\ 6 r r.mn !rl\1) |'.bl.m LtiscJ lidsii: meniln o ier.L i lcN[ rolcxn(r\'
Thr{,:rh tlt u$ ot simcs r l(in,ifg, tcth
lrrM ici.hlr It io nrr.N.s lr&(s'
furlrds rnd l.inus u D .rstu lciinnrg qam*,
lhu'g| tlt.use oa E.slinr to an\t
'nlrivmof.
!vhl.l,dnbcheLt'Irlhl.mquilrrhs llrn.r
r-1.1iar f r.l,l.nx, l.rmn rrc !n({rr$.I n,
ln${ crlrg, uhiJt $1Ll l.iJ n) [rncs noi (lOO?, I r49)rc'rJ.J ihrt !rnrr\'iinr b {et
ml) i! thl"[rnii.llly,Lu rllrr.lxm x:, i.N lci.nrs kl!$e;s qni.Llr mJ tl'o,rlv N I)o"
\il,L!'.Thcr.rnxln, (r1.nn tur) n! withr
wrL.rhrF((:orlliD 100{r)
:..J Narrnrr.r lL. l[sus. iruns rrlht
tlhugh !rn,$ r rlk rpr",rnirte ntc. dr .n
SIMULAT DN
thcLn,l.oi! n"s, r.x.h.r:ur f n.tlcrr
SlN,Lrnnr is r q.o(l{ntrqt n) nnt()t.n'l
riin, n.nihrea(ni,rg wq: Ln$$u, [lli:,r J
fluor.} In r riN fnnr,l$.i.rs tlxr r. tlmr
ll hr.l (1001).Lrnn.J 'lin!1m.s tf. rci.lin!'
illcs in x tltin,LrstrLltdr, ntr in{in.c,
innmsc trntsn)f l.f tc rnll ,ilrnrtu
!'.nl,n! i Lrusiness m.(ing, r.{r\Lng i tllnr
mrnl.ih.r.Ilrnd (1001)
p.trkn otrr nr.. r\nnti!.s.r brnrli!,g !DNliri.n nrdrc.Lr:*ooDr: it ii nn,i' Nonv lns. tr
c.
hrlN r.nutrnrLnn,c rt's|lik, !\liif(\
r i nLLsrn
ind
i vid.r rds..flinsuilc
as tr
n uscJ iif nr.
Jtr.n$n \l.rl. Al.,,,1,"$ n tLn{llt!rnt.
,' nis p,x.n.r
nr
lLLr.n!rrl,iJt ir Jonrn,md
by
76
LARGE OROL]P DISCUSSION
l)i\r:r.n
is
r
t.r
D]RECT CON]ACT
in!$nr.gy, r,hi.h
is
rfrroflnrc aJ lc al]]rl(lin i.ftr.r.r,trrj.t
Lrrnn,q It.nr Lcrtur.rcJrnd I ntqiafrd.s
Hrhd (100?, r.'rtl) etld d . ,,sJhc d i:(6.
sio. nN hrflJ.n i'r rL( niddL..It.$oNi n,$,
ir. u.t,r.frrt{ lor br tei.L.r. lntr, rIcM.!rirrcd,
m.rfni.\rbl. rnd
rrtrh,.rntsl].rtnrgnrhr! ip..Lsses,,. Bf
l,tri.il],th! n, r lflc stur dhnsron, nxnui
.xn
r
I
fn\kl.
sonc oItLc
r,triirtrlareihct nfur ind iiehrss.N
j.n b otlur frrt,Nnt.
u
rs
nlr.i{onti.r toi.hmg nrrcly Dr.rN drr
rlrs..nr r.r.h{s Nir. r guc* stcak({hin
lern os, n i(,.t onnt
\mh nrne qrcrkcri.Idr. r.r!( linsur!..IIds
ri q|cnen.c litrtsarrs rswlLm6r&nnN I
ri!g{ to a.trm r sooJ rftituJe nnvr sa r!.t
rc?chlng ln lmguuc
linsu,s. ind rs sp.iLers ()irrm,2olo) n,
rro'notu sncrhi,ig, tur.Lds can nNjr. ErqliJlt
nntn! s|.rkrr: e leir.c6.xn fnrtrr nr.,
Erylish rnh fit n.'tnr lFextcs
ONE TO ONESTRATEGY
LECTUR N]G
I
r&'rnrs
is x
..h\rnri.nrt
tu.rlrnrs
nrRr-
ini,rndrto 6c,qirJc.l r\ r ot,l..r.hh!
ntnul. I lo\tv{, n)nt rca![ens]ltrpr\ nris
rlrlii'u$ t.+ V.hrlynnd NyqL i* coor)
trssrirdihxrfuturc s "! n,n Ly JrJtr.n. rr.$nftrirm .f ir n{mrt.r, rs'rllr b: Ix,!r slrr
ind orren rvrh rl! use.lrdnn.inLriinL r.
i
fhnnu (1007, r.ll2) lrFhncl drar dr.lrtn"
.n.-to.rcm.ins'rnnalnnhDLtcrnc, th{mir
?lonc with i i.x.h...lt'.r r.rio.l.l [.trA or
It s uu)Uf .iU.J .r,rivsc .tr\sr!, Ar i,r
.nc{H,rc.Ls\ r r.i'.h.r 6!us$ lntror.nc
ne[s'
llrn.r nr Lrmr l,^ r grcfij rhin.. tu io xll
iLc s$rlini! 1.rh.r thr i'r I lars. drs nr whi.tr
rh.r.rhcr
DnN shirc his
rknu.n o
mo,t
nru
h rldd,, o tu ra,vcj.tu!n\, Fnnl,i
LLm,ngi tNgni!. i,uN t.r.nnnhotr r,
trs. rnr r rcruiic :irMrnnr. Tliot6rc, n cd.rf
h r |l)lxriu.hiDs jr{!ryus.J i| r
lm.qu.r. .l N'..tr, Ihi,nrr(:007, I ril)$.r.J
rllrn,l.fhyisr .rli.rin !.. nurqr
!.f.uL n l fltr.D.r .r b riiijj l.In.r ti{
.,r,
sr.rutir iir!'tn,.s", nn cx,!nl.l! l.c.onnrq I
.lr$Lnrni nllnqi J.,ntr, inn r,.n rf x n)1.
Ih.l..trr.n rc pr{rr.dnr. .o ni.frtnjari,rNl,ck rh.y
Ensl r!tr r.rtri
'nirnsc
!nl
Assir {:009, t,. rt) nrrnlor, d ottrr n r.l)
ir.tr!.jrrer Fr.scnul nr nr. rrtr[ l,
As
thcLIi. (r(knr. ttr.onJuin!
n.:.arch
dt turlnrs $
rrs.Nh
f.
r!
rhis
elrcs nscll nr dns
nn or.s rjr).orJ l)! \feh i nl
Nyqris 1l00ll, w\iJr ir. Lhhlronijlr, tei,n,
li!l,aiLl o. fruIl.m n)lvi,)!, smtrhm J!nt
onri.rjdr, !rm.:, lflr lR D tNnNn'r, tNo
r!, -1. pl:!: Jlr.\t (,h.r. in(l.nr nq,rr
METHODOLOEY
Tl[ t]n(nipini:.trli: tu:.,htj \a,.
nr
I
77
nstt
l.
Tu0U{6 lr|lTtct$ (fMr[0{ rl]0 1!ttt.
]009.
91
s..r ri.ill:.(l urns J.sriFtrr nli{iG IJr
rrJ n! rhr N,.rnrircrnd t]t nr.inscori,.i
d,-1, i.rlin{ $nrs}: TLr nr. r srdrcs \'.re,
iir{, nrdnnr( lls.d.n tL. i',g.oarritdir.l
I n.rlt(d,,
Thc mc r rito 100 - 1.99
.lurJ l.urlreencnt.n 6! $&menr, drc
m.xn\.oR I00 l.99Jr,sd neutr.nxrrcc
m.n... drc nrrcr.ff,.lI mcins.orc r.00 r 9.r :lrctd rnrc ilrtmeni .n .hc $renr.nt,
url rhc m.xn:r.to 4 00 5.00Jlrwellnrr
ildg., r.cmdr qi rlr $.rdndt (Alsamrni,
101:). Ihc nr, rron ihe nn.rvic{,.n rhe oih.r
h.nid,
urnt
n! lermcs (| = 30) :d(td hils nnrtnitnr. s.mFhr!. TncrrR 6.nr Jitiiftrn
m.,r.a, 1,1 rrndrmls w(r. l.itrn.s .,a rhr
Agn.rlt!rt' n.r,r.nd\ rn(l rlI orL.r 16 trrrc
Lrrrs oitln Ly( rnon.,l tulrtons l)i.fm
Drrnr. ALIlrlh ro \{tu ti.r dilfrr.ri d.rfr
nK..
nrrc rmrltqirh ihc $m.
Fnslllr n,irdit'L is thlv Lcinicl rcncDl En:thl'
rnh thr ii,trr l r.:nieJ Englnh:knL. rh!r.nn,
bd.r$.]r.) iho rmc L$.1oi[nstN]r fnitutrn.]
$li rh i,l..$nncr J.rnnni.d Ly nrcil ErT s..tu
LorL
su,r\
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYS S METHOD
j+,lii Lit!n s.,LL!,LL'r$i,nnr.nr!: wrni.n u
dic lr (rNm litrgunsc$ot Lln il\dt. thc
nt;1r r.srrnl,rF ln Jd,r xJrln qu.rtr,l
un-,ii.,olh\nn.ftLvll nr o!r.ruJr!1.(nL.J Nr\,.N r'.'r J!r. b.btun n.hr
nr'tus.n:.fNL !h n,rlri|s
rrrr!,.r nr,,. mnxi.n Lrrnqr n).I)r.iL
,nlitrtr)r(m on
I
Lr.
.Lfu .1,r.!n.J n.N rtr, (lu.niunnr..s
jym
trx
n$ril,cd r nd
r.d.rl
F[{D[{G5AND Dt5CU55t0N
Altu dr! $itNrlul re.LriLtu.
r* .or,luftrl
luriMn,lrui, er.h icNhiig nrftq)
.lrNrd ihc r.r'lh frescnrlJ n, r[c nnlMns
tu tL(
Ati.r.1i. (.NruhnoDll rc.hnnrk don. i.
tlr! qtrcsnnmitrcs, l..Ni !n tl,. r.mpc oiJile.ir,
it,vr\ iirunJ dr,r tk-- $e on\ sodr.rtj.
$nre rnn \rry*u,g tircnr. TLe rons:ri,.,
rn r Q!!$fim 1.00 I99whi.h..nr lr
lnrc,rrctcJ dvt ,\ rlslrnJcnts rjr(.J vnL
d,r ir.Nnr. Tl'c n(nnl .Lit!rn$ {ht.h
rp|.r.J nr rltis ntr\iy is ltry{ons r turn,l
wh.L rnj!.: rn 400 t.00\ltiJr.anb.
Ncry.ioJ rlif i nkNr rcrurlis (I[slv ;srrJ
wtl (hrnft.nLr.r lh.tu N,.nturi. o I1r
rl l..ca.l)rn-!s?icsid Lcl.,rsing
'(rrla.k!i
n, ilxR rturir Nrivrlcd ihr L.infi n,sl).,,t
I
h! t.nnc
Juld
rlut n\c
i.rhi,u r nsic
$rn i,, rurr.nrcnor, ,ln\. \ur l.i'nr!
L,rs.rlotrfnnnrnrnn\irsi,.r.s}(LN)n, r9r),
lmrL.rnr nN,f l9r), Ltutu (m.rn, 189)
78
Tr13tt
) f I0tM!
fN0 Tll!Qur\r0r{Mt
i)1.nl{{ner I ?l),.md.|tr(, n d('n. r, nrtion It lutl m.xns..tu4.07. Tlrc,lttJ
(rtrlinrs rrrrs- (r simNrth n,.ii
I6r) nr. diix i r.r.Jth.rrhe|Y rifrt:
'nt 4 16
Th! 6(hi.r.hi,rg iitr $,vN t.re!
L.l-\L'ht ii. nr'tcg,cs ouNatcrlnrcnr t,
',.rr
{iuk n, lr)s!)s. J)s B*iisin g.rtcrnr. Jis.nsnnr wh rol)rxinrLl4l5 I[c li{t.r.hniq
j .!r *$ !m n) on! i.ilhirg n rli !!irl
nLt tux.Lnr! mt{ics !, tJ.l.!r1.J n) nry
rrrg.ntJiu, Bis.J on iL. intrl]IdtirD,Nl
T]r ti'Ll,rys.ltl)o !ll.i lrDrir.s whiJl
$r!,.!!ri.ri,r,, n!nt! nor,400 1.00, na{r
rcn'l n,nn s $Ll\t,rmn,!.rt.ir nnlnrtilr. hnon.l.nts nu,{|q n "t isr!
ntr l,r nti\ i,i., niq i,orLLr LrlLu.(l rh tr rln' rrcJ d trllrlt( 1r, t nh,nqsihlirr nrtr.
\iai nt l.xflic6 n, rptrli F,,91i:1" lhtr nn!1tr,s
fi\r rcr.lrnrs nr&!].. .unanl tm t, sr,.ih
r., n l,n.\irh,htrt.r'fJ l]| U/.hrl,.r
Er!11s1, Th. nrr i.).hrngsntlla,ritli (it
N\q,Lisr(1001). 11,$rlnr.. n L! iii! rrlf nr-!sc{d
nu,!.rnr.n u^r lr'lns!i,n,ns wLL.h h
r!11r..,.+11 Tl,r:.orJniic*tuxr,l.'no.- ntr Engllsl) hr.Lr.a n) rfrl\ du. t!rLirig
79
{rrrclils tu.n.ourree l.xr..n h Fx.ti.e th.tr
$caki,r! skills lcx.h.^.u \trryituntca.hi'rs
$rriesie! nr Qdrirnn,elknrsn, Dr!,J. gr.ru
otf.(uhities ior l.xrncN n) prrri.r \,.rlnt!
Brsed on tlt nifcrucwr.trJunci n) Nirr
oidr/onr"n, r hnuh lcinr.r .f Agidltrr
D.!r nr.nr, iir,s ron rhr une tualnng
nfueErs rollf m.rivr..!l |cr b sFuk Englrh
n vnrs $ fu$! LL.Inc!!(rnr.rirrrtssi:iLs.lnnc hrri!,ri'rs for lerr.cn tosFrL. hr
rhil..rrliir: { r$,l.amon h,xt.htrn.c 6
!n'.ri.r rhcir sp.alnN rI.il,r) wtlit..rh wlt.
halc maierd EngLishtrtllor.!rr tritn sr.rL
rrs. Nirslnl rh.r "ifl D..t n^rn.Jpeaker5, i
l.m
h.trt tosp.rLi'r
spc.&rLL.trgh
Enrl^|inllitun Ior.. mrro
mf Fnllish is notgood. We m
$ft.drcrs Jnlnor. Y/hdr she iis xsl..lr
qr.sidr.r Nhat i!i.hnrgsr.r.g,cs \ylri.h
morlvI.J lM to $erk, sheiiLl rMt"G,nei
ilso
cstcrirlly ih! Nrorp otrtr. .,n Drotinrc i,c o
rri(it. Drr sperlnr! rbil,il in Enr:Lklt Tl,ruulh
L:'ncs,lermrN.m L.xm Ennrnh s sell xs
looperitt witL.rh6 Ther&aL$nr L. nmrho r tu$ io nor r,tnr () spHk uf m
6und tuLrc t.$ no.lInrg.r notm.nwlli,is
rll r, bc rlphcJ r rcili'r!.lss. Thc ftr
r.r.lus srftcs- Lyhr.h tr$ L.sr ftnivft1s*rs
rinrlmor Lrdtrsr rnn'lridr !!!ld onLv lir
eLih
srt.gr$hi.h.n..urig.J hcr r.
sr.* wN lis.ri:ior Nirsrr.d d r'ili:.usiitri
nrotirarG lerrne^ $ in.)k,.sr..irllf ird(
l!h{5 r. gntn r.h$r. nJdrmsl)a her
lrNr q.t nom rLc JrsNsi.n i,i rr.ir !fthor
.lassn .\.',|!snL.sJisrNsnr,Nirit$isreeJ
rhr ni. rhl wrinorn ri,ls b L! rNlrta m
rhc $.:.nd
r.r)kins .1,r\ r nt :aLJ n i ir rculJ 1r. ., tun
tr.nrnr (tr L.rnrr x drcv .ould lr.rtr Lt.ir
foitrn,m.! r ilx\c vtro \rr. siLlr.LLr$oi n)
rcar {!r
ld 1,.
gtru , f
Pr.blcm RJrlnl:
s(nJ
rNhLrh urlrLl rhcn
r !$
aml
rl
nirc.!.onri.r
fdtrl
Frd
to
o 6.l\e,lw..xnspcrLwirLl
on thc nncnrcq
s.mrr rcli.swd!
.tii..ti!t r(nnh\.{1i!a( rLL.$crL [nqlNh
sl\i[ rlnis. slo *$c nor ne n):pcik EDglish
wrll Lv.ul(l
r.likly
scd ir&!r
fulc lnrt! nr rlr. i6r,q.Ihc
whnh !s,N l$s nori!finr! r,N
LnnNornnu Nir.li,mrn ihf 6i,n\rorn'n,!
w,'s inr tu.,ll.i Lnorivtur! N Lcrrn$pllowilLtr
.n.or r.{eJ n rp.rk i rc rM:c $ho h.v rl(
rnsv.L.i rlr quo{r.ns srv..1l tln iq.:i{r" li
.dJitur l!dur!\ s. bcLirlftltu!i{ lN\
m.ln idi n, ljn,.r to t erk rs r",ar inJ dut
"n \lLl ii Lcrnc$ (, Lc ps:nt Lrnur' N.i
onlr l&nr$, onermnr tux.h' ng nrarcs.- ili
(l rormnnnte Lnm.6s lsrus Mr n.
tx...n,hrr.oNrs on wnh.nrcr rl}n nr.
ralr."'Tnc hs tu.nhln!n.{ca
NL .h dnl
n.r
lc
nr^ r, .tr:h vN d(mon$r.rtrnl
L.lnall rl,r "ii .n\ !,r-:trnfL on hoN n,
tj. qutu mon\?iirg nn Lcx'ndN nr
str",[ Enrlish. As Nnr sL.l, !obldnnn!]tr!
r.rl H.$.\or, ii
us.
uillLc!i1!..na ntrlrfrf.wtl. R rtil\ orrr.Ld t, rt,uk Som&me.rlur.$h. Lnowh.w
r) n,l\t rll p n.ms fur .R rhr.rtnldn siu
rorl roLt ril.nrmJ 5! frs:\. B.:nl$ potl
Th! tunrlG.t rh! Ntn Ldr slr()wcJ Ji ircn.
tus,LN riDm,h..ics i,, rLr.lu&nnD,irc nr
\hnh tl,r lx i(iFN rsarlld ftrnnuh..n,
bri r$ornnns, lcnurc, oN n, or (rh! D|j
ro
trntrivr.
Ni
rlt hnluilr lrt..rnntrarcs
trs
nrs|.x['
80
drNrrdrur drln.r m.ii!.te thc
t) i.ifNhsFrL English krighr hrpfdr
s,iicgy,inn
point
oi\i.q utr.c
{lcsisnrF,
l)fi.nhn\ nr,:c
\Io lo(F.n dr qrl,uce'nlnt ofllrnss
Lc.?us:ilarto,.hln!nn&si$ni,lnotfn,!nl. \Nrhr!rkills,shou!.1 nick cih.t.i.hnrg
nu. .xr.rrc lor lcxrnc^ n, srcll ral dq only sn .sirs i', tl.r.rrhn,g 0hnxsnrq mi!hrLch
n!*{ for 1.tri.6 *l'o l,r1$n$g r.nfidcn.. nr l.rmm ufini.. n)rr .l,ulli! sliLls
A die rr$cntsu$ i.vol\.(l r lh r nd,
Texkinghsli:h Thus, tcadrehsh. flxn t)
Lr .l |, itiri|]nh th. tuJnrs nisht nd rclRxnfly ilcsc ica.h,ng $rtcsies rhould olnkr
h rcN' nrJ,vidu:l dificrcn.cs so rhar dre l.irn- ut th. rlolc f.pnLifi.n.fnor-Erylish lrq.iF
m.nt l.rnus n,Itul,mr'ia. Ther.nm, n is
i,rg fr,ics\ ur !lvu cqurl.mor
.xfrrd
coNcLUst0!{ a D t}tPLtcaTt0ll
Tlt oL,je.rilt .. tl,is nui\ wis m iNt$ipIl
l.rncr' tcr.cnnoD on ihc knids oifuadrnig
$rai.!r$ !vl,.h n.tivftJ rhc nr nrr.ri.e
rl[ihi'ir: li.m dr t|bi't I il.its..,1.quc n,l
tr.s Jisrtibfi.J, tli. lituhrss sl.rrn ihxr mn,
Erglisl\I)ermr.*lc)nDs)guJ,hr.l'c.dr
rrrrhins {ratelies N[cd nr rhn flJy n nntul
dren tu [.,.n.e :|..,Line. rh.se rcn tei.hnrs
$rrfts,cs \rrc brin*t. nins, |n.l,lcmnnv,ng
snrcsl, siinrhior,
d.m..inrlnr, grm.i
Lirsc,
lrs(Nior, l(ft.. rofu drj, Jir..icon.
ttr.t, mi onLrl.n. ri.lrLns $rxfusici.
n,xr ntrth.r rcs.mhNith
a
b*acr
ntrdu .t rioN h.nm .in bc rid orin)
nl)nii! x rnn.tlu.unh ic lt.n tirhn,s
{i(esn,5rl,i.li Nnilif. L.rnf^ ir rrsln,s
Al$, th. dLrrft j ,ll rnlr grl,ctuLl l.,r. r'
Nn .rrLdr ind |lr.qnn,r f n rht tur.htr,!
rrft.li.s nr.rivfsni.m ro:Ircllr no oh$v!
rdr or erlrri,n.n
..r\l$ cil h.irfni.tllLy
'xi
t id rhcth.r rrd r][ tcrrLiir)s {rirrnr ,1o
isrr.nlwfcn'snskni!sliills.rn.t.llor.r,
!' ..'firi l {oJy iln,ld [.hrhtrtuJ h rr.r
rl rIf rinrlf tur.l'i'rir * rclr lrn nnlrifc.
nr b iinrrntra krncri :1.rrllig r!Ll1\
gnn,f
-lh.
rc
l^ olrLc rr.scnr$uJy.nr lc:J nl
nnn. frJ)lqri&l lndL.,,n,* Ftsll, rh.*nJy
trhirh rlh.r l(innr.' ornrnlr .n n,. r.rJrnrg
{r.k{irs\LnL o
Natu(l
il.m
nr
fra\ti.nr!
REFERENCES
Alsxnr
,
AS
cli.ti rbort
(?0ll) A*$.1"g Sirll lrrr. s'
lcxmnu
n lrtrtbrdlldrMl4Lrsl'J'd tLhfuutr, I
t
Enql,sh lan'roiq.
(t)
B.stur, I ). (1007) Tci.hr nc nr*rsl$ t irLlr
*ill m \ lcrd to thc rrenesr d
nrnus Rh f {al.n r.lurnul, I (l), r-l
L.rtrncs r. nui!r.!l ro s|[! w!.. rltcir
Birtr.n\ B (1010) 1tr(LbnoJln/o(is,
t(&h{s aFllrr r h(lJ isJnng$r.tcgf
ldr!tu+ L.rrirL: I'tri{lt6linr.n rnra r
S(.ndly, nrctn rn$ nrr riiNklc i d.xu
.v.rvLdr or Nli terll)ii! nrtslcs r.r.hr$ dn
".1'.rr-, L, .lor, Rl,trnnJn,q lublinnry
n,.n rNrk,r!
at.t\ h hrh iL.tr lu.\.rs imput rhlnsNit
$g sltilLs Ar lN., r.nsiJ.ri'r! llif
'h. r'scnt
nrJ) Ntal th. t.i.hinqnritegici uhnh
mohr .d lc mur nr sr.cil l.i:d o. lclnrcr'
r,
BrNr.r, I ELLj\, (i,irJ (;nrJ,l). (1001). f,'t
!n k,_1 Er4n[ rn,.'!, ti { lJr Es:.\, turln)
LinrhlLn, W (1006)
nnd(.oe,l nntrli. /o
81
S1..ll E.ltr,dd Pimclr.ll K (1006) I rrn-
,h.r. Ldn,.r C iLmir,
(inhmn, L).1.,
.i fcsrc.tn \ o!Jrrt, Ner, anJ LrlLutrt
i.rhirr nrtrtcsi$ ld,nul oi l?iJtr s tr'
l,
Ptui.dtEJin,on, 1006, 15, L6tlsl
n:orL,A L., &A,$r S (1009).I-crn.r
lexmingsqlcs rJrpt?tion metho.l lia..d on
terlhins iniesies DJ el&uoni. ncd,a
E (nrio&,l -r
What Teaching Strategies
Motivate Learners To
rEklEr"sEdituuru
Speak?
bo,rcqqbo lmsn 3 00 3 et)
ooE6ro$.o!l^,Jdroi,'[eo'r!
hdbemee,r
ns
no{ 4 m
, ndGBr hdnse,rereGs
nd!!kr
horrorrq,r]eioBkdoD,
ro 5 00 wr, ch ter.igEJ
prcderEor^s Thea@ redy.oiculledrE reGd
[et ei
(eryo& ieorhq, Eq+
rc
nrc& $,
'eo!!.
oo(,u'[i
eo.he6oid.o!6eJ6€oq'b
b+
INTRODUCTION
Mrndn!lDqursrs nr.n,s nhturirgt|c l,.rl\ ir n\,lrr rnJ i'r trnhr
rnnns. H!!t.ar, nrL.xl lingoigc, or ntrknu, :..trtr n, ,lc( .lc Nt NLr.Il).r .r
r.t*nn.o.. mx$.r hryri$. I h.r.nn, :loirr! skill nr hn!( isr Ir ning
ir! \rrf.fl(irlri,\r. nrer lJ...ii.s of..r .,lrdmn t n.nn-. \vL.ilu.r
rlrr h.!trrgr i: mrn.red tl l.ur!ur$ l.tr.ncr O" ,1," .11\.r lurJ, tcrJriry
trr
] r'nmd
'teiknr!do.s nots(m ciryr., Enlli:htui.heha. tLc,,L,ilir r'..ll
.rtircr nhn{u,!.trtLl si\tqr.mrlcxiNlii\rtrrburJ.r{rnlnr..inm
.i Nlu xpt)ci* n, l)\: n\!Lr(l'(Rr.hrhl [i R.Diid]i,l00l,p.101) L.rn,{s
n,Lqhr L,c.h, rrrinl, .r JotrLritrl tu.t,ril L F r..lfr,.ii(.l,rirEr!lLJr lhis
strltur \dLtr. r L's rnnncm n r l.imcrs !in!r tr.in [inn hr]r irntr\t.
m.n..TL.rf.tr.,r.i.hcr:lu,lJrr[cpirist.orlrrun.th..{..
71
t^ tu,.hnrg sp!rtnu shills,
ftn,usrol$,
rci.\si []ir
lvl r urril{tr r,lunr.F
nt.es durire iL. $.,kir! ?.inlfi's lnr cr,
rrdc, Han rr(100i)*md ttrhlr.rnl,c
t.roNprcr vho Lt\x l.&rr whrn tlrlysuJ^
J.nl) h.rk tu id!).rslft bsxl. Jurnr! ..r[irg
acnviics.Ir.sr.lcs, kilhers sn iLr rrrs Dr icifNs duri'rs srlcrlnr! $irri.r \ rh.!r (lo.\i' !
n! t&n.'hc li$ bl. is,h{ t]r}.rn be itd,
lia.l rrs,iJcN tu l.fi.b Th.renn., drc .oriil.
bunor anJ ftn. oa.r tur.Lcrto nrrtult l.rnc('
rfuhi'rx il,L.n.) {. aLnnurcLy nnN N.
l]td'i! tur.h6 Lrnrs Lig i'npi$ tu lerr cs
Jr.Gs h lFrih,np, dr$nrlLld mNnnil rhcn
u.l,n,\ i, tlur L.xmss .,u i.Lrc\t nrcir lorls
'rhcn t.irhnrs. tc nulfltJby si|!r.r.hnrg
{r.&gn\ rfpr.Nre aor ltrLrtrl -nnnut.rn.
!k,ll. VIl.us tc,Lhns itur..!r.s .m lir.lios.n
Lnsc.l on the l.rrnnrss.rls rll(an,rri rceds,
. g, a:k, ng t.a $.fi h hN! dL(Non ritL n\.ir
.Lsnfics mJ |n,v us.enri.: nJ L. roLe.
phlad Ap tr nor \ iicly s.l.d'rs r!r.l,nr!
{itr !ics, fclrlkrsJxrln rln,lxlte l.rnrrr'
JLfi.(nr \hrx.fu nn'6 i' o r..!rnt to hch
r.dnrs is rr.Nnnl! l.amine lhrmcr(1007,
r 107)r.{trldrhrt'.benrs.l!m...riit,i!
lfttnrq Laoi.: r ftrLpafu nrJ.!i\nn!mrhng
tikcs m.rc canlr rnd.rginlrtiun d)an..nr.L
hrg.h. !1,$ Iron
iiont." ft imrLi.s drtr
Qc|i'r! is not only.onEolhrs lcxn liut rlso
^
lromodrg lcim.si !rfi i.itrnrr
ln srik ol drc dn.6c [Nlie6, nor i.irli.x
drattrichrg*n.csi.s fr ihrrhnt
ih ncierninms i r'.ccs in l..rri'r! AL,flllirnt
leN,n sill not Lc s,r..snnly urnrr$ooJ bI
l.antn,lrr[.r Jo ro' rf f\.ur|()lrrid.
tcxrLrnrs *itrrlids ()rliih, arril,Jran, 1 l.nJ!r
Ttull\ i, and BnNr(1010 p.{)Jdncnr rci$-
\6nll
Ntrisr,c!l rti'rl.anr
.crJ,nlqnntrcsi.!
rn)Li\t l&m.n i. r$rk.
r,r.r
LIEMTUiE REVIEW
L)!Iiinn! krhnrc is not ):inrtn! ilii,r! n) J.
ALrh.uh miryt$JIi! hi,, rlnnN snnnr
0.th)J: nr r!.irlnig,
Dlishi L.Nt Jiiiii.nr
'hry
1]|,.qni,n:.n rhr i.trJiii]s is nr rhur. Somr
n,rr ldLc\r ih.r t.Nhnr ! is nnllf hNlcrt n!
tn.rylcJlr r,l.rnss OiL.^ r,rr.hiDl rl
tcB N 'tlroulhtlul
Jcircn tur.lji,r!srateqn\ N
nr?Lndft4rtr ronr tda ir ntr ra:rcE
'.fl
,k,l,n(. a ,]rtl)d u{r.!d'J,,( ,/ r/r ,,r/om'
lor al! t,ll),'xil tld o, nt d rpr, t5tulr.n
ro
,!n!i rlxitundm r z(ontk,Drn.,fntr
id lr
lahn,! tu ?nr ?l.ininniar.,si?J
J4isi
!4 lllr l&,r$ xr.4L!,isJ b
oL!n?, an(lrr., ri, J dn otnLr, o!d. a
nrF.turr Loldrd !n rnrfJ,li$ou l,LDrl
o, d
h JJrul
i usd n)dcl,rur l.s!n thlrh n\.n
licr.Li{
rhir!ni Jo Tl.rrtotu,
inns ro
tLN
n
p le)
dt l.inril{ suk trcruriii.s
Iunics' rrr.(n.e on p.ftiolxr rorll.!
'snorincN
i|]ree
plmn,! n, ,lo un.'
rnrg lniJJru\ F r.nl rnll ,\ir (1009,
nrs
,lrrnr r.h,.vc
$r.rcsLcs
rl)c
^r
urhi,r!
,
1.a.l,n!r srrrcsis .:
ro:ls inJ rl,nnr(l
Vi $
t.1.hnrg
n
ftu..Juhnr
nnrL..
shicri.s l,^r t.m nF
to\rJ andrmli.J i. Lin.rur*. !li:y..nr ioh.\)
L.th i.rrltrs inLll.rtrh rhidr iuinr!!o,,|
rhon *riresi- hxrc rlr l,c$ l,i(ivdi rlr{,xhx
nunnr...irn L( \/clrll rnl NNht(100r)
m.rritrid nmr i(.hir! iitrlgl.s nrtr n b.
^rDlid
r
r +..rkrnP.lxs!,
75
BRA NSTORM NG
Bnn}(,mi'rrsr iritely in lvhi.h lotr).
iLi'rk.lnltrs !r ni[..ns n]*trr\lr tr pn,L.lm Ir
u{LrllfJoncio lcal lcimcrto d.! mr.uLs
dutsiU tJ!.iught, so d\e hr$crs ger n.itiiL
hmwl.ds. otr Nhii they nrc soms to lcr"'
(imklin (1006) tont!.1 out r,t Lrrinr$o.ning
\6rlJ otr$nt 11.rlsr..nr Tltn,eh rhis
$r .sti l(anr6 un :(Nrlt Pri.rirc ntir
Fr,,l^h.
is
lerm.r' tcrmrtrk nlfro,ln.rivi.r k
)l$.11$vs lerncrs ro r:.ftnte xi NL\ nlc's rs
Fsiuc nr i slnxi pcriuJ olnmc. BnirNt.rmnr!
.nhxnces
JoN nlsmxllxd,prxtul l{lunrtr
:htu ll\.ir iJci! citlH nr r nftcn nrr .i
.{, lt
nr an
PFOBLEM.SOLV NG STRATEGY
Lea!ln,! lcrnds to sitinl rhnrkr!is (.1t N
DEMONSTRATION
Nl
NIruNt (1001) {,tcd drntdcm.N
ndn,r. be n,i f.rm of lenonnr! u
rin irr nr drai lernrir.xn oL.sc-t [o* it is
\|.h.lL
,l.ft
"nl.r
rnrg drNrln,
lrtrc. prento xnslcP
rritul itfli.rnor Thi\ |rn.u-
m hetp
hrt.r.hi,,sr k$ cnrl,lcs lrinrts n,vi{Lrhzc
whr n,.r rt !o,ns m lerm F.r cxrnrtlc, l.:N
.^ .u .\Fuin.nr on mrlilns $nndrln! rnlL
sflrn ittu illlrrhsmrt.i, nJ tur.L.i Vith
dr. !\! Nlcxl.o{,(.r En-llnh, tr\LU L'krl)
cnl,,r. nrens!.1[]n!:kills.
rmf$vn,sll r s|crln,g flucnrf0nt(tn !
GAMES
rlnougli |.,Ncm{lv,n| hrning l,rol,l..r
In rhe lNJ..xJr, manrlcr.hcr uv lcrnnrg
:olvnrs n .$ .mbles lc tcr\ro\$rt
$lhborrn'!\ 6 r r.mn !rl\1) |'.bl.m LtiscJ lidsii: meniln o ier.L i lcN[ rolcxn(r\'
Thr{,:rh tlt u$ ot simcs r l(in,ifg, tcth
lrrM ici.hlr It io nrr.N.s lr&(s'
furlrds rnd l.inus u D .rstu lciinnrg qam*,
lhu'g| tlt.use oa E.slinr to an\t
'nlrivmof.
!vhl.l,dnbcheLt'Irlhl.mquilrrhs llrn.r
r-1.1iar f r.l,l.nx, l.rmn rrc !n({rr$.I n,
ln${ crlrg, uhiJt $1Ll l.iJ n) [rncs noi (lOO?, I r49)rc'rJ.J ihrt !rnrr\'iinr b {et
ml) i! thl"[rnii.llly,Lu rllrr.lxm x:, i.N lci.nrs kl!$e;s qni.Llr mJ tl'o,rlv N I)o"
\il,L!'.Thcr.rnxln, (r1.nn tur) n! withr
wrL.rhrF((:orlliD 100{r)
:..J Narrnrr.r lL. l[sus. iruns rrlht
tlhugh !rn,$ r rlk rpr",rnirte ntc. dr .n
SIMULAT DN
thcLn,l.oi! n"s, r.x.h.r:ur f n.tlcrr
SlN,Lrnnr is r q.o(l{ntrqt n) nnt()t.n'l
riin, n.nihrea(ni,rg wq: Ln$$u, [lli:,r J
fluor.} In r riN fnnr,l$.i.rs tlxr r. tlmr
ll hr.l (1001).Lrnn.J 'lin!1m.s tf. rci.lin!'
illcs in x tltin,LrstrLltdr, ntr in{in.c,
innmsc trntsn)f l.f tc rnll ,ilrnrtu
!'.nl,n! i Lrusiness m.(ing, r.{r\Lng i tllnr
mrnl.ih.r.Ilrnd (1001)
p.trkn otrr nr.. r\nnti!.s.r brnrli!,g !DNliri.n nrdrc.Lr:*ooDr: it ii nn,i' Nonv lns. tr
c.
hrlN r.nutrnrLnn,c rt's|lik, !\liif(\
r i nLLsrn
ind
i vid.r rds..flinsuilc
as tr
n uscJ iif nr.
Jtr.n$n \l.rl. Al.,,,1,"$ n tLn{llt!rnt.
,' nis p,x.n.r
nr
lLLr.n!rrl,iJt ir Jonrn,md
by
76
LARGE OROL]P DISCUSSION
l)i\r:r.n
is
r
t.r
D]RECT CON]ACT
in!$nr.gy, r,hi.h
is
rfrroflnrc aJ lc al]]rl(lin i.ftr.r.r,trrj.t
Lrrnn,q It.nr Lcrtur.rcJrnd I ntqiafrd.s
Hrhd (100?, r.'rtl) etld d . ,,sJhc d i:(6.
sio. nN hrflJ.n i'r rL( niddL..It.$oNi n,$,
ir. u.t,r.frrt{ lor br tei.L.r. lntr, rIcM.!rirrcd,
m.rfni.\rbl. rnd
rrtrh,.rntsl].rtnrgnrhr! ip..Lsses,,. Bf
l,tri.il],th! n, r lflc stur dhnsron, nxnui
.xn
r
I
fn\kl.
sonc oItLc
r,triirtrlareihct nfur ind iiehrss.N
j.n b otlur frrt,Nnt.
u
rs
nlr.i{onti.r toi.hmg nrrcly Dr.rN drr
rlrs..nr r.r.h{s Nir. r guc* stcak({hin
lern os, n i(,.t onnt
\mh nrne qrcrkcri.Idr. r.r!( linsur!..IIds
ri q|cnen.c litrtsarrs rswlLm6r&nnN I
ri!g{ to a.trm r sooJ rftituJe nnvr sa r!.t
rc?chlng ln lmguuc
linsu,s. ind rs sp.iLers ()irrm,2olo) n,
rro'notu sncrhi,ig, tur.Lds can nNjr. ErqliJlt
nntn! s|.rkrr: e leir.c6.xn fnrtrr nr.,
Erylish rnh fit n.'tnr lFextcs
ONE TO ONESTRATEGY
LECTUR N]G
I
r&'rnrs
is x
..h\rnri.nrt
tu.rlrnrs
nrRr-
ini,rndrto 6c,qirJc.l r\ r ot,l..r.hh!
ntnul. I lo\tv{, n)nt rca![ens]ltrpr\ nris
rlrlii'u$ t.+ V.hrlynnd NyqL i* coor)
trssrirdihxrfuturc s "! n,n Ly JrJtr.n. rr.$nftrirm .f ir n{mrt.r, rs'rllr b: Ix,!r slrr
ind orren rvrh rl! use.lrdnn.inLriinL r.
i
fhnnu (1007, r.ll2) lrFhncl drar dr.lrtn"
.n.-to.rcm.ins'rnnalnnhDLtcrnc, th{mir
?lonc with i i.x.h...lt'.r r.rio.l.l [.trA or
It s uu)Uf .iU.J .r,rivsc .tr\sr!, Ar i,r
.nc{H,rc.Ls\ r r.i'.h.r 6!us$ lntror.nc
ne[s'
llrn.r nr Lrmr l,^ r grcfij rhin.. tu io xll
iLc s$rlini! 1.rh.r thr i'r I lars. drs nr whi.tr
rh.r.rhcr
DnN shirc his
rknu.n o
mo,t
nru
h rldd,, o tu ra,vcj.tu!n\, Fnnl,i
LLm,ngi tNgni!. i,uN t.r.nnnhotr r,
trs. rnr r rcruiic :irMrnnr. Tliot6rc, n cd.rf
h r |l)lxriu.hiDs jr{!ryus.J i| r
lm.qu.r. .l N'..tr, Ihi,nrr(:007, I ril)$.r.J
rllrn,l.fhyisr .rli.rin !.. nurqr
!.f.uL n l fltr.D.r .r b riiijj l.In.r ti{
.,r,
sr.rutir iir!'tn,.s", nn cx,!nl.l! l.c.onnrq I
.lr$Lnrni nllnqi J.,ntr, inn r,.n rf x n)1.
Ih.l..trr.n rc pr{rr.dnr. .o ni.frtnjari,rNl,ck rh.y
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ir.tr!.jrrer Fr.scnul nr nr. rrtr[ l,
As
thcLIi. (r(knr. ttr.onJuin!
n.:.arch
dt turlnrs $
rrs.Nh
f.
r!
rhis
elrcs nscll nr dns
nn or.s rjr).orJ l)! \feh i nl
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li!l,aiLl o. fruIl.m n)lvi,)!, smtrhm J!nt
onri.rjdr, !rm.:, lflr lR D tNnNn'r, tNo
r!, -1. pl:!: Jlr.\t (,h.r. in(l.nr nq,rr
METHODOLOEY
Tl[ t]n(nipini:.trli: tu:.,htj \a,.
nr
I
77
nstt
l.
Tu0U{6 lr|lTtct$ (fMr[0{ rl]0 1!ttt.
]009.
91
s..r ri.ill:.(l urns J.sriFtrr nli{iG IJr
rrJ n! rhr N,.rnrircrnd t]t nr.inscori,.i
d,-1, i.rlin{ $nrs}: TLr nr. r srdrcs \'.re,
iir{, nrdnnr( lls.d.n tL. i',g.oarritdir.l
I n.rlt(d,,
Thc mc r rito 100 - 1.99
.lurJ l.urlreencnt.n 6! $&menr, drc
m.xn\.oR I00 l.99Jr,sd neutr.nxrrcc
m.n... drc nrrcr.ff,.lI mcins.orc r.00 r 9.r :lrctd rnrc ilrtmeni .n .hc $renr.nt,
url rhc m.xn:r.to 4 00 5.00Jlrwellnrr
ildg., r.cmdr qi rlr $.rdndt (Alsamrni,
101:). Ihc nr, rron ihe nn.rvic{,.n rhe oih.r
h.nid,
urnt
n! lermcs (| = 30) :d(td hils nnrtnitnr. s.mFhr!. TncrrR 6.nr Jitiiftrn
m.,r.a, 1,1 rrndrmls w(r. l.itrn.s .,a rhr
Agn.rlt!rt' n.r,r.nd\ rn(l rlI orL.r 16 trrrc
Lrrrs oitln Ly( rnon.,l tulrtons l)i.fm
Drrnr. ALIlrlh ro \{tu ti.r dilfrr.ri d.rfr
nK..
nrrc rmrltqirh ihc $m.
Fnslllr n,irdit'L is thlv Lcinicl rcncDl En:thl'
rnh thr ii,trr l r.:nieJ Englnh:knL. rh!r.nn,
bd.r$.]r.) iho rmc L$.1oi[nstN]r fnitutrn.]
$li rh i,l..$nncr J.rnnni.d Ly nrcil ErT s..tu
LorL
su,r\
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYS S METHOD
j+,lii Lit!n s.,LL!,LL'r$i,nnr.nr!: wrni.n u
dic lr (rNm litrgunsc$ot Lln il\dt. thc
nt;1r r.srrnl,rF ln Jd,r xJrln qu.rtr,l
un-,ii.,olh\nn.ftLvll nr o!r.ruJr!1.(nL.J Nr\,.N r'.'r J!r. b.btun n.hr
nr'tus.n:.fNL !h n,rlri|s
rrrr!,.r nr,,. mnxi.n Lrrnqr n).I)r.iL
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I
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jym
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r.d.rl
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r* .or,luftrl
luriMn,lrui, er.h icNhiig nrftq)
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tu tL(
Ati.r.1i. (.NruhnoDll rc.hnnrk don. i.
tlr! qtrcsnnmitrcs, l..Ni !n tl,. r.mpc oiJile.ir,
it,vr\ iirunJ dr,r tk-- $e on\ sodr.rtj.
$nre rnn \rry*u,g tircnr. TLe rons:ri,.,
rn r Q!!$fim 1.00 I99whi.h..nr lr
lnrc,rrctcJ dvt ,\ rlslrnJcnts rjr(.J vnL
d,r ir.Nnr. Tl'c n(nnl .Lit!rn$ {ht.h
rp|.r.J nr rltis ntr\iy is ltry{ons r turn,l
wh.L rnj!.: rn 400 t.00\ltiJr.anb.
Ncry.ioJ rlif i nkNr rcrurlis (I[slv ;srrJ
wtl (hrnft.nLr.r lh.tu N,.nturi. o I1r
rl l..ca.l)rn-!s?icsid Lcl.,rsing
'(rrla.k!i
n, ilxR rturir Nrivrlcd ihr L.infi n,sl).,,t
I
h! t.nnc
Juld
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L,rs.rlotrfnnnrnrnn\irsi,.r.s}(LN)n, r9r),
lmrL.rnr nN,f l9r), Ltutu (m.rn, 189)
78
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) f I0tM!
fN0 Tll!Qur\r0r{Mt
i)1.nl{{ner I ?l),.md.|tr(, n d('n. r, nrtion It lutl m.xns..tu4.07. Tlrc,lttJ
(rtrlinrs rrrrs- (r simNrth n,.ii
I6r) nr. diix i r.r.Jth.rrhe|Y rifrt:
'nt 4 16
Th! 6(hi.r.hi,rg iitr $,vN t.re!
L.l-\L'ht ii. nr'tcg,cs ouNatcrlnrcnr t,
',.rr
{iuk n, lr)s!)s. J)s B*iisin g.rtcrnr. Jis.nsnnr wh rol)rxinrLl4l5 I[c li{t.r.hniq
j .!r *$ !m n) on! i.ilhirg n rli !!irl
nLt tux.Lnr! mt{ics !, tJ.l.!r1.J n) nry
rrrg.ntJiu, Bis.J on iL. intrl]IdtirD,Nl
T]r ti'Ll,rys.ltl)o !ll.i lrDrir.s whiJl
$r!,.!!ri.ri,r,, n!nt! nor,400 1.00, na{r
rcn'l n,nn s $Ll\t,rmn,!.rt.ir nnlnrtilr. hnon.l.nts nu,{|q n "t isr!
ntr l,r nti\ i,i., niq i,orLLr LrlLu.(l rh tr rln' rrcJ d trllrlt( 1r, t nh,nqsihlirr nrtr.
\iai nt l.xflic6 n, rptrli F,,91i:1" lhtr nn!1tr,s
fi\r rcr.lrnrs nr&!].. .unanl tm t, sr,.ih
r., n l,n.\irh,htrt.r'fJ l]| U/.hrl,.r
Er!11s1, Th. nrr i.).hrngsntlla,ritli (it
N\q,Lisr(1001). 11,$rlnr.. n L! iii! rrlf nr-!sc{d
nu,!.rnr.n u^r lr'lns!i,n,ns wLL.h h
r!11r..,.+11 Tl,r:.orJniic*tuxr,l.'no.- ntr Engllsl) hr.Lr.a n) rfrl\ du. t!rLirig
79
{rrrclils tu.n.ourree l.xr..n h Fx.ti.e th.tr
$caki,r! skills lcx.h.^.u \trryituntca.hi'rs
$rriesie! nr Qdrirnn,elknrsn, Dr!,J. gr.ru
otf.(uhities ior l.xrncN n) prrri.r \,.rlnt!
Brsed on tlt nifcrucwr.trJunci n) Nirr
oidr/onr"n, r hnuh lcinr.r .f Agidltrr
D.!r nr.nr, iir,s ron rhr une tualnng
nfueErs rollf m.rivr..!l |cr b sFuk Englrh
n vnrs $ fu$! LL.Inc!!(rnr.rirrrtssi:iLs.lnnc hrri!,ri'rs for lerr.cn tosFrL. hr
rhil..rrliir: { r$,l.amon h,xt.htrn.c 6
!n'.ri.r rhcir sp.alnN rI.il,r) wtlit..rh wlt.
halc maierd EngLishtrtllor.!rr tritn sr.rL
rrs. Nirslnl rh.r "ifl D..t n^rn.Jpeaker5, i
l.m
h.trt tosp.rLi'r
spc.&rLL.trgh
Enrl^|inllitun Ior.. mrro
mf Fnllish is notgood. We m
$ft.drcrs Jnlnor. Y/hdr she iis xsl..lr
qr.sidr.r Nhat i!i.hnrgsr.r.g,cs \ylri.h
morlvI.J lM to $erk, sheiiLl rMt"G,nei
ilso
cstcrirlly ih! Nrorp otrtr. .,n Drotinrc i,c o
rri(it. Drr sperlnr! rbil,il in Enr:Lklt Tl,ruulh
L:'ncs,lermrN.m L.xm Ennrnh s sell xs
looperitt witL.rh6 Ther&aL$nr L. nmrho r tu$ io nor r,tnr () spHk uf m
6und tuLrc t.$ no.lInrg.r notm.nwlli,is
rll r, bc rlphcJ r rcili'r!.lss. Thc ftr
r.r.lus srftcs- Lyhr.h tr$ L.sr ftnivft1s*rs
rinrlmor Lrdtrsr rnn'lridr !!!ld onLv lir
eLih
srt.gr$hi.h.n..urig.J hcr r.
sr.* wN lis.ri:ior Nirsrr.d d r'ili:.usiitri
nrotirarG lerrne^ $ in.)k,.sr..irllf ird(
l!h{5 r. gntn r.h$r. nJdrmsl)a her
lrNr q.t nom rLc JrsNsi.n i,i rr.ir !fthor
.lassn .\.',|!snL.sJisrNsnr,Nirit$isreeJ
rhr ni. rhl wrinorn ri,ls b L! rNlrta m
rhc $.:.nd
r.r)kins .1,r\ r nt :aLJ n i ir rculJ 1r. ., tun
tr.nrnr (tr L.rnrr x drcv .ould lr.rtr Lt.ir
foitrn,m.! r ilx\c vtro \rr. siLlr.LLr$oi n)
rcar {!r
ld 1,.
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Pr.blcm RJrlnl:
s(nJ
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r !$
aml
rl
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Frd
to
o 6.l\e,lw..xnspcrLwirLl
on thc nncnrcq
s.mrr rcli.swd!
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sl\i[ rlnis. slo *$c nor ne n):pcik EDglish
wrll Lv.ul(l
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fulc lnrt! nr rlr. i6r,q.Ihc
whnh !s,N l$s nori!finr! r,N
LnnNornnu Nir.li,mrn ihf 6i,n\rorn'n,!
w,'s inr tu.,ll.i Lnorivtur! N Lcrrn$pllowilLtr
.n.or r.{eJ n rp.rk i rc rM:c $ho h.v rl(
rnsv.L.i rlr quo{r.ns srv..1l tln iq.:i{r" li
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m.ln idi n, ljn,.r to t erk rs r",ar inJ dut
"n \lLl ii Lcrnc$ (, Lc ps:nt Lrnur' N.i
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(l rormnnnte Lnm.6s lsrus Mr n.
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ralr."'Tnc hs tu.nhln!n.{ca
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n.r
lc
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tj. qutu mon\?iirg nn Lcx'ndN nr
str",[ Enrlish. As Nnr sL.l, !obldnnn!]tr!
r.rl H.$.\or, ii
us.
uillLc!i1!..na ntrlrfrf.wtl. R rtil\ orrr.Ld t, rt,uk Som&me.rlur.$h. Lnowh.w
r) n,l\t rll p n.ms fur .R rhr.rtnldn siu
rorl roLt ril.nrmJ 5! frs:\. B.:nl$ potl
Th! tunrlG.t rh! Ntn Ldr slr()wcJ Ji ircn.
tus,LN riDm,h..ics i,, rLr.lu&nnD,irc nr
\hnh tl,r lx i(iFN rsarlld ftrnnuh..n,
bri r$ornnns, lcnurc, oN n, or (rh! D|j
ro
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Ni
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trs
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80
drNrrdrur drln.r m.ii!.te thc
t) i.ifNhsFrL English krighr hrpfdr
s,iicgy,inn
point
oi\i.q utr.c
{lcsisnrF,
l)fi.nhn\ nr,:c
\Io lo(F.n dr qrl,uce'nlnt ofllrnss
Lc.?us:ilarto,.hln!nn&si$ni,lnotfn,!nl. \Nrhr!rkills,shou!.1 nick cih.t.i.hnrg
nu. .xr.rrc lor lcxrnc^ n, srcll ral dq only sn .sirs i', tl.r.rrhn,g 0hnxsnrq mi!hrLch
n!*{ for 1.tri.6 *l'o l,r1$n$g r.nfidcn.. nr l.rmm ufini.. n)rr .l,ulli! sliLls
A die rr$cntsu$ i.vol\.(l r lh r nd,
Texkinghsli:h Thus, tcadrehsh. flxn t)
Lr .l |, itiri|]nh th. tuJnrs nisht nd rclRxnfly ilcsc ica.h,ng $rtcsies rhould olnkr
h rcN' nrJ,vidu:l dificrcn.cs so rhar dre l.irn- ut th. rlolc f.pnLifi.n.fnor-Erylish lrq.iF
m.nt l.rnus n,Itul,mr'ia. Ther.nm, n is
i,rg fr,ics\ ur !lvu cqurl.mor
.xfrrd
coNcLUst0!{ a D t}tPLtcaTt0ll
Tlt oL,je.rilt .. tl,is nui\ wis m iNt$ipIl
l.rncr' tcr.cnnoD on ihc knids oifuadrnig
$rai.!r$ !vl,.h n.tivftJ rhc nr nrr.ri.e
rl[ihi'ir: li.m dr t|bi't I il.its..,1.quc n,l
tr.s Jisrtibfi.J, tli. lituhrss sl.rrn ihxr mn,
Erglisl\I)ermr.*lc)nDs)guJ,hr.l'c.dr
rrrrhins {ratelies N[cd nr rhn flJy n nntul
dren tu [.,.n.e :|..,Line. rh.se rcn tei.hnrs
$rrfts,cs \rrc brin*t. nins, |n.l,lcmnnv,ng
snrcsl, siinrhior,
d.m..inrlnr, grm.i
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ttr.t, mi onLrl.n. ri.lrLns $rxfusici.
n,xr ntrth.r rcs.mhNith
a
b*acr
ntrdu .t rioN h.nm .in bc rid orin)
nl)nii! x rnn.tlu.unh ic lt.n tirhn,s
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Al$, th. dLrrft j ,ll rnlr grl,ctuLl l.,r. r'
Nn .rrLdr ind |lr.qnn,r f n rht tur.htr,!
rrft.li.s nr.rivfsni.m ro:Ircllr no oh$v!
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t id rhcth.r rrd r][ tcrrLiir)s {rirrnr ,1o
isrr.nlwfcn'snskni!sliills.rn.t.llor.r,
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rl rIf rinrlf tur.l'i'rir * rclr lrn nnlrifc.
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gnn,f
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rc
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nnn. frJ)lqri&l lndL.,,n,* Ftsll, rh.*nJy
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REFERENCES
Alsxnr
,
AS
cli.ti rbort
(?0ll) A*$.1"g Sirll lrrr. s'
lcxmnu
n lrtrtbrdlldrMl4Lrsl'J'd tLhfuutr, I
t
Enql,sh lan'roiq.
(t)
B.stur, I ). (1007) Tci.hr nc nr*rsl$ t irLlr
*ill m \ lcrd to thc rrenesr d
nrnus Rh f {al.n r.lurnul, I (l), r-l
L.rtrncs r. nui!r.!l ro s|[! w!.. rltcir
Birtr.n\ B (1010) 1tr(LbnoJln/o(is,
t(&h{s aFllrr r h(lJ isJnng$r.tcgf
ldr!tu+ L.rrirL: I'tri{lt6linr.n rnra r
S(.ndly, nrctn rn$ nrr riiNklc i d.xu
.v.rvLdr or Nli terll)ii! nrtslcs r.r.hr$ dn
".1'.rr-, L, .lor, Rl,trnnJn,q lublinnry
n,.n rNrk,r!
at.t\ h hrh iL.tr lu.\.rs imput rhlnsNit
$g sltilLs Ar lN., r.nsiJ.ri'r! llif
'h. r'scnt
nrJ) Ntal th. t.i.hinqnritegici uhnh
mohr .d lc mur nr sr.cil l.i:d o. lclnrcr'
r,
BrNr.r, I ELLj\, (i,irJ (;nrJ,l). (1001). f,'t
!n k,_1 Er4n[ rn,.'!, ti { lJr Es:.\, turln)
LinrhlLn, W (1006)
nnd(.oe,l nntrli. /o
81
S1..ll E.ltr,dd Pimclr.ll K (1006) I rrn-
,h.r. Ldn,.r C iLmir,
(inhmn, L).1.,
.i fcsrc.tn \ o!Jrrt, Ner, anJ LrlLutrt
i.rhirr nrtrtcsi$ ld,nul oi l?iJtr s tr'
l,
Ptui.dtEJin,on, 1006, 15, L6tlsl
n:orL,A L., &A,$r S (1009).I-crn.r
lexmingsqlcs rJrpt?tion metho.l lia..d on
terlhins iniesies DJ el&uoni. ncd,a
E (nrio&,l -r