JAVANESE LANGUAGE ATTITUDE TOWARDS SPEECH LEVELS OF VERNACULAR IN KELURAHAN BANDAR SELAMAT MEDAN.
JAVANESE LANGUAGE ATTITUDE TOWARDS SPEECH LEVELS OF
VERNACULAR IN KELURAHAN BANDAR SELAMAT MEDAN
A Thesis
Submitted to English Applied Linguistics Study Program
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By
FARIDA ROMAITO POHAN
Registration Number : 8136111021
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
ABSTRACT
Pohan, Farida Romaito. Registration Number 8136111021. Javanese
Language Attitude Towards Speech Levels of Vernacular in Kelurahan
Bandar Selamat Medan. Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Program, Post
Graduate School, State University of Medan (UNIMED). 2015
This study explains Javanese Language Attitude Towards Speech Levels of
Vernacular in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan. The objective of this study are
(1) to describe the kinds of Javanese speech levels that Javanese use in Kelurahan
Bandar Selamat Medan (2) to investigate the characteristics of Javanese language
that the Javanese practice when they use the dominant speech level (3) to explain
the attitude that Javanese practice toward their vernacular in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat Medan. The method of this study was qualitative research. The subjects
were 30 Javanese speakers’ who live in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan taken
by purposive random sampling. Questionnaire was used to collect the data to
answer the Javanese speakers attitude in using their vernacular. While the
interview was used to get the real data of them by transcribing their utterances
during communication by using Javanese language. The data were analyzed by
using interactive model by Miles and Huberman (1984). This research found the
following: (1) There are two kinds of Javanese speech levels in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat Medan, they are Madya and Ngoko. They used Madya speech level not
because they knew about that speech level very well, but it came naturally as what
they got since they were child from their family and environment and they still
maintain and care to Tata Krama (language style), Andap-ashor (humbling
oneself while exalting others), and Tanggap ing sasmita (being able to catch the
hidden meaning) even though they live in another city. They used Ngoko speech
level because the effect of transmigration that force them to speak Bahasa
Indonesia because their environment consisting of other ethnics, so they just speak
like the way they talk as usual in their environment and they do not care anymore
with Tata Krama (language style), Andap-ashor (humbling oneself while exalting
others), and Tanggap ing sasmita (being able to catch the hidden meaning) (2)
The characteristic of language in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan show that
they have high loyalty to their vernacular. They are proud to use their vernacular
and their awareness of the norms is low in their daily life because they live in
Sumatera Island, so Javanese norms is not too important (3) Javanese speakers in
Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan have positive attitude toward their vernacular
because they still care with Tata Krama (language style), Andap-ashor (humbling
oneself while exalting others) and Tanggap ing sasmita (being able to catch the
hidden meaning) like what people do in Java Island.
i
ABSTRAK
Pohan, Farida Romaito. Nomor Pendaftaran 8136111021. Sikap Berbahasa
Jawa Melalui Tingkat Tutur di Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan. Tesis.
Jurusan Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Program Pasca Sarjana,
Universitas Negeri Medan (UNIMED). 2015
Penelitian ini memaparkan sikap berbahasa Jawa melalui tingkat tutur di
Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan. Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) untuk menjelaskan
jenis tingkat tutur yang di gunakan oleh orang Jawa di Kelurahan Bandar Selamat
Medan (2) untuk menginvestigasi karakter bahasa yang orang jawa gunakan
ketika mengunakan tingkat tutur yang paling dominan (3) untuk menjelaskan jenis
sikap berbahasa orang Jawa di Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan. Metode yang di
gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Subjek adalah 30 orang
Jawa yang tinggal di Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan yang di ambil dengan
penentuan sampel dengan pertimbangan tertentu. Data di ambil dari kuesioner dan
wawancara sebagai alat penelitian. Kuesioner digunakan untuk menjawab sikap
berbahasa orang Jawa dalam menggunakan bahasa daerahnya. Sedangkan
wawancara di gunakan untuk mendapatlan data yang nyata dengan
mengtranskripkan ujaran mereka selama berbahasa Jawa. Menganalisis data
dengan mengunakan model interaktif oleh Miles dan Huberman (1984). Hasil
penelitian menunjukan bahwa (1) ada dua jenis tingkat tutur di Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat medan, yaitu Madya dan Ngoko. Mereka menggunakan tingkat tutur
Madya bukan kerena mereka mengetahui tentang tingkat tutur tersebut dengan
baik, tapi gaya berbicara seperti itu datang secara alami pada diri mereka karena
pengaruh keluarga dan lingkungan dan mereka masih mempertahankan dan peduli
dengan Tata krama, Andap-ansor, dan Tanggap ing sasmita meskipun mereka
tinggal di kota lain. Dan mereka menggunakan tingkat tutur Ngoko karena
pengaruh transmigrasi yang mengharuskan mereka menggunakan Bahasa
Indonesia karena mereka berada lingkungan yang terdiri dari banyak suku, oleh
sebab itu mereka berbicara sama seperti masyarakat disana dan tidak perduli lagi
dengan Tata krama, Andap-ansor dan Tanggap ing sasmita (2) karakter dan sikap
bahasa orang Jawa di Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan adalah mereka memiliki
kesetiaan yang tinggi kepada bahasa daerahnya, mereka bangga menggunakan
bahasa daerahnya dan kesadaran mereka akan norma-norma sangat lemah karena
mereka tinggal di pulau Sumatera jadi norma-noma yang ada pada orang Jawa
tidak terlalu penting (3) orang Jawa di Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan
memeliki sikap positif terhadap bahasa daerahnya karena mereka masih peduli
dengan Tata krama, Andap-ansor dan Tanggap ing sasmita seperti yang di
lakukan orang Jawa di pulau Jawa.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Bismillahirahmanirahim,
Praises be to Allah SWT for His Great Blessing, Health and Luck that
have been continuously poured to the writer in the process of completing her
studies and this piece of academic writing. Praises are also addressed to our
Prophet Muhammad SAW who has guided us to the better life of today. In the
process of completing this thesis, the writer has to confess her profound
thankfulness for the generous guidance and assistance which has been rendered to
her by many people. It would be impossible to list all names but on this very
special opportunity the writer would like to express her gratitude to the following
people.
First of all, the writer deepest appreciation and gratitude is dedicated to
Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd., her first adviser for the guidance, comments,
criticisms, encouragement, suggestions and special notes for the improvement of
the thesis from the very beginning up to the end of this thesis.
Next, her deepest appreciation is addressed to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed.,
her second adviser for his available time spent for consultation, great supervision
and full support in shaping this thesis. A sincere appreciation is especially directed
to her for the full support and endless encouragement given as the former Head of
English Applied Linguistics Study Program.
She would like to take this special occasion to express her gratitude to
Prof. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S. as the Head and
Secretary of the English Applied Linguistics Study Program for their
administrative assistance and administrative requirements during the process of
conducting this study and completing this thesis.
iii
She would like to express her thanks to all lecturer who have given the
valuable knowledge and the excellent performance in delivering the lectures
during her study at the English Applied Linguistics Study.
Thanks also to her reviewers and examiners, Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd.,
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A., and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., for their valuable
inputs to be included in this thesis.
The writer endless gratitude should also go to her beloved parents M.
Yusuf Pohan, S.Pd, M.Pd., and Siti Tamher, AMK., her lovely sister and brother
Huda Nur Hidayah Pohan and Hafidz Rifai Pohan, who have patiently given
moral and support their never ending love and pray. She also would like to
express her thankfulness for her friends in class A1 LTBI for the support and help
to finish this thesis.
Medan, August 2015
The writer,
Farida Romaito Pohan
Registration number: 8136111021
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................
iii
TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................
v
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................
vii
LIST OF PICTURES ................................................................................
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES ..........................................................................
ix
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ...........................................................
1
1.1 The Background of Study .....................................................................
1
1.2 The Problem of Study ...........................................................................
5
1.3 The Objectives of Study ........................................................................
6
1.4 The Scope of the study ..........................................................................
7
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE .......................................
8
2.1 Language Attitude .................................................................................
8
2.1.1 Definition of Language Attitude ...................................................
8
2.1.2 Concept of Language Attitude ......................................................
13
2.1.3 Component of Language Attitude .................................................
16
2.2 Attitude toward Language .....................................................................
17
2.3 The Characteristic Attitude of Language ..............................................
22
2.3.1 Language Loyalty ..........................................................................
22
2.3.2 Language Pride ..............................................................................
23
2.3.3 Awareness of the Norm .................................................................
23
2.4 Javanese Language ................................................................................
25
2.5 Javanese Speech Level ..........................................................................
27
2.5.1 Ngoko ...............................................................................................
28
2.5.2 Madya ..............................................................................................
30
2.5.3 Krama ..............................................................................................
31
2.5.4 Krama Inggil ....................................................................................
33
2.6 The Relevant Study ...............................................................................
33
v
2.7 Conceptual Framework .........................................................................
35
CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH .........................
37
3.1 The Research Design.............................................................................
37
3.2 Source of Data .......................................................................................
37
3.3 Data of Research ...................................................................................
38
3.4 Instrument of data Collection ................................................................
38
3.5 Technique of Data Collection ...............................................................
39
3.6 Technique of Data Analysis .................................................................
39
3.7 The Trustworthiness of the Study .........................................................
41
CHAPTER IV : DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
43
4.1 Data Analysis ........................................................................................
43
4.1.1 Kinds of Speech Levels Used by Javanese in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat Medan............................................................................
43
4.1.1.1 Madya ..............................................................................
44
4.1.1.2 Ngoko ...............................................................................
48
4.1.2 The Characteristic of Javanese Language in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat Medan ............................................................................
52
4.1.3 Javanese Attitude Toward Their Vernacular .............................
54
4.2 Findings .................................................................................................
56
4.3 Discussion .............................................................................................
57
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ....................
62
5.1 Conclusions ...........................................................................................
62
5.2 Suggestions ...........................................................................................
63
REFERENCES ..........................................................................................
64
APPENDIX ................................................................................................
68
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 Characteristics Attitude of Language …………………………... 24
Table 2.1 Ngoko Speech Level ……………………………………………. 30
Table 2.2 Madya Speech Level ……………………………………………. 31
Table 2.3 Krama Speech Level ……………………………………………. 32
Table 2.4 Krama Inggil ……………………………………………………. 33
Table 4.1 Javanese Speakers who used Madya Speech Level (MSL) …….
44
Table 4.2 Javanese Speakers who used Ngoko Speech Level (NSL) ……..
48
Table 4.3 Type of Javanese Attitude Toward Their Vernacular …………..
54
vii
LIST OF TABLES APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1 Transcription of Javanese Speakers Conversation .................... 68
Appendix 2 Questionnaire Sheet ................................................................... 75
Appendix 3 Transcription of Interview ......................................................... 135
viii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Language is a cultural identity. Language and identity are inextricably
linked each other and in order to save identity, language users must attempt to
save their language. Norton (2000) states that every time language speakers
speak, they are not only exchanging information with their interlocutors, they
are also constantly organizing and reorganizing a sense of who they are and
how they related to the social world. Language also contained the culture of
the speaker including moral and ethical values. Sapir (in Blount, 1974) states
that the content of each culture is embodied in the language. An aspect of the
culture that closely related with the language is our knowledge and attitude
about that language itself. It can be seen from our effort to keep our local
language and appreciate it by doing good attitude toward the local language
itself.
Indonesia is multicultural country. There are 1.128 ethnics group in
Indonesia from Sabang to Merauke. It means that every island even every city
must have different culture and language that differ one another as their
identity. As De Kunty (2001) states that “since language is a social
phenomenon, it is natural to assume that the structure of a society has some
impact on the language of the speaker of that society”.
The largest ethnic group in Indonesia is Javanese who make up 40% of the
total population. An Anthropologist, Koentjaraningrat mentioned that
1
2
Javanese is one tribe that has a very rich culture including language, which has a
significant influence to other parts of Indonesia. One of the reason why Javanese
language has spread all over Indonesia is because of the migration of Javanese to
other major island such as Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Sumatera. This due to the
transmigration program held by the government or for many other reasons. Some
of Javanese migrated to North Sumatera then well-known as Pujakesuma (Putera
Jawa Kelahiran Sumatera). Because of the migration, Javanese come to live and
work in Medan. As a new community in a new place, they have to speak Bahasa
Indonesia to other people because Medan is a multiethnic and multilingual city as
Siregar (1998) states Medan is a multiethnic city. Several ethnic groups lived in
Medan such as Bataknese, Chinese, Mandailingnese, Minangkabau, Malay,
Karonese, Acehnese, Tamil and others. This fact leads the Javanese speakers have
to speak two languages which are Javanese and Bahasa Indonesia. This
phenomenon is called bilingualism. Generally, bilingualism means being able to
speak two languages.
Because of bilingualism that happened to Javanese in Medan, the Javanese
have to use Bahasa Indonesia to communicate with people from other ethnic
groups, and their local language to communicate with another Javanese. But most
of Javanese who live for long time in Medan speak similar with ethnics which
stay in Medan like Bataknese, Mandailingnese and etc and do not care with their
speech levels anymore. To make it clear, the Javanese daily lives cannot be
separated from their speech level. Javanese speech levels are divided into three
levels, Poedjosoedarmo (1979), “there are basically three speech levels in
Javanese”. These levels are; (1) Ngoko is informal speech, used between friends
3
and close relatives. (2) Madya is the intermediary form between Ngoko and
Krama. Madya is an interaction between strangers on the street, where one wants
to be neither too formal nor too informal. (3) Krama is the polite and formal style.
It is used between person of the same status who do not wish to be informal. He
also add another definition about speech level that have relationship with Javanese
language ‘Speech levels in Javanese level constitute a system for showing 1) the
degree of formality, and 2) the degree of respect felt by the speaker toward the
addressee. The greater the degree of respect and formality in an utterance, the
greater the politeness shown”.
In reality, the phenomena that researcher found in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat Medan is some of Javanese speakers in that location still use Javanese
language nicely and politely based on Javanese speech level even though they are
came from different background and profession and also they live around some
ethnic groups such as Mandailingnese, Bataknese, Padangnese, Acehnese, and
Malay that force them to use Bahasa Indonesia in daily communication but some
of Javanese speakers still use their vernacular with their family, speaker from
same ethnic group in family gathering and for their job. The example that
researcher found in Javanese speakers in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan daily
live is describe below:
1. Ngoko: Ojo ngono, kowe.
Madya: Ojo ngono toh, ndok.
English: Don’t do that.
2. Ngoko: Arek nangdi, kowe?
Madya: Sampean longo nangdi?
4
English: Where are you going?
3. Ngoko: Piro, Bang
Madya: Piro, Mas/Mba yu?
English: How much?
4. Ngoko: Kowe arek tuku opo?
Madya: Arek mangan opo, Mba yu/Mas?
English: What do you want to eat?
Another example of language use that related to speech level is the
conversation between two Javanese speakers that describe below:
Icha: Assalamu’alaikum Mba, lama gak jumpa ya. Pripun kabare?
Mba Wiwit: Wa’alaikumsalam dek. Alhamdulillah apik-apik wae. Lah
kabare awakmu piye dek?
Icha: Ngapain mbak? Kabare orang bude karo pakde gimana mba?
Mba Wiwit: Alhamdulillah sehat kabeh dek. Iki baru siap nyuci. Entar
lagi mau ke tempat bude. Kuliah ndek endi dek?
Icha: Kuliah di UMSU mba, jurusan bahasa Indonesia.
Mba Wiwit: Bagus-bagus kuliahnya ya. Ojo neko-neko, cek tercapai citacitane. Jangan lupa sholat dan ngaji, biar tenang jiwane.
Icha: Iya mba, maturnuwun.
The phenomenon that happen in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat medan was
closely related with aspect in language attitude, that is behavior. It means that
language attitude of Javanese will create language behavior, then positive attitude
will also create positive language behavior. If the cognitive and affective aspect
are also very supporting, for example language speakers feel that their language is
5
part of their identity, and their language reflect their valuable culture then their
language behavior will also be very positive. In other words, they will maintain
their language consciously even though there is no language policy that support
their behavior.
According to Fasold (1984): “language attitudes usually entail attitudes to
the speakers of a particular language or dialect”. Some language attitude studies
are strictly limited to studies toward the language itself for example attitudes
toward language maintenance and planning efforts. It means, the positive attitude
applied by speakers of vernacular in their daily conversation through some
component in themselves, namely cognitive, behavior and affection. This
statement adopted by Baker’s Theory. According to Baker (1992), the term
‘attitude’ is valuable concept within the study of bilingualism. The attitudes of
people toward the language interact with language changes such as restoration,
preservation, decay or death. A survey of attitudes toward language can shed light
on community beliefs, preferences and desires. The status, value and importance
of language can be measured by looking at attitude toward the language. Attitude
can be used to explain the direction and persistence of human behavior.
From the explanation above, the researcher conclude that language cannot
be separated from the attitude, so that she choice Javanese in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat, Medan because most of Javanese speakers in that location still use their
vernacular through Madya and Krama speech levels.
The writer found Madya and Krama speech levels in family conversation,
Javanese family gathering conversation, neighborhood, such as sales and buyer,
they speak use Madya and Krama even though they are neighbor and know each
6
other. Based on the situation of Javanese speech level in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat Medan, she interested in conducting her research about “Javanese
Language Attitude Towards Speech Levels of Vernacular in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat Medan”.
1.2
The Problems of the Study
The problems of this study are formulated as the following:
1.
What kinds of Javanese speech levels do the Javanese use in Kelurahan
Bandar Selamat Medan?
2.
What characteristics of Javanese language do the Javanese practice when
they use the dominant speech levels?
3.
How do the attitude of the Javanese towards their vernacular in Kelurahan
Bandar Selamat Medan?
1.3
The Objectives of the Study
Based on the problems of the study above, the objectives of the study are:
1)
to describe kinds of speech level that Javanese use in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat Medan.
2)
to investigate the characteristics of language that the Javanese practice
when they use the dominant speech level.
3)
to explain type of attitude that Javanese toward their vernacular in
Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan.
7
1.4
The Scope of the Study
There are many vernacular in Medan but this study only focus on Javanese
language. This study only reveals the attitudes of Javanese people living and
working in Medan toward vernacular and reason why they have such attitudes.
1.5
The Significances of the Study
Theoretically, this study is expected to enlighten some aspect. In terms
Sociolinguistics, this study should contribute a clear description in language
attitude toward Javanese vernacular language living in Medan.
Practically, in terms of social environment, this study expected to give
information about language attitude of Javanese people’s for students, lecturers,
researchers and government. Firstly for the students, they can enrich their
knowledge about language attitude and vernacular language especially Javanese
language. Secondly for the lecturer, they can use it to support their teaching
material about language attitude and vernacular language. Thirdly, the result of
the study can be a previous knowledge for the next research who wants to gain a
deep insight especially in Javanese people’s attitude toward vernacular language
and generally in language planning theories. The last for the government,
hopefully the result of this study can help to respect their vernacular language and
maintain it by doing a good attitude toward their vernacular language.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
This thesis is about Javanese language attitude towards speech levels of
vernacular in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan. It was aimed to find to find out
the Javanese speakers attitude in using speech level of vernacular. Based on the
findings, the conclusion are stated in the following:
1. There are two kinds of Javanese speech levels found in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat Medan, they are Madya and Ngoko speech level. They actually
used Madya they actually used Madya speech level because their
politeness toward their vernacular is high, it is shown by the way they use
their vernacular in a good way to every Javanese speakers, even though
they came from different position or degree and they still maintain Tata
Krama (language style), Andap-ashor (humbling oneself while exalting
others), and Tanggap ing sasmita (being able to catch the hidden meaning)
like people do in Java Island even though they live in another city. And
they use Ngoko speech level because their awareness to Udhak-Usuk or
speech level is low and they do not respect to their vernacular anymore, so
they use Javanese language not in a good way in their daily life.
2. The characteristics of language attitude that the Javanese speaker use when
then use the dominant speech level is language pride because they used
Javanese language as their identity, they used Javanese language in a
formal and informal situation, and they proud to use Javanese language.
63
64
It is shown by the way they keep on using their vernacular wherever they
go, in different place even city because their vernacular become their
identity in a community.
3. Javanese speakers in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan have positive
attitude towards speech levels of vernacular. It is shown by their attitude in
using their vernacular, and the way to use it to another people.
5.2 Suggestions
In relations to the conclusions, some constructive points are suggested as
the following:
1. Javanese speakers should have positive attitude towards Javanese speech
levels of vernacular by implementing of Tata Krama (language style),
Andap-ashor (humbling oneself while exalting others), and Tanggap ing
sasmita (being able to catch the hidden meaning) in their environment.
2. Javanese in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan should loyal to their
vernacular, have pride to their vernacular and aware with their norms by
respect to their vernacular and culture that well rooted in Java Island.
3. Javanese parents in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan should teach and
keep on speaking Javanese language among family domain in order that
the children as the next generation of the ethnic group can learn and speak
Javanese.
REFERENCES
Ajzen, I. 1988. Attitudes, personality and behaviour. Milton Keynes: Open
University Press.
Appel, R. & Mysken, P. (2005). Language Contact and Bilingualism. Amsterdam:
Amsterdam University Press.
Bogdan, Robert dan Sari Knopp Biglen. 1998. Qualitative Research in Education:
An Introduction to Theory and Method. Boston: Allin and Bacon.
Baker, Colin. 1992. Attitude and Language. Clevedon, England.
Cooper, R. (1989) Language Planning and Social Change. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX:
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Eagly, A.H., & Chaiken, S. (1998). Attitude structure and function. In D.T.
Gilbert, S.T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social
psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 269-322). New York: MacGraw-Hill.
Edwards, J.R. 1982. Language attitudes and their implications among English
speakers. In E.B. Ryan and H. Giles (eds.), Attitudes towards Language
Variation. Social and Applied Contexts. London: Edward Arnold, 20-33.
Emzir. 2010. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif: Analisis Data. Jakarta: PT Raja
Grafindo Persada
Greetz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretaion of Cultures. New York: Harper
Torchbooks.
Geertz, Clifford. 1981. Abangan, Santri, Priyayi dalam Masyarakat Jawa.
Jakarta: Pustaka Penterjemah: Aswab Mahasin.
Fashold, W.R. 1984. The Sociolinguistics of Society: Introduction to
Sociolinguistics. Padstow, Cornwall, Great Britain.
Gardner, R. & Lambert, W. 1972. Attitude and Motivation in Second Language
Learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Garrett, P., Coupland, N., Williams A. (2003) Investigating Language Attitudes
Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance. Cardiff:
University of Wales Press.
Garrett, P. (2007) ‘Language Attitudes’. In Llamas, C., Mullany, L., Stockwell, P.
(eds.) The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics. Abindgdon, Oxon:
65
66
Hogg, M.A and Vaughan, G. 2005. Social Psychology (4th ed). London: Prentice
Hall.
Holmes, Janet. 1990. Apologies in New Zaeland English, Language in Society
19(2):115-119.
Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London:
Pearson.
Katz, D., & Stotland, E. (1959). A preliminary statement to a theory of attitude
structure and change. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science.
Vol 3. Formulations of the person and the social context (pp. 423–475).
New York: McGraw-Hill
Koentjaraningrat, R.M. 1984. Kebudayaan Jawa. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Krashen, Stephen. 1981. Second Language Acquisition and Second Language
Learning. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Mahsun.2005.Metode Penelitian Bahasa.Jakarta: PT.Raja Grafindo Persada
Matthew B Miles and A Michael Huberman, 1994. An Expanded Source Book,
Qualitative Data Analysis. London. International and Profesional
Publisher.
Montano, D. and Kasprzyk, D. 2008. The Theory of Reasoned Action, The Theory
of Planned Behavior and Integrated Behavioral Model (4th ed). San
Fransisco, California: Jassey-Bass.
Norton, B. (2000). Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity and
educational change. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education/Longman.
Poedjosoedarmo, Soepomo. 1968. “Javanese Speech Level” dalam Indonesia
6:54-81
Poedjosoedarmo, Soepomo. 1969. “Worldliest
Vocabularies” dalam Indonesia 7:165-195.
of
Javanese
Non-Ngoko
Poedjosoedarmo, Soepomo. Et al. 1979. Tingkat Tutur Bahasa Jawa. Jakarta:
PPPB, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Poedjosoedarmo, Soepomo. 1982. Javanese Influence in Indonesian. Canberra:
Pacific Linguistics.
Romaine, Susanne. 1994. Language in Society: An Introduction to
Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sachdev, I. (1995) “Language and identity: Ethnolinguistic vitality of Aboriginal
Peoples in Canada.” London Journal of Canadian Studies, 11: 16–29.
67
Sapir, Edward. 1974. “Language” in Blount, pp. 46-66. The Unconscious
Pattering of Behavior in Society. New York: Oxford University Press.
Siregar, Bahrean Umar. 1996. Code Alternation in Bilingual Speech Behavoiur.
Medan : USU Press.
Siregar, Bahrean Umar. 1996. Pemertahanan Bahasa Dan Sikap Bahasa . Medan:
USU Press
Suharsimi Arikunto. 2006. Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktik.
Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta
Sugiyono. 2012. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif,
dan R&D. Bandung: ALFABETA. 2012 (cet. 15)
Triandis, Harry C. 1971. Atttiude and Attitude Change, Illinois: John Willey and
Son.
Uhlenbeck, E.M. 1978. Studies in Javanese Morphology. The Hague: Martinus
Nijhoff.
Zanna, M.P and Rempel, J.K. 1998. Attitude : A new look at an old Concept. New
York : Cambridge University Press.
De Kuthy, Kordula. (2001). Language Contact. Retrieved in September 2012
from:
http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~kdk/201/autumn01/slides/contact
4up.pdf
VERNACULAR IN KELURAHAN BANDAR SELAMAT MEDAN
A Thesis
Submitted to English Applied Linguistics Study Program
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By
FARIDA ROMAITO POHAN
Registration Number : 8136111021
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
ABSTRACT
Pohan, Farida Romaito. Registration Number 8136111021. Javanese
Language Attitude Towards Speech Levels of Vernacular in Kelurahan
Bandar Selamat Medan. Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Program, Post
Graduate School, State University of Medan (UNIMED). 2015
This study explains Javanese Language Attitude Towards Speech Levels of
Vernacular in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan. The objective of this study are
(1) to describe the kinds of Javanese speech levels that Javanese use in Kelurahan
Bandar Selamat Medan (2) to investigate the characteristics of Javanese language
that the Javanese practice when they use the dominant speech level (3) to explain
the attitude that Javanese practice toward their vernacular in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat Medan. The method of this study was qualitative research. The subjects
were 30 Javanese speakers’ who live in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan taken
by purposive random sampling. Questionnaire was used to collect the data to
answer the Javanese speakers attitude in using their vernacular. While the
interview was used to get the real data of them by transcribing their utterances
during communication by using Javanese language. The data were analyzed by
using interactive model by Miles and Huberman (1984). This research found the
following: (1) There are two kinds of Javanese speech levels in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat Medan, they are Madya and Ngoko. They used Madya speech level not
because they knew about that speech level very well, but it came naturally as what
they got since they were child from their family and environment and they still
maintain and care to Tata Krama (language style), Andap-ashor (humbling
oneself while exalting others), and Tanggap ing sasmita (being able to catch the
hidden meaning) even though they live in another city. They used Ngoko speech
level because the effect of transmigration that force them to speak Bahasa
Indonesia because their environment consisting of other ethnics, so they just speak
like the way they talk as usual in their environment and they do not care anymore
with Tata Krama (language style), Andap-ashor (humbling oneself while exalting
others), and Tanggap ing sasmita (being able to catch the hidden meaning) (2)
The characteristic of language in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan show that
they have high loyalty to their vernacular. They are proud to use their vernacular
and their awareness of the norms is low in their daily life because they live in
Sumatera Island, so Javanese norms is not too important (3) Javanese speakers in
Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan have positive attitude toward their vernacular
because they still care with Tata Krama (language style), Andap-ashor (humbling
oneself while exalting others) and Tanggap ing sasmita (being able to catch the
hidden meaning) like what people do in Java Island.
i
ABSTRAK
Pohan, Farida Romaito. Nomor Pendaftaran 8136111021. Sikap Berbahasa
Jawa Melalui Tingkat Tutur di Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan. Tesis.
Jurusan Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Program Pasca Sarjana,
Universitas Negeri Medan (UNIMED). 2015
Penelitian ini memaparkan sikap berbahasa Jawa melalui tingkat tutur di
Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan. Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) untuk menjelaskan
jenis tingkat tutur yang di gunakan oleh orang Jawa di Kelurahan Bandar Selamat
Medan (2) untuk menginvestigasi karakter bahasa yang orang jawa gunakan
ketika mengunakan tingkat tutur yang paling dominan (3) untuk menjelaskan jenis
sikap berbahasa orang Jawa di Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan. Metode yang di
gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Subjek adalah 30 orang
Jawa yang tinggal di Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan yang di ambil dengan
penentuan sampel dengan pertimbangan tertentu. Data di ambil dari kuesioner dan
wawancara sebagai alat penelitian. Kuesioner digunakan untuk menjawab sikap
berbahasa orang Jawa dalam menggunakan bahasa daerahnya. Sedangkan
wawancara di gunakan untuk mendapatlan data yang nyata dengan
mengtranskripkan ujaran mereka selama berbahasa Jawa. Menganalisis data
dengan mengunakan model interaktif oleh Miles dan Huberman (1984). Hasil
penelitian menunjukan bahwa (1) ada dua jenis tingkat tutur di Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat medan, yaitu Madya dan Ngoko. Mereka menggunakan tingkat tutur
Madya bukan kerena mereka mengetahui tentang tingkat tutur tersebut dengan
baik, tapi gaya berbicara seperti itu datang secara alami pada diri mereka karena
pengaruh keluarga dan lingkungan dan mereka masih mempertahankan dan peduli
dengan Tata krama, Andap-ansor, dan Tanggap ing sasmita meskipun mereka
tinggal di kota lain. Dan mereka menggunakan tingkat tutur Ngoko karena
pengaruh transmigrasi yang mengharuskan mereka menggunakan Bahasa
Indonesia karena mereka berada lingkungan yang terdiri dari banyak suku, oleh
sebab itu mereka berbicara sama seperti masyarakat disana dan tidak perduli lagi
dengan Tata krama, Andap-ansor dan Tanggap ing sasmita (2) karakter dan sikap
bahasa orang Jawa di Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan adalah mereka memiliki
kesetiaan yang tinggi kepada bahasa daerahnya, mereka bangga menggunakan
bahasa daerahnya dan kesadaran mereka akan norma-norma sangat lemah karena
mereka tinggal di pulau Sumatera jadi norma-noma yang ada pada orang Jawa
tidak terlalu penting (3) orang Jawa di Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan
memeliki sikap positif terhadap bahasa daerahnya karena mereka masih peduli
dengan Tata krama, Andap-ansor dan Tanggap ing sasmita seperti yang di
lakukan orang Jawa di pulau Jawa.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Bismillahirahmanirahim,
Praises be to Allah SWT for His Great Blessing, Health and Luck that
have been continuously poured to the writer in the process of completing her
studies and this piece of academic writing. Praises are also addressed to our
Prophet Muhammad SAW who has guided us to the better life of today. In the
process of completing this thesis, the writer has to confess her profound
thankfulness for the generous guidance and assistance which has been rendered to
her by many people. It would be impossible to list all names but on this very
special opportunity the writer would like to express her gratitude to the following
people.
First of all, the writer deepest appreciation and gratitude is dedicated to
Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd., her first adviser for the guidance, comments,
criticisms, encouragement, suggestions and special notes for the improvement of
the thesis from the very beginning up to the end of this thesis.
Next, her deepest appreciation is addressed to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed.,
her second adviser for his available time spent for consultation, great supervision
and full support in shaping this thesis. A sincere appreciation is especially directed
to her for the full support and endless encouragement given as the former Head of
English Applied Linguistics Study Program.
She would like to take this special occasion to express her gratitude to
Prof. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S. as the Head and
Secretary of the English Applied Linguistics Study Program for their
administrative assistance and administrative requirements during the process of
conducting this study and completing this thesis.
iii
She would like to express her thanks to all lecturer who have given the
valuable knowledge and the excellent performance in delivering the lectures
during her study at the English Applied Linguistics Study.
Thanks also to her reviewers and examiners, Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd.,
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A., and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., for their valuable
inputs to be included in this thesis.
The writer endless gratitude should also go to her beloved parents M.
Yusuf Pohan, S.Pd, M.Pd., and Siti Tamher, AMK., her lovely sister and brother
Huda Nur Hidayah Pohan and Hafidz Rifai Pohan, who have patiently given
moral and support their never ending love and pray. She also would like to
express her thankfulness for her friends in class A1 LTBI for the support and help
to finish this thesis.
Medan, August 2015
The writer,
Farida Romaito Pohan
Registration number: 8136111021
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................
iii
TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................
v
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................
vii
LIST OF PICTURES ................................................................................
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES ..........................................................................
ix
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ...........................................................
1
1.1 The Background of Study .....................................................................
1
1.2 The Problem of Study ...........................................................................
5
1.3 The Objectives of Study ........................................................................
6
1.4 The Scope of the study ..........................................................................
7
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE .......................................
8
2.1 Language Attitude .................................................................................
8
2.1.1 Definition of Language Attitude ...................................................
8
2.1.2 Concept of Language Attitude ......................................................
13
2.1.3 Component of Language Attitude .................................................
16
2.2 Attitude toward Language .....................................................................
17
2.3 The Characteristic Attitude of Language ..............................................
22
2.3.1 Language Loyalty ..........................................................................
22
2.3.2 Language Pride ..............................................................................
23
2.3.3 Awareness of the Norm .................................................................
23
2.4 Javanese Language ................................................................................
25
2.5 Javanese Speech Level ..........................................................................
27
2.5.1 Ngoko ...............................................................................................
28
2.5.2 Madya ..............................................................................................
30
2.5.3 Krama ..............................................................................................
31
2.5.4 Krama Inggil ....................................................................................
33
2.6 The Relevant Study ...............................................................................
33
v
2.7 Conceptual Framework .........................................................................
35
CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH .........................
37
3.1 The Research Design.............................................................................
37
3.2 Source of Data .......................................................................................
37
3.3 Data of Research ...................................................................................
38
3.4 Instrument of data Collection ................................................................
38
3.5 Technique of Data Collection ...............................................................
39
3.6 Technique of Data Analysis .................................................................
39
3.7 The Trustworthiness of the Study .........................................................
41
CHAPTER IV : DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
43
4.1 Data Analysis ........................................................................................
43
4.1.1 Kinds of Speech Levels Used by Javanese in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat Medan............................................................................
43
4.1.1.1 Madya ..............................................................................
44
4.1.1.2 Ngoko ...............................................................................
48
4.1.2 The Characteristic of Javanese Language in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat Medan ............................................................................
52
4.1.3 Javanese Attitude Toward Their Vernacular .............................
54
4.2 Findings .................................................................................................
56
4.3 Discussion .............................................................................................
57
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ....................
62
5.1 Conclusions ...........................................................................................
62
5.2 Suggestions ...........................................................................................
63
REFERENCES ..........................................................................................
64
APPENDIX ................................................................................................
68
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 Characteristics Attitude of Language …………………………... 24
Table 2.1 Ngoko Speech Level ……………………………………………. 30
Table 2.2 Madya Speech Level ……………………………………………. 31
Table 2.3 Krama Speech Level ……………………………………………. 32
Table 2.4 Krama Inggil ……………………………………………………. 33
Table 4.1 Javanese Speakers who used Madya Speech Level (MSL) …….
44
Table 4.2 Javanese Speakers who used Ngoko Speech Level (NSL) ……..
48
Table 4.3 Type of Javanese Attitude Toward Their Vernacular …………..
54
vii
LIST OF TABLES APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1 Transcription of Javanese Speakers Conversation .................... 68
Appendix 2 Questionnaire Sheet ................................................................... 75
Appendix 3 Transcription of Interview ......................................................... 135
viii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Language is a cultural identity. Language and identity are inextricably
linked each other and in order to save identity, language users must attempt to
save their language. Norton (2000) states that every time language speakers
speak, they are not only exchanging information with their interlocutors, they
are also constantly organizing and reorganizing a sense of who they are and
how they related to the social world. Language also contained the culture of
the speaker including moral and ethical values. Sapir (in Blount, 1974) states
that the content of each culture is embodied in the language. An aspect of the
culture that closely related with the language is our knowledge and attitude
about that language itself. It can be seen from our effort to keep our local
language and appreciate it by doing good attitude toward the local language
itself.
Indonesia is multicultural country. There are 1.128 ethnics group in
Indonesia from Sabang to Merauke. It means that every island even every city
must have different culture and language that differ one another as their
identity. As De Kunty (2001) states that “since language is a social
phenomenon, it is natural to assume that the structure of a society has some
impact on the language of the speaker of that society”.
The largest ethnic group in Indonesia is Javanese who make up 40% of the
total population. An Anthropologist, Koentjaraningrat mentioned that
1
2
Javanese is one tribe that has a very rich culture including language, which has a
significant influence to other parts of Indonesia. One of the reason why Javanese
language has spread all over Indonesia is because of the migration of Javanese to
other major island such as Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Sumatera. This due to the
transmigration program held by the government or for many other reasons. Some
of Javanese migrated to North Sumatera then well-known as Pujakesuma (Putera
Jawa Kelahiran Sumatera). Because of the migration, Javanese come to live and
work in Medan. As a new community in a new place, they have to speak Bahasa
Indonesia to other people because Medan is a multiethnic and multilingual city as
Siregar (1998) states Medan is a multiethnic city. Several ethnic groups lived in
Medan such as Bataknese, Chinese, Mandailingnese, Minangkabau, Malay,
Karonese, Acehnese, Tamil and others. This fact leads the Javanese speakers have
to speak two languages which are Javanese and Bahasa Indonesia. This
phenomenon is called bilingualism. Generally, bilingualism means being able to
speak two languages.
Because of bilingualism that happened to Javanese in Medan, the Javanese
have to use Bahasa Indonesia to communicate with people from other ethnic
groups, and their local language to communicate with another Javanese. But most
of Javanese who live for long time in Medan speak similar with ethnics which
stay in Medan like Bataknese, Mandailingnese and etc and do not care with their
speech levels anymore. To make it clear, the Javanese daily lives cannot be
separated from their speech level. Javanese speech levels are divided into three
levels, Poedjosoedarmo (1979), “there are basically three speech levels in
Javanese”. These levels are; (1) Ngoko is informal speech, used between friends
3
and close relatives. (2) Madya is the intermediary form between Ngoko and
Krama. Madya is an interaction between strangers on the street, where one wants
to be neither too formal nor too informal. (3) Krama is the polite and formal style.
It is used between person of the same status who do not wish to be informal. He
also add another definition about speech level that have relationship with Javanese
language ‘Speech levels in Javanese level constitute a system for showing 1) the
degree of formality, and 2) the degree of respect felt by the speaker toward the
addressee. The greater the degree of respect and formality in an utterance, the
greater the politeness shown”.
In reality, the phenomena that researcher found in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat Medan is some of Javanese speakers in that location still use Javanese
language nicely and politely based on Javanese speech level even though they are
came from different background and profession and also they live around some
ethnic groups such as Mandailingnese, Bataknese, Padangnese, Acehnese, and
Malay that force them to use Bahasa Indonesia in daily communication but some
of Javanese speakers still use their vernacular with their family, speaker from
same ethnic group in family gathering and for their job. The example that
researcher found in Javanese speakers in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan daily
live is describe below:
1. Ngoko: Ojo ngono, kowe.
Madya: Ojo ngono toh, ndok.
English: Don’t do that.
2. Ngoko: Arek nangdi, kowe?
Madya: Sampean longo nangdi?
4
English: Where are you going?
3. Ngoko: Piro, Bang
Madya: Piro, Mas/Mba yu?
English: How much?
4. Ngoko: Kowe arek tuku opo?
Madya: Arek mangan opo, Mba yu/Mas?
English: What do you want to eat?
Another example of language use that related to speech level is the
conversation between two Javanese speakers that describe below:
Icha: Assalamu’alaikum Mba, lama gak jumpa ya. Pripun kabare?
Mba Wiwit: Wa’alaikumsalam dek. Alhamdulillah apik-apik wae. Lah
kabare awakmu piye dek?
Icha: Ngapain mbak? Kabare orang bude karo pakde gimana mba?
Mba Wiwit: Alhamdulillah sehat kabeh dek. Iki baru siap nyuci. Entar
lagi mau ke tempat bude. Kuliah ndek endi dek?
Icha: Kuliah di UMSU mba, jurusan bahasa Indonesia.
Mba Wiwit: Bagus-bagus kuliahnya ya. Ojo neko-neko, cek tercapai citacitane. Jangan lupa sholat dan ngaji, biar tenang jiwane.
Icha: Iya mba, maturnuwun.
The phenomenon that happen in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat medan was
closely related with aspect in language attitude, that is behavior. It means that
language attitude of Javanese will create language behavior, then positive attitude
will also create positive language behavior. If the cognitive and affective aspect
are also very supporting, for example language speakers feel that their language is
5
part of their identity, and their language reflect their valuable culture then their
language behavior will also be very positive. In other words, they will maintain
their language consciously even though there is no language policy that support
their behavior.
According to Fasold (1984): “language attitudes usually entail attitudes to
the speakers of a particular language or dialect”. Some language attitude studies
are strictly limited to studies toward the language itself for example attitudes
toward language maintenance and planning efforts. It means, the positive attitude
applied by speakers of vernacular in their daily conversation through some
component in themselves, namely cognitive, behavior and affection. This
statement adopted by Baker’s Theory. According to Baker (1992), the term
‘attitude’ is valuable concept within the study of bilingualism. The attitudes of
people toward the language interact with language changes such as restoration,
preservation, decay or death. A survey of attitudes toward language can shed light
on community beliefs, preferences and desires. The status, value and importance
of language can be measured by looking at attitude toward the language. Attitude
can be used to explain the direction and persistence of human behavior.
From the explanation above, the researcher conclude that language cannot
be separated from the attitude, so that she choice Javanese in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat, Medan because most of Javanese speakers in that location still use their
vernacular through Madya and Krama speech levels.
The writer found Madya and Krama speech levels in family conversation,
Javanese family gathering conversation, neighborhood, such as sales and buyer,
they speak use Madya and Krama even though they are neighbor and know each
6
other. Based on the situation of Javanese speech level in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat Medan, she interested in conducting her research about “Javanese
Language Attitude Towards Speech Levels of Vernacular in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat Medan”.
1.2
The Problems of the Study
The problems of this study are formulated as the following:
1.
What kinds of Javanese speech levels do the Javanese use in Kelurahan
Bandar Selamat Medan?
2.
What characteristics of Javanese language do the Javanese practice when
they use the dominant speech levels?
3.
How do the attitude of the Javanese towards their vernacular in Kelurahan
Bandar Selamat Medan?
1.3
The Objectives of the Study
Based on the problems of the study above, the objectives of the study are:
1)
to describe kinds of speech level that Javanese use in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat Medan.
2)
to investigate the characteristics of language that the Javanese practice
when they use the dominant speech level.
3)
to explain type of attitude that Javanese toward their vernacular in
Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan.
7
1.4
The Scope of the Study
There are many vernacular in Medan but this study only focus on Javanese
language. This study only reveals the attitudes of Javanese people living and
working in Medan toward vernacular and reason why they have such attitudes.
1.5
The Significances of the Study
Theoretically, this study is expected to enlighten some aspect. In terms
Sociolinguistics, this study should contribute a clear description in language
attitude toward Javanese vernacular language living in Medan.
Practically, in terms of social environment, this study expected to give
information about language attitude of Javanese people’s for students, lecturers,
researchers and government. Firstly for the students, they can enrich their
knowledge about language attitude and vernacular language especially Javanese
language. Secondly for the lecturer, they can use it to support their teaching
material about language attitude and vernacular language. Thirdly, the result of
the study can be a previous knowledge for the next research who wants to gain a
deep insight especially in Javanese people’s attitude toward vernacular language
and generally in language planning theories. The last for the government,
hopefully the result of this study can help to respect their vernacular language and
maintain it by doing a good attitude toward their vernacular language.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
This thesis is about Javanese language attitude towards speech levels of
vernacular in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan. It was aimed to find to find out
the Javanese speakers attitude in using speech level of vernacular. Based on the
findings, the conclusion are stated in the following:
1. There are two kinds of Javanese speech levels found in Kelurahan Bandar
Selamat Medan, they are Madya and Ngoko speech level. They actually
used Madya they actually used Madya speech level because their
politeness toward their vernacular is high, it is shown by the way they use
their vernacular in a good way to every Javanese speakers, even though
they came from different position or degree and they still maintain Tata
Krama (language style), Andap-ashor (humbling oneself while exalting
others), and Tanggap ing sasmita (being able to catch the hidden meaning)
like people do in Java Island even though they live in another city. And
they use Ngoko speech level because their awareness to Udhak-Usuk or
speech level is low and they do not respect to their vernacular anymore, so
they use Javanese language not in a good way in their daily life.
2. The characteristics of language attitude that the Javanese speaker use when
then use the dominant speech level is language pride because they used
Javanese language as their identity, they used Javanese language in a
formal and informal situation, and they proud to use Javanese language.
63
64
It is shown by the way they keep on using their vernacular wherever they
go, in different place even city because their vernacular become their
identity in a community.
3. Javanese speakers in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan have positive
attitude towards speech levels of vernacular. It is shown by their attitude in
using their vernacular, and the way to use it to another people.
5.2 Suggestions
In relations to the conclusions, some constructive points are suggested as
the following:
1. Javanese speakers should have positive attitude towards Javanese speech
levels of vernacular by implementing of Tata Krama (language style),
Andap-ashor (humbling oneself while exalting others), and Tanggap ing
sasmita (being able to catch the hidden meaning) in their environment.
2. Javanese in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan should loyal to their
vernacular, have pride to their vernacular and aware with their norms by
respect to their vernacular and culture that well rooted in Java Island.
3. Javanese parents in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat Medan should teach and
keep on speaking Javanese language among family domain in order that
the children as the next generation of the ethnic group can learn and speak
Javanese.
REFERENCES
Ajzen, I. 1988. Attitudes, personality and behaviour. Milton Keynes: Open
University Press.
Appel, R. & Mysken, P. (2005). Language Contact and Bilingualism. Amsterdam:
Amsterdam University Press.
Bogdan, Robert dan Sari Knopp Biglen. 1998. Qualitative Research in Education:
An Introduction to Theory and Method. Boston: Allin and Bacon.
Baker, Colin. 1992. Attitude and Language. Clevedon, England.
Cooper, R. (1989) Language Planning and Social Change. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX:
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Eagly, A.H., & Chaiken, S. (1998). Attitude structure and function. In D.T.
Gilbert, S.T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social
psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 269-322). New York: MacGraw-Hill.
Edwards, J.R. 1982. Language attitudes and their implications among English
speakers. In E.B. Ryan and H. Giles (eds.), Attitudes towards Language
Variation. Social and Applied Contexts. London: Edward Arnold, 20-33.
Emzir. 2010. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif: Analisis Data. Jakarta: PT Raja
Grafindo Persada
Greetz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretaion of Cultures. New York: Harper
Torchbooks.
Geertz, Clifford. 1981. Abangan, Santri, Priyayi dalam Masyarakat Jawa.
Jakarta: Pustaka Penterjemah: Aswab Mahasin.
Fashold, W.R. 1984. The Sociolinguistics of Society: Introduction to
Sociolinguistics. Padstow, Cornwall, Great Britain.
Gardner, R. & Lambert, W. 1972. Attitude and Motivation in Second Language
Learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Garrett, P., Coupland, N., Williams A. (2003) Investigating Language Attitudes
Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance. Cardiff:
University of Wales Press.
Garrett, P. (2007) ‘Language Attitudes’. In Llamas, C., Mullany, L., Stockwell, P.
(eds.) The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics. Abindgdon, Oxon:
65
66
Hogg, M.A and Vaughan, G. 2005. Social Psychology (4th ed). London: Prentice
Hall.
Holmes, Janet. 1990. Apologies in New Zaeland English, Language in Society
19(2):115-119.
Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London:
Pearson.
Katz, D., & Stotland, E. (1959). A preliminary statement to a theory of attitude
structure and change. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science.
Vol 3. Formulations of the person and the social context (pp. 423–475).
New York: McGraw-Hill
Koentjaraningrat, R.M. 1984. Kebudayaan Jawa. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Krashen, Stephen. 1981. Second Language Acquisition and Second Language
Learning. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Mahsun.2005.Metode Penelitian Bahasa.Jakarta: PT.Raja Grafindo Persada
Matthew B Miles and A Michael Huberman, 1994. An Expanded Source Book,
Qualitative Data Analysis. London. International and Profesional
Publisher.
Montano, D. and Kasprzyk, D. 2008. The Theory of Reasoned Action, The Theory
of Planned Behavior and Integrated Behavioral Model (4th ed). San
Fransisco, California: Jassey-Bass.
Norton, B. (2000). Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity and
educational change. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education/Longman.
Poedjosoedarmo, Soepomo. 1968. “Javanese Speech Level” dalam Indonesia
6:54-81
Poedjosoedarmo, Soepomo. 1969. “Worldliest
Vocabularies” dalam Indonesia 7:165-195.
of
Javanese
Non-Ngoko
Poedjosoedarmo, Soepomo. Et al. 1979. Tingkat Tutur Bahasa Jawa. Jakarta:
PPPB, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Poedjosoedarmo, Soepomo. 1982. Javanese Influence in Indonesian. Canberra:
Pacific Linguistics.
Romaine, Susanne. 1994. Language in Society: An Introduction to
Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sachdev, I. (1995) “Language and identity: Ethnolinguistic vitality of Aboriginal
Peoples in Canada.” London Journal of Canadian Studies, 11: 16–29.
67
Sapir, Edward. 1974. “Language” in Blount, pp. 46-66. The Unconscious
Pattering of Behavior in Society. New York: Oxford University Press.
Siregar, Bahrean Umar. 1996. Code Alternation in Bilingual Speech Behavoiur.
Medan : USU Press.
Siregar, Bahrean Umar. 1996. Pemertahanan Bahasa Dan Sikap Bahasa . Medan:
USU Press
Suharsimi Arikunto. 2006. Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktik.
Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta
Sugiyono. 2012. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif,
dan R&D. Bandung: ALFABETA. 2012 (cet. 15)
Triandis, Harry C. 1971. Atttiude and Attitude Change, Illinois: John Willey and
Son.
Uhlenbeck, E.M. 1978. Studies in Javanese Morphology. The Hague: Martinus
Nijhoff.
Zanna, M.P and Rempel, J.K. 1998. Attitude : A new look at an old Concept. New
York : Cambridge University Press.
De Kuthy, Kordula. (2001). Language Contact. Retrieved in September 2012
from:
http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~kdk/201/autumn01/slides/contact
4up.pdf