Factors influencing Jacob's personality development in Stephenie Meyer's breaking dawn.

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ABSTRACT
TYAGITA RATNA WARDHANI. Factors Influencing Jacob’s Personality
Development in Stephenie Meyer’s Breaking Dawn. Yogyakarta: Department
of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.
This thesis discusses Stephenie Meyer’s novel Breaking Dawn. This
novel shows Jacob’s personality which develops after he faces certain things in
his life. Jacob is one of the main characters in this novel. His personality does not
remain the same after all. It develops because of some factors that influence him.
Therefore, the writer wants to show the factors that influence Jacob’s personality
development. Those factors are family, environment, and emotion.
There are three objectives of the study. The first is to describe the
personality of Jacob. The second is to see the development of Jacob’s personality.
The last objective is to show the factors that influence Jacob’s personality
development.

The method of this study is library research. The writer uses Breaking
Dawn by Stephenie Meyer as the primary data of the study. The secondary data
are collected from various sources. They are the theory of character and
characterization, the theory of the relation between literature and psychology, the
theory of personality development, and the theory of factors influencing
personality development. Since this study deals with personality, the writer uses
the psychological approach to analyze the personality development of Jacob.
Based on the analysis, there are three points that can be drawn from this
study. The first point is the personality of Jacob before it develops. Jacob is
described as a free boy. It means his father lets him do what he wants to do.
Besides, he is bad-tempered or easy to get angry, sarcastic, pessimistic, and
inferior. The second point is the development of Jacob’s personality. His
personality does not remain the same. He becomes rebellious, calmer, polite,
optimistic, and superior. The third point is the factors influencing the development
of Jacob’s personality. Jacob’s personality develops because of his family, the
environment in which he lives, and the emotion he feels toward Bella, the other
main character. It can be concluded that family, environment, and emotion
influence his personality development.

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ABSTRAK
TYAGITA RATNA WARDHANI. Factors Influencing Jacob’s Personality
Development in Stephenie Meyer’s Breaking Dawn. Yogyakarta: Jurusan
Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.
Skripsi ini membahas sebuah novel berjudul Breaking Dawn karya
Stephenie Meyer. Novel ini menunjukkan kepribadian Jacob yang berkembang
setelah dia mengalami beberapa peristiwa di hidupnya. Jacob merupakan salah
satu tokoh utama di novel ini. Pada akhirnya, kepribadiannya tidaklah sama.
Kepribadiannya berkembang dikarenakan oleh beberapa faktor yang
mempengaruhinya. Oleh karena itu, penulis ingin menunjukkan faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian Jacob. Factor-faktor tersebut antara
lain keluarga, lingkungan, dan emosi.

Ada tiga tujuan yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini. Yang pertama yaitu untuk
mendeskripsikan kepribadian Jacob. Yang kedua yaitu untuk melihat
perkembangan kepribadian Jacob. Tujuan yang terakhir yaitu untuk menunjukkan
faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian Jacob.
Metode dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian pustaka. Penulis
menggunakan novel Breaking Dawn karya Stephenie Meyer sebagai data utama
penelitian ini. Data-data sekunder dikumpulkan dari berbagai sumber. Data-data
sekunder tersebut antara lain teori karakter dan karakterisasi, teori hubungan
antara sastra dan psikologi, teori perkembangan kepribadian, dan teori faktorfaktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian. Dikarenakan skripsi ini
berhubungan dengan kepribadian, penulis menggunakan pendekatan psikologi
untuk menganalisis perkembangan kepribadian Jacob.
Berdasarkan analisis, ada tiga poin yang dapat ditarik dari skripsi ini.
Poin pertama yaitu kepribadian Jacob sebelum berkembang. Jacob dideskripsikan
sebagai anak lelaki yang bebas. Maksudnya, ayahnya membiarkan dia bebas
melakukan apa yang dia inginkan. Selain itu, dia mudah tersinggung atau mudah
marah, sarkastis, pesimis, dan inferior. Poin kedua yaitu perkembangan
kepribadian Jacob. Kepribadiannya tidaklah sama lagi. Dia menjadi pemberontak,
lebih tenang, sopan, optimistis, dan superior. Poin ketiga yaitu faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian Jacob. Kepribadian Jacob berkembang
dikarenakan oleh keluarganya, lingkungan dimana dia tinggal, dan emosi yang dia

rasakan terhadap Bella, tokoh utama yang lain. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa
keluarga, lingkungan, dan emosi mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadiannya.

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FACTORS INFLUENCING
JACOB’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
IN STEPHENIE MEYER’S BREAKING DAWN

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters

By
TYAGITA RATNA WARDHANI
Student Number: 094214038

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013

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FACTORS INFLUENCING

JACOB’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
IN STEPHENIE MEYER’S BREAKING DAWN

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters

By
TYAGITA RATNA WARDHANI
Student Number: 094214038

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa

: Tyagita Ratna Wardhani
: 094214038

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
FACTORS INFLUENCING JACOB’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
IN STEPHENIE MEYER’S BREAKING DAWN
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya memberikan
kepada Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam

bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan
secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk
kepentingan akademis tanpa meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti
kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 29 November 2013
Yang menyatakan

Tyagita Ratna Wardhani

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the
ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer.

Yogyakarta, November 29, 2013

Tyagita Ratna Wardhani

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I’ve got a theory that if you give 100% all of
the time, somehow things will work out in the
end. (Larry Bird)

Knowing is not enough; we must apply.
Wishing is not enough; we must do. (Johann
Wolfgang von Goethe)

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For my beloved family
My father, mother, and sister

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank Allah SWT who always guides me to
finish my undergraduate thesis.
I am very thankful to my advisor, Maria Ananta T. S., S.S., M.Ed., for
the suggestions, guidance, encouragement, and support so that I am able to finish
my undergraduate thesis. My gratitude also goes to my co-advisor, Dra. A.B. Sri
Mulyani, M.A., Ph.D., without her assistance this thesis will not be successful.
For all the lecturers, I am also thankful to them for the lessons they give to me.
My deepest gratitude goes to my beloved parents, Soekamto, S.E., M.M
and Ratna Prabawati Mumpuni. I dedicate this thesis for you. Thank you for the
unconditional love, support, and prayer so that I can finish it. I also thank them for
always reminding me all the time to do my undergraduate thesis.
Many thanks I say to all the people who are involved in making this
thesis. For my one and only sister, Adelagustin Ratna Indirayani, thank you for all
your supports. For my cousin, Ami, thank you for cheering me up. For my best
friends, Lia, Kezia, Aul, Dory, and Pucil, thanks for always making me smile in
my whole college life and giving me spirit to finish it. Also for my classmates of
2009, thank you for all sweet memories and unforgettable moments in the last
four years.

Tyagita Ratna Wardhani.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................. i
APPROVAL PAGE ........................................................................................ ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ................................................................................... iii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI ....................................................... iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................ v
MOTTO PAGE ............................................................................................... vi
DEDICATION PAGE .....................................................................................vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ ix
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... xi
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ................................................................... 1
B. Problem Formulation ........................................................................ 4
C. Objectives of the Study ..................................................................... 4
D. Definition of Terms ........................................................................... 5
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ................................................... 6
A. Review of Related Studies ................................................................ 6
B. Review of Related Theories .............................................................. 9
a. Theory of Character and Characterization ..................................... 9
b. Theory of the Relation between Literature and Psychology ...........12
c. Theory of Personality Development ..............................................13
d. Factors Influencing Someone’s Personality Development .............15
C. Theoretical Framework .....................................................................18
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...............................................................19
A. Object of the Study ...........................................................................19
B. Approach of the Study ......................................................................20
C. Method of the Study ..........................................................................21
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...........................................................................24
1. Description of Jacob .........................................................................24
a. Free ..............................................................................................25
b. Bad-tempered ...............................................................................26
c. Sarcastic .......................................................................................29
d. Pessimistic ...................................................................................32
e. Inferior .........................................................................................36
2. Jacob’s Personality Development ......................................................38
a. Rebellious ....................................................................................38
b. Calmer .........................................................................................40
c. Polite ............................................................................................43
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d. Optimistic .....................................................................................47
e. Superior ........................................................................................49
3. Factors Influencing Jacob’s Personality Development .......................55
a. Family ..........................................................................................55
b. Environment .................................................................................58
c. Emotion ........................................................................................68
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ......................................................................72
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...........................................................................................74
APPENDICES .................................................................................................76
Appendix 1 ...........................................................................................76
Appendix 2 ...........................................................................................77

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ABSTRACT
TYAGITA RATNA WARDHANI. Factors Influencing Jacob’s Personality
Development in Stephenie Meyer’s Breaking Dawn. Yogyakarta: Department
of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.
This thesis discusses Stephenie Meyer’s novel Breaking Dawn. This
novel shows Jacob’s personality which develops after he faces certain things in
his life. Jacob is one of the main characters in this novel. His personality does not
remain the same after all. It develops because of some factors that influence him.
Therefore, the writer wants to show the factors that influence Jacob’s personality
development. Those factors are family, environment, and emotion.
There are three objectives of the study. The first is to describe the
personality of Jacob. The second is to see the development of Jacob’s personality.
The last objective is to show the factors that influence Jacob’s personality
development.
The method of this study is library research. The writer uses Breaking
Dawn by Stephenie Meyer as the primary data of the study. The secondary data
are collected from various sources. They are the theory of character and
characterization, the theory of the relation between literature and psychology, the
theory of personality development, and the theory of factors influencing
personality development. Since this study deals with personality, the writer uses
the psychological approach to analyze the personality development of Jacob.
Based on the analysis, there are three points that can be drawn from this
study. The first point is the personality of Jacob before it develops. Jacob is
described as a free boy. It means his father lets him do what he wants to do.
Besides, he is bad-tempered or easy to get angry, sarcastic, pessimistic, and
inferior. The second point is the development of Jacob’s personality. His
personality does not remain the same. He becomes rebellious, calmer, polite,
optimistic, and superior. The third point is the factors influencing the development
of Jacob’s personality. Jacob’s personality develops because of his family, the
environment in which he lives, and the emotion he feels toward Bella, the other
main character. It can be concluded that family, environment, and emotion
influence his personality development.

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ABSTRAK
TYAGITA RATNA WARDHANI. Factors Influencing Jacob’s Personality
Development in Stephenie Meyer’s Breaking Dawn. Yogyakarta: Jurusan
Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.
Skripsi ini membahas sebuah novel berjudul Breaking Dawn karya
Stephenie Meyer. Novel ini menunjukkan kepribadian Jacob yang berkembang
setelah dia mengalami beberapa peristiwa di hidupnya. Jacob merupakan salah
satu tokoh utama di novel ini. Pada akhirnya, kepribadiannya tidaklah sama.
Kepribadiannya berkembang dikarenakan oleh beberapa faktor yang
mempengaruhinya. Oleh karena itu, penulis ingin menunjukkan faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian Jacob. Factor-faktor tersebut antara
lain keluarga, lingkungan, dan emosi.
Ada tiga tujuan yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini. Yang pertama yaitu untuk
mendeskripsikan kepribadian Jacob. Yang kedua yaitu untuk melihat
perkembangan kepribadian Jacob. Tujuan yang terakhir yaitu untuk menunjukkan
faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian Jacob.
Metode dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian pustaka. Penulis
menggunakan novel Breaking Dawn karya Stephenie Meyer sebagai data utama
penelitian ini. Data-data sekunder dikumpulkan dari berbagai sumber. Data-data
sekunder tersebut antara lain teori karakter dan karakterisasi, teori hubungan
antara sastra dan psikologi, teori perkembangan kepribadian, dan teori faktorfaktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian. Dikarenakan skripsi ini
berhubungan dengan kepribadian, penulis menggunakan pendekatan psikologi
untuk menganalisis perkembangan kepribadian Jacob.
Berdasarkan analisis, ada tiga poin yang dapat ditarik dari skripsi ini.
Poin pertama yaitu kepribadian Jacob sebelum berkembang. Jacob dideskripsikan
sebagai anak lelaki yang bebas. Maksudnya, ayahnya membiarkan dia bebas
melakukan apa yang dia inginkan. Selain itu, dia mudah tersinggung atau mudah
marah, sarkastis, pesimis, dan inferior. Poin kedua yaitu perkembangan
kepribadian Jacob. Kepribadiannya tidaklah sama lagi. Dia menjadi pemberontak,
lebih tenang, sopan, optimistis, dan superior. Poin ketiga yaitu faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian Jacob. Kepribadian Jacob berkembang
dikarenakan oleh keluarganya, lingkungan dimana dia tinggal, dan emosi yang dia
rasakan terhadap Bella, tokoh utama yang lain. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa
keluarga, lingkungan, dan emosi mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadiannya.

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study
Many years ago, people have studied about literature. They have
studied it deeply. In their study, they assume that literature is the reflection of
life. In other word, it can be said that what is written in literature is the same
to what happens in real life. As Reichert writes,
I would say that the forms of literature are the forms of life. We make
sense of a character, a dialogue, a plot, as we make sense of each other
and of our lives, and the shapes of our experience takes provide the
shapes of literature and give them their only value (1977: x).
As Reichert’s opinion above, literature and life have the same form. The
character, the plot, and the dialogue in real life are also found in literature.
Only the experience of a person gives the value into literature. It is because
this person pours his/her idea of what he/she faces in life into the form of
writing. In other term, literature adopts what happens in our life. Therefore,
human creates the work of literature which reflects many events that really
exist in life.
To analyze the issue from a work of literature, a novel is a good start. It
has complex intrinsic elements. One of the intrinsic elements in the novel is a
character. Characters have an important role in the story. As Graham Little, in
Approach to Literature: An Introduction to Critical Study of Content and
Method in Writing, writes, “The existence of characters is important in
literary pieces, particularly prose. An author uses its complexity and other
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elements to shape a story” (1981: 93). As mentioned in that quotation, a
character’s existence has an important role in a literary work. A character is
used to make a story become more interesting and meaningful. Without
characters, a story cannot be created.
Furthermore, a character has a personality. This personality is not static
or stable as time flies, but it is dynamic. It develops as he/she grows up and
faces things in his/her life. It is not exactly the same when he/she was a child,
a teenager, or an adult. It will not remain the same from the beginning until
the ending. Henkle says, “The human personality is continually changing, and
then no social event is likely to be an end or climax to that change (1977:
36).” The change of human personality is continuous. This development does
not end although the time flies.
The development of personality does not merely happen. There are
factors that influence the personality development of someone. First, as
Hurlock says, is the experience within family (1974: 351). It is when he/she
firstly has an interaction with other people, learns how to do something like
talking, walking and eating, and also feels a lot of emotions. It really
influences his/her personality.
The second factor is the environment (Hurlock, 1974: 78). Environment
is the place where a person lives in and does his/her activities. He/she is not
alone. He/she starts to have an interaction with other people outside his/her
family. From this interaction, he/she experiences many things. Environment
is also the place for him/her to prove his/her existence by doing anything.

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Third, the emotion between people can affect the change in personality
of someone (Hurlock, 1974: 203). It is written that emotions can color the
individual’s perception of himself/herself and his/her environment. His/her
perception toward something changes when he/she feels a certain emotion
with another person. Then it affects his/her behavior and his/her personality
either that may lead the change in personality.
The factors that influence the personality development of a character
lead the writer to analyze Breaking Dawn by Stephenie Meyer. This novel is
the third sequel of Twilight. It is just like the other teenage novels which tell a
love story between a girl and a man she loves. What interests the writer is
there is a change of a certain character named Jacob who loves this girl. This
change is about his personality.
At the beginning, Jacob is described as a guy who hates vampires the
most. Actually he can turn into a werewolf. His fate as a werewolf is to fight
against vampires. However, he faces vegetarian vampires, vampires who do
not drink human blood. It does not really matter for him. What matters is
Bella, a girl he loves, is in love with a vampire named Edward. This makes
him have a strong hatred toward vampires. As time flies, his hatred reduces
because of the factors the writer already mentioned.
This topic is chosen to show factors that influence someone’s
personality development. From the character, the writer tries to draw his
personality that changes as time flies. The personality, of course, does not
remain the same. This change will not happen if there is no influence of

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certain factors. The process of this change interests the writer to make a
research on the factors influencing personality development of a person.
To know deeper the factors influencing the personality development of
a person, Breaking Dawn, written by Stephenie Meyer, is a good work to start
the research. It is also because this novel uses a simple language and a
flowing plot that is easy to understand. In this book, the personality of one of
the major characters named Jacob Black develops because of several factors.
Therefore, this work is a good choice to make this research.

B. Problem Formulation
Based on the background of the study presented above, the problems of
the study are formulated as follows:
1. How is Jacob described?
2. How is Jacob’s personality development depicted?
3. What factors influence Jacob’s personality development?

C. Objectives of the Study
This research has a purpose to know deeper the factors that influence
the personality development of a person. It has three main objectives. The
first objective is to describe the personality of the major character named
Jacob whose personality develops because of certain factors. The second
objective is to see the development of Jacob’s personality. The third objective

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is to show the factors that influence Jacob’s personality development during
his life.

D. Definition of Terms
1. Personality
According to Feist, personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits
and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to
a person’s behavior (2006: 4). On the other way, Allport, in Hurlock’s
Personality

Development,

defines

personality

is

the

dynamic

organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that
determines his characteristic behavior and thought (1974: 7). The writer
then uses the theory from Allport because it is more suitable with the
study the writer talks about.
2. Development
Mussen, Conger, Kagan, and Huston stated that development is defined
as orderly and relatively enduring changes over time in physical and
neurological structures, thought processes, and behavior (1990: 4).
3. Personality Development
Hurlock said that changes in personality do not occur of their own
accord. Usually they are the result of multiple revisions in the thought
and feeling related to the person’s concept of self (1974: 124).

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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies
The work of literature that the writer analyzes is a novel entitled
Breaking Dawn written by Stephenie Meyer. On this review of related
studies, the writer tries to review the study of the same author—Stephenie
Meyer—and the same topic about personality development of a certain
character since there is no study about the same work yet.
Since Breaking Dawn is a well-known novel, there are many criticisms,
comments, and suggestions about it. In Studies in the Novel, Anna Silver
writes an article entitled Twilight is not good for Maidens: Gender, Sexuality,
and the Family in Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight Series which criticizes Meyer’s
way to shape a woman. It is written,
In the final book of the series, Breaking Dawn, Meyer allows Bella to
become the kind of mother that she never had, the apotheosis of the
self-sacrificial, selfless mother, who is willing to die for the good of her
unborn vampire child, and the warrior-mother who successfully protects
the integrity and survival of her family. Meyer thus proposes that
marriage and motherhood provide women with equality that they do not
possess as single women. Motherhood becomes a location not only of
pleasure and satisfaction but also of power (2010: 123).
As written above, Silver wants to criticize how Meyer tries to shape a woman
through marriage and motherhood. A married woman is figured as someone
who is self-sacrificial, selfless, tough, and has a willing to die for her child.
Also, a mother has a power to protect her family and make them survive.
These kinds of criteria are only found in a married woman and a mother. On
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the contrary, single women do not have these criteria. They are indirectly
described as weak women because they do not pass a marriage phase. This
study can be used to see Bella’s characteristics that later influence Jacob.
There is also an article that comes from Jennifer Reese in Entertainment
Weekly website that criticizes the way Meyer describes Bella’s pregnancy in
Breaking Dawn. In this article she says,
She is less restrained, alas, in her macabre descriptions of the pregnancy
that immediately follows. Any reasonably astute reader will guess that
Edward has knocked Bella up — inexplicable nausea, gnawing hunger
— long before she figures it out herself. And it's when Bella, suffering
from morning sickness and gestating a vampire, starts vomiting ''a
fountain'' of blood, that Meyer jumps the shark (Reese, 2008).
According to Reese, Meyer is less restrained in describing Bella’s pregnancy
and the following event. She thinks that the astute reader can guess that
Edward has knocked Bella up because Meyer has described the symptom of
pregnancy. Moreover, it becomes less interesting when Bella horribly gives
birth in the way Meyer describes.
Edward Lewa Usu, a graduate student of Sanata Dharma University,
has the same study about the same author as the writer. On his Undergraduate
Thesis entitled “The Relation between Vampire Character and Their Society
in Bram Stoker’s Dracula and Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight as a Reflection of
Freudian Structures of Personality: a Comparative Psychoanalysis Study”,
stated that
Throughout their premarital abstinence, Bella is not in control of her
body; she is absolutely dependent on Edward’s determination to protect
her life and her virginity. She is the object and the means of Edward’s
ability to prove his self-control. Thus, the control is still held by
Edward as the man (2009: 9).

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From that study, Usu tries to show that the role of the man from Twilight by
Stephenie Meyer, who is represented by Edward, is still strong even in this
modern society. It is seen from Edward’s determination towards Bella’s life
and virginity. He controls what Bella has. On the other hand, a woman who is
represented by Bella is inferior because she depends on Edward’s ability. She
even cannot decide that by herself.
There is also a study about the development of someone’s personality.
On her Undergraduate Thesis entitled “The Influence of Environment on
Lily’s Personality Development in Sue Monk Kidd’s The Secret Life of
Bees”, Putri says
Lack of emotional warmth or bad treatment from the parents will also
influence child’s attitude and respect toward other people in authority.
In the beginning of the story Lily is a lack of confident person as the
result of her father’s influences. But later, she changes into a confident
person when she is in Tiburan and meets people there (2010: 42).
According to that quotation, someone’s personality can change because of the
different environment where he/she lives in. Lily’s personality changes when
she lives in the other place which is far from her father who gives her a bad
treatment, and she meets new people in the new place.
All of them can be summarized that on the first study, Anna Silver
criticizes the way Meyer shapes women. Through Silver’s comment, Meyer
shapes the attitude of married women which is better than those who are
single. On the second study, Jennifer Reese gives her criticism in the way
Meyer describes Bella’s pregnancy in Breaking Dawn. It becomes less
interesting when Meyer describes Bella’s pregnancy in a horrible way. On the

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third study, the writer puts Usu’s study about the role of man in Twilight
because the work of literature he studied is also written by Stephenie Meyer.
It is the same to the author of the novel the writer analyzes. On the last study,
Putri analyzes how the different environment can change Lily’s personality.
After all, this research has the aim to develop the study about
personality development. This study focuses on the factors that influence
personality development of a person or a character. Therefore, this research
explores a different study from the mentioned studies before because it only
concerns about the factors influencing personality development of a certain
character.

B. Review of Related Theories
To answer the problems that have been formulated, some theories are
needed. This part, the writer presents the theories about character and
characterization, the relation between literature and psychology, personality
development, and factors influencing someone’s personality development
which contains the experience within family, environment, and emotion.
a. Theory of character and characterization
Characters are “the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative
work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and
dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say—the dialogue—
and by what they do—the action” (Abrams, 1957: 20). Thus, a character is
the one who has a role play in the dramatic or narrative work. This

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character has moral and dispositional qualities that are owned by himself
and can be seen from their dialogue and action. It can be said that his
moral and dispositional qualities is not the same with the other character.
According to Barnet (2001: 4), the word “character” has two
meanings. The first meaning is a figure. This figure is someone who
appears in work of literature and has a role in it. The second meaning is
related to the understanding of personality. This one means the moral and
dispositional qualities that are owned by a figure.
To know the characteristics or traits of the characters, there are some
ways to describe it. The way to describe the characters is called
characterization. There are two ways to characterize a character, “A broad
distinction is frequently made between alternative methods for
“characterizing” the persons in a narrative: showing and telling” (Abrams,
1957: 21). In showing, the author just shows the characters’ utterance and
action deliberately. From their utterance and action, the readers can reveal
the characters’ characteristics. In telling, the author states directly the
characteristics of the characters. In this case, the readers do not have to
guess their characteristics.
Moreover, there is another way to understand a character. In
Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and the English
Novel for Overseas Students, M. J. Murphy (1972: 161-173) presents nine
ways to describe the character to be more understandable for the readers.
Those ways can be seen as follows.

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Personal description
It means the author tries to describe the character from his/her
appearance. It can be seen from the posture of the character or the
clothes he/she wears.

2.

Character as seen by another
The author describes the character through the perspectives and
opinions of another character in the story.

3.

Speech
The author makes a description of a certain character through what the
other character says. The other character gives some clues to a certain
character whenever he speaks, whenever he is in a conversation with
another character, and whenever he puts forward an opinion.

4.

Past life
The author lets the readers learn the person’s past life to help them
shape the person’s characteristics. It can be understood through the
direct comment by the author, through the person’s thoughts, through
his/her conversation, and through the medium of another person.

5.

Conversations of others
The author gives the readers clue to a person’s characteristics through
the conversation of other people and things they say about him/her.

6.

Reactions
The readers get a clue to a person’s characteristics by his/her reactions
towards various situations and events.

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Direct comment
The person’s characteristics can be revealed through the author’s
comment which is given directly.

8.

Thoughts
The author gives the readers the knowledge of what a character
actually thinks about.

9.

Mannerism
The person’s characteristics can be seen from the description of the
author about a person’s mannerisms, habits, and idiosyncrasies.

b. Theory of the relation between literature and psychology
Literature actually cannot be separated from human’s life. It is the
reflection of life. In other word, it can be said that what is written in
literature is the same to what happens in real life. In Making Sense of
Literature, Reichert says,
I would say that the forms of literature are the forms of life. We
make sense of a character, a dialogue, a plot, as we make sense of
each other and of our lives, and the shapes of our experience takes
provide the shapes of literature and give them their only value (1977:
x).
Based on above quotation, Reichert states the form of literature is the same
to the form of life. The character, plot, and dialogue that exist in literature
are also found in life. The experience of a person then gives the value into
literature. In addition, Hudson, in An Introduction to Study of Literature,
writes,

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Literature is a vital record of what men have seen in life, what they
have experienced of it, what they have thought and felt about those
aspects of it which have the most immediate and enduring interest
for all of us. It is thus fundamentally an expression of life through
the medium of language (1958: 10).
Based on what Hudson writes, literature is the record of what happens in
life. It is from a person’s sights, experiences, thoughts, and feelings. Those
are the expression of life that are expressed through the medium of
language. It is then made into a story as a work of literature.
Since a character can be considered as a human being that exists in
the work of literature, his/her personality can be investigated through
psychology as psychology deals with human’s psyche. In Literature for
Composition, Barnet says, “It is obvious that characters are observable
through psychology, in terms that they consist of unique mental qualities”
(1988: 71). According to him, characters can be observed through
psychology since they consist of unique mental qualities. In this case, their
personality can be analyzed through psychology.

c. Theory of personality development
Personality is “a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique
characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s
behavior” (Feist, 2006: 4). According to him, personality is permanent
traits and unique characteristics that lead to person’s behavior which is not
the same from one person to the other person. The unique characteristics

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mean a person’s personality is owned by himself. It is indeed different to
the other, even if he has a twin.
On the other way, there is a definition of personality that is more
suitable with the study which the writer talks about. Allport, in Hurlock’s
Personality Development, defines personality is the dynamic organization
within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his
characteristic behavior and thought (1974: 7). As Allport says, personality
is the dynamic organization within the individual. It then determines
his/her characteristic behavior and thought.
One’s personality consists of many things. “The temperament,
moods, mental characteristics, disposition, and dominating tendencies of a
nature, constitute the personality, which manifests itself in countless ways”
(Norton, 1906: 73). Based on Norton’s idea, personality appears from the
composition

of

the

temperament,

moods,

mental

characteristics,

disposition, and dominating tendencies of a nature.
Personality of a person or a character in the novel is different from
the other. It is because the elments which composite the personality is
different as well. Norton mentions in Studies in Character, “No two
personalities are wholly alike, yet what can be correctly termed the general
personality of human nature, or material mentality, is made up of certain
essential elements” (1906: 73). Two personalities are not wholly alike
because the general personality is made up of certain essential elements.

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The personality of someone is dynamic. It develops as he grows up
and faces things in his life. It is not exactly the same when he was a child,
a teenager, or an adult. It also happens to the personality of characters in
the novel which develops. It will not remain the same from the beginning
until the ending. Henkle says, “The human personality is continually
changing, and then no social event is likely to be an end or climax to that
change” (1977: 36). The change of human personality is continuous. This
development does not end although the time flies.
Hurlock states that changes in personality do not occur of their own
accord. Usually they are the result of multiple revisions in the thought and
feeling related to the person’s concept of self (1974: 124). The personality
of a person changes as he/she lives. This change is the result of the
multiple revisions in the thought and feeling. The person’s concept of self
is his/her own characteristics or traits.

d. Factors influencing someone’s personality development
There are many factors that can influence a person’s personality
development. The first factor is the experience within family. In her
Personality Development, Hurlock says that of all the conditions that
influence personality development, relationships between the individual
and the members of his family unquestionably rank first (1974: 351). It is
when he firstly has an interaction with other people, learns how to do
something like talking, walking and eating, and also feels a lot of

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emotions. It really influences his personality. Further, Hurlock also says
that lack of emotional warmth breaks down family cohesiveness and
predisposes family members to engage in frictional behavior (Hurlock,
1974: 359). Based on what she says, lack of emotional warmth will crack
family cohesiveness and lead into frictional behavior.
The second factor that influences a person’s personality development
is the environment. Hurlock asserts, “One’s personality is also shaped and
influenced by their environment in which the individual lives” (1974: 80).
Environment is the place where a person lives in and does his/her
activities. He/she is not alone. He/she starts to have an interaction with
other people outside his/her family. From this interaction, he/she
experiences many things. Environment is also the place for him/her to
prove his/her existence by doing anything.
In addition, Hurlock says, “A person learns to behave in a culturally
approved way and to think of himself as others with whom he comes in
contact think of him” (1974: 84). Based on Hurlock’s idea, the personality
of a person develops when he learns to behave in an approved way and
when he thinks of himself as others with whom he comes in contact think
of him.
Hurlock writes in her book, “The more acceptable a person is to the
group, the closer his relationship with group members and the more
influence they exert over him” (1974: 237). According to her, when a

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person is accepted by a certain group, his relationship with that group will
become closer and they are more able to influence him.
Moreover, there is also a theory about superiority by Hurlock. She
explains on her book,
How much power a leader has over the behavior of others and how
much his role affects his self-concept depend on a number of factors.
The most important are the person’s motivation to be a leader, his
feeling of adequacy for the leadership role, how he achieved the
leadership role, how persistent the role is, and how wide the scope of
his leadership is (1974: 253).
Based on Hurlock’s explanation, there are important things to clarify how
much power a leader has. Those are the person’s motivation to be a leader,
his feeling of adequacy for the leadership role, the way he achieves the
leadership role, how persistent the role is, and how wide the scope of his
leadership is. Related to the leadership, Hurlock then states, “Furthermore,
if others feel that he is qualified to be a leader and select him for that role,
he accepts the view that he is considered superior” (1974: 255). According
to that quotation, a person can be considered superior if others feel that he
is qualified enough to be a leader and select him for that role.
The third is the emotion. Hurlock also mentions that the emotion
between people can affect the change in personality. It is written,
Emotions, whether fleeting or persisting, color the individual’s
perception of himself and his environment and affect his behavior.
By determining what his characteristic pattern of adjustment to life
will be, they affect his personality (1974: 203).
Emotions can color the individual’s perception of himself and his
environment. His perception toward something changes when he feels a

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certain emotion with another person. Then it affects his behavior and his
personality either that may lead the change in personality.
Furthermore, it is stated in Hurlock’s book, “Directly, the emotions
affect the individual’s physical and mental functioning and his attitudes,
interests, and values” (1974: 203). As mentioned by Hurlock, emotions
affect a person’s physical and mental functioning, his attitude, interest, and
value.

C. Theoretical Framework
In order to answer the problem formulation, some theories are needed.
First, to answer the first question, the writer uses theory of character by
Abrams to define what character is. Theory of characterization from Abrams
is used to describe the characteristic of Jacob. The writer also applies the
theory by Murphy to describe the characteristics of Jacob because it is more
understandable.
Second, to answer the second question, theory of personality
development is applied. Henkle’s theory and Allport’s theory are applied to
get the information that personality of a person is dynamic.
To answer the third question, the writer uses theory about factors
influencing someone’s personality. Theory from Hurlock is applied to prove
that the experience within family, environment, and emotion influence the
change in the character’s personality.

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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study
The object of researcher’s study is Breaking Dawn. This is the third
sequel of Twilight. It is the first edition and is published in 2008 by Little,
Brown and Company. The author of it is Stephenie Meyer. She was born on
December 24, 1973 in Hartford, Connecticut, The United States. She
graduated from Chaparral High School in Scottsdale, Arizona in 1992 as an
excellent student. She got a National Merit Scholarship and used it to attend
Brigham Young University. She graduated from her university in 1997 and
majored in English Literature.
She released Twilight, the first book of The Twilight Saga, in 2005. It
was honored as a New York Times “Editor’s Choice and Publishers Weekly
Best Book of the Year”. She published the first sequel of Twilight, New
Moon, in 2006. In 2007, Eclipse as the second sequel of Twilight was
released. The following year, Breaking Dawn was published. The Twilight
Saga had been sold more than 250 million copies and had been translated into
37 languages.
Breaking Dawn was awarded as Children’s Book of the Year in 2009
by Galaxy National Book Award. It was made into a box-office movie which
was divided into two parts. The first part was screened in November 2011.
Breaking Dawn Part 1 won Best Movie and Best Kiss at 2012 MTV Movie
19

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Awards, and Choice Movie Actress: Romance, Choice Movie: Female Scene
Stealer, and Choice Movie: Romance at 2012 Teen Choice Awards. The
second part of Breaking Dawn movie is screened in November 2012.
This novel is divided into two perspectives, Bella’s perspectives and
Jacob’s. On this book, Bella is married to Edward, a vampire. On the other
side, Jacob—Bella’s best friend—is not that happy because he falls in love
with her. He is angry when Bella says she