SUFFIX NOMINALIZATION OF NON-ACTUAL DERIVED NOUNS IN DEBATING SPEECHES OF EDS SANATA DHARMA

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SUFFIX NOMINALIZATION OF NON-ACTUAL DERIVED
NOUNS IN DEBATING SPEECHES OF EDS SANATA DHARMA

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters

By
SEKARTIYASA KUSUMASTUTI
Student Number: 104214021

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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For those who dare to dream big
and overcome their fear and hesitation

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I admit that this work is still far from perfection. However, it was born from my
curiosity as an English speaker, a debater, and a student of English Letters
Department. Therefore, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Allah SWT
for giving me such curiosity and wonderful experiences during my college life, thus I
could come up with this topic and gave my best effort to accomplish this study.

My humblest gratitude goes to Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. for being my thesis
advisor who has patiently guided me in writing this thesis, dedicated her time to
improve my analysis, and motivated me to accomplish this work on time. I also
would like to thank my co-advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., for his time and
constructive criticisms so I can improve my grammar and diction and make this work
even better.
It is nearly impossible to finish this work without my family. I would like to
thank my caring mom, Sulistyo Indrani, my wise dad, Trie Marhaen Suhardono, and
my lovely sister, Atyaka Laksmitarukmi for becoming my motivation. I hope that this
work can make them proud in return to their support that is beyond compare.
Lastly, my gratitude goes to my dearest friends in EDS Sanata Dharma,
especially for Didy, Vania, Nino, Caca, Tjia, Vaniarosa, Kezia, Tyas, Laura, Windri,
and Chua who have shared their loves and spirits so I could have a great time in EDS
Sanata Dharma while finishing my work. Hopefully, what we have built together in
this community can sustain and always make it rise and accelerate.
Sekartiyasa Kusumastuti

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE .............................................................................................................. ii
APPROVAL PAGE .................................................................................................. iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ............................................................................................. iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ......................................................................... v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ....... vi
DEDICATION PAGE .............................................................................................. vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... ix
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... xi
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. xii
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................. xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................
A. Background of the Study ........................................................................

B. Problem Formulation ..............................................................................
C. Objectives of the Study ..........................................................................
D. Definition of Terms ................................................................................

1
1
3
4
4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW ON LITERATURE ......................................................
A. Review on Related Studies .....................................................................
1. The Study of the Suffix {-ion} ........................................................
2. The Study of the Suffix {-ment} ....................................................
3. The Study of the Suffix {-ity} .........................................................
4. The Study of the Suffix {-cy} .........................................................
B. Review on Related Theories ..................................................................
1. Theory of Derivation .......................................................................
2. Theory of Word Formation .............................................................
3. Theory of Morpheme ......................................................................

4. Theory of Affixation .......................................................................
5. Theory of Allomorphy ....................................................................
6. Theory of Root, Stem, and Base .....................................................
7. Theory of Lexical Category ............................................................
8. Theory of Derivational Suffix ........................................................
9. Theory of Hierarchical Structure of Words ....................................
10. Theory of Nomina Actionis and Nomina Essendi ..........................
11. Theory of Lexical Gaps ...................................................................
C. Theoretical Framework ..........................................................................

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7
8
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11
11
12
13

14
15
16
16
18
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21
24
25

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ......................................................................
A. Object of the Study .................................................................................
B. Approach of the Study.............................................................................
C. Method of the Study ...............................................................................

27
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30

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1.
2.

Data Collection ................................................................................ 30
Data Analysis .................................................................................. 31

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ........................... 34
A. Suffixes of Non-Actual Derived Nouns ................................................. 36
B. Non-Actual Noun Derivations Based on the Function of Suffixes ........ 43
1. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ion} ............................................ 44
2. Nominalization with the Suffix {-y} ................................................ 46

3. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ity} ............................................. 47
4. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ness} .......................................... 49
5. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ment} ......................................... 50
6. Nominalization of Nouns ................................................................ 50
C. Non-Actual Noun Derivations Based on the Phonological Constraint of
Suffixes .................................................................................................. 53
1. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ion} ............................................ 54
a. Allomorph {-ion} ....................................................................... 54
b. Allomorph {-ation} .................................................................... 57
c. Allomorph {-action} .................................................................. 59
2. Nominalization with the Suffix {-y} ................................................ 60
3. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ity} ............................................. 64
4. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ness} .......................................... 68
5. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ment} ......................................... 68
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ..............................................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................
Appendix 1: Data Sources ............................................................................
Appendix 2: Noun-Actual Nouns and the Function of Suffixes ..................
Appendix 3: Phonetic Transcriptions of Non-Actual Derived Nouns Bases

Appendix 4: Occurrence of Lexical Category .............................................

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Distribution of Allomorphs of the Suffix {-ion} ....................................... 7
Table 2. Adjective Endings of the Suffix {-ity} ......................................................... 9
Table 3. Lexical Categories ...................................................................................... 17
Table 4. Derivational Suffixes ................................................................................. 20
Table 5. Derivational Order Notations ..................................................................... 21
Table 6. Conversion in Nomina Actionis ................................................................. 23
Table 7. Data Analysis - Table of Suffixes Distribution .......................................... 32
Table 8. Data Analysis - Table of Possible Derivation ........................................... 32
Table 9. Data Analysis - Table of Impossible Derivation ...................................... 32
Table 10. Data Findings ............................................................................................ 34
Table 11. Suffixes Distribution ................................................................................ 39
Table 12. Distribution of Suffixes and Lexical Categories ...................................... 40
Table 13 Possible Derivation ........................................................................... 44, 54
Table 14 Impossible Derivation ........................................................................ 44, 54
Table 15. Collective Names ..................................................................................... 51
Table 16. Nominalization of Nouns ......................................................................... 51
Table 17. Bases of the Suffix {-cy} with the Ending -ent ........................................ 56
Table 18. Base Endings of the Allomorph [-ation] .................................................. 58
Table 19. Nomina Actionis with the Suffix {-y} .................................................... 61
Table 20. Base Endings of the Suffix {-ity} ............................................................ 65
Table 21. Residual Types of Bases with the Suffix {-ity} ....................................... 67
Table 22. Bases with the Initial Sounds en-, em-, and be- ....................................... 69
Table 23. Possible and Impossible Derived Nouns .................................................. 74

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ABSTRACT

KUSUMASTUTI, SEKARTIYASA. Suffix Nominalization of Non-Actual Derived
Nouns in Debating Speeches of EDS Sanata Dharma. Yogyakarta: Department of
English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
English affixation is the most productive word formation and useful for
expressing meanings compactly and quickly. This word formation is very common to
be used by the debaters in delivering their speeches because they are required to be
effective speakers and fast thinkers. As a result, there are many non-actual words
produced by those debaters. Those words are derived from suffixations in Nomina
Actionis and Nomina Essendi categories.
This study analyzes the formation of those non-actual derived nouns. Some of
those non-actual nouns are possible words, while some others are impossible words.
The suffixes which are used to derive those nouns are analyzed based on three
questions that are formulated in the problem formulation of this study, which are: (1)
What are suffixes used to derive non-actual nouns found in debating speeches of EDS
Sanata Dharma members of 2013/2014? (2) How are those nouns formed based on
the function of the suffixes? (3) How are those nouns formed based on the
phonological constraint of the suffixes?
The objects of this study are the debating speeches of EDS Sanata Dharma
members of academic year 2013/2014. There are nine speeches with twenty-four nonactual derived nouns. Those words are collected as the data of the study. In order to
reach the analysis, the non-actual words in the data collection are compared with the
actual words taken from Turnbull’s Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (eighth
edition, 2010) which are derived from the same suffix. Further, the formations of
those words are analyzed based on the suffixes.
Finally, the result of the study shows that ten out of twenty-four nouns are the
possible words, which are *investation, *satisfication, *communicacy, *eruptcy,
*interacy, *populacy, *importaness, *heterogeneousity, *prosperousity, and
*practitionality. The other fourteen nouns, which are *automatication, *benefition,
*perspection, *potention, *tendention, *transparantion, *consequency, *existency,
*tolerancy, *guideness, *harmness, *prisonment, *provement, and *harmonity, are
impossible words. There are three major reasons of the debaters in making the nonactual words. Firstly, some suffixes are more familiar and productive in English word
formation. Secondly, complex suffixations create confusion in indentifying the lexical
category of the actual bases. Thirdly, there are some actual bases which have similar
final segments with the non-actual words. These three reasons contribute in the
misidentification of actual bases, thus non-actual words are created.

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ABSTRAK

KUSUMASTUTI, SEKARTIYASA. Suffix Nominalization of Non-Actual Derived
Nouns in Debating Speeches of EDS Sanata Dharma. Yogyakarta: Program Studi
Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2014.
Afiksasi dalam Bahasa Inggris merupakan pembentukkan kata yang paling
produktif dan berguna dalam menyampaikan maksud secara padat dan cepat.
Pembentukan kata ini sangat umum digunakan oleh pembicara debat dalam
menyampaikan pidato karena mereka dituntut untuk dapat menjadi pembicara yang
efektif dan mampu berpikir cepat. Oleh karena itu, terdapat banyak kata tidak baku
yang dibuat oleh para pembicara dalam pidato debat. Kata-kata tersebut diturunkan
dari penambahan sufiks dalam kategori Nomina Actionis dan Nomina Essendi.
Penelitian ini menganalisis pembentukan kata benda yang tidak baku tersebut.
Beberapa kata benda tersebut adalah kata yang mungkin terbentuk, sementara yang
lain tidak mungkin terbentuk. Sufiks-sufiks yang membentuk kata benda tidak baku
tersebut dianalisis berdasarkan tiga pertanyaan yang diformulasikan dalam rumusan
masalah di penelitian ini, yaitu: (1) Sufiks apa saja yang digunakan untuk
menurunkan kata benda tidak baku dalam pidato debat anggota EDS Sanata Dharma
2013/2014? (2) Bagaimana kata benda tidak baku tersebut dibentuk berdasarkan
fungsi sufiks? (3) Bagaimana kata benda tidak baku tersebut dibentuk berdasarkan
batasan fonologi dari sufiks?
Objek penelitian ini adalah pidato debat anggota EDS Sanata Dharma tahun
ajaran 2013/2014. Terdapat sembilan pidato dengan dua puluh empat kata benda
turunan yang tidak baku. Kata-kata tersebut diambil sebagai data dalam penelitian ini.
Untuk mencapai analisis, kata benda yang tidak baku dalam koleksi data
dikomparasikan dengan kata baku yang diturunkan dari sufiks yang sama. Kata baku
ini diperoleh dari Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (edisi kedelapan, 2010)
karya Turnbull. Kemudian, pembentukkan kata-kata tersebut dianalisis berdasarkan
sufiksnya.
Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari dua puluh empat kata benda
turunan tidak baku, sepuluh di antaranya adalah kata yang mungkin terbentuk. Katakata tersebut ialah *investation, *satisfication, *communicacy, *eruptcy, *interacy,
*populacy, *importaness, *heterogeneousity, *prosperousity, dan *practitionality.
Sementara itu, empat belas kata tidak baku lainnya adalah kata yang tidak mungkin
terbentuk, yakni *automatication, *benefition, *perspection, *potention, *tendention,
*transparantion, *consequency, *existency, *tolerancy, *guideness, *harmness,
*prisonment, *provement, dan *harmonity. Terdapat tiga alasan utama yang
menyebabkan para pembicara membuat kata-kata tidak baku tersebut. Pertama,
beberapa sufiks lebih familiar dan produktif dalam pembentukan kata. Kedua,
penambahan sufiks yang kompleks mengakibatkan kebingungan dalam
mengidentifikasi kelas kata. Ketiga, terdapat beberapa kata baku yang memiliki bunyi
akhir yang serupa dengan kata tidak baku. Tiga alasan tersebut mengakibatkan
kesalahan dalam mengidentifikasi kata dasar sehingga kata tidak baku terbentuk.

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study
Debating activity has become a trend in Indonesian academic society as a way
to enhance critical thinking and deliver it through speeches. Debates in Indonesia
adopt the parliamentary systems in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Japan,
respectively are known as British, Australasian, and Asian Parliamentary System.
These three systems provide slightly different challenges for debaters in terms of the
case building time, the duration to deliver the speech, and the chance to throw Point
of Information (POI). Firstly, to prepare the content of the speech, the debaters only
have fifteen minutes case building time for British Parliamentary System and thirty
minutes for Australasian and Asian Parliamentary System. Secondly, the duration to
deliver the speech in British and Asian Parliamentary System is seven minutes and
twenty seconds while in Australasian Parliamentary System is eight minutes and
twenty seconds. Thirdly, debaters are allowed to throw POI while the opponent team
is delivering the speech in British and Asian Parliamentary System in only fifteen
seconds (Muhammadin, Sekarsari, Pido, Puteri, Fadillah, Denistia, Wicaksono, and
Hanif, 2012: 2-5). In general, those rules share the same requirements for debaters to
be fast thinkers and able to produce words which are effective and can represent the
meaning that they want to deliver in the limited time.
There are many ways to produce words in English which are further called
word formations. Word formations cover compounding, conversion, clipping,

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blending, back formation, acronym, onomatopoeia, coinage, and affixation (O‟Grady,
Dobrovolsky, and Katamba, 1997: 151-156). From all of those word formations,
“affixation is the most frequent process to form words” (Bauer, 1988: 19).
Considering the necessity of debaters in producing words during their speech,
affixation is the easiest way to produce words especially in a verbal communication
which requires a quick word formation. Affixations only require the attachment of
affixes to certain bases in order to create words with different or similar lexical
categories. For instance, adjectives with the ending -ous usually can be added by the
suffix {-ity} in order to create nouns as in curious  curiosity and monstrous 
monstrosity. However, this formation does not work in the adjective prosperous. It is
because of the Word Formation Rules (WFR) that limits the attachment of every affix
to certain base. Therefore, the word *prosperousity is problematic based on Word
Formation Rules and does not exist in English lexicon.
In practice, the similar case of *prosperousity is commonly found in debating
speeches. Debaters tend to attach certain affix to the base without considering the
constraint of the affixation and/or simply correspond the use of certain affix with the
other bases which, in fact, does not work in the same way. This phenomenon
produces many words which cannot be found in English dictionaries, namely nonactual words. Some of them are possible words but some others are impossible words.
Possible words are the words which have followed the rule of word formation but
cannot be found in English lexicon, while impossible words are the words which do
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This phenomenon becomes the concern of the current researcher to analyze the
affixation in debating speeches of English Debate Society Sanata Dharma University
(EDS Sanata Dharma). As an emerging debating community in Indonesia, EDS
Sanata Dharma members conduct weekly regular trainings and intensive trainings in
preparing their participation in many competitions. In their trainings, the members
deliver speeches that contain many non-actual words. Those words are useful to
analyze this phenomenon.
In order to provide a specific but deep analysis instead of broad but superficial,
the current researcher limits the study on the affixation in the final base functioning
as the noun formation, which is further named as suffix nominalization. This research
provides a descriptive qualitative analysis which is hopefully useful for the
development of linguistic research in the adolescence.

B. Problem Formulation
As a guidance to develop the understanding and to limit the scope of the study,
the current researcher formulates three questions as the problem formulation, which
as follows:
1.

What are suffixes used to derive non-actual nouns found in debating speeches of
EDS Sanata Dharma members of 2013/2014?

2.

How are those nouns formed based on the function of the suffixes?

3.

How are those nouns formed based on the phonological constraint of the
suffixes?

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C. Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem formulation, the current researcher wants to achieve three
objectives at the end of this study. First of all, this study is aimed to identify the
suffixes and bases which are used to derive the non-actual nouns found in debating
speeches of EDS Sanata Dharma members of 2013/2014 that have been collected
during the practices. Further, the current researcher can see the distribution of
suffixes and the lexical category of bases in those non-actual derived nouns. This
distribution is helpful to analyze the problem formulation number two and three.
The second aim is to find out the formation of those non-actual nouns based on
the function of each suffix. By analyzing the function of suffixes and the lexical
category of bases, the current researcher can explain the suffix nominalization of
those non-actual derived nouns, whether the suffixes are utilized to be attached to the
appropriate bases.
The final aim is to trace down the formation of those words based on the
phonological constraint. By analyzing the phonological environment of the base on
each data and compare it with the phonological constraint of each suffix, the current
researcher can elaborate the suffix nominalization of those non-actual nouns in the
phonological perspective. Further, the current researcher is able to make the
conclusion of the suffix nominalization in deriving the non-actual nouns, whether
those nouns are possible or impossible words.

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D. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding of terminologies, the current researcher
provides these following definitions of terms that frequently appear in the research.
The term „suffix nominalization‟ consists of two key issues which are
„nominalization‟ and „suffix‟. Nominalization is deriving noun for conveying the
nomina concept (Szymanek, 1989: 135). “A suffix is an affix which follows its base”
(Brown, 2004: 121). Therefore, suffix nominalization is the derivation of nouns using
the attachment of suffix.
The term „non-actual derived nouns‟ consists of three key issues which are
„nouns‟, „derived words‟ and „non-actual words‟. According to Hornby‟s Oxford
Adcanced Learner’s Dicitionary (fifth edition, 1995), nouns are “words used to name
or identity any of class of things, people places or ideas, or a particular one of these”.
Derived words are “the form that results from the addition of a derivational
morpheme” (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyam, 2011: 88). Non-actual words are the
opposite of actual words or existing words; words that exist in the lexicon (Fromkin,
et al., 2011: 99). It means that non-actual words are the non-existing words. From
these definitions, it can be concluded that non-actual derived nouns are non-existing
nouns which are formed by the addition of derivational morpheme.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter functions to give the current researcher a deeper understanding
about the field and elements that are used in this study. This chapter is divided into
three parts which are the review of related studies, the review of related theories, and
the theoretical framework. In the review of related studies, the current researcher
reviews on some studies with the relevant topic or methodology of research which
have been conducted beforehand by some previous researchers. In the review of
related theories, the current researcher reviews on some theories which are relevant to
the topic of this study. Those theories are used and applied to provide the analysis of
this study. In the theoretical framework, the current researcher shows the significance
of information and theories and how they are related to each other and helpful in
answering the problem formulation.

A. Review of Related Studies
This part covers several studies that have been done previously by some
researchers. The studies are about the suffixes {-ion}, {-ment}, {-ity}, and {-cy},
which are related to the study of the current researcher. In this part, the current
researcher briefly explains the analysis of the previous researchers and gives some
reviews on the discussion. Some of the studies are compelling enough to support the
current researcher‟s study but some of them still remain some questions that are
criticized in the discussion.

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The Study of the Suffix {-ion}
The study of suffix {-ion} is previously conducted by Bibit Nur Handono

(2007). His study is about the allomorphs of suffix {-ion} and their distribution based
on the stems. He observes the derived words with suffix {-ion} in Oxford Advanced
Learner's Dictionary (1995 edition) and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary
English (2001 edition). The result of his problem analysis is summed up in this
following table.
Allomorph
[-ion]

[-ation]

Final Sound of the Base
fricative

/s/ /z/

liquid

Allomorph Final Sound of the Base
[-ition]

fricative

/z/ /ʃ/

/l/

liquid

/r/

stop consonant

/t/

stop consonant

/d/ /t/

nasal consonant

/m/ /n/

fricative

/s/

fricative

/z/ /s/

liquid

/l/

liquid

/l/ /r/

diphthong

/aɪ/

stop consonant

/p/ /t/

fricative

/ʃ/

stop consonant

/t/

diphthong

/aɪ/

stop consonant

/d/ /t/

diphthong

/aɪ/

[-iation]

[-cation]

/k/ /d/
[-tion]

[-ution]

nasal consonant

/m/ /n/

fricative

/s/

stop consonant

/b/ /t/

fricative

/v/ /ʃ/

[-action]

[-sion]

Table 1. Distribution of Allomorphs of the Suffix {-ion} (Handono, 2007: 25-52)

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Although his study has scrutinized the allomorphs of the suffix {-ion} and
explained in what endings of the stems those allomorphs can be attached to, he does
not analyze further the stem‟s phonological environment in which certain allomorphs
can be exclusively attached to. For instance, he claims that the six allomorphs [-ion],
[-ation], [-tion], [-action], [-ition], [-sion] can be attached to the stem with final
ending stop consonant /t/. However, he never specifically explains in what condition
a stem can obtain the allomorph [-ation] instead of [-tion] or the others. Therefore, his
analysis still leaves a question, whether or not those allomorphs are in complementary
distribution.

2.

The Study of the Suffix {-ment}
The discussion of suffix {-ment} has been elaborated in the undergraduate

thesis of R.S. Kristian Guntur Prasetya (2012). Prasetya discusses the possible stems
of the suffix {-ment}. It turns out that the suffix {-ment} can only be attached to
verbs. It means that the solely function of the suffix {-ment} is as deverbal
nominalizer or to derive nouns from verbs.
Etymologically, the stems originate from Latin, French, Old English, and
Greek. Most of the verb stems are transitive, while intransitive verbs are only limited
in four words (Prasetya, 2007: 43-35). The suffix {-ment} is applicable for the verb
stems which have the final sound palatal strident such as /ʃ/ in accomplish 
accomplishment and /dʒ/ in mismanage  mismanagement (Prasetya, 2012: 74).
Further, he also finds out that there is no morphophonemic process that influences the
attachment of the suffix {-ment} (Prasetya, 2012: 76).

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In his research, Prasetya (2012) does not only analyze the attachment of the
suffix {-ment} but also compares two suffixes which are {-age} and {-ment}. He uses
some indicators to compare these two suffixes. Firstly, he compares the possible
lexical categories of the possible bases and finds out the functions of the suffixes.
Secondly, he traces down the etymology of possible stems. Thirdly, he analyzes the
possible endings that can obtain the attachment of these suffixes. Lastly, he provides
the analysis on the morphophonemic process. These four indicators are proven useful
to compare and clearly distinguish the differences and similarities of two suffixes.

3.

The Study of the Suffix {-ity}
Dewi Yuliani (2005) elaborates three analyses in the suffix {-ity}. Firstly, she

mentions the types of adjectives that obtain the suffix {-ity} attachment. Secondly,
she analyzes the nominalization of the suffix {-ity}. The nominalization can be done
through three ways which are simple affixation, insertion, and replacement. Thirdly,
she finds out that the morphophonemic process occurs in two ways which are stress
shifts and sound changes (Yuliani, 2005: 37-54). To sum up her findings, the current
researcher displays the table below.
Ending

Example

Ending

Example

-able,
ible

absorbable  absorbability,
accessible  accessibility

-ile, -ive

agile  agility, active 
activity

-al

abnormal  abnormality

-ous, -osity

ambiguous  ambiguity

-nal

eternal  eternality

-n, -l, -e, -t

certain  certainty

-ar, -or

familiar  familiarity

-ic

authentic  authenticity

alveolar,
dental,
labiodental

avid  avidity, chaste 
chastity, grave  gravity

Table 2. Adjective Endings of the Suffix {-ity} (Yuliani, 2005: 30-36)

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Reviewing her study, Yuliani does not differentiate the bases which are
inherently adjectives and the bases which become adjectives through suffixations.
The adjectives agile, certain, and curious, for example, are simple words. They
inherently possess the lexical category which is compatible with the suffix {-ity}. In
those bases, the influential environment of the suffix {-ity} nominalization is the
ending. In another case, the adjectives active and accessible are complex words. They
obtain -ive and -ible endings through suffixation, then become adjectives. It means,
the bases with attached suffixes should also be considered in analyzing the process of
{-ity} nominalization. Without clearly distinguishing those cases, her analysis still
remains a question, whether the suffix {-ity} can be further attached to the derived
adjective advantageous to form advantageousity or not.

4.

The Study of the Suffix {-cy}
Puspita Maharani (2012: 31-42) explores the possible bases of the suffix {-cy}.

She finds out that the suffix {-cy} can be attached to adjective, noun, and verb bases.
Firstly, the adjective bases etymologically are derived from Latin, Spanish, and IndoEuropean languages. Most of these adjectives end with the segments -ate, -ant, and
also -ent. Some others end with -c, -me, -pt and -t. Secondly, the noun bases are
derived from Latin, Greek, Indo-European, Middle English, and Celtic. Most of the
noun bases also end with -ate and -ant/-ent but there are some noun bases which end
with -ain, -ct, -t, -l, and -p. Thirdly, the verb bases are solely derived from Latin. The
derived verbs with this suffix are only found in three entries, conserve 
conservancy, conspire  conspiracy, and tend  tendency.

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Reviewing her study, Maharani gives the elaboration of not only the lexical
categories of the bases which can obtain the suffix {-cy} attachment but also the final
segments of the bases. Further, she traces down the origin of the bases and finds out
that there are some special cases in the possible bases. In dealing with the special
cases, she compares them with their counterparts. This comparison is effective to give
a clear understanding of the special cases and the other actual bases.

B. Review of Related Theories
1.

Theory of Derivation
The discussion of morphology is divided into two subfields, inflection and

derivation. Szymanek (1989: 20) defines inflection as a morphological subfield which
concerns on the production of words-forms in relation with a given lexeme. Inflection
is related to morpo-syntactic categories, such as number, person, gender, aspect,
tense, voice, and mood. The example of inflection is the use of the ending -s/-es to
identify singular or plural nouns.
On the other hand, derivation concerns on the method of forming new lexemes
from the already existing ones. The term „derivation‟ or lexical derivation is
equivalent with the term „word formation‟ (Szymanek, 1989: 20). Derivation allows
new words enter English lexicon. Its existence enriches the vocabulary since it is very
productive and can be found in daily communication like in magazine, social
network, email, and debating speeches. The benefit of derivation in the daily usage of
English is explained, as follows.

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Derivation is also extremely useful for expressing phrases more compactly. It is
much more efficient, for instance, to refer to someone working in the field of
science, politics, or banking as a scientist, politician, or banker than to have to
repeatedly use more cumbersome phrases such as: someone who works in the
fields of…”. Derivation is a kind of shorthand system that allows us to
economize – by packing more information into shorter utterance (Fasold and
Connor-linton, 2006: 74).

2.

Theory of Word Formation
Words can be produced through word formations. There are at least ten types of

word formations which add the inventory of lexical items. They are back-formation,
compounding, word coining, deriving words from names, blending, clipping,
acronyms, abbreviation, borrowing, and derivation process. Fromkin et al., (2011:
100-101) defines that back-formation is the creation of a new word by removing an
affix from an old word, for example peddle from peddler. Compounding is when two
or more words may be joined to form new words such as Facebook, YouTube, power
nap, and carjack.
Further, Fromkin et al. (2011: 501-505) explains the definitions of the other
word formations. Word coinage is coining words from brands, such as Kleenex,
Kodak, and Jell-O. Deriving words from names occurs in sandwich which is the name
of the fourth Earl of Sandwich. This type of formation is also called eponym.
Blending is combining two words to be one word but some syllables are deleted like
in information and commercial to be infomercial. Clipping is the process of
shortening words, such as fax for faximile and telly for television in British word.
Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words as in radar from radio
detecting and ranging. Abbreviation is shortening words by only taking the initial
alphabet of words, such as UCLA from University of California, Los Angeles and

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PDA from Personal Digital Assistant. Borrowing occurs when one language adds a
new word or morpheme from another language to its own dictionary, for example
ensemble which is borrowed from French. This kind of words is called loan words.
The last but not least, words can be produced through a derivation process which
requires affixations, such as restoration from restore and the affix {-ation}.
The linguistic rules for the formation of words are also known as morphological
rules which are also known as Word Formation Rules (WFR). Fromkin et al. (2011:
88) explain that by using morphological rules people can add the suffix {-cation} to
*uglify and formed a noun, *uglification, as in glorification, simplification,
falsification, and purification. The rules that are used are Adj + {-ify}  V which
implies the meaning „to make Adjective‟ and V + {-cation}  N which means „the
process in making Adjective‟.

3.

Theory of Morpheme
A morpheme is “the smallest unit of language that carries information about

meaning or function” (O‟Grady et al., 1997: 112). A morpheme is the item in internal
structure of word which constitutes the word. O‟ Grady et al. (1997: 113) elaborates
that there are two types of morphemes, free morphemes and bound morphemes. Free
morphemes can stand by itself as words, such as love, make, smart, and to. Bound
morphemes, such as -s, -er, -ive, -ate, re-, -ly, and -ness, cannot stand by itself as
words thus they should be attached to other free morphemes.
The words which consist of one free morpheme are called simple words while
words which consist of more than one morpheme are called complex words (O‟Grady

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et al., 1997: 113). A word can be constituted from one or more free morphemes, for
instance sunglass. This word is constituted from a free morpheme sun and glass. A
word can also be constituted from one or more free morphemes and one or more
bound morphemes. The first example is sunglasses which is constituted from free
morphemes sun and glass, and one bound morpheme -(e)s. The second example is
antidisestablishmentarianism which is constituted from one free morpheme establish
and also five bound morphemes: anti-, dis-, -ment, -(ari)an, and -ism.

4.

Theory of Affixation
“Affixation is a process of adding suffix to a base to form a new word” (Bauer,

1988: 18). Affixation is one of word formations which requires the process of
attaching an affix to a free morpheme in order to create a meaningful word. Bauer
explains that “based on the distribution, there are three kinds of affixes: prefixes,
suffixes, and infixes” (Bauer, 1988: 19). Prefixes are affixes which are put before the
bases such as {en-} in en + danger to become endanger. Suffixes are affixes put after
the bases such as {-ive} in educate + ive to become educative. Infixes are affixes put
either between or inside the bases such as {-o-} in speed + o + meter to become
speedometer. Therefore, there are three types of affixations: prefixation, infixation,
and suffixation. As addition, the words which are created through derivational
affixations are called derived words.
In creating complex words, affixation does not occur once. Complex words can
obtain prefixation and suffixation in the same time, such as reoccupation, which is
derived from the base occupy + prefix {re-} + suffix {-ation}. Interestingly,

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affixation is strongly related to morphological rules. Every affix has its own rules to
derive words. A random attachment, such as un + develop + ly + ness, results in an
impossible word *undevelopliness. Hence, it is possible for a certain word to have
both a prefix and a suffix in its formation as long as it still follows the morphological
rules and results in a meaningful derived word.

5.

Theory of Allomorphy
An allomorph is “a variant of a morpheme which occurs in a certain definable

environment” (Gleason, 1961: 61). It means that the occurrence of an allomorph is
predictable. Examples of allomorphs are the article a and an as the identifiers of
singularity in English. English speakers can determine when to use a and an like in a
dog, a girl, a house and an umbrella, an orange, an apple. The definable environment
of allomorph does not depend on the spelling but on the pronunciation of words.
O‟Grady et al. (2010: 118) add “which is why we say an M.A. degree and a U.S.
Dollar”.
Allomorphs also impact suffixation. Some suffixes have their allomorphs. For
instance, the variant [-ation], [tion], [-ion], [-ition], and [-ution] are the allomorphs of
the suffix {-ation} (Szymanek, 1989: 140). These allomorphs can be attached to the
words with certain phonological environments. For example, the allomorph [-cation]
is attached to words ended by sound /aɪ/ such as glorify /ˈglɔːrɪfaɪ/ then becomes
glorification.

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Theory of Root, Stem, and Base
A root is a free morpheme without any attachment of neither free nor bound

morpheme. “Root constitutes the core of the word and carries major component of its
meaning” (O‟Grady et al., 2010: 119). When a root morpheme is combined with an
affix, it forms a stem. A stem is “the base to which one or more affixes are attached to
create a more complex form that may be another stem or a word” (Fromkin, 2011:
594). In the other words, a stem is a word that can be combined with other bound
morphemes to create another word. It can consist of either only a free morpheme or a
free morpheme that has been attached to bound morpheme(s).
The definition of a stem is not that different from the definition of a base. A
base is “the form to which an affix is added” (O‟Grady et al., 2010: 119). Though
these two definitions seem similar, O‟Grady et al. (2010: 131) specifically mention
that stem is used to refer the base in which inflectional affix is added. Szymanek has
the similar perspective that “the term base is chiefly used in derivational morphology
to denote lexeme (or, sometimes, a morpheme) from which another, complex lexeme
is formed” (Szymanek, 1989: 21). In order to make it clearer, this present study uses
the term „base‟ in explaining the nominalization process in accordance with the focus
of the discussion which is about derivational morphology.

7.

Theory of Lexical Category
English acknowledges many lexical categories. Five of them are most-likely

familiar: noun, verb, preposition, adjective, and adverb. These categories are
traditionally referred to parts of speech (Fromkin, 2011: 128).

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Lexical Category

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Example

Noun (N)

puppy, boy, soup, happiness, fork, kiss, pillow, cake, cupboard

Verb (V)

find, run, sleep, throw, realize, see, try, want, believe

Preposition (P)

up, down, across, into, from, by, with

Adjective (Adj)

red, big, candid, hopeless, fair, idiotic, lucky

Adverb (Adv)

again, carefully, luckily, never, very, fairly
Table 3. Lexical Categories (Fromkin et al., 2011: 128)

From those lexical categories, verbs, adjectives, and nouns are the major
categories which are associated with particular kinds of meanings. Verbs usually refer
to actions, events, and states, such as kick, marry, and love. Adjectives refer to
qualities or properties, such as lucky and old (Fromkin et al., 2011: 129).
Nouns are associated with general entities, particular individual (proper nouns),
places, or other things that people give names to (Fromkin et al, 2011: 129). Quirk,
Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik distinguish noun into two types, concrete and
abstract, which are defined as “concrete nouns are broadly tangible while abstract
nouns are broadly immaterial” (Quirk et al., 1980: 60). Based on the definition, the
examples of concrete noun are book, teacher, Maguwoharjo Stadium, Jane Austen,
and Pepsi, while the examples of abstract noun are revitalization, deconstruction,
honor, and conformity.
Every free morpheme (root) has its lexical category, but bound morpheme
(affix) has not. As O‟Grady et al. explain, “roots typically belong to a lexical
category, such as noun (N), verb (V), adjective (A), or preposition (P). Unlike roots,
affixes do not belong to lexical category and are always bound morphemes”

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(O‟Grady et al., 2010: 119). Interestingly, when a word is created through
derivational suffixation, its lexical category can change based on the lexical function
of the suffix. For instance, the verb create becomes the adjective creative when it
obtains suffix {-ive} which functions to derive adjectives from verbs. Further, this
derived adjective becomes a noun creativity when it obtains suffix {-ity} which
functions to derive nouns from verbs.

8.

Theory of Derivational Suffix
Fromkin et al., (2011: 90) elaborate four characteristics of derivational suffixes.

Firstly, derivational suffixes add the meaning of the base. Secondly, the words which
are derived from suffixation may have the different lexical category from its original
words. For example, when the suffix {-able} is attached to the noun desire, it
becomes the derived adjective desirable. Thirdly, a new derived word which enters
the dictionary may block other complex derivations. For example, when grammar +
{-ian} has entered the English lexicon, it is not necessary to have grammar +{-er} or
grammar + {-ist} although sometimes these formations coexist. Fourthly, some
derivational suffixes may trigger subtle changes in pronunciation. For instance, the
pronunciation of specific in specificity is no longer pronounced with /k/ as an impact
of suffix {-ity} attachment because there is a truncation which makes /k/ deleted (/k/
 ø). However, some suffixes, such as {-er}, {-less}, and {-ness}, do not impact the
pronunciation of derived words.

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“Derivation is often subject to special constraints and restrictions” (O‟Grady et
al., 2010: 126). The constraint and restriction lie on two considerations which are the
word origin and phonological environment. O‟Grady et al. explains that, firstly, some
of morphemes came from other languages, such as Greek, Latin, and French. This
origin impacts to the morphological rules that are applied in suffixation. For example,
suffix {-ant} can be attached to Latin origin bases, such as assist to be assistant.
However, it cannot be attached to English native origin bases such as help 
*helpant and fight  *fightant. Secondly, some derivational suffixes can be attached
only to the bases which have particular phonological property. The example is suffix
{-en} which can derive whiten, soften, madden, quicken, and liven because the bases
of those words are monosyllabic and obstruent (a stop, fricative, or africative).
However, this suffix is not applicable in *abstracten, *bluen, *angryen, *slowen, and
*greenen because these bases are not monosyllabic and obstruent.
According to Fasold et al., (2006: 76) some derivational suffixes are very
productive. It means that they can be attached to certain kind of base almost without
exception. For instance, suffix {-able} is freely attached to transitive verbs
(washable, faxable, analyzable). On the other hand, some suffixes are not productive.
They only occur in small number of words, such as {-dom} in kingdom and boredom
and {-th} in truth and width.
Other than suffixes that have already mentioned above, there are some other
derivational suffixes which are listed in the following table.

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Lexical Category

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Example

-able

VN

bearable, washable

-al

VN

approval, rebuttal

-ant

VN

applicant, inhabitant

-ate

AV

activate, validate

-en

AV

redden, shorten

-er

VA

singer, gambler

-ful

NA

plentiful, beautiful

-ian

NN

magician, musician

-ify

N/