The influence of Charlie`s conflicts on her character development in Peter Schink`s Legion
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THE INFLUENCE OF CHARLIE’S CONFLICTS ON HER
CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT IN PETER SCHINK’S
LEGION
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
YOGAKU PUSPITA RINI SAGALA
Student Number: 094214077
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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THE INFLUENCE OF CHARLIE’S CONFLICTS ON HER
CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT IN PETER SCHINK’S
LEGION
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
YOGAKU PUSPITA RINI SAGALA
Student Number: 094214077
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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LEMBAGA PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
Nomor Induk Mahasiswa
: Yogaku Puspita Rini Sagala
: 094214077
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE INFLUENCE OF CHARLIE'S CONFLICTS ON HER CHARACTER
DEVELOPMENT IN PETER SCHINK'S LEGION
Beserta perangkat yang digunakan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain, untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Yogyakarta, 14 Maret 2014
Yang menyatakan
YOGAKU PUSPITA RINI SAGALA
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
Nomor Induk Mahasiswa
:
:
Yogaku Puspita Rini Sagala
094214077
menyatakan bahwa sebagai penyusun karya ilmiah yang berjudul:
THE INFLUENCE OF CHARLIE'S CONFLICTS ON HER CHARACTER
DEVELOPMENT IN PETER SCHINK'S LEGION
saya bertanggung jawab penuh atas keaslian gagasan-gagasan yang tertuang
dalam bentuk kata, kalimat, dan paragraf dalam karya ilmiah ini. Segala ide yang
bukan berasal dari hasil pemikiran saya sendiri telah saya rujuk pada sumber atau
referensi terkait.
Demikianlah pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Yogyakarta, 14 Maret 2014
Yang menyatakan
YOGAKU PUSPITA RINI SAGALA
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There is nothing that you cannot handle…
(mom)
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This Undergraduate Thesis is dedicated to…
My beloved Parents,
Brother and Sister
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ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS
My first and greatest gratitude goes to my coolest Savior Lord Jesus Christ
for his blessing and guidance. His everlasting blessing makes me believe that I
can handle and finish this undergraduate thesis well.
I would also like to address my deepest gratitude to my cool mother,
Mbak Rici, for her prayers in my study and activities. She is a good friend and a
good business partner. I thank also my beloved father, Bang Yunus, for his
support and motivation in finishing this undergraduate thesis writing. I thank my
sister and my brother also who always support me all the time.
Due to the proses of undergraduate thesis writing, I would like to give my
sincere gratitude to my advisor, Dr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A., for his precious time and
guidance. I thank him for never stopping to support and help me. I would also like
to give my gratitude to my co-advisor P. Sarwoto, S.S., M.A., Ph. D., for his
guidance in writing this masterpiece. I also thank all the lecturers and staff of the
English Letters Department for their support and help for the last five years.
Furthermore, I thank my closest and coolest friends ever, Mace Seilla,
Mbak Esti and Ivan. They are best in making me happy all the time with their
spontaneous ideas, jokes, movies, and weirdly funny actions. They are also my
best traveling friends ever. They are my besties. I also thank Mas Um for his
support, enthusiasm, and priceless time toward my study, my undergraduate
thesis, and especially my life.
I thank my high school best friends; Tari, Shela, Yoyon, and Alvin for
supporting me in every activities. I thank my awesome friends in Skywalkers
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Tricking; Seila (again), Erick, Mas Dian, Mas Adli, Kak Philip, Mas Dedut,
Mas Loepiece, Mas Wahyu, Ozi, Bahar, Mas Aziz, Mas Dimas and other
members that I cannot mention one by one. I thank them for the times, jokes,
tricks, stupidities, practice times, sharing times, swimming times, and everything.
I thank also my rock and roll friends; Sukma and Anang who always see my
stupidity, my nonsense thought, and my retarded action. They always rock my
day. My special thanks go to all the stars of wardrobe crew in Beauty and the
Beast the Musical who make me feels like a great designer, dreamer, and worker.
I also thank Ibu Suri Dewi who always supports and teaches me how to knit a roll
of thread and how to knit my random life.
The last but not least, I thank all of people that cannot be mentioned one
by one for their supports in my last 5 years, so I can finish my study well. God
bless them every day.
YOGAKU PUSPITA RINI SAGALA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………
APPROVAL PAGE ……………………………………………………
ACCEPTANCE PAGE…………………………………………………
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI…………
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS………………………...
MOTTO PAGE…………………………………………………………
DEDICATION PAGE…………………………………………………..
ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS…………………………………………….
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………
ABTRAK………………………………………………………………...
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………... 1
A.
B.
C.
D.
Background of the Study ……………………………………..
Problem Formulation …………………………………………
Objectives of the Study ……………………………………….
Definition of Terms …………………………………………..
1
6
6
7
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW …………………………... 9
A. Review of Related Studies ……………………….…………...
B. Review of Related Theories…………………………………...
1. Theory of Character and Characterization ………………..
2. Theory of Conflict ………………………………………...
3. Theory of Personality Development ……………………....
4. Theory of Screenplay ……………………………………...
C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………..
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14
16
18
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………. 20
A. Object of the Study …………………………………………… 20
B. Approach ……………………………………………………... 20
C. Method of Study ……………………………………………… 21
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ……………………………………………. 23
A. Conflicts in Legion…………………………………………….
1. Conflicts between Charlie and other Persons………...........
2. Conflicts between Charlie and the Nature ………………...
3. Conflicts between Charlie and Society …………………....
4. Conflicts between Charlie and Herself …………………..
B. The Influence of the Conflicts on Charlie’s Character
Development………………………………………………….
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1. Character Before and After the Conflicts………………... 45
a.
Charlie’s Character before the Conflicts ………….. 46
b.
Charlie’s Character after the Conflicts ……………. 57
2. The Influence of Conflict on Charlie’s Character
Development……………………………………………... 65
a.
Charlie’s Character Development from Stubborn to
Be Compliant………………………………………. 67
b.
Charlie’s Character Development from Selfish to
Be Unselfish ……………………………………….. 69
c.
Charlie’s Character Development from Disobedient
to Be Obedient ……………………………………... 70
d.
Charlie’s Character Development from Insensitive to
Be Sensitive ………………………………………... 73
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ……………………………………….. 76
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………… 79
APPENDIX ……………………………………………………………... 81
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ABSTRACT
Yogaku Puspita Rini Sagala. The Influence of Charlie’s Conflicts on Her
Character Development in Peter Schink’s Legion. Yogyakarta: Department of
English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
Conflict is an important part in every story since it creates the plot of a
story. Character’s reactions toward the conflicts in a certain condition give clues
for the writer to see his/her character developments. By experiencing conflicts, a
character can change from a bad into a good person. This fact can be elaborated
perfectly in Peter Schink’s Legion. Charlie, as the major character, should face
many conflicts in her unpredictable situation. Those conflicts make her change her
life.
This undergraduate thesis has two objectives. The first one is aimed to find
the conflicts in the screenplay. The second one is to see the influence of those
conflicts on Charlie’s character development.
To realize this research, a library research is an appropriate method to be
applied since the data for this study are taken from the books, websites, and
articles. Some theories are also applied in this research, such as theory of conflict
and theory of personality development. These theories are used to answer the
problems that have been formulated. Furthermore, psychological approach is
applied to conduct this analysis. This approach is applied since the focus of this
research is on character development of a person. The psychological approach is
the most suitable approach to be applied since it is about someone’s character that
develops. It has relation toward his/her psychology.
Finally, conflicts are found in this research by using Harmon’s theory of
conflict in the first part of analysis. There are four types of conflicts. The second
part is the finding of the influence of conflicts on Charlie’s character development
by applying Goldstone’s theory of characterization and Hoyer’s theory of
personality development. Charlie’s characteristics before and after the conflicts
change from a bad person (stubborn, selfish, disobedient, insensitive) into a good
(softhearted, unselfish, obedient, sensitive) person. Moreover, conflicts influence
Charlie’s character development. Conflicts make her sees deeper than what her
eyes can see. They also reveal the characteristic of certain characters, so Charlie
can accept Jeep and the baby, tighten relationship among them. Conflicts also
change Charlie’s feeling toward the baby and Jeep, make her able to accept all the
things that are rejected before and lead her to make a right decision.
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ABSTRAK
Yogaku Puspita Rini Sagala. The Influence of Charlie’s Conflicts on Her
Character Development in Peter Schink’s Legion. Yogyakarta: Department of
English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
Konflik adalah sebuah bagian penting dalam setiap cerita karena itu
membentuk alur dalam sebuah cerita. Reaksi-reaksi tokoh terhadap konflikkonflik dalam kondisi tertentu memberikan tanda-tanda kepada penulis untuk
melihat perubahan karaternya. Dengan mengalami banyak konflik, seorang tokoh
dapat berubah dari sosok yang baik menjadi buruk. Fakta ini dapat dielaborasikan
dengan sempurna dalam karya Peter Schink yang berjudul Legion. Charlie sebagai
tokoh utama harus menghadapi banyak masalah dalam situasi yang tidak
terprediksi. Konflik-konflik tersebutlah yang membuat hidupnya berubah.
Skripsi ini terdiri dari dua tujuan. Tujuan yang pertama adalah untuk
menemukan konflik-konflik yang terjadi dalam scenario ini. Tujuan yang kedua
adalah untuk melihat pengaruh konflik-konflik tersebut dalam perkembangan
karakter Charlie.
Untuk merealisasikan penelitian ini, studi pustaka adalah metode yang
cocok untuk diaplikasikan karena data dalam studi ini diambil dari beberapa buku,
laman dan artikel. Beberapa teori juga diaplikasikan dalam penelitian ini,
misalnya teori konflik dan teori perkembangan karakter. Teori-teori ini digunakan
untuk menjawab permasalahan yang telah disusun sebelumnya. Selanjutnya,
pendekatan psikologi diaplikasikan untuk menganalisa hal ini. Pendekatan ini
diaplikasikan karena tujuan utama penelitan ini ada pada perkembangan karakter
seseorang. Pendekatan psikologi merupakan pendekatan yang paling cocok
digunakan karena penelitian ini mengkaji karakter seseorang yang berkembang
yang memiliki hubungan dengan psikologisnya.
Pada akhirnya, pada bagian pertama ditemukan konflik-konflik dalam
penelitian ini dengan menggunakan teori konflik milik Harmon. Ada empat tipe
konflik yang di sana. Pada bagian kedua adalah penemuan tentang pentingnya
konflik dalam perubahan karakter Charlie dengan mengaplikasikan teori karakter
milik Goldstone dan teori perkembangan karakter milik Hoyer. Karakteristik
Charlie sebelum dan sesudah konflik berubah dari yang awalnya orang yang tidak
baik (keras kepala, sombong, tidak taat, tidak sensitive) menjadi orang yang baik
(rela, tidak sombong, taat, sensitif). Lebih lagi, konflik mempengaruhi
perkembangan karakter Charlie. Konflik mengungkapkan karakteristik dari
karakter tertentu, mempererat hubungan di antara mereka. Konflik juga mengubah
perasaan Charlie terhadap bayinya dan Jeep, membuatnya dapat menerima semua
hal yang ditolaknya sebelumya dan membimbingnya untuk membuat keputusan
yang benar.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of the Study
Literature is the reflection of human life. It is a prevalent idea that is
known by a lot of people over a long period of time. This means that everyone can
perceive his or her life by interpreting the literature. What people have in their real
life, sometimes can also be discovered in the literature. Literature presents the
miniature of human life. People generate the problem, turn into conflicts, make
decision, and finally they find the moral values, as what they can find in their real
life. Dryden in his book Selected Criticism describes literature as "the lively
image of human nature" (1970: 36). In other words, literature is like an object that
is made by people as the result of their life imagination.
It is widely known that literature is divided into three parts; they are
drama, fiction, and poetry. Those three parts of literature have their own richness.
Drama is created to be performed, while fiction and poetry generally are to be
read. In this research, the writer decides to focus on the drama and put aside the
other two since drama is a unique work of art that is written not only to be read
but also to be performed.
Like what is stated before that literature is a reflection of human life, it
also occurs in drama or, the writer also calls it, play. Barranger says in his book
Understanding Plays that, “…drama as a special way of imitating human behavior
and human events” (1994: 5). It means that drama can be part of period of human
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life that is brought into the stage or movie. Each character will express his/her
characteristic that has been created by the scriptwriter on the stage or movie. In
other words, certain characters in the drama will be performed by living actors or
actresses (Barranger, 1994:5).
Like a drama, a screenplay is also given life by the actors although the
medium and technology are significantly different (Barranger, 1994:4). Drama or
play is usually performed as a live performance on a stage, while a screenplay will
be performed as a movie or film. In other words, a screenplay will not be
performed as a live performance. A screenplay also supplies the setting, action,
vocals including dialogue and structure (Philips, 2009:204). Compare to a drama,
there are differences in writing a screenplay since it also includes the instruction
of the camera. Thus, when the writer reads this screenplay, she needs to be
familiar with this difference too. Nevertheless, the type of the script of both drama
and a screenplay are quite similar.
A screenplay has several elements; they are setting, plot, character,
structure, style, atmosphere, and theme (Guerin, 2011:6). Every element in a
screenplay is significant and they have relation between one and others. From
those seven elements of the drama or a screenplay, the writer will focus only on
the plot and character since those two elements are indicators for a good story.
Plot will communicate the conflicts in it, while character will give us an
interpretation about the character development, motives and emotions (Barranger,
1994:8).
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One way to see the character development in a screenplay is by looking at
it through the conflicts. It means that conflicts play an important role in
someone’s development. Furthermore, conflicts are used to see the flow of each
character in a screenplay. How they give a particular reaction through every
conflict that happen on them can be analyzed as a medium to explore the character
development.
In the field of literature, as what is said by William Harmon in his book A
Handbook to Literature Eleventh Edition, conflict is described as “the struggle
that grows out of the interplay of two opposing forces.” Harmon divides conflict
into four different kinds, they are; a struggle against the nature, a struggle against
another person, a struggle against society and the last is the struggle for mastery
by two elements within the person (Harmon, 2009: 123). According to
Psychology: A Concise Introduction written by Pettijohn, conflict is also a
situation that is produced by different pressures happening in a person at the same
time. Conflict arises when people experience two contrary demands or desires
(Pettijohn, 1987: 257). When a person comes to this situation, she/he will show
her/his reactions. The reactions themselves provide many opportunities for the
character to change. The changes themselves can be the positive outcomes or the
opposite. In one condition, conflicts can be resolved easily and the changes are not
clearly seen. It probably happens when a person does not experience many
conflicts at the same time. The condition will be different when a person should
face several conflicts at the same time.
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William J. Hoyer says in his book Adult Development and Aging; Fifth
Edition, that an individual can change by several causes, one of which is called
nonnormative or idiosyncratic life events. Nonnormative life event is “attributed
to variations in experiences across a wide range of environmental or societal
opportunities and constraints” (Hoyer, 2003: 9). This means the change that
occurs in someone’s life are caused by unpredictable events in a person’s life.
Those unpredictable events can be accidents, illness, business failure, or disaster.
This research does not work through conflicts that happen in a common
situation, but this study observes the conflict that occurs in a particular condition
like what is explained by Hoyer above. The conflicts that will be analyzed are
conflicts that appear when an idiosyncratic life event exists.
As an object to be analyzed, the writer uses a screenplay entitled Legion
written by Peter Schink. In January 2010, Screen Germs then released the movie.
This screenplay talks about how someone’s belief can change everything; even it
changes God’s trust toward Mankind. Charlie, an eight-month pregnant girl of
about twenty years old who lives in a Mojave Dessert experiences a sudden
changing of situation around her. She experiences a day that changes everything,
even her life. It happens a day before Christmas, when God loses His trust to
human beings. God commands His two generals, the Archangel Gabriel and
Michael, to kill all human beings in the world.
At that time, the situation gets worse. Everything becomes illogical and
hard to accept. Charlie, that actually is not ready yet to be a mother, tries to topple
her child. Jeep, someone who is fond of Charlie very much but is always rejected,
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is able to be the child’s father. Michael, the rebellious Angel that comes to earth to
save humans life, tries to convince Charlie that she has to make the child born.
This condition causes many conflicts, not only between Charlie and herself, but
also between Charlie and other people around her, even between her and nature.
To be the one who owns a big responsibility to the whole world is not
easy. It is a very shocking moment for Charlie where every decision that she
makes that day offers a big influence to each person in the world. Charlie’s
conflicts that day and the entire situation that suddenly change makes her
character also transform into a better one.
Charlie’s ways to face the conflicts in that chaotic situation give clues for
the writer to see her character development. Therefore, it is clear to see that the
function of conflicts is as a tool for the writer to understand how she can develop
or change only in 48 hours.
From the definition of conflict that has been explained before, the writer
uses two types of conflicts from the different domains. First is the meaning and
types of conflict in the realm of literature. It is used since this research is a literary
research. The writer tries to see the conflicts by using literary tool first. Then after
that, the writer strengthens the research by using a tool in psychology. The writer
uses it since she considers that the object of the research is a human being.
Therefore, it is necessary to explore the psychological side to see someone’s
character development without ignoring the literary context.
The topic above makes the writer choose to work through this screenplay in
the realm of psychological approach. Since the conflicts, appearing on the
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screenplay can lead us to know the character of the major character that develops
only within 48 hours. Thus, the writer conducts the research entitled The Influence
of Charlie’s Conflicts on Her Character Development in Peter Schink’s Legion.
B.
Problem Formulation
To be able to understand this screenplay better, two problems were
formulated as follows.
1.
What are Charlie’s conflicts in Peter Schink’s Legion?
2.
What are the influences of the conflicts on Charlie’s character
development?
C.
Objectives of the Study
This research has a purpose to find the character development of Charlie,
as a major character, through the conflicts that happen in 48 hours. It has two
specific objectives. The first objective is to see the major character’s conflicts that
happen in a screenplay are. The second objective is how those conflicts give
influence to the Charlie’s character development. In this part, the writer will also
discuss about the characteristic of the major character before and after the conflict,
so the writer understands that those conflicts are significant in developing
someone’s character.
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D.
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Definition of Terms
This scientific research needs to load some important terminologies. There
are three terms used in this research; the first one is character, the second is
character development and the last one is conflict.
1.
Character
Characters are the persons signified in the dramatic or narrative work. They
are completed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by doing
some assumption from the dialogue and action. Moreover, the characters will be
interpreted by the reader (Abrams, 2009: 42).
2.
Character Development
According to M.H Abrams in his book Glossary of Literary Terms, says, “a
character may undergo a radical change either through a gradual process of
development or as a result of a crisis (Abrams, 2009:42).” It means that a
character probably change or develop because of two causes, they are because of a
gradual process or because of a crisis.
William
Harmon
states
another
explanation
about
the
character
development. In his book, A Handbook to Literature Eleventh Edition, Harmon
states that a character can be modified by actions and experiences. A certain
character comes with its complexity and it has possibility to change (Harmon,
2009: 96).
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3.
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Conflict
There are two definitions of conflict, the first one taken from the literature,
and the other comes from psychology. William Harmon in his book A Handbook
to Literature: Ninth Edition says that conflict is “the struggle that is produced by
the interaction of two opposing forces (Harmon, 2009: 123).” Further, it is
explained that conflict creates three important things; interest, suspense and
tension.
According to Psychology: A Concise Introduction written by Pettijohn,
conflict is “a situation that is produced by different pressures happening on us at
the same time. Conflict is people’s experience of two contrary demands or
desires.” Based on this description, there are three types of conflict; they are
approach-approach conflict, avoidance-avoidance conflict, and approachavoidance conflict. Another description of conflict comes from Richard G. Warga
in his book Personal Awareness: A Psychology of Adjustment Third Edition.
According to him, conflict is “a special sort of frustration because it requires you
to choose among alternatives (Warga, 1983: 112).” It means that conflict is two
alternatives that will frustrate you since it leads you to make a certain decision.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A.
Review of Related Studies
Legion is a screenplay written by Peter Schink and Screen Germs has
filmed it in 2010. This screenplay talks about an eight-month pregnant girl named
Charlie who lives in the Mojave Desert as a waiter of a small dinner/gas station
there. She has to struggle to past her unexpected days that change a whole world.
As a prospective single parent, Charlie is not a happy pregnant girl. Nobody
knows who the father of her child is. Moreover, she does not even care about that.
The baby is unwanted. Nevertheless, in the end of the story, everything changes.
She comes to a day that elicits many illogical things. People come to her place and
angels possess them. They are looking for her, precisely her baby. This situation
confuses her. Conflicts between Charlie and herself, environment, people around
her and her social life occur. Those conflicts make her change and finally can
accept the existence of her baby and decide to look after him.
Even though this screenplay is filmed about three years ago, the reviews
through this work in the magazines or research studies are very rare. Therefore,
the writer has to find other alternative sources for the related studies from the
internet.
From the review that is found in the internet, this work of art is full of
controversy since Peter Schink puts some characters from the bible and he creates
those characters little bit different from what people know in the bible. Craig van
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Buseck in his essay discussing about the spiritual side of this work of art states
that Legion is controversial. It does not only use the biblical revelation, but also
biblical symbols. Buseck says, “This movie not only turns biblical revelation on
its head, but it even mixes Scriptural symbolism of the angelic and the demonic
(http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/inspirationalteaching/vonBuseck_Legion_Movi
e.aspx).”
In Buseck’s essay, he only underlines the spiritual side and biblical
symbols, later he relates booth of it to the key concept that bible conveys to help
the writer understand the relation between Him and His creatures.
Another research is also done by Sri Saraswati. Not using Legion as the
object of her research, but she writes about the conflict and its influence on the
character development by using Tennesse William’s The Roman Spring of Mrs.
Stone in her undergraduate thesis. She works on it and finds that the character
development which happened as a way to get away from the conflicts that the
character had experienced. Saraswati’s undergraduate thesis does not touch the
psychological side of a character development. She elucidates her research only
based on the literary theory.
Unlike those two researches above, in this research the writer focuses on
the influence of the conflicts happening on the character development of the major
character not only in the realm of literature, but also psychology. It is important
for the writer to strengthen the purpose of this research; where a piece of work
will be analyzed in the realm of psychology. It is outside literature but it can be
used to analyze a literary work since one of the elements of literary work has the
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same subject with it; it is the character/person/individual. Finding the relation
about the influences of the conflicts on the major character’s development in the
screenplay is the goal of this research. Therefore, this study has the different topic
from the two previous ones.
B.
Review of Related Theories
There are some theories that are needed in order to answer the questions.
Those theories are the theory of character and characterization, theory of conflicts
and the last one is theory of personality development.
1.
Theory of Character and Characterization
Character is one of the intrinsic elements of a story. Abrams in his book A
Glossary of Literary Terms defines characters as:
the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted
by the readers as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities
that are expressed in what they say - the dialogue - and by what they do the action. The grounds in a character's temperament and moral nature for
his speech and actions constitute his motivation (Abrams, 2009: 42).
From the definition above, it can be concluded that the moral and dispositional
qualities of the characters can be seen from every single part of the novel. When
creating the character, an author generally blends several methods together. As a
result, in successful literary work, the readers tend to think of the author's
creations as real people (Abrams, 2009: 43).
In his book, Context of the Drama, Goldstone describes that characterization
is the most important thing in evaluating today’s theater since a play without
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single vital person is not a play at all (Goldstone, 1960: 6). According to
Goldstone, there are four ways to establish a character in a play, they are:
a.
Dialogue spoken by the character. The readers can recognize the
characterization of certain character by examining what that character
express in his/her dialogue.
b.
Dialogue spoken about the character. By paying attention to the other
characters dialogue about certain character, the readers also can regard
what the character look like.
c.
Action taken by the character. Action that a certain character made can
present his/her characterization also.
d.
The personality and interpretation of the actor playing the role. Playwrights
have often composed a role with a specific actor or actress in mind.
2.
Theory of Conflict
William Harmon in his book A Handbook to Literature: Ninth Eddition
says that conflict is the struggle produced by the interaction of two opposing
forces. Further, conflict creates three important things; interest, suspense and
tension. There are four types of conflict explained by Harmon (Harmon, 2009:
123):
a.
A Struggle against Nature, it happens when a major character must
overcome some natural obstacle or condition. For examples: natural
disaster, insects, and animals may all constitute a conflict with nature.
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However, there are less obvious manifestations of nature that can constitute
a conflict, such as plague or famine.
b.
A Struggle against another person, it is a struggle between two people,
usually happens between protagonist and antagonist.
c.
A Struggle against society, it is a struggle that occurs when a character is at
odds with a particular social force or condition produced by society, such as
poverty, political revolution, a social convention, or set of values.
d.
A Struggle for mastery by two elements within the person, it is also called
internal conflict. Aspects of his or her personality may struggle for
dominance. These aspects may be emotional, intellectual, or moral.
In this research, the writer does not only use the theory conflict by Harmon
but also by Lewin that is found in Pettijohn’s Psychology: A Concise
Introduction. These two theories are used to make this research balance of the
study of literature and psychology.
Conflict is the situation in which people experience different pressures at the
same time. This situation requires the completion. If it is not resolved, conflict
causes another condition called stress. A social psychologist, Kurt Lewin,
suggests that conflict can be described by two opposing inclinations, approach and
avoidance. From those two important points, conflict is split into three types as
follows:
a.
“Approach-Approach Conflict.” In this type of conflict, the writer focuses
on the incompatible between two equally desirable goals. Experiencing the
approach-approach conflict causes the difficulties in making decision.
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However, the result of this decision brings hesitance for the people who
make it and it leads the people to stress.
b.
“Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict.” This type of conflict focus on the two
equally undesirable demands that should be chosen. The result of the
selection never leads people to the happiness.
c.
“Approach-Avoidance Conflict.” In approach-avoidance, the focus is on the
single goal that provides both positive and negative aspects. As Lewin says
that “in this type of conflict, we may try an alternative solution before we
make the move, being aware that consequences are not all positive
(Pettijohn, 1987: 258).” It means that this conflict situation often produce
frustration.
Lewin’s theory of conflict is an internal theory or it is called conflict within
individual (online.sfsu.edu/psych200/unit10/101.htm). Those three types of
conflict above, if they are done together with Harmon’s theory of conflict, should
be included in Harmon’s theory of conflict number four; a struggle for mastery by
two elements within the person. Thus, in this research, the writer will analyze the
conflicts by using Lewin’s theory of conflict together with Harmon’s theory of
conflict number four.
3.
Theory of Personality Development
Personality is someone’s distinctive patterns of behavior, thought, and
emotion. This term also refers to a person’s most unique characteristics (Hoyer,
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2003: 378). The development of the personality itself has some determinants or
caused by some factors. Hoyer also explains that:
Other determinants of development are culture-specific, cohort-specific, or
specific to a segment of historical time. Some developmental causes are
gender-specific, and some are entirely unique to individuals because of
their particular experiences (Hoyer, 2003:7).
According to Hoyer, there are three general categories of determinants of
developmental changes, they are normative age-graded factors, normative historygraded factors, and the last is nonnormative or idiosyncratic life events (Hoyer,
2003: 7).
a.
Normative age-graded factors are the aspect of development that is similar
across individuals and even culture. The development is a subject to variety
of normative age-graded factors.
b.
Normative History-Graded Factors are some developmental influences that
are closely related to specific historical eras or events rather than to age.
c.
Nonnormative of Idiosyncratic Life Events are unique changes that are
experienced by certain individuals. This factor of development is general to
a small percentage of individual in the same age, while others affect only a
single individual. Beside the proportion of it, nonnormative life events also
do not happen at any predictable time in a person’s life.
Even though there are three factors in causing the character development, in
this research, the writer uses only one of them. The writer uses the last factor,
nonnormative/idiosyncratic life event, to analyze the influence of the conflict
towards the character development.
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Furthermore, it is explained by Hoyer that nonnormative life events are
usually chance occurrences. They are including accidents, illness, business
failures, or death of someone important in someone’s life. Other examples are
winning first prize in a multimillion-dollar lottery, career choice, facing some
conflicts and marriage.
Lemme also explains in her book Development in Adulthood that
nonnormative life event is not experienced by everyone. Someone can experience
certain conflict that never experienced by others. These events, conflicts for
example, contribute to increasing variety among adult as they age (Lemme, 1995:
11).
4.
Theory of Screenplay
In this research, the writer uses a screenplay as a medium to be analyzed and
explored. Unlike a play script, which usually can be read easily since it has a
perfect detail, a screenplay is just like blueprints of a finished product so
sometimes the reader meet such a lack of direction on it (Giannetti, 1987:264).
Furthermore, like what Barranger said, an actor in a play will act a certain
character before audiences from time to time. She/he will be on the stage and
present a drama directly to the audiences. Since it is performed in a live
performance, it is possible for the performer to make some different improvisation
in every performance that she/he made. Being different from a play, a screenplay
will be performed as a film on a videotape. Once a director transforms a
screenplay into a film, it is unchanging. It means that the spectator will find the
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same finished product; they will never find any improvisation when they watch
the same film for the second or third times (Philips, 1994: 4).
Another strong difference between play script (drama) and a screenplay is
there are instructions for the cameras position along the process of shooting. It is
important for the writer to be familiar with, so she can appreciate the screenplay
well.
Considering the differences above, it can be said that reading a screenplay is
not as simple as watching the movie. Douglass, in his book The Art of Technique:
an Aesthetic Approach to Film and Video, said, “The script is like the rough-hewn
piece of wood before being put on the lathe.” It means that a script like a
screenplay should be interpreted first before it is filmed. In process of reading a
screenplay, Douglass also said, “the readers should know and can recognize what
touches, excites, amuses, or interests them in the story (Douglass, 1996: 8).”
Those details sometimes are not provided directly. The readers of a certain
screenplay should find it out themselves and this process is not as simple as what
they find in a regular drama (consider about a screenplay that has minim detail).
In order to understand a screenplay properly, these are the terms that should
be noted when the writer reads a screenplay according to Bronzite in A Glossary
of Screenwriting Terms & Filmmaking Definitions,
a.
Character. In a screenplay, the name of every character should be written in
caps at the first time a character is introduced in the “Action”. After that, it
can be written normally.
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b.
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EXT. and INT. Those stand for Exterior and Interior. When the writer finds
those terms, she knows that they are about the settings take place. These
terms are important to be known by the writer in order to make the writer
catches the idea about the setting of place.
c.
CUT TO:. It is the most simple and common transition. This term may be
used sparingly to help intensify character changes and emotional shift since
the transition is implied by a change of scene. The term CUT TO. makes
the writer understands the changes that happen in a screenplay.
d.
Parenthetical. It is used when an actor/actress should deliver his or her own
lines in a particular way. It will illustrate the point. Nevertheless,
parenthetical is only used when a line of dialogue should be read in some
way
contrary
to
logic
(Bronzite,
http://www.movieoutline.com/articles/screenplay-format-a-guide-toindustry-standard-script-formatting.html).
C.
Theoretical Framework
This research discusses the changes happening on the major character after
facing many conflicts within 48 hours and how those conflicts give many
contributions to her character development. In a broad outline, this research
explores the life force of the major character related to her psyche.
This part will discuss the contribution of the theories above to answer the
questions in the first chapter. Firstly, theory of conflict is used to answer the first
problem since it is about the major character’s conflict that happens in the
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screenplay. This theory will help to show what kind of conflict which is faced by
the major character.
The second, the third and the fourth theories, Abrams’ and Goldstone’s
theory about character and characterization, Rand’s theory about morality and
Hoyer’s theory about personality development will be used to answer the second
problem. The second problem will explain how the conflicts influence the
character development of the major character. Moreover, the last theory will be
used to read and interpret the screenplay.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A.
Object of the Study
This research involves a screenplay as the object of study. That is Legion
written by Peter Schink. This screenplay is filmed in 2010 by Screen Germs. In its
journey before it is filmed, there are several version of this screenplay. The row
content is perfected for several times until the writer acquires the final version.
Thus, in this research, the writer uses the final script.
Generally, this screenplay tells about the sudden changes experienced by
every character engaged in it. Moreover, those changes affect Charlie, an eightmonth pregnant girl living as a waiter in a Mojave Desert. She suddenly has to be
a very important person to save the world from God’s anger. On the other side,
Charlie is not ready to be a mother of her own child. She actually rejects the
presence of the fetus and tries to abort it, but in vain.
B.
Approach of the Study
Psychological approach is used to examine the topic in this research.
Rohrberger and Woods in their book, Reading and Writing about Literature
explain that,” psychological approach is an approach that involves the effort to
locate and demonstrate certain recurrent pattern” (1971: 13). It deals with certain
pattern that appears in every work of art. The work of art itself is an expression, in
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fictional form, of the state of mind and the structure of personality of the
individual author (David, 2009: 290).
This approach is applied since the focus of this research does not only
focus on literature side, but it focuses on psychology of the major character to see
her character development. It cannot be denied when someone experiences a
change, it also relates to his/her psychological. Legion will be discussed in the
realm of psychology since the topic that is chosen is about its major character
development. Many factors influence her character changes and the writer regards
that psychology approach is the most suitable approach to be applied in this
research.
C.
Method of the Study
Library research is used as the method of the study, since the data for this
study originate from printed materials. There are two sources that are used; the
primary source and the secondary sources. The primary source consists of one a
screenplay by Peter Schink namely Legion. Firstly, it is filmed in January 2010
by Screen Germs. This screenplay talks about an eight-month pregnant girl,
named Charlie, who has to face sudden changes in her society. These changes
enthrone her to be a very important person to save the world since she carries a
baby that is told as the savior of the world. The secondary sources consist of the
theories and related studies from various relevant books.
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After finding the screenplay from the internet and printing it, the analysis
was derived by doing some close readings, underlying the important parts, and
using the theories to answer every question mentioned in the problem
formulation.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter presents the answers to the problems that have been
formulated in chapter one. The writer will discuss them in two sections. The
discussion of the analysis will start from the major character’s conflicts in the
screenplay. The major character that will be analyzed is Charlie. There are four
types of conflict that will be explored here; they are conflicts between Charlie and
other persons, conflicts between Charlie and nature, conflicts between Charlie and
society, and conflicts between Charlie and herself.
After discussing about Charlie’s conflicts in the screenplay, the writer will
discuss the influence of conflicts on Charlie’s character development. In this
section, the writer will explain the influence of conflicts into two sub chapters.
The first sub chapter will talk about Charlie’s characteristics before and after
conflicts and the second sub chapter will talk about the influence of conflicts on
Charlie’s character development. Thus, the discussion about Charlie’s character
development can be recognized smoothly, starts from how the writer identifies the
conflicts, Charlie’s characteristic before and after the conflicts happen, until
finally the writer discovers conflicts that can change Charlie’s characteristics.
In this discussion, the writer will not use certain page in referring to any
quotations in the screenplay but she uses the number of the scenes. She will also
use the same format in the screenplay when she writes the quotations.
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A.
24
Conflicts in Legion
Conflicts are the most important part in this research. They will be the
medium for the writer to see how a main character in a screenplay develops. The
existence of the character named Charlie in this screenplay is significant. Because
of her baby, she changes from a
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THE INFLUENCE OF CHARLIE’S CONFLICTS ON HER
CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT IN PETER SCHINK’S
LEGION
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
YOGAKU PUSPITA RINI SAGALA
Student Number: 094214077
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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THE INFLUENCE OF CHARLIE’S CONFLICTS ON HER
CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT IN PETER SCHINK’S
LEGION
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
YOGAKU PUSPITA RINI SAGALA
Student Number: 094214077
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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LEMBAGA PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
Nomor Induk Mahasiswa
: Yogaku Puspita Rini Sagala
: 094214077
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE INFLUENCE OF CHARLIE'S CONFLICTS ON HER CHARACTER
DEVELOPMENT IN PETER SCHINK'S LEGION
Beserta perangkat yang digunakan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain, untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Yogyakarta, 14 Maret 2014
Yang menyatakan
YOGAKU PUSPITA RINI SAGALA
iv
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
Nomor Induk Mahasiswa
:
:
Yogaku Puspita Rini Sagala
094214077
menyatakan bahwa sebagai penyusun karya ilmiah yang berjudul:
THE INFLUENCE OF CHARLIE'S CONFLICTS ON HER CHARACTER
DEVELOPMENT IN PETER SCHINK'S LEGION
saya bertanggung jawab penuh atas keaslian gagasan-gagasan yang tertuang
dalam bentuk kata, kalimat, dan paragraf dalam karya ilmiah ini. Segala ide yang
bukan berasal dari hasil pemikiran saya sendiri telah saya rujuk pada sumber atau
referensi terkait.
Demikianlah pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Yogyakarta, 14 Maret 2014
Yang menyatakan
YOGAKU PUSPITA RINI SAGALA
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There is nothing that you cannot handle…
(mom)
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This Undergraduate Thesis is dedicated to…
My beloved Parents,
Brother and Sister
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ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS
My first and greatest gratitude goes to my coolest Savior Lord Jesus Christ
for his blessing and guidance. His everlasting blessing makes me believe that I
can handle and finish this undergraduate thesis well.
I would also like to address my deepest gratitude to my cool mother,
Mbak Rici, for her prayers in my study and activities. She is a good friend and a
good business partner. I thank also my beloved father, Bang Yunus, for his
support and motivation in finishing this undergraduate thesis writing. I thank my
sister and my brother also who always support me all the time.
Due to the proses of undergraduate thesis writing, I would like to give my
sincere gratitude to my advisor, Dr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A., for his precious time and
guidance. I thank him for never stopping to support and help me. I would also like
to give my gratitude to my co-advisor P. Sarwoto, S.S., M.A., Ph. D., for his
guidance in writing this masterpiece. I also thank all the lecturers and staff of the
English Letters Department for their support and help for the last five years.
Furthermore, I thank my closest and coolest friends ever, Mace Seilla,
Mbak Esti and Ivan. They are best in making me happy all the time with their
spontaneous ideas, jokes, movies, and weirdly funny actions. They are also my
best traveling friends ever. They are my besties. I also thank Mas Um for his
support, enthusiasm, and priceless time toward my study, my undergraduate
thesis, and especially my life.
I thank my high school best friends; Tari, Shela, Yoyon, and Alvin for
supporting me in every activities. I thank my awesome friends in Skywalkers
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Tricking; Seila (again), Erick, Mas Dian, Mas Adli, Kak Philip, Mas Dedut,
Mas Loepiece, Mas Wahyu, Ozi, Bahar, Mas Aziz, Mas Dimas and other
members that I cannot mention one by one. I thank them for the times, jokes,
tricks, stupidities, practice times, sharing times, swimming times, and everything.
I thank also my rock and roll friends; Sukma and Anang who always see my
stupidity, my nonsense thought, and my retarded action. They always rock my
day. My special thanks go to all the stars of wardrobe crew in Beauty and the
Beast the Musical who make me feels like a great designer, dreamer, and worker.
I also thank Ibu Suri Dewi who always supports and teaches me how to knit a roll
of thread and how to knit my random life.
The last but not least, I thank all of people that cannot be mentioned one
by one for their supports in my last 5 years, so I can finish my study well. God
bless them every day.
YOGAKU PUSPITA RINI SAGALA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………
APPROVAL PAGE ……………………………………………………
ACCEPTANCE PAGE…………………………………………………
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI…………
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS………………………...
MOTTO PAGE…………………………………………………………
DEDICATION PAGE…………………………………………………..
ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS…………………………………………….
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………
ABTRAK………………………………………………………………...
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
x
xi i
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………... 1
A.
B.
C.
D.
Background of the Study ……………………………………..
Problem Formulation …………………………………………
Objectives of the Study ……………………………………….
Definition of Terms …………………………………………..
1
6
6
7
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW …………………………... 9
A. Review of Related Studies ……………………….…………...
B. Review of Related Theories…………………………………...
1. Theory of Character and Characterization ………………..
2. Theory of Conflict ………………………………………...
3. Theory of Personality Development ……………………....
4. Theory of Screenplay ……………………………………...
C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………..
9
11
11
12
14
16
18
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………. 20
A. Object of the Study …………………………………………… 20
B. Approach ……………………………………………………... 20
C. Method of Study ……………………………………………… 21
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ……………………………………………. 23
A. Conflicts in Legion…………………………………………….
1. Conflicts between Charlie and other Persons………...........
2. Conflicts between Charlie and the Nature ………………...
3. Conflicts between Charlie and Society …………………....
4. Conflicts between Charlie and Herself …………………..
B. The Influence of the Conflicts on Charlie’s Character
Development………………………………………………….
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24
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37
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45
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1. Character Before and After the Conflicts………………... 45
a.
Charlie’s Character before the Conflicts ………….. 46
b.
Charlie’s Character after the Conflicts ……………. 57
2. The Influence of Conflict on Charlie’s Character
Development……………………………………………... 65
a.
Charlie’s Character Development from Stubborn to
Be Compliant………………………………………. 67
b.
Charlie’s Character Development from Selfish to
Be Unselfish ……………………………………….. 69
c.
Charlie’s Character Development from Disobedient
to Be Obedient ……………………………………... 70
d.
Charlie’s Character Development from Insensitive to
Be Sensitive ………………………………………... 73
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ……………………………………….. 76
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………… 79
APPENDIX ……………………………………………………………... 81
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ABSTRACT
Yogaku Puspita Rini Sagala. The Influence of Charlie’s Conflicts on Her
Character Development in Peter Schink’s Legion. Yogyakarta: Department of
English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
Conflict is an important part in every story since it creates the plot of a
story. Character’s reactions toward the conflicts in a certain condition give clues
for the writer to see his/her character developments. By experiencing conflicts, a
character can change from a bad into a good person. This fact can be elaborated
perfectly in Peter Schink’s Legion. Charlie, as the major character, should face
many conflicts in her unpredictable situation. Those conflicts make her change her
life.
This undergraduate thesis has two objectives. The first one is aimed to find
the conflicts in the screenplay. The second one is to see the influence of those
conflicts on Charlie’s character development.
To realize this research, a library research is an appropriate method to be
applied since the data for this study are taken from the books, websites, and
articles. Some theories are also applied in this research, such as theory of conflict
and theory of personality development. These theories are used to answer the
problems that have been formulated. Furthermore, psychological approach is
applied to conduct this analysis. This approach is applied since the focus of this
research is on character development of a person. The psychological approach is
the most suitable approach to be applied since it is about someone’s character that
develops. It has relation toward his/her psychology.
Finally, conflicts are found in this research by using Harmon’s theory of
conflict in the first part of analysis. There are four types of conflicts. The second
part is the finding of the influence of conflicts on Charlie’s character development
by applying Goldstone’s theory of characterization and Hoyer’s theory of
personality development. Charlie’s characteristics before and after the conflicts
change from a bad person (stubborn, selfish, disobedient, insensitive) into a good
(softhearted, unselfish, obedient, sensitive) person. Moreover, conflicts influence
Charlie’s character development. Conflicts make her sees deeper than what her
eyes can see. They also reveal the characteristic of certain characters, so Charlie
can accept Jeep and the baby, tighten relationship among them. Conflicts also
change Charlie’s feeling toward the baby and Jeep, make her able to accept all the
things that are rejected before and lead her to make a right decision.
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ABSTRAK
Yogaku Puspita Rini Sagala. The Influence of Charlie’s Conflicts on Her
Character Development in Peter Schink’s Legion. Yogyakarta: Department of
English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
Konflik adalah sebuah bagian penting dalam setiap cerita karena itu
membentuk alur dalam sebuah cerita. Reaksi-reaksi tokoh terhadap konflikkonflik dalam kondisi tertentu memberikan tanda-tanda kepada penulis untuk
melihat perubahan karaternya. Dengan mengalami banyak konflik, seorang tokoh
dapat berubah dari sosok yang baik menjadi buruk. Fakta ini dapat dielaborasikan
dengan sempurna dalam karya Peter Schink yang berjudul Legion. Charlie sebagai
tokoh utama harus menghadapi banyak masalah dalam situasi yang tidak
terprediksi. Konflik-konflik tersebutlah yang membuat hidupnya berubah.
Skripsi ini terdiri dari dua tujuan. Tujuan yang pertama adalah untuk
menemukan konflik-konflik yang terjadi dalam scenario ini. Tujuan yang kedua
adalah untuk melihat pengaruh konflik-konflik tersebut dalam perkembangan
karakter Charlie.
Untuk merealisasikan penelitian ini, studi pustaka adalah metode yang
cocok untuk diaplikasikan karena data dalam studi ini diambil dari beberapa buku,
laman dan artikel. Beberapa teori juga diaplikasikan dalam penelitian ini,
misalnya teori konflik dan teori perkembangan karakter. Teori-teori ini digunakan
untuk menjawab permasalahan yang telah disusun sebelumnya. Selanjutnya,
pendekatan psikologi diaplikasikan untuk menganalisa hal ini. Pendekatan ini
diaplikasikan karena tujuan utama penelitan ini ada pada perkembangan karakter
seseorang. Pendekatan psikologi merupakan pendekatan yang paling cocok
digunakan karena penelitian ini mengkaji karakter seseorang yang berkembang
yang memiliki hubungan dengan psikologisnya.
Pada akhirnya, pada bagian pertama ditemukan konflik-konflik dalam
penelitian ini dengan menggunakan teori konflik milik Harmon. Ada empat tipe
konflik yang di sana. Pada bagian kedua adalah penemuan tentang pentingnya
konflik dalam perubahan karakter Charlie dengan mengaplikasikan teori karakter
milik Goldstone dan teori perkembangan karakter milik Hoyer. Karakteristik
Charlie sebelum dan sesudah konflik berubah dari yang awalnya orang yang tidak
baik (keras kepala, sombong, tidak taat, tidak sensitive) menjadi orang yang baik
(rela, tidak sombong, taat, sensitif). Lebih lagi, konflik mempengaruhi
perkembangan karakter Charlie. Konflik mengungkapkan karakteristik dari
karakter tertentu, mempererat hubungan di antara mereka. Konflik juga mengubah
perasaan Charlie terhadap bayinya dan Jeep, membuatnya dapat menerima semua
hal yang ditolaknya sebelumya dan membimbingnya untuk membuat keputusan
yang benar.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of the Study
Literature is the reflection of human life. It is a prevalent idea that is
known by a lot of people over a long period of time. This means that everyone can
perceive his or her life by interpreting the literature. What people have in their real
life, sometimes can also be discovered in the literature. Literature presents the
miniature of human life. People generate the problem, turn into conflicts, make
decision, and finally they find the moral values, as what they can find in their real
life. Dryden in his book Selected Criticism describes literature as "the lively
image of human nature" (1970: 36). In other words, literature is like an object that
is made by people as the result of their life imagination.
It is widely known that literature is divided into three parts; they are
drama, fiction, and poetry. Those three parts of literature have their own richness.
Drama is created to be performed, while fiction and poetry generally are to be
read. In this research, the writer decides to focus on the drama and put aside the
other two since drama is a unique work of art that is written not only to be read
but also to be performed.
Like what is stated before that literature is a reflection of human life, it
also occurs in drama or, the writer also calls it, play. Barranger says in his book
Understanding Plays that, “…drama as a special way of imitating human behavior
and human events” (1994: 5). It means that drama can be part of period of human
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life that is brought into the stage or movie. Each character will express his/her
characteristic that has been created by the scriptwriter on the stage or movie. In
other words, certain characters in the drama will be performed by living actors or
actresses (Barranger, 1994:5).
Like a drama, a screenplay is also given life by the actors although the
medium and technology are significantly different (Barranger, 1994:4). Drama or
play is usually performed as a live performance on a stage, while a screenplay will
be performed as a movie or film. In other words, a screenplay will not be
performed as a live performance. A screenplay also supplies the setting, action,
vocals including dialogue and structure (Philips, 2009:204). Compare to a drama,
there are differences in writing a screenplay since it also includes the instruction
of the camera. Thus, when the writer reads this screenplay, she needs to be
familiar with this difference too. Nevertheless, the type of the script of both drama
and a screenplay are quite similar.
A screenplay has several elements; they are setting, plot, character,
structure, style, atmosphere, and theme (Guerin, 2011:6). Every element in a
screenplay is significant and they have relation between one and others. From
those seven elements of the drama or a screenplay, the writer will focus only on
the plot and character since those two elements are indicators for a good story.
Plot will communicate the conflicts in it, while character will give us an
interpretation about the character development, motives and emotions (Barranger,
1994:8).
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One way to see the character development in a screenplay is by looking at
it through the conflicts. It means that conflicts play an important role in
someone’s development. Furthermore, conflicts are used to see the flow of each
character in a screenplay. How they give a particular reaction through every
conflict that happen on them can be analyzed as a medium to explore the character
development.
In the field of literature, as what is said by William Harmon in his book A
Handbook to Literature Eleventh Edition, conflict is described as “the struggle
that grows out of the interplay of two opposing forces.” Harmon divides conflict
into four different kinds, they are; a struggle against the nature, a struggle against
another person, a struggle against society and the last is the struggle for mastery
by two elements within the person (Harmon, 2009: 123). According to
Psychology: A Concise Introduction written by Pettijohn, conflict is also a
situation that is produced by different pressures happening in a person at the same
time. Conflict arises when people experience two contrary demands or desires
(Pettijohn, 1987: 257). When a person comes to this situation, she/he will show
her/his reactions. The reactions themselves provide many opportunities for the
character to change. The changes themselves can be the positive outcomes or the
opposite. In one condition, conflicts can be resolved easily and the changes are not
clearly seen. It probably happens when a person does not experience many
conflicts at the same time. The condition will be different when a person should
face several conflicts at the same time.
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William J. Hoyer says in his book Adult Development and Aging; Fifth
Edition, that an individual can change by several causes, one of which is called
nonnormative or idiosyncratic life events. Nonnormative life event is “attributed
to variations in experiences across a wide range of environmental or societal
opportunities and constraints” (Hoyer, 2003: 9). This means the change that
occurs in someone’s life are caused by unpredictable events in a person’s life.
Those unpredictable events can be accidents, illness, business failure, or disaster.
This research does not work through conflicts that happen in a common
situation, but this study observes the conflict that occurs in a particular condition
like what is explained by Hoyer above. The conflicts that will be analyzed are
conflicts that appear when an idiosyncratic life event exists.
As an object to be analyzed, the writer uses a screenplay entitled Legion
written by Peter Schink. In January 2010, Screen Germs then released the movie.
This screenplay talks about how someone’s belief can change everything; even it
changes God’s trust toward Mankind. Charlie, an eight-month pregnant girl of
about twenty years old who lives in a Mojave Dessert experiences a sudden
changing of situation around her. She experiences a day that changes everything,
even her life. It happens a day before Christmas, when God loses His trust to
human beings. God commands His two generals, the Archangel Gabriel and
Michael, to kill all human beings in the world.
At that time, the situation gets worse. Everything becomes illogical and
hard to accept. Charlie, that actually is not ready yet to be a mother, tries to topple
her child. Jeep, someone who is fond of Charlie very much but is always rejected,
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is able to be the child’s father. Michael, the rebellious Angel that comes to earth to
save humans life, tries to convince Charlie that she has to make the child born.
This condition causes many conflicts, not only between Charlie and herself, but
also between Charlie and other people around her, even between her and nature.
To be the one who owns a big responsibility to the whole world is not
easy. It is a very shocking moment for Charlie where every decision that she
makes that day offers a big influence to each person in the world. Charlie’s
conflicts that day and the entire situation that suddenly change makes her
character also transform into a better one.
Charlie’s ways to face the conflicts in that chaotic situation give clues for
the writer to see her character development. Therefore, it is clear to see that the
function of conflicts is as a tool for the writer to understand how she can develop
or change only in 48 hours.
From the definition of conflict that has been explained before, the writer
uses two types of conflicts from the different domains. First is the meaning and
types of conflict in the realm of literature. It is used since this research is a literary
research. The writer tries to see the conflicts by using literary tool first. Then after
that, the writer strengthens the research by using a tool in psychology. The writer
uses it since she considers that the object of the research is a human being.
Therefore, it is necessary to explore the psychological side to see someone’s
character development without ignoring the literary context.
The topic above makes the writer choose to work through this screenplay in
the realm of psychological approach. Since the conflicts, appearing on the
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screenplay can lead us to know the character of the major character that develops
only within 48 hours. Thus, the writer conducts the research entitled The Influence
of Charlie’s Conflicts on Her Character Development in Peter Schink’s Legion.
B.
Problem Formulation
To be able to understand this screenplay better, two problems were
formulated as follows.
1.
What are Charlie’s conflicts in Peter Schink’s Legion?
2.
What are the influences of the conflicts on Charlie’s character
development?
C.
Objectives of the Study
This research has a purpose to find the character development of Charlie,
as a major character, through the conflicts that happen in 48 hours. It has two
specific objectives. The first objective is to see the major character’s conflicts that
happen in a screenplay are. The second objective is how those conflicts give
influence to the Charlie’s character development. In this part, the writer will also
discuss about the characteristic of the major character before and after the conflict,
so the writer understands that those conflicts are significant in developing
someone’s character.
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D.
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Definition of Terms
This scientific research needs to load some important terminologies. There
are three terms used in this research; the first one is character, the second is
character development and the last one is conflict.
1.
Character
Characters are the persons signified in the dramatic or narrative work. They
are completed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by doing
some assumption from the dialogue and action. Moreover, the characters will be
interpreted by the reader (Abrams, 2009: 42).
2.
Character Development
According to M.H Abrams in his book Glossary of Literary Terms, says, “a
character may undergo a radical change either through a gradual process of
development or as a result of a crisis (Abrams, 2009:42).” It means that a
character probably change or develop because of two causes, they are because of a
gradual process or because of a crisis.
William
Harmon
states
another
explanation
about
the
character
development. In his book, A Handbook to Literature Eleventh Edition, Harmon
states that a character can be modified by actions and experiences. A certain
character comes with its complexity and it has possibility to change (Harmon,
2009: 96).
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Conflict
There are two definitions of conflict, the first one taken from the literature,
and the other comes from psychology. William Harmon in his book A Handbook
to Literature: Ninth Edition says that conflict is “the struggle that is produced by
the interaction of two opposing forces (Harmon, 2009: 123).” Further, it is
explained that conflict creates three important things; interest, suspense and
tension.
According to Psychology: A Concise Introduction written by Pettijohn,
conflict is “a situation that is produced by different pressures happening on us at
the same time. Conflict is people’s experience of two contrary demands or
desires.” Based on this description, there are three types of conflict; they are
approach-approach conflict, avoidance-avoidance conflict, and approachavoidance conflict. Another description of conflict comes from Richard G. Warga
in his book Personal Awareness: A Psychology of Adjustment Third Edition.
According to him, conflict is “a special sort of frustration because it requires you
to choose among alternatives (Warga, 1983: 112).” It means that conflict is two
alternatives that will frustrate you since it leads you to make a certain decision.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A.
Review of Related Studies
Legion is a screenplay written by Peter Schink and Screen Germs has
filmed it in 2010. This screenplay talks about an eight-month pregnant girl named
Charlie who lives in the Mojave Desert as a waiter of a small dinner/gas station
there. She has to struggle to past her unexpected days that change a whole world.
As a prospective single parent, Charlie is not a happy pregnant girl. Nobody
knows who the father of her child is. Moreover, she does not even care about that.
The baby is unwanted. Nevertheless, in the end of the story, everything changes.
She comes to a day that elicits many illogical things. People come to her place and
angels possess them. They are looking for her, precisely her baby. This situation
confuses her. Conflicts between Charlie and herself, environment, people around
her and her social life occur. Those conflicts make her change and finally can
accept the existence of her baby and decide to look after him.
Even though this screenplay is filmed about three years ago, the reviews
through this work in the magazines or research studies are very rare. Therefore,
the writer has to find other alternative sources for the related studies from the
internet.
From the review that is found in the internet, this work of art is full of
controversy since Peter Schink puts some characters from the bible and he creates
those characters little bit different from what people know in the bible. Craig van
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Buseck in his essay discussing about the spiritual side of this work of art states
that Legion is controversial. It does not only use the biblical revelation, but also
biblical symbols. Buseck says, “This movie not only turns biblical revelation on
its head, but it even mixes Scriptural symbolism of the angelic and the demonic
(http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/inspirationalteaching/vonBuseck_Legion_Movi
e.aspx).”
In Buseck’s essay, he only underlines the spiritual side and biblical
symbols, later he relates booth of it to the key concept that bible conveys to help
the writer understand the relation between Him and His creatures.
Another research is also done by Sri Saraswati. Not using Legion as the
object of her research, but she writes about the conflict and its influence on the
character development by using Tennesse William’s The Roman Spring of Mrs.
Stone in her undergraduate thesis. She works on it and finds that the character
development which happened as a way to get away from the conflicts that the
character had experienced. Saraswati’s undergraduate thesis does not touch the
psychological side of a character development. She elucidates her research only
based on the literary theory.
Unlike those two researches above, in this research the writer focuses on
the influence of the conflicts happening on the character development of the major
character not only in the realm of literature, but also psychology. It is important
for the writer to strengthen the purpose of this research; where a piece of work
will be analyzed in the realm of psychology. It is outside literature but it can be
used to analyze a literary work since one of the elements of literary work has the
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same subject with it; it is the character/person/individual. Finding the relation
about the influences of the conflicts on the major character’s development in the
screenplay is the goal of this research. Therefore, this study has the different topic
from the two previous ones.
B.
Review of Related Theories
There are some theories that are needed in order to answer the questions.
Those theories are the theory of character and characterization, theory of conflicts
and the last one is theory of personality development.
1.
Theory of Character and Characterization
Character is one of the intrinsic elements of a story. Abrams in his book A
Glossary of Literary Terms defines characters as:
the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted
by the readers as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities
that are expressed in what they say - the dialogue - and by what they do the action. The grounds in a character's temperament and moral nature for
his speech and actions constitute his motivation (Abrams, 2009: 42).
From the definition above, it can be concluded that the moral and dispositional
qualities of the characters can be seen from every single part of the novel. When
creating the character, an author generally blends several methods together. As a
result, in successful literary work, the readers tend to think of the author's
creations as real people (Abrams, 2009: 43).
In his book, Context of the Drama, Goldstone describes that characterization
is the most important thing in evaluating today’s theater since a play without
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single vital person is not a play at all (Goldstone, 1960: 6). According to
Goldstone, there are four ways to establish a character in a play, they are:
a.
Dialogue spoken by the character. The readers can recognize the
characterization of certain character by examining what that character
express in his/her dialogue.
b.
Dialogue spoken about the character. By paying attention to the other
characters dialogue about certain character, the readers also can regard
what the character look like.
c.
Action taken by the character. Action that a certain character made can
present his/her characterization also.
d.
The personality and interpretation of the actor playing the role. Playwrights
have often composed a role with a specific actor or actress in mind.
2.
Theory of Conflict
William Harmon in his book A Handbook to Literature: Ninth Eddition
says that conflict is the struggle produced by the interaction of two opposing
forces. Further, conflict creates three important things; interest, suspense and
tension. There are four types of conflict explained by Harmon (Harmon, 2009:
123):
a.
A Struggle against Nature, it happens when a major character must
overcome some natural obstacle or condition. For examples: natural
disaster, insects, and animals may all constitute a conflict with nature.
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However, there are less obvious manifestations of nature that can constitute
a conflict, such as plague or famine.
b.
A Struggle against another person, it is a struggle between two people,
usually happens between protagonist and antagonist.
c.
A Struggle against society, it is a struggle that occurs when a character is at
odds with a particular social force or condition produced by society, such as
poverty, political revolution, a social convention, or set of values.
d.
A Struggle for mastery by two elements within the person, it is also called
internal conflict. Aspects of his or her personality may struggle for
dominance. These aspects may be emotional, intellectual, or moral.
In this research, the writer does not only use the theory conflict by Harmon
but also by Lewin that is found in Pettijohn’s Psychology: A Concise
Introduction. These two theories are used to make this research balance of the
study of literature and psychology.
Conflict is the situation in which people experience different pressures at the
same time. This situation requires the completion. If it is not resolved, conflict
causes another condition called stress. A social psychologist, Kurt Lewin,
suggests that conflict can be described by two opposing inclinations, approach and
avoidance. From those two important points, conflict is split into three types as
follows:
a.
“Approach-Approach Conflict.” In this type of conflict, the writer focuses
on the incompatible between two equally desirable goals. Experiencing the
approach-approach conflict causes the difficulties in making decision.
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However, the result of this decision brings hesitance for the people who
make it and it leads the people to stress.
b.
“Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict.” This type of conflict focus on the two
equally undesirable demands that should be chosen. The result of the
selection never leads people to the happiness.
c.
“Approach-Avoidance Conflict.” In approach-avoidance, the focus is on the
single goal that provides both positive and negative aspects. As Lewin says
that “in this type of conflict, we may try an alternative solution before we
make the move, being aware that consequences are not all positive
(Pettijohn, 1987: 258).” It means that this conflict situation often produce
frustration.
Lewin’s theory of conflict is an internal theory or it is called conflict within
individual (online.sfsu.edu/psych200/unit10/101.htm). Those three types of
conflict above, if they are done together with Harmon’s theory of conflict, should
be included in Harmon’s theory of conflict number four; a struggle for mastery by
two elements within the person. Thus, in this research, the writer will analyze the
conflicts by using Lewin’s theory of conflict together with Harmon’s theory of
conflict number four.
3.
Theory of Personality Development
Personality is someone’s distinctive patterns of behavior, thought, and
emotion. This term also refers to a person’s most unique characteristics (Hoyer,
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2003: 378). The development of the personality itself has some determinants or
caused by some factors. Hoyer also explains that:
Other determinants of development are culture-specific, cohort-specific, or
specific to a segment of historical time. Some developmental causes are
gender-specific, and some are entirely unique to individuals because of
their particular experiences (Hoyer, 2003:7).
According to Hoyer, there are three general categories of determinants of
developmental changes, they are normative age-graded factors, normative historygraded factors, and the last is nonnormative or idiosyncratic life events (Hoyer,
2003: 7).
a.
Normative age-graded factors are the aspect of development that is similar
across individuals and even culture. The development is a subject to variety
of normative age-graded factors.
b.
Normative History-Graded Factors are some developmental influences that
are closely related to specific historical eras or events rather than to age.
c.
Nonnormative of Idiosyncratic Life Events are unique changes that are
experienced by certain individuals. This factor of development is general to
a small percentage of individual in the same age, while others affect only a
single individual. Beside the proportion of it, nonnormative life events also
do not happen at any predictable time in a person’s life.
Even though there are three factors in causing the character development, in
this research, the writer uses only one of them. The writer uses the last factor,
nonnormative/idiosyncratic life event, to analyze the influence of the conflict
towards the character development.
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Furthermore, it is explained by Hoyer that nonnormative life events are
usually chance occurrences. They are including accidents, illness, business
failures, or death of someone important in someone’s life. Other examples are
winning first prize in a multimillion-dollar lottery, career choice, facing some
conflicts and marriage.
Lemme also explains in her book Development in Adulthood that
nonnormative life event is not experienced by everyone. Someone can experience
certain conflict that never experienced by others. These events, conflicts for
example, contribute to increasing variety among adult as they age (Lemme, 1995:
11).
4.
Theory of Screenplay
In this research, the writer uses a screenplay as a medium to be analyzed and
explored. Unlike a play script, which usually can be read easily since it has a
perfect detail, a screenplay is just like blueprints of a finished product so
sometimes the reader meet such a lack of direction on it (Giannetti, 1987:264).
Furthermore, like what Barranger said, an actor in a play will act a certain
character before audiences from time to time. She/he will be on the stage and
present a drama directly to the audiences. Since it is performed in a live
performance, it is possible for the performer to make some different improvisation
in every performance that she/he made. Being different from a play, a screenplay
will be performed as a film on a videotape. Once a director transforms a
screenplay into a film, it is unchanging. It means that the spectator will find the
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same finished product; they will never find any improvisation when they watch
the same film for the second or third times (Philips, 1994: 4).
Another strong difference between play script (drama) and a screenplay is
there are instructions for the cameras position along the process of shooting. It is
important for the writer to be familiar with, so she can appreciate the screenplay
well.
Considering the differences above, it can be said that reading a screenplay is
not as simple as watching the movie. Douglass, in his book The Art of Technique:
an Aesthetic Approach to Film and Video, said, “The script is like the rough-hewn
piece of wood before being put on the lathe.” It means that a script like a
screenplay should be interpreted first before it is filmed. In process of reading a
screenplay, Douglass also said, “the readers should know and can recognize what
touches, excites, amuses, or interests them in the story (Douglass, 1996: 8).”
Those details sometimes are not provided directly. The readers of a certain
screenplay should find it out themselves and this process is not as simple as what
they find in a regular drama (consider about a screenplay that has minim detail).
In order to understand a screenplay properly, these are the terms that should
be noted when the writer reads a screenplay according to Bronzite in A Glossary
of Screenwriting Terms & Filmmaking Definitions,
a.
Character. In a screenplay, the name of every character should be written in
caps at the first time a character is introduced in the “Action”. After that, it
can be written normally.
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b.
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EXT. and INT. Those stand for Exterior and Interior. When the writer finds
those terms, she knows that they are about the settings take place. These
terms are important to be known by the writer in order to make the writer
catches the idea about the setting of place.
c.
CUT TO:. It is the most simple and common transition. This term may be
used sparingly to help intensify character changes and emotional shift since
the transition is implied by a change of scene. The term CUT TO. makes
the writer understands the changes that happen in a screenplay.
d.
Parenthetical. It is used when an actor/actress should deliver his or her own
lines in a particular way. It will illustrate the point. Nevertheless,
parenthetical is only used when a line of dialogue should be read in some
way
contrary
to
logic
(Bronzite,
http://www.movieoutline.com/articles/screenplay-format-a-guide-toindustry-standard-script-formatting.html).
C.
Theoretical Framework
This research discusses the changes happening on the major character after
facing many conflicts within 48 hours and how those conflicts give many
contributions to her character development. In a broad outline, this research
explores the life force of the major character related to her psyche.
This part will discuss the contribution of the theories above to answer the
questions in the first chapter. Firstly, theory of conflict is used to answer the first
problem since it is about the major character’s conflict that happens in the
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screenplay. This theory will help to show what kind of conflict which is faced by
the major character.
The second, the third and the fourth theories, Abrams’ and Goldstone’s
theory about character and characterization, Rand’s theory about morality and
Hoyer’s theory about personality development will be used to answer the second
problem. The second problem will explain how the conflicts influence the
character development of the major character. Moreover, the last theory will be
used to read and interpret the screenplay.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A.
Object of the Study
This research involves a screenplay as the object of study. That is Legion
written by Peter Schink. This screenplay is filmed in 2010 by Screen Germs. In its
journey before it is filmed, there are several version of this screenplay. The row
content is perfected for several times until the writer acquires the final version.
Thus, in this research, the writer uses the final script.
Generally, this screenplay tells about the sudden changes experienced by
every character engaged in it. Moreover, those changes affect Charlie, an eightmonth pregnant girl living as a waiter in a Mojave Desert. She suddenly has to be
a very important person to save the world from God’s anger. On the other side,
Charlie is not ready to be a mother of her own child. She actually rejects the
presence of the fetus and tries to abort it, but in vain.
B.
Approach of the Study
Psychological approach is used to examine the topic in this research.
Rohrberger and Woods in their book, Reading and Writing about Literature
explain that,” psychological approach is an approach that involves the effort to
locate and demonstrate certain recurrent pattern” (1971: 13). It deals with certain
pattern that appears in every work of art. The work of art itself is an expression, in
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fictional form, of the state of mind and the structure of personality of the
individual author (David, 2009: 290).
This approach is applied since the focus of this research does not only
focus on literature side, but it focuses on psychology of the major character to see
her character development. It cannot be denied when someone experiences a
change, it also relates to his/her psychological. Legion will be discussed in the
realm of psychology since the topic that is chosen is about its major character
development. Many factors influence her character changes and the writer regards
that psychology approach is the most suitable approach to be applied in this
research.
C.
Method of the Study
Library research is used as the method of the study, since the data for this
study originate from printed materials. There are two sources that are used; the
primary source and the secondary sources. The primary source consists of one a
screenplay by Peter Schink namely Legion. Firstly, it is filmed in January 2010
by Screen Germs. This screenplay talks about an eight-month pregnant girl,
named Charlie, who has to face sudden changes in her society. These changes
enthrone her to be a very important person to save the world since she carries a
baby that is told as the savior of the world. The secondary sources consist of the
theories and related studies from various relevant books.
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After finding the screenplay from the internet and printing it, the analysis
was derived by doing some close readings, underlying the important parts, and
using the theories to answer every question mentioned in the problem
formulation.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter presents the answers to the problems that have been
formulated in chapter one. The writer will discuss them in two sections. The
discussion of the analysis will start from the major character’s conflicts in the
screenplay. The major character that will be analyzed is Charlie. There are four
types of conflict that will be explored here; they are conflicts between Charlie and
other persons, conflicts between Charlie and nature, conflicts between Charlie and
society, and conflicts between Charlie and herself.
After discussing about Charlie’s conflicts in the screenplay, the writer will
discuss the influence of conflicts on Charlie’s character development. In this
section, the writer will explain the influence of conflicts into two sub chapters.
The first sub chapter will talk about Charlie’s characteristics before and after
conflicts and the second sub chapter will talk about the influence of conflicts on
Charlie’s character development. Thus, the discussion about Charlie’s character
development can be recognized smoothly, starts from how the writer identifies the
conflicts, Charlie’s characteristic before and after the conflicts happen, until
finally the writer discovers conflicts that can change Charlie’s characteristics.
In this discussion, the writer will not use certain page in referring to any
quotations in the screenplay but she uses the number of the scenes. She will also
use the same format in the screenplay when she writes the quotations.
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A.
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Conflicts in Legion
Conflicts are the most important part in this research. They will be the
medium for the writer to see how a main character in a screenplay develops. The
existence of the character named Charlie in this screenplay is significant. Because
of her baby, she changes from a