13 Vitamin dan Mineral

Vitamin
dan
Mineral
Pengetahuan Bahan
Agroindustri

Vitamin
• Organic compound required in small
amounts
• Divided into two major groups: fat soluble
and water soluble
• fat soluble : Vitamin A, D, E, K
• water soluble Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6,
B7, B9, B12, Vit C

General Concepts
• fat soluble: A, D, E, K

1

VITAMIN LARUT LEMAK

Vitamin A - Retinol
• Retinol
• Beta carotene
• Sources in diet - Many plants
(photoreceptors), also meat, especially liver.
Fat soluble, so you can get too much, or too
little if absorption is a problem, fish oils
• requirement level = 1,000 I.U. (international
units)
• retinol + opsin (protein) = rhodopsin (vision)

Vitamin D3: cholecalciferol
• Vitamin D found as ergocalciferol (D2) and
cholecalciferol (D3)
• D3 primarily used as precursor for calcium
regulation
• Vitamin D3 can be obtained in diet, or derived
from cholesterol in a reaction that requires UV
light

• Vitamin D is also important for immune system
function

2

Vitamin E: tocopherol
• Active form is alpha tocopherol
• good antioxidant: most feed antioxidants have vit E activity, but
only 1/6 that of -tocopherol
• antioxidants used to prevent oxidation of lipids (mainly
phospholipids, PUFA’s)
• requirement is tied to selenium deficiency (Se is cofactor in
glutathione peroxidase)
• sources: alfalfa meal, fish meal, rice bran, wheat middlings,
barley grains

Vitamin K: menadione
• Originally identified as a fat-soluble factor
required for normal blood clotting
• menadione is the most active form

• dietary sources: alfalfa meal, liver meal
• Sources are vegetables and fruits, deficiency is
rare

Vitamin Larut Air

3

Vitamin B1 - Thiamine
• Found in a wide variety of foods, including
meat, grains.
• Deficiency causes beriberi (muscle atrophy,
neurological problems).

thiamine (B1)
• Function: metabolism of COH
• sources: brewers yeast, wheat middlings, rice
bran, rice polishings, wheat bran, soybean meal
• deficiency: central nervous system failure

Riboflavin: B2
• Function: metabolic degradation of
proteins, COH, lipids
• sources: plants, bacteria, yeast, fish
solubles

• Riboflavin is a precursor for FAD and
FMN

4

Niacin - Vitamin B3 - nicotinic acid
• Function: transport of hydrogen ions as NADP,
NADPH; electron transport, fatty acid, cholestrol
synthesis
• forms: niacin, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide
• sources: rice polishings, yeast, rice bran

Vitamin B5 - pantothenic acid

Vitamin B6 - pyridoxine

5

Vitamin B7 - Biotin
• Used in fatty acid synthesis, also other
functions

Folic Acid - Vitamin B9

• Recently shown as very important for pregnant females to
avoid birth defects
• function: synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, nucleic acids
• sources: yeast, alfalfa meal, full-fat soybeans
• Deficiency in pregnancy causes neural tube defects.
• Folic acid is now added to many grain products in the US

Cyanocobalmine - Vitamin B12
• chemically complex, cobalt nucleus
• function: coenzyme in metabolic reactions,

maturation of erythrocytes, uracil->thymine
• deficiency: pernicious anemia, nerve disorders
• Sources are meat, milk and eggs

6

Ascorbic Acid: Vitamin C
• function: antioxidant, stress reducer, bone calcification,
iron metab, tyrosine metab, blood clotting
• sources: synthesized from glucose, usually added as
chemical form
• Required for collagen synthesis, and as a cofactor for
several enzymes. Also scavenges oxygen radicals.
• Sources of vitamin C are fruit and fresh meat

MINERAL

Preliminary Concepts
• Minerals are inorganic elements found in the
body

• not all of them are essential and probably are
there simply because of ingestion of feed
• dietary requirement has been demonstrated for at
least 22 in one or more species
• those required in large quantities are known as
macro or major minerals
• those required in trace quantities are known as
trace minerals or elements

7

Preliminary Concepts
• Major: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,
sodium, potassium, chlorine and sulfur
• Trace: iron, iodine, manganese, copper, cobalt,
zinc, selenium, molybdenum, fluorine, aluminum,
nickel, vanadium, silicon, tin and chromium
• determination of dietary or tissue mineral levels
is via combustion and collection of residual ash

Principle Mineral
Constituents
Element
calcium
phosphorus
sodium
potassium
chlorine
magnesium
sulfur

Percent
1.33
0.74
0.16
0.19
0.11
0.04
0.15

Calcium and Phosphorus
• Ca and P are two of the major inorganic
constituents of feeds
• Ca: essential for blood clotting, muscle
function, proper nerve pulse transmission,
osmoregulation
• P: component of ADP, ATP, P-lipids, DNA,
RNA
• Phosphates serve as pH buffer systems

8

MINERAL

Calcium

FUNCTION

-Maintains
strength of

bones and
teeth

(Macro)

MINERAL

Phosphorus

(Macro)

MINERAL

Magnesium
(Macro)

MINERAL

Iron
(Trace)

MINERAL

Zinc

FUNCTION

-Helps build
body cells
-Works with
calcium

FUNCTION
-Helps build
bones
-Helps nerves
and muscles
work normally
-Regulates
body
temperature
FUNCTION

Fluorine
(Trace)

-Milk
-Milk & dairy
products
-Dark green
leafy
vegetables
FOOD
SOURCES

FUNCTION

-Dark green
leafy
vegetables
-Whole grain
products

DEFICIENCIES

TOXICITIES

-Can prevent
calcium from
working

TOXICITIES

-Diarrhea
-Heart disease
-Heart spasms

-Lack of
Coordination
-Confusion
-Coma

FOOD
SOURCES

FOOD
SOURCES
-Meat

-Heal wounds

-Liver

-Affects sense
of taste and
smell

-Fish

-Helps
strengthen
teeth and
prevent
cavities

DEFICIENCIES

-Meat

FOOD
SOURCES

TOXICITIES

-Osteoporosis -Kidney stones

-Grain products -Osteoporosis

-Helps body
make proteins

FUNCTION

DEFICIENCIES

-Dairy products

-Helps carry
oxygen to the -Red meat
blood
-Dark green
leafy
-Helps cells
vegetables
use oxygen

(Trace)

MINERAL

FOOD
SOURCES

-Dairy
products
FOOD
SOURCES

-Fluoridated
water
-Toothpaste

DEFICIENCIES

TOXICITIES

-Anemia
-Paleness

-Heart disease

-Weakness

-Elevated LDLs

DEFICIENCIES

-Stunted
growth
-Rash
-Hair Loss

TOXICITIES

-Low copper
absorption

DEFICIENCIES

TOXICITIES

-Tooth decay

-Staining of
teeth during
development

9

MINERAL

Sodium

FUNCTION

-Maintains
fluid balance
in the body

FOOD
SOURCES

-Salt
-Packaged
foods

DEFICIENCIES

-Muscle
cramps

TOXICITIES

-High blood
pressure

(Electrolyte)

MINERAL

Chloride
(Electrolyte)

FUNCTION

FOOD
SOURCES

-Maintains
fluid balance
in the body

-Salt

DEFICIENCIES

TOXICITIES

-Can cause
convulsions in -High blood
pressure
infants

Tugas
• Buat review dari jurnal berhasa Inggris edisi
2005 ke atas
• Pilih salah satu tentang minyak atsiri,
rempah atau vitamin dari suatu tanaman
• Dikumpulkan saat UAS

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