An Analysis of the Noun and Adverbial Phrases of the Students’ News Item Texts (A study of the Fourth Semester Students of English Education Department) - Test Repository
AN ANALYSIS OF THE NOUN AND ADVERBIAL PHRASES
OF THE STUDENTS’ NEWS ITEM TEXTS
(A Study of the Fourth Semester Students of English Education Department Of State Institute for Islamic Studies Salatiga In The Academic Year
2015/2016)
A GRADUATING PAPER
Submitted to the Board of Examiners in Partial Fulfillments of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd)
English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga
BY:
SLAMET BUDIONO
NIM 11309021
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN)
SALATIGA
2016
“You are never too old to set another goal or to dream another dream ”
MOTTO
- C.S. Lewis -
1. Allah SWT. who gives me guidance and strength in my life, especially to finish my graduating paper.
2. My mother and father who teach me everything with love and knowledge.
Thank’s for everything that you do to me.
3. My brother Sugeng Budiono and all of my big family that can not be mention one by one.
ACKNOWLEDMENTS Praise be to Allah, the creator of the universe. Because of HIS blessing, the writer could finish this graduation paper as a Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) in State institute For Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga. His incredible blessings makes nothing is difficult in His eyes. Shalawat is also devoted to Prophet Muhammad SAW who has guided us from the darkness into the lightness.
In completing this graduating paper, there are a lot of support, guidance, advice, motivation that have helped the writer. Therefore, in this occasion, the writer would like to thank to the following :
1. Dr. Rahmat Hariyadi, M. Pd. As the Rector of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga
2. Suwardi, M. Pd, as the Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga
3. Noor Malihah, M. Hum, .Ph. D. as the Head of English Education Department of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga
4. Rr Dewi Wahyu Mustikasari S. S, M. Pd as a counselor who has helped the writer to finish this graduation paper well. Thank you for the meaningful advice, correction, suggestion, and never ending spirit
ABSTRACT Budiono, Slamet.2016. “An Analysis of the Noun and Adverbial Phrases of the
Students’ News Item Texts (A study of the Fourth Semester Students of English Education Department)”
The objectives of the study are: (1) to find out the types of phrases existing in news item texts produced by the fourth semester students of English Education Department. (2) to find out the profile of phrases which are produce by the students of English Education Department. The problem of the study are: (1) What are the types of phrases existing in news item texts produced by the fourth semester students of English Education Department? (2) What are the profile of phrases which are produced by the students of English Education Department? The research design of the study was descriptive qualitative approach methodology. The writer used 45 data of news item texts then classified and analyzed the data. The result of the analysis shows that: (1) The dominant type of phrases existing in news item texts was adverb phrase with 64.4 % out of 407 phrases texts. (2) The profile of the types of phrases are produce by the fourth semester students were there were some kinds of adverb phrase in the students’ news item, those were adverb of place, adverb of time, adverb of manner, and adverb of frequency. The most dominant kind of adverb phrase in the students’ news item text was adverb of place.
Keywords : News item text, Adverb phrase, Noun phrase
TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover................................................................................................. i
Declaration……………..................................................................... ii Attentive Counselor Note …………………………………………. iii Motto………………………………………………………………. iv Dedication…………………………………………………………. v Acknowledgement………………………………………………… vi Abstract……………………………………………………………. viii Table of Contents……………………………………………………ix List of Tables……………………………………………………….. xii List of Diagrams……………………………………………………. xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ........................................................... 1 B. Problem of the Study ................................................................. 4 C. Objective of the Study ............................................................... 4 D. Limitation of the Study .............................................................. 4 E. Benefits of the Study ................................................................. 5 F. Definition of the Key Terms ...................................................... 6 G. Organization of the Study .......................................................... 8
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Previous Studies ........................................................................ 9 B. Phrase ...................................................................................... 10
1. Definition of Phrase ........................................................... 10
2. Characteristic of Phrase ..................................................... 11
3. Noun Phrase ...................................................................... 11
4. Adverb Phrase ................................................................... 18
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY A. Research Methodology.............................................................. 20 B. Object of the Study ................................................................... 21 C. Method of Data Collection ........................................................ 21 D. Method of Data Analysis........................................................... 22
1. Categorizing ....................................................................... 22
2. Classifying ........................................................................ 25
3. Coding .............................................................................. 26
4. Validating Data .................................................................. 26
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION A. Types of Phrases ....................................................................... 27 B. Profiles of Phrases .................................................................... 28
1. Types of Adverb Phrase ..................................................... 28
CHAPTER V CLOSURE A. Conclusion ................................................................................ 48 B. Suggestion ................................................................................ 49 REFFERENCES APPENDICES
LIST OF TABELS
Table 2.1 Examples of Noun phrase is formed by adding some words in front of or in the behind of the head word or keywords .......................................... 12Table 2.2 Examples of noun phrase can be formed by adding an adjective/ verb + ing/ verb III and noun in front of the head word ........................................ 13Table 2.3 Examples of noun phrase extended by adding group of preposition/ verb- ing/ verb III/ verb with to infinitive in behind of the head word.............. 13
Table of 2.5 Example of noun phrase extended by adding adjective sub clause in behind of the headword ............................................................................. 15
Table 2.6 Example of noun phrase formed by adding preposition in front of relative pronouns ...................................................................................... 15Table 2.7 Examples of Adverb Phrase ....................................................... 17Table 4.1 Phrases in the Texts ................................................................... 24Table 4.2 Type of Adverb Phrase ............................................................. 26Table 4.3 Example of Adverb of Place ...................................................... 28Table 4.4 Example of Adverb of Time ...................................................... 29Table 4.5 Example of Adverb of Manner .................................................. 31Table 4.7 Types of Noun Phrases ............................................................. 34Table 4.8 Examples of type 1 of Noun Phrases ......................................... 38Table 4.9 Examples of type 2 of Noun Phrases ......................................... 40Table 4.10 Examples of type 3 of Noun Phrases ....................................... 41Table 4.11 Examples of type 4 of Noun Phrases ....................................... 42Table 4.12 Examples of type 6 of Noun Phrases ....................................... 44LIST OF DIAGRAMS Diagram 4.1 Phrase in the Texts ............................................................... 25 Diagram 4.2 Type of Adverb Phrase on the Texts .................................... 27 Diagram 4.3 Type of Noun Phrase on the Texts ........................................ 36
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Language is something that is used for connecting in spoken and written. According to Ramelan (2003: 1): “Man speaks a language as a means of communication with other people, as tool to express his ideas and wishes. Without language it is hard to imagine how people can cooperate and get along with another. One of the languages in the world is English. English is one of the most important languages.” There are some reasons why English is really considered very important and has to be taught in Indonesia. As developing country, Indonesia has to cooperate with other countries to carry about the development in all fields. In this position, English is really needed since it is used as an International language. Here, English is used as a tool to understand and develop the information of science and technology.
“The use of languages is very important in our life. By the use of language we are able to deliver our message with others, and we can make an interaction with others particularly in our position as the member of society” (Risdianto, 2013). The difficulties will be found if the people who involved in communication are used different languages. It is because that they can not understand each other. Considering that development of knowledge and technology make people more thoughtful to update all of information in the world, various information can be obtained from many sources in different languages. Expression may take many forms. For example, a smile may show happiness. A shrug may express uncertainty. An arrow points out a one-way street.
Of course, the two most common forms of communication-speaking and writing- depend on words. When words are combined in a meaningful arrangement, or pattern, communication take place. The pattern used in speaking and writing often differs. When students speak, the students often depend on gestures and facial expressions to help communicate thoughts and ideas. However when students write, students have only words and punctuation. To make ideas clear and easy to read, we must construct good sentences and punctuate the properly.
When people make a sentence, people has to understand about noun, noun is the most important thing in the sentence, noun is words that many used in a sentence because one of sentences formation consist of object, the object is noun. When people write, they have to pay attention about grammar, because grammar is the most important point in the writing. People usually meet the noun phrase in the sentence. Besides of noun phrase, people have to understand about adverb phrase too, this phrase is used to describe nouns. As the student, they have to know how word is collocated. In the other word, students know where the place of each word.
One aspect in language is a phrase. “Phrases are either single words or grammatically ordered groups of related words that together function as a unit” (Verspoor and Sauter, 2009:44). There are several types of phrases: (1) Prepositional phrase (6) Infinitive phrase (7) Gerund phrase (8) Participle phrase (9) Absolute phrase. Among the 9 types of phrases that the students learn, noun phrase and adverbial phrase are frequently used and produced by the students.
According to Verspoor and Sauter (2009: 120) “the possible constituents of noun phrases are determiner, pre-modifier, head, and post- modifier. The central element of a noun phrase is called its head. The head may have words before it called determiners (abbreviated as det) and pre- modifiers and words after it called post-modifiers (abbreviated as post-mod). Pre-modifiers of nouns are always realized as adjective phrases. Note that even when there is only one word to modify a noun, it is still called a phrase because potentially it could have more than one word.”
“An adverb phrase is very similar to an adjective phrase in that it consists of an adverb, which may be preceded and/or followed by other words. Here, too, the pre-modifier is always an adverb phrase, and the post- modifiers can be an adverb phrase, a prepositional phrase or a finite or non- finite clause. An adverb may also have a discontinuous modifier.” Verspoor and Sauter (2009: 139)
Based on the explanation above, there are several phrases that are frequently used by the students, so the writer wants to know about the phrases that are frequently used by the students in their assignment. The writer tries to analyze it in student’s assignment of Writing 3 from the lecturer. Therefore,
“An Analysis of the Noun and Adverbial Phrases of the Students’ News Item Texts (A Study of the Fourth Semester Students of English Education Department in the Academic Year 2015/2016)”
B. Problem of the Study
1. What are the types of phrases existing in news item texts produced by the fourth semester students of English Education Department?
2. What are the profile of phrases which are produced by the students of English Education Department?
C. Objectives of the Study
1. To find out the types of phrases existing in news item texts produced by the fourth semester students of English Education Department.
2. To find out the profile of phrases which are produced by the fourth semester students of English Education Department.
D. Limitation of the Study In this analysis, the writer would like to limit this study on the adverb and noun phrases in the news item texts made by fourth semester students’ of
English Education Department of IAIN Salatiga in the academic year of 2015/2016.
E. Benefits of the Study
This study is conducted in order to give theoretical and practical benefits, they are:
1. Theoretical benefit This analysis presents enhance the study of grammar, especially in phrases concerning with the news item texts. The result of the study can be used to students in learning process in the news item texts.
2. Practical benefits This research findings can be used by the students and other researchers. It can also be useful to other researcher who is interested in writing analysis.
a. For the students The results of the study can be used to ease the students to master English Phrase.
b. Other researchers This analysis can be useful for English Education Department Students who are interested in studying grammar.
Thus, they can use this graduating paper as a reference for their analysis.
F. Definition of the Key Terms
1. Sentence “A sentence is a group of words that in writing starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. A grammatically complete sentence expresses at least one complete whole event or situation with a subject and predicate. Some sentences consist of only one clause. A clause also expresses a whole event or situation with a subject and a predicate” (Verspoor and Sauter, 2009:85).
2. Phrase According to Verspoor and Sauter (2009: 118) “a phrase can consist of one word or more words. If it consists of more words, it usually has one main word that is the most important one as far as meaning is concerned.”
3. Noun phrase According to Eastwood (2002: 177) “ a noun phrase can be one word, It can also be more than one word. In a noun phrase there can be determiners, quantifiers and modifiers, as well as a noun.”
4. Adverb phrase According to Ansel (2000:363), “words which are used to modify verbs or adjectives are usually referred to as adverbs”. It means that adverb is used to modify verb or adjective in the sentence. “An adverb phrase is either an adverb on its own, or an adverb which is modified by an adverb words, and it is very similar to an adjective phrase that consist of adverb.
5. News item According to Gerot and Wignell (2004: 200) explain News item text is a text which is grouped into the text genre of narration. it is a text which contains about news in categorized as news item text. This text supplies the readers the up to date about events or information which are considered newsworthy or important issue of the day.”
Based on the definition above, the writer conclude that the differences of phrase and sentence. According to Verspoor and Sauter (2009: 85) “Phrases is words can be grouped together, but without a subject or a verb.” Because a phrase has neither subject nor verb, it can not form a ‘predicate’. This is a structure that must contain a verb, and it tells something about what the subject is doing. Phrases can be very short or quite long, phrases can not be used alone, but you can use them as part of a sentence, where they are used as parts of speech. “A complete sentence has a subject and predicate, and can often be composed of more than one clause. As long as it has a subject and a predicate, a group of words can form a sentence, no matter how short”. Verspoor and Sauter (2009: 87)
According to Verspoor and Sauter (2009: 34) “The differences of phrase and clause may consist of one or more clauses and each clause may consist of one or more words, but within a clause some words together form separate units. However, the main difference between a clause and a does not have its own subject and predicate.”
G. Organization of the Study
This writer consists of five chapters. Each chapter has different elements as follows: Chapter 1 tells about introduction. The writer explain about background of the study, problems of the study, objectives of the study, limitation of the study, benefits of the study, definition of the key terms, the organization of the study.
Chapter II describes about the previous studies and theoretical framework. This chapter covers the theories that relate to the study. They are sentence, phrase, noun phrase, adverb phrase.
Chapter III discusses about the type of the study, method of the study, object of the study, technique of collecting data and technique of analyzing data.
Chapter IV is discussion. In this chapter, the writer gives explanation about the answer of problems of the study. Chapter V is conclusion and suggestion. It informs the content all of data analysis and some suggestions of the problems that have discussed. The last part is references and appendixes.
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Previous Studies In this study, the writer used the other study. The first previous study was “An analysis of Equivalence as Translation Procedure of English Noun Phrases Applied by Sri Kusdyantinah in “the Garden of the Prophet” by Kahlil Gibran” that has been Written by Sari, the student of State Institute of Islamic Studies (STAIN) Salatiga in academic year of 2010. The aim of her study are to know how many types of equivalence which use to translate English noun phrase in the Sri Kusdyantinah’s translated novel Taman Sang Nabi, the most dominant type which use to translate English noun phrases in the Sri Kusdyantinah’s translated novel Taman Sang Nabi also the implication of using novel in learning English. She was found that the types of equivalence based on Popovic’s theory are linguistics equivalence, paradigmatic equivalence, stylistic (translational) equivalence and textual equivalence. In addition, the types of equivalence based on Nida’s theory are formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. The most dominant type is textual equivalence with 12 data from all the data. Textual equivalence is commonly used by the translator especially in sub category source language (SL) subject-noun phrase in a sentence is translated into target language (TL) subject-noun phrase.
The similarities between Sri’s graduating paper and my study is about analyzing noun phrase. In her graduating paper, she explains about how the news item texts.
The second previous was “the Relationship Between Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase” that has been written by Sarage, the student of Ahmad Dahlan University Yogyakarta. This study attempts to discuss a noun phrase and a verb phrase as the main part of a sentence. Some special characteristics of the noun phrase and the verb phrase are discussed. This study also tries to see if other sentence elements such as an adjectival, adverbial, and prepositional phrases can have an emphasis in a sentence.
The differences between my study and the studies above are the method of analysis. The previous study only diver between noun phrase and verb phrase, but my study analyzes noun phrase and adverb phrase in the texts.
B. Phrase 1.
Definition of Phrase According to Verspoor and Sauter (2009: 118) “A phrase can consist of one word or more words. If it consists of more words, it usually has one main word that is the most important one as far as meaning is concerned.” From this annexation, these words made a new explanation or clarified the meaning. “Phrases can also be analyzed into constituents, each with a function and realization. The head of a phrase is
Verspoor and Sauter (2009: 119) 2.
Characteristic of Phrase According to Delahunty and Garvey (2010: 280), “This definition entails three characteristics: (1) it specifies that only a group of words can constitute a phrase, implying that a single word cannot; (2) it distinguishes phrases from clauses; and (3) it requires that the groups of words believed to be a phrase constitute a single grammatical unit”. It means that the characteristic of phrase cannot be implying by single word.
3. Noun Phrase
According to Eastwood (2002: 177) “ A noun phrase can be one word, It can also be more than one word. In a noun phrase there can be determiners, quantifiers and modifiers, as well as a noun.” It means that central idea same as head word. Furthermore, when the student make a sentence must be dominant noun phrase consist of subject, object, predicate, and complement.
a. Definition of Noun Phrase According to Verspoor and Sauter (2009: 120) “The possible constituents of noun phrases are determiner, premodifer, head, and post-modifer. The central element of a noun phrase is called its head. as det) and premodifers (abbreviated as premod) and words after it called post-modifers (abbreviated as post-mod). Premodifers of nouns are always realized as adjective phrases. Note that even when there is only one word to modify a noun, it is still called a phrase because potentially it could have more than one word.” The modifiers were:
1) Determiners : articles (the, a), demonstratives (this, that), numerals (two, five, etc), possessives (my, their, etc), quantifiers (some, many, etc). 2) Adjectives : (the red ball) 3) Complements : in the form of a prepositional phrase (such as the student of physics), or a that-clause (the claim that the earth is round).
b. Structure of Noun Phrases The structure of noun phrases according to Leech, Deuchar, and Hoogenraad (1982: 61) are very diverse, but the chief elements are these:
1) The head of a noun phrases are:
a) A noun, e.g.: the doll, dear Margaret
b) A pronoun, e.g.: herself, everyone in the street
c) An adjective, e.g.: the absurd
d) An enumerator, e.g.: all fifteen
e) Genitive phrase, e.g.: John’s
2) The pre-modifiers of a noun phrase are:
a) Determiners, e.g.: this morning, what a girl
b) Enumerator, e.g.: two eggs, the third man
c) Adjectives, e.g.: red shoes, older music
d) Noun, e.g.: a garden fence, a gold ring
e) Genitive phrase, e.g.: Fred’s whisky, someone else’s problem f) Adverb, e.g.: quite a noise
c. The post-modifiers of an noun phrase 1) Prepositional phrase, e.g.: the best day of my life 2) Relative Clause, e.g.: a quantity which admire 3) Adverb, e.g.: the girl upstairs
4) Adjectives, e.g.: Something nasty in the woodshed
d. The Example of Noun Phrase 1) As a subject:
Example: hand phones made in China are very popular everywhere 2) As an object:
Examples: we gave some medicine to the patient 3) As a predicate complement:
Example: mount Merapi is a smoking volcano 4) As an adverb with the preposition: Example: they went to the beach by car. According to Eastwood (2002: 127) says “A noun phrase can be a subject, an object, a complement or an adverbial. It can also be the object of a preposition.”. Some examples about noun phrase were below:
1) Noun phrase is formed by adding some words in front of or in the behind of the head word or keywords (Johan, 2004: 34).
Table 2.1 Examples of Noun Phrase is Formed by Adding Some
Words in Front of or in the Behind of the Headword or Keywords.
Addition Headword Noun phrase An Apple An apple My Study My study Many Similarities Many similarities The Moon The moon This Painting This painting
2) Noun phrase can be formed by adding an adjective/ verb + ing/ verb III and noun in front of the head word (Johan, 2004: 35).
Examples of Noun Phrase can be Formed by Adding an Adjective/ verb + ing/ verb III and Noun in Front of the
Headword Addition Headword Noun phrase
Good (adj) House A good house Closing (verb + ing) Ceremony Closing ceremony Beautifully (adj) Dance A beautifully dance Exchange (verb III) Students The exchange students
3) Noun phrase extended by adding group of preposition/ verb + ing/ verb III/ verb with to infinitive in behind of the head word (Johan, 2004: 37).
Table 2.3 Examples of Noun Phrase Extended by Adding Group of
Preposition/ verb + ing/ verb III/ verb with to Infinitive in Behind of the Headword
Addition Headword Noun phrase In front of house (prep) Woman Woman in front of house Done (verb III) Home work Home work to done Studying (verb + ing) English Studying English
4) Noun phrase extended by adding adverb/ adjective/ numeral pronoun/ or noun phrase in behind of head word (Johan, 2004: 39).
Table 2.4 Example of Noun Phrase Extended by Adding adverb/ adjective/ Numeral Pronoun/ or Noun Phrase in Behind of
Headword Addition Headword Noun phrase There (adv) Flowers The flowers there Special (adj) Something Something special Five (numeral Page Page five pronoun) The last prophet (NP Mohammed Mohammed in behind of the last headword) prophet
5) Noun phrase extended by adding adjective sub clause in behind of the headword (Johan, 2004: 41)
Example of Noun Phrase Extended by Adding Adjective sub Clause in Behind of the Headword
Adjective sub clause Headword Noun phrase Which many flowers The house House which many flowers Where I was born The place Place where I was born Who we meet The lady The lady who we meet
6) Noun phrase formed by adding preposition in front of relative pronouns (Johan, 2004: 42) Table 2.6
Example of Noun Phrase Formed by Adding Preposition in Front of Relative Pronouns
Preposition Relative Pronoun
Headword Noun phrase From Which The school The school which they graduated To Whom The person The person to whom I was introduced Adverb Phrase
a. Definition of Adverb Phrase According to Delahunty and garvey (2010: 279) The following are examples of adverb phrases:
(4) a. adamantly (adverb alone)
b. quite reluctantly (adverb modified by intensifier)
c. extremely clumsily (adverb modified by degree adverb) From a functional point of view, each adverb phrase must contain a head, which must be an adverb; this adverb may be modified by an intensifier, as in (4b), or by a degree adverb, as in (4c). it’s means that adverb phrase can be modified by intensifier.
b. Types of Adverb Phrase According to Wren and Martin (no year: 126) “adverb phrases of place (e.g., here there, everywhere, on the wall) and of time (e.g., now, then, yet, today, next
Sunday) are also usually placed after the verb or after the object if there is one; as,. When there are two or more adverbs after a verb (and its object), the normal order is adverb of manner, adverb of place, adverb of time. Adverbs of frequency, which answer the question How often? (e.g., always, never, often, rarely, usually, generally) and certain other adverbs like almost, already, hardly, nearly, just, quite are normally put between the subject and the verb if the verb consists of only one word; if there is more than one word in the verb, they are put after the first word.” the types of adverb phrase are adverb of place, adverb of time, adverb of manner, and adverb of frequency.
c. The Example of Adverb Phrase The example of adverb phrases are in the following table 2.7.
Table 2.7 Examples of Adverb Phrase
Types of adverbs Examples Manner well, badly, accurately, quickly Place here, there, in the laboratory Time now, yesterday, in 2000 indefinite frequency often, seldom, usually definite frequency monthly, never, once a year degree/extent slightly, considerably, totally Probability possibly, probably, certainly attitude/opinion naturally, surprisingly, in my opinion Aspect technically, politically, scientifically
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH A. Research Methodology This research used descriptive design with qualitative method. Qualitative method was used because the problems of this research needed to be investigated inductively. According to Hancock (2002:6)
“qualitative research is concerned with developing explanations of social phenomena. That is to say, it aims to help us to understand the world in which we live and why things are the way they are”. Qualitative research is concerned with the opinions, experiences and feelings of individuals producing subjective data. Qualitative research describes social phenomena as they occur naturally. No attempt is made to manipulate the situation under study as is the case with experimental quantitative research.
`Based on the statement above, the qualitative research concerned of social phenomenon and then it can help us to understand the word and could not be manipulated because the qualitative research based on experiences.
In this study used random sampling to collecting data of students writing. According to Daniel S (2008:157) “An statistics, a simple random sample is a subset of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set (a population). Each individual is chosen randomly and entirely by chance, such that each individual has the same probability of being chosen at any stage during the sampling process, chosen for the sample as any other subset of k individuals.
B. Object of the Study The objects of the study was the news item text which were made by the fourth semester students of English Education Department of State institute For Islamic Studies (IAIN) in the academic year of 2015/2016. According to Ari Kunto (2006:134) “when the subject is less than 100, it is better to take all of subject and it becomes population of the research.
However if more than 100, the writer can take 10-15% or 20-25% or more”. The writer took 25% of texts from 181 texts and the data were only 45 texts.
C. Method of Data Collection Collecting a required data is one of the important steps in a research.
For this reason, the writer had to determiner an appropriate technique to collect data. There are varieties of technique that can be used to collect data in a qualitative study including observation, interview and documentation. In this case, the writer used documentation to collecting the data in this study.
According to Sugiyono ( 2006:329) “Documentations study is technique of data collection witch indirectly aimed to subject of research.
While documentation is a record of events in the past in form of hand writing, or even literature work.” The writer used the texts made by students, which are documented and used as primary data.
D. Method of Data Analysis
1. Categorizing In this activity the writer categorized the text based on the type of phrases of the news item texts. After documentation process, the writer categorized every sentences of the news item texts into the phrases. It aimed to find out the phrases that used by students, then those phrases were analyzed based on the type of phrases.
Here is the example of categorizing news item text: Art Language Exhibition 2016
rd
Tuesday, May 3 2016, the first campus of IAIN Salatiga is ADV NP crowded. There are many students who come there. IAIN Salatiga has a
NP ADV big agenda; ALE. Art Language Exhibition or ALE is the biggest agenda NP
NP students of International Class. It is held once a year. Ordinarily, ALE is
ADV ADV held in the even semester. International Class’s students perform their NP language ability indeed, and it is wrapped on drama, singing, dancing, modeling, etc. As usual, the performers are from the fourth semesters.
NP Moreover, the exhibition is attended by another university’s students. NP agenda NP of International Class’s students. Commonly, ALE is held at the
NP auditorium first campus. The performers are from the fourth semester (for
NP NP drama). As usual, they have prepared all the things related to ALE for two
NP last months. They do the exercises all day long to prepare ALE. The ADV NP ADV purpose of this exhibition is to show their language ability, motivate all
NP students to learn English-Arabic language, and to love Indonesian culture. NP NP NP
The most interesting thing from ALE is the Drama. This year, the NP NP ADV title is Sumpah Wadat Bisma. Why drama is the most interesting, because the drama is unique. Surely, the drama uses two language; Arabic, and NP ADV NP English. This makes ALE more interesting. Begin from the opening, the audiences served by the traditional dance, named “Tari Wali Jamaliha” NP from Banten, and “Mega Tari Khatulistiwa.” It is very wonderful dance. ADV NP NP NP drama, the story is very interesting. All the actors use the best costume. NP NP ADV NP NP Surely, the actors use Arabic-English when they have a dialogue. This is ADV NP the primary characteristic.
Nurul Hikmah (English Department / fourth semester / Tuesdays, May
rd
3 ADV 2016), affirms that, “the main target of audiences is the second
NP semester students. Why I said that, because I think this is a best way to motivate them to learn Arabic-English language. Obviously, through this
ADV exhibition, we prove that Arabic-English are easy to learn. By using NP language, all people can create their own creativity on art. They must see this exhibition. Because ALE is a good exhibition, they will feel regret if NP NP they missed it. Furthermore, Arabic-English ability which they have is being the icon of IAIN Salatiga students. IAIN Salatiga must be very a proud.” AP = Adverb phrase : a) Adverb of place
b) Adverb of time
c) Adverb of manner
d) Adverb of frequency NP = Noun phrase : a) Noun phrase is formed by adding some words in front of or in the behind of the head word or keywords
b) Noun phrase can be formed by adding an adjective, verb + ing, verb III, and noun in front of the head word
c) Noun phrase extended by adding group of preposition, verb + ing, verb III, verb with to infinitive in behind of the head word
d) Noun phrase extended by adding adverb, adjective, numeral pronoun, or noun phrase in behind of head word
e) Noun phrase extended by adding adjective sub clause in behind of the headword f) Noun phrase formed by adding preposition in front of relative pronouns T1 = Text 1 S2 = Sentence 2
4. Validating the Data The data of this study have been validated by Faisal A. Yusuf.
He is the eight semester student who conducted the research on phrases. In addition, he conducted his research using correlation research. He validated my data analysis, so my data analysis could be more valid.
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Types of Phrases After the writer analyzed the data and the writer found the following table 4.1. Table 4.1 Phrases in the Texts No Phrases Occurrence In number In percentage (%)
1. Adverb Phrase (AP) 262 64,4 %
2. Noun Phrase (NP) 145 35,6 % Total 407 100%
The total number of the data that is found in the students’ news item texts were 407 phrases. There was 64 % of adverb phrases out of 407 phrases in the text. Whereas, there was 36 % of noun phrases from 407 phrases. It also can be seen in the following diagram 4.1. From the above data, the adverb phrases were frequently occurred in the data. Furthermore, the noun phrases were less occurred than the adverb phrases in the total of the data.
The detail of types of adverb phrase that is found in the students’ news item texts are in the following table 4.2.
Table 4.2 Type of Adverb Phrase
No. Type of adverb phrase Occurrence In number In percentage
(%)
1. Adverb of place 124 47,3 %
Diagram 4.1 Phrase in the Texts Adverb Phrase Noun phrase
B. Profile of Phrases
1. Type of Adverb Phrase
2. Adverb of time 71 27,1 %
3. Adverb of manner 42 16 %
4. Adverb of frequency 25 9,5 % Total 262 100 %
From above the data, the writer concluded that there were 262 adverb phrases in those data consist of 47,3 % of adverb of place, 27,1 % from adverb of time, 16 % of adverb of manner, and 9,4 % of adverb of frequency. The comparison of the types of adverb phrases that found in the students’ news item texts can be seen in this following diagram 4.2.
Diagram 4.2 Type of Adverb Phrases on the Texts
adverb of place adverb of time adverb of manner adverb of frequency the data. Furthermore, adverb of time were less occurred than the adverb phrases in the total of the data. The third position , there is adverb of manner and the last one is adverb of frequency.
a. Adverb of Place The example of phrases used adverb of place are in the following table 4.3.
Table 4.3 Example of Adverb of Place
No Sentence Coding
th
1. Brazil, August 18 2016, Tontowi Ahmad and T1 S1 Liliyana Natsir dedicated special gift to Indonesia.
2. Traffic Police officers who arrived on the Location T40 S55 directly committed the crime scene. at Pesawaran
3. During in Indonesia they prepared more seriously. T1 S6
4. Lodi Karual, 30, a local resident whose house was T43 S2 crushed by the landslide said that the incident happened after heavy rains occurred in the area.
5. Together with Udayana University, the foundation T44 S5 identified a number of rare plants in the forest.
6. The survey was conducted in five major cities T45 S3 across the country, including Surakarta in Central
Java.
7. From the agenda, my family and I can know many T3 S8 arts especially in Salatiga.
8. Suddenly I heard a truck that stopped all of sudden T40 S3 then I saw a man was lying on the road.
9. Leicester City’s players watched the game T5 S7 at home of striker Jamie Vardy
10. The mood was considerably darker T5 S8 at Stamford Bridge, where Chelsea’s rally from a two-goal halftime deficit, capped by Eden Hazard’s curling
rd
shot into the top corner in the 83 minute, sent a hot-tempered match between the London rivals off the rails.
b. Adverb of Time The example of phrases used adverb of time are in the following table 4.4.
Table 4.4 Example of Adverb of Time
No Sentence Coding
1. According to Andi (29), a witness in that place, T40 S2 Wednesday (07/01/2015) morning, Suharto who is a teacher in Tegineneng, Pesawaran District, Lampung is a victim of hit and run in car accident.
2. Manado: After several days of increased activity, T41 S1 the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) has announced that North Sulawesi’s Mount Lokon erupted at 10:20 a.m. on Tuesday.
3. It clinched its first Premier League title T5 S3 on Monday after second-place Tottenham tied at Chelsea.
4. Leceister City had missed a chance to clinch the T5 S4 title outright when it tied Manchester United, 1-1, on Sunday.
5. Eric Dier, No 15, received a yellow card after T5 S11 fouling Chelsea’s Eden Hazard on Monday as Tottenham failed to keep its season alive.
6. T5 S15 Since november, when The Foxes became unlikely fixture at the top of the standings, rivals and experts and fans waited every week for a sign that the team would falter, that it was not up to a task usually reserved for England’s bigger, richer clubs.
7. This year’s Premier League title is the first top- T5 S21 division championship for Leicester City, which was founded in 1884 and joined the Football League in 1890.
9. Its previous high-water mark was a runner up finish T5 S22 in 1929.
10. Leicester will celebrate its championship at its final T5 S24 home match of the season, a now meaningless kickaround against struggling Everton next weekend.
c. Adverb of Manner The example of phrases used adverb of manner are in the following table 4.5.
Table 4.5 Example of Adverb of Manner
No Sentence Coding
1. During in Indonesia they prepared more seriously. T1 S6
2. But few in Leicester surely noticed, they were T5 12 dancing and hugging and rejoicing in their unlikely championship, the firts top-division crown in their club’s 132-years history. 3. “He called us and thanked us for what we did, T5 S22 especially in the second half,” Hiddink said. “I congratulated him for being champion”.
4. The effect of that street accident, traffic-lane road to T6 S8
Pati and conversely was stopped and blocked.
5. She was T18 S4 directly brought in the hospital.