The Javanese People’s Attitude towards Sundanese Language.
Septiani Rachmawati , 2013
The Javanese People’s Attitude towards Sundanese Language
The Javanese People
’s
Attitude towards
Sundanese Language
A Research Paper
Submitted to the English Education Department of the Faculty of Languages and Arts Education of the Indonesia University of Education as Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree
By:
SEPTIANI RAHMAWATI (0801272)
English Education Department
Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
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Septiani Rachmawati , 2013
The Javanese People’s Attitude towards Sundanese Language
The Javanese People’s Attitude
towards Sundanese Language
Oleh
Septiani Rahmawati
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
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Septiani Rachmawati , 2013
The Javanese People’s Attitude towards Sundanese Language
© Septiani Rahmawati Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
April 2013
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
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Septiani Rachmawati , 2013
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Septiani Rachmawati , 2013
The Javanese People’s Attitude towards Sundanese Language ABSTRACT
The present study entitled The Javanese People’s Attitude towards Sundanese Language aims to
find out the Javanese people’s attitude towards Sundanese language and their reasons to have such attitude. This research is a case study which involved five Javanese people working in a catering service company in Bandung as the respondents of the study. Data were collected from observations, questionnaires, and interviews. To analyze the data, some theories were applied; the theory proposed by Garret (2010) was utilized to analyze the components of language attitude that determine whether the attitude is positive or negative, whereas the theory from Holmes (2001) was employed to investigate the reasons why they have the attitude. Based on the data analysis result, it shows that the respondents tend to communicate in Sundanese language in their daily conversation. It also can be seen from the percentage of Sundanese language they used (28.06%) indicating that it is higher than the percentage of Javanese language used (3.96%). Regarding to the respondents’ attitude towards Sundanese language, the findings refer that most of them have positive attitude due to their approval to use Sundanese language in their daily conversation.
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Septiani Rachmawati , 2013
The Javanese People’s Attitude towards Sundanese Language ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini berjudul The Javanese People’s Attitude towards Sundanese Language yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui sikap orang Jawa terhadap bahasa Sunda dan alasan mereka untuk memiliki sikap seperti itu. Penelitian ini adalah studi kasus yang melibatkan lima orang Jawa yang bekerja di sebuah perusahaan jasa katering di Bandung sebagai responden dari penelitian. Data yang dikumpulkan dari pengamatan, kuesioner dan wawancara. Untuk menganalisa data, beberapa teori telah diterapkan; teori yang diusulkan oleh Garret (2010) digunakan untuk menganalisa komponen sikap bahasa yang menentukan apakah sikap tersebut adalah positif atau negatif, sedangkan teori dari Holmes (2001) digunakan untuk menyelidiki alasan mengapa mereka memiliki sikap tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil data analisis, ditemukan bahwa para responden cenderung berkomunikasi dengan menggunakan bahasa Sunda dalam percakapan sehari-hari mereka. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari persentase bahasa Sunda yang mereka gunakan (28.06%) menunjukkan bahwa itu lebih tinggi daripada persentase bahasa Jawa yang digunakan (3,96%). Mengenai sikap responden terhadap bahasa Sunda, temuan merujuk bahwa kebanyakan dari mereka memiliki sikap positif karena persetujuan mereka untuk menggunakan bahasa Sunda dalam percakapan sehari-hari.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF APPROVAL
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... Error! Bookmark not defined. QUOTE OF SKRIPSI... Error! Bookmark not defined.
PREFACE ... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v
ABSTRACT ...vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ..vii
LIST OF TABLES ...ix
LIST OF FIGURES ... x
CHAPTER I ... 1
INTRODUCTION... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Research Problems ... 5
1.3 Aims of the Study ... 5
1.4 Significance of the Study ... 6
1.5 Scope of the Study... 6
1.6 Research Methodology………...………. 6
1.6.1 Research Method ... 6
1.6.2 Site and Subjects of the Study ... 7
1.6.3 Data collection ... 7
1.6.4 Data Analysis ... 7
1.7 Clarification of the Terms ... 8
1.8 Organization of the Paper ... 9
CHAPTER II ... 10
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 10
2.1 Brief History of Sundanese Language ... 10
2.2 Language Contact and Bilingualism ... 12
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2.4 Language Attitudes ... 17
2.4.1 Overt and Covert Prestige ... 20
2.5 Pevious Related Studies ... 21
CHAPTER III ... 24
RESEARCH METHOD ... 24
3.1 Statement of the Problems... 24
3.2 Research Method ... 24
3.2.1 Subject... 25
3.2.2 Data Collection ... 25
3.3 Data Analysis ... 27
CHAPTER IV... 30
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 30
4.1 Javanese People’s Attitudes towards Sundanese Language ... 30
4.1.1 Affective Component ... 32
4.1.2 Behavioral Component ... 36
4.1.3 Cognitive Component ... 43
4.2 Reasons for the Javanese People Having Positive Attitude towards Sundanese Language ……….48
CHAPTER V ... 50
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 50
5.1 Conclusions ... 50
5.2 Suggestions... 51
BIBLIOGRAPHY……… 53
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the general description of the present study. Section 1.1 presents the background of the study, section 1.2 discusses the research problems, section 1.3 presents the aims of study, section 1.4 discusses the significance of the study, section 1.5 presents the scope of the study, section 1.6 describes the research methodology, section 1.7 presents the clarification of terms in the study, and section 1.8 discusses the organization of the paper.
1.1Background of the Study
Indonesia consists of many islands. Every island and even every city must have different culture and language that differ one another as their identity. As De Kuthy (2001) states that “since language is a social phenomenon, it is natural to assume that the structure of a society has some impact on the language of the speakers of that society.”
Java Island is one of the biggest islands in Indonesia that has varieties of cultures and languages. The most well-known languages in Java Island that people can easily notice are Javanese and Sundanese language. Bandung, as a part of Java Island, has an important role to contribute the varieties in language. As a strategic and popular place, it invites many people from different ethnics to live there. One of them is the Javanese people. They come to live and work there because they
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assume that Bandung is a good place to keep them survive. Many of them were born in Java and yet they choose to spend their life time in Bandung. They live in Bandung for years and because of that, they now can speak Sundanese even though the use of its language is not always correct.
This fact leads the Javanese people to speak two languages which are Sundanese and Javanese. This phenomenon is called as bilingualism. Generally, bilingualism means being able to speak two languages. As in case above, the Javanese people who are surrounded by most Sundanese people living for so long in Bandung are used to speak both Javanese and Sundanese. They speak Javanese and Sundanese language depending on where they are engaged to, for example they use Sundanese language with their friends in their work environment while they speak Javanese with their family at home.
According to Apple and Mysken (2005), language contact necessarily leads to bilingualism. Therefore, bilingualism and language contact cannot be separated because it connects each other. There are two types of bilingualism, namely societal and individual bilingualism. Societal bilingualism occurs when the people in a society are faced two or more languages, while individual bilingualism occurs when there is only particular person who uses two or more languages. In addition, language contact in the simplest definition is the use of more than one language at the same time in the same place. For example, if two people from different country meet in a place, there is a possibility that their language to interact each other is in contact.
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In relation to the case above, Garrett (2010) presents three components of attitudes towards language. The first is the cognitive component which contains beliefs about the world. The second is the affective component which involves feelings about the object. The third is the behavioral component which concerns on the predisposition to act in certain ways that are consistent with the cognitive and affective component. The example of these three components can be seen to see someone’s attitudes towards Sundanese language. From the cognitive component, it can be seen that he/she believes that learning Sundanese language can give him deeper understanding of Sundanese culture. From the affective component, he/she can be considered to have positive attitude towards Sundanese if he/she is enthusiastic about being able to read literature written in Sundanese. From the behavioral component, he/she spares his time to gather with Sundanese community.
There are several previous studies related to this study. Taylor and Wright (retrieved in http://www2.brandonu.ca/library/cjns/9.1/taylor.pdf on September 18th 2012) investigated the Anglophone, Francophone, and Inuit residents of North America community in Nouveau Quebec through a survey about language attitude, intergroup attitude, and threats to Inuit language and culture. The study was conducted by distributing the questionnaire to all members of the community who were fourteen years old and above and lived in that community for at least six months. The results of the study lead to two conclusions. First, Inuit residents give positive attitude to the use of Inuttitut language in their home and social environment. Second, the conclusion focuses on the importance of English as the
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lingua franca in their community. They prefer to use English as the second language in the community because English is viewed as an important language to communicate in the three groups of the community.
Another study comes from Anderback (2010) who examined language use and attitude in two Jambi Malay communities near the capital city of Jambi Province. The main goal of the study was to accept or reject the null hypothesis which stated that the use of Jambi Malay (JM) is relatively high, at least in low domain, and the attitude towards it is positive. The instruments used to get the data were distributing questionnaires and matched guise method to 293 participants. The findings show that the mesolect (Jambi Indonesian), together with the basilect (Jambi Malay) and the acrolect (Indonesian) form a fairly stable diglossia situation in and around the city. It is also found that each of the independent variables significantly impacts either language use or attitudes, or both. Especially the finding that the young and the educated generally have lower use of JM and less positive attitudes towards it, while the women tend to have higher use of JM and more positive attitudes towards it.
From the studies above, the aims of this study are to describe what attitudes that the Javanese people have towards Sundanese language and the reasons why they have such attitudes using Garrett theory (2010). The study is also expected to enrich research on Language Attitudes.
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These research problems are formulated in the following research questions as follows:
1. What attitude do the Javanese people have towards Sundanese language? 2. What reasons do the Javanese people have such attitude?
1.3 Aims of the Study
In line with the previous questions, the aims of this study are:
1. To investigate whether it is positive or negative attitude that the Javanese people have towards Sundanese language.
2. To discover the reasons why they have such attitude.
1.4 Significance of the Study
This study is expected to enlighten some aspects. In terms of Sociolinguistics, this study should contribute a clear description in language attitudes towards Sundanese language from Javanese people living in Bandung. In terms of social environment, this study is expected to give information to the Javanese people to speak Sundanese appropriately according to the Undak Usuk Basa Sunda (UUBS).
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1.5 Scope of the Study
The study only reveals the attitudes of Javanese people living and working in a catering service company in Bandung towards Sundanese language and the reasons why they have such attitudes.
1.6 Research Methodology 1.6.1 Research Method
The present study is a case study that employs a qualitative research. As Hancock (2001) states that a case study as a research design is used to describe single or small numbers of units in depth. According to Wray (1998 in Lestari 2005), qualitative study involves description and analysis rather than counting features. A case study that employs a qualitative research is applied in the present study because it only involves five Javanese people working in a catering service company in Bandung. This study investigates the language attitudes towards Sundanese language shown by the Javanese people living in Bandung for years through questionnaires, interviews, and observations.
1.6.2 Site and Subjects of the Study
The present study involves five Javanese people living and working in a catering service company in Bandung for at least two years as the respondents.
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1.6.3 Data Collection
To get the data completely, some information were gained from the following sources:
Library studies which are organized by collecting theoretical information related to the topic.
Preparing the questions needed for the questionnaire and interview. Recording the speech occur through the observation.
1.6.4 Data Analysis
After collecting the data from the questionnaires, interviews, and observations, the data were started to be analyzed. The first step was to analyze the questionnaires data to answer the research question number one. It was analyzed based on the three components of language attitudes proposed by Garret (2010) namely, affective component, behavioral component, and cognitive component. From the affective component, it was then determined that whether it is positive or negative attitude that the Javanese respondents have towards Sundanese language. To support the data, the next step was to transcribe the recorded data to cover the behavioral component. It revealed what language that the Javanese respondents used the most. After that, the interview data was started to analyze to discover the research problem number two asking why they use Sundanese language in their daily conversation. The theory by Holmes (2001) was applied to find out whether it is the social or political factor that influences them to such such attitude.
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In the end of the analysis, the triangulation technique was used. According to Alwasilah (2002), “triangulation benefits the writer especially in decreasing the risk of limited method and data resources, and to increase the validity of the result.” It is used because the present study only involved five respondents with the limited data, so that the findings will be more accurate.
1.7 Clarification of the Key Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding, some terms are clarified as follows:
1. Language attitudes are attitudes that members of a group have towards language.
2. Javanese people living in Bandung in this study refer to people (male and female) who were born and grown up in Java but then they live in Bandung to work in a catering company for at least two years so they can speak Sundanese.
1.8 Organization of the Paper
This paper is presented in five chapters. Chapter one presents the introduction of this paper that comprises nine subsections; background of the study, research problems, aims of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, research methodology, organization of the paper, and clarification of terms. Chapter two explains the theoretical framework that provides the relevant theories needed for
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the study. It also helps the researcher to discuss the findings in the following chapter. Chapter three includes the research questions, research design and method, subject of the research, data collection, and data analysis. Chapter four focuses on the findings and discussion to answer the research questions gained from the respondents through the observation and interview. Chapter five provides the conclusions and suggestions of the research. Conclusions cover all the main points which are discussed in this study, while suggestions give some suggestions for further research.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter describes the research methodology used to provide the data and explain the data. The chapter is organized as follows: 3.1 statement of the problems, 3.2 research method, and 3.3 data analysis.
3.1 Statement of the Problems
The present study is limited to the case of Javanese people’s attitudes living and working in a catering service in Bandung towards Sundanese language in order to make the discussion focus on the problems. The problems are listed as follows:
1. What attitudes do the Javanese people have towards Sundanese? 2. What are the reasons that the Javanese people have such attitudes?
3.2 Research Method
The present study was a case study that employs a qualitative method. Hancock (2001) states that a case study as a research design is used to describe single or small numbers of units in depth. Moreover, according to Wray (1998 in Lestari 2005), qualitative study involves description and analysis rather than
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counting features. In the present study, this research design was appropriately used to find out the Javanese people’s attitudes toward Sundanese language and their reasons to have such attitudes because it only involves five respondents with limited data and sources.
3.2.1 Subject
The subject of the study involved 5 (five) Javanese people living for years and working in a catering service company in Bandung.
3.2.2 Data Collection
The data for the study were in the form of language spoken by the respondents, language which is dominantly used by the respondents. The data were collected through observation taken from their daily conversation, questionnaires, and interviews. The observation was needed to see what language that the respondents used the most, while the questionnaire and interview were needed to reveal what attitudes they have towards Sundaneseand the reasons why they have such attitudes.
3.2.2.1 Instruments Questionnaire
Questionnaire was the instrument that was needed to collect the data to discover the first research problem whether it is positive or negative attitude that the Javanese respondents have towards Sundanese language. The distribution of the questionnaire was conducted in November 2012.
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The questionnaire consisted of two sections. Section one was needed to collect the data on the social factors related to the respondents. The questions began with general questions asking the participants and their parents, the language that they used the most in different domain such as family, friendship, and work environment. The main questions were placed in the section two which are viewed from Garret’s theory (2010) about language attitudes. It is said that there are three structures in language attitudes; cognitive, affective, and behavioral. From the affective structure, it can be concluded whether it is positive or negative attitude that the Javanese people have towards Sundanese language.
Interview
Interview was the next instrument that was used to collect the data in order to reveal the reasons why the Javanese respondents have such attitude towards Sundanese language based on Holmes’ (2001) theory. The questions consisted of 12 questions.
Tape Recording
The data were recorded through the daily conversation among the Javanese respondents. The conversation occurred among Javanese people and non Javanese people. The data were takenfrom September 2nd to September 3rd in 2012. The recording of the conversation was unconsciously conducted by placing the tape recording near the Javanese respondents during their verbal interactions. It was used to support and validate the data.
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3.3 Data Analysis
The collected data were then analyzed into what language that the Javanese people used the most, what attitudes they have and why they have such attitudes towards Sundanese language.
In analyzing the data, there were several steps that have been taken:
1. Listening to the recording result from the dialogue between the respondents.
2. Transcribing the data recording from the dialogue into written form. 3. Quantifying the occurrence of language used by the respondents
(Sundanese, Javanese, and Indonesian language) to support the data. To quantify the occurance of language used, the formula proposed by Sudjana (1984 cited in Intan, 2012) was used.
P = Percentage
fo= Frequency
n = total conversation
4. Analyzing the data from questionnaires to discover the attitude that Javanese respondents have towards Sundanese language using Likert
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Scale. According to Bertram, Likert Scale is used to see the respondents’ preferences with a set of statements (retrieved in
http://poincare.matf.bg.ac.rs/~kristina/topic-dane-likert.pdf on April 2013). In the present study, Likert Scale is used to see the respondents’ degree of Sundanese language. The degree consists of stongly agree, agree, neither agree not disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree. In analyzing it, the theory of Garret (2010) of language attitudes was used. Each component of language attitudes (affective, behavioral, and cognitive) is presented in form of statements so that they can choose whether they strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree. After that, it can be determined whether it is positive or negative attitude that they have from the total percentage of each component.
P = Percentage
fo= Total Respondents who answer an item n= Total Respondents
The percentage was then used to describe the findings in some categories. The categories of the percentage are made in the form of interval as follows:
00.00% = none
00.01% - 24.99% = a few of
25.00% - 49.99% = nearly half of
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50.00% = half of
50.01% - 74.99% = best part of
75.00% - 99.99% = nearly all of
100.00% = all of
(Suryadi, 1987 cited in Dewi, 2013)
5. Analyzing the data from the interview question number five to reveal the reasons why they have such attitudes. The theory by Holmes (2001) was used to categorize the reasons whether it is social or political factor that influence them.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter sums up all details of the findings and discussions briefly into some key points followed by some recommendations for further study related to language attitudes research.
5.1 Conclusions
Based on the results of the data analysis, there are two points that can be
concluded. Firstly, concerning the Javanese people’s attitude towards Sundanese
language, the majority of Javanese respondents tend to have positive attitude towards Sundanese language. This attitude is represented by the three components of language, namely cognitive component, affective component, and behavioral component proposed by Garret (2010). Their positive attitude towards Sundanese language was strongly determined by the affective component showing their feelings to feel happy speaking Sundanese language. It is also supported by the behavioral component which identified their action to use Sundanese language more often in their daily communication. This statement is referred by the percentage of the use of Sundanese (28.06%) in their daily conversation indicating that it is higher than the
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use of Javanese(3.96%). In addition, the positive attitude of Javanese people can also be seen as covert prestige because they mostly speak using informal Sundanese even in a form of inappropriate words of Sundanese. In this case, the Javanese people tend to use the non formal of Sundanese because their knowledge about Sundanese language is still limited in accordance to their educational background that most of them are only graduated from elementary school.
Secondly, their attitude towards Sundanese language is only influenced by the social factor. They claimed that they used Sundanese language because they wanted to show their solidarity and their respect to their friends in their environment who mostly come from Sundanese.
5.2 Suggestions
The following are some suggestions given for further study related to language attitude. Firstly, the suggestion deals with the object of the study which focused on the Javanese attitude towards Sundanese. It is suggested that further studies may focus on the attitude of Indonesian students who study abroad toward their national language because they may be influenced by the foreign language.
Secondly, the suggestion concerns to the respondents of the study which only consist of five Javanese people in a catering service company in Bandung. It is recommended that further studies may investigate more respondents.
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For researchers who want to conduct research related to language attitudes, this study may be a reference providing useful information and can help them to do the research. Furthermore, it is better for the researchers to allocate more time in conducting the study and to find more theories that support the language attitudes in order to draw a more in-depth research.
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De Kuthy, K. (2001). Language Contact. Retrieved in September 2012 from: http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~kdk/201/autumn01/slides/contact-4up.pdf
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Judges’ Comments and the Viewers’ Attitude. Bandung: Unpublished Paper UPI.
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Hickey, R. Language Use and Attitudes in Ireland. Retrieved in September 2012 from: http://www.unidue.de/~lan300/24_Language_Use_and_Attitudes_in_Ireland_(Hokey).pdf
Holmes, J. 2001. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics Second Edition. England: Pearson Education Limited.
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Indrayani, L. Language Vitality: A Case on Sundanese Language As A Surviving Indigenous
Language. Retrieved in January 2013 from:
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Language Use and Attitudes. Great Britain: Cromwell Press Ltd.
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50.00% = half of
50.01% - 74.99% = best part of
75.00% - 99.99% = nearly all of
100.00% = all of
(Suryadi, 1987 cited in Dewi, 2013)
5. Analyzing the data from the interview question number five to reveal the reasons why they have such attitudes. The theory by Holmes (2001) was used to categorize the reasons whether it is social or political factor that influence them.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter sums up all details of the findings and discussions briefly into some key points followed by some recommendations for further study related to language attitudes research.
5.1 Conclusions
Based on the results of the data analysis, there are two points that can be
concluded. Firstly, concerning the Javanese people’s attitude towards Sundanese language, the majority of Javanese respondents tend to have positive attitude towards Sundanese language. This attitude is represented by the three components of language, namely cognitive component, affective component, and behavioral component proposed by Garret (2010). Their positive attitude towards Sundanese language was strongly determined by the affective component showing their feelings to feel happy speaking Sundanese language. It is also supported by the behavioral component which identified their action to use Sundanese language more often in their daily communication. This statement is referred by the percentage of the use of Sundanese (28.06%) in their daily conversation indicating that it is higher than the
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use of Javanese (3.96%). In addition, the positive attitude of Javanese people can also be seen as covert prestige because they mostly speak using informal Sundanese even in a form of inappropriate words of Sundanese. In this case, the Javanese people tend to use the non formal of Sundanese because their knowledge about Sundanese language is still limited in accordance to their educational background that most of them are only graduated from elementary school.
Secondly, their attitude towards Sundanese language is only influenced by the social factor. They claimed that they used Sundanese language because they wanted to show their solidarity and their respect to their friends in their environment who mostly come from Sundanese.
5.2 Suggestions
The following are some suggestions given for further study related to language attitude. Firstly, the suggestion deals with the object of the study which focused on the Javanese attitude towards Sundanese. It is suggested that further studies may focus on the attitude of Indonesian students who study abroad toward their national language because they may be influenced by the foreign language.
Secondly, the suggestion concerns to the respondents of the study which only consist of five Javanese people in a catering service company in Bandung. It is recommended that further studies may investigate more respondents.
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For researchers who want to conduct research related to language attitudes, this study may be a reference providing useful information and can help them to do the research. Furthermore, it is better for the researchers to allocate more time in conducting the study and to find more theories that support the language attitudes in order to draw a more in-depth research.
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