The influence of Anne`s personality traits in resolving her conflicts as seen in Philippa Gregory`s The Boleyn Inheritence.

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ABSTRACT

Wulandari, Adisty Dewi. 2010. The Influence of Anne’s Personality Traits in Resolving Her Conflicts As Seen In Philippa Gregory’s The Boleyn Inheritance. Yogyakarta: English Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This thesis discusses Phillippa Gregory’s The Boleyn Inheritance. It presents one of the major characters named Anne, an ordinary young woman who is chosen to be the fourth queen of England. This study focuses on three problem formulations. They are: (1) How are Anne’s personality traits described in The Boleyn Inheritance? (2) What are the conflicts faced by Anne in The Boleyn Inheritance? (3) How do Anne’s personality traits influence her way in resolving her conflicts?

This thesis applies library research to analyze the problems. This study uses two kinds of sources, namely primary and secondary sources. The primary source is the novel, The Boleyn Inheritance. The second sources are taken from some books related to the theories. In analyzing Anne’s personality traits, this thesis applies psychological approach that is followed by the theory of personality and the theory of character and characterization. Furthermore, to discover the conflicts that are faced by Anne, this thesis uses the theory of conflict.

The first result of this study is about Anne’s personality traits that are seen in the novel. Anne is a major and a complex character. She is categorized as a protagonist character. According to the analysis, this study shows that Anne is responsible, calm, smart, kind hearted, caring, brave, self reliant, and optimistic. The second result of this study is about Anne’s conflicts in the novel. This study shows that Anne faces two kinds of conflicts. They are intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts. Next, this study finds out that Anne faces two kinds of intrapersonal conflicts. They are double-avoidance and approach-avoidance conflicts. Furthermore, Anne faces some interpersonal conflicts. She faces pseudo, simple and ego conflicts. The causes of interpersonal conflicts are relationship, communication and interest. Mostly, Anne faces her interpersonal conflicts using competitive and accommodation styles. She faces win-lose resolutions. Furthermore, this study finds out that Anne’s personality traits influence her much in resolving the conflicts.

Finally, the writer would like to propose two suggestions to complete this study. The first suggestion is proposed for the next researchers who want to conduct research using The Boleyn Inheritance. The last suggestion is the implementation of The Boleyn Inheritance as a material in teaching English, especially for teaching Intensive Reading II.

Keywords = Personality, Conflict, Resolving

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ABSTRAK

Wulandari, Adisty Dewi. 2010. The Influence of Anne’s Personality Traits in Resolving Her Conflicts As Seen In Philippa Gregory’s The Boleyn Inheritance. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Skripsi ini membahas The Boleyn Inheritance karya Phillippa Gregory. Novel ini menceritakan salah seorang karakter utama yang bernama Anne, seorang wanita muda biasa yang terpilih untuk menjadi ratu keempat kerajaan Inggris. Skripsi ini fokus pada tiga formulasi permasalahan. Rumusan-rumusan masalah itu adalah (1) Bagaimana sifat-sifat kepribadian Anne digambarkan dalam The Boleyn Inheritance? (2) Konflik-konflik apa saja yang dihadapi oleh Anne dalam The Boleyn Inheritance? (3) Bagaimana sifat-sifat kepribadian Anne mempengaruhi cara Anne dalam mengatasi konflik-konfliknya?

Skripsi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Studi ni menggunakan dua macam sumber, yaitu sumber utama dan sumber kedua. Sumber utama adalah novel The Boleyn Inheritance. Sumber kedua diambil dari beberapa buku yang berhubungan dengan teori-teori skripsi ini. Dalam menganalisa karakter Anne, skripsi ini mengaplikasikan pendekatan psikologi yang diikuti oleh teori kepribadian, teori karakter dan karakterisasi. Lebih jauh, untuk mengungkap konflik yang dihadapi oleh Anne, studi ini menggunakan teori tentang konflik. Konflik teori juga digunakan untuk mengungkapkan pengaruh dari sifat-sifat kepribadian Anne dalam menuntaskan permasalahannya.

Hasil pertama dari studi ini mengenai sifat-sifat kepribadian Anne yang terlihat dalam novel. Anne adalah karakter utama dan karakter yang kompleks. Ia dikategorikan sebagai karakter protagonis. Berdasarkan pada analisa, studi ini menemukan bahwa Anne adalah seorang wanita yang bertanggung jawab, tenang, pintar, baik hati, peduli, berani, bergantung pada diri sendiri, dan optimis. Hasil kedua studi ini adalah konflik Anne dalam novel ini. Studi ini menunjukan bahwa Anne menghadapi dua jenis konflik. Konflik-konflik itu adalah intrapersonal dan interpersonal. Selanjutnya, studi ini menemukan bahwa Anne mengalami dua jenis konflik intrapersonal. Konflik-konflik itu adalah pendekatan-penghindaran-ganda dan pendekatan-penghindaran. Lebih jauh, Anne menghadapi beberapa konflik interpersonal. Ia mengalami konflik pseudo, simpel and ego. Sebab dari konflik interpersonal ini adalah hubungan, komunikasi dan ketertarikan. Umumnya, Anne menghadapi konflik-konflik interpersonalnya dengan gaya kompetitif dan akomodasi. Ia menghadapi resolusi-resolusi menang-kalah. Lebih jauh, studi ini menemukan bahwa sifat-sifat kepribadian Anne sangat berpengaruh dalam menyelesaikan masalah.

Akhirnya, penulis ingin memberikan dua saran untuk melengkapi studi ini. Saran pertama diberikan untuk peneliti selanjutnya yang akan mengadakan studi meggunakan The Boleyn Inheritance. Saran terakhir adalah implementasi The Boleyn Inheritance sebagai material dalam mengajar bahasa Inggris, khususnya untuk mengajar Intensive Reading II.

Kata Kunci= Kepribadian, Konflik, Menyelesaikan

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THE INFLUENCE OF ANNE’S PERSONALITY TRAITS IN RESOLVING HER CONFLICTS AS SEEN IN PHILIPPA GREGORY’S

THE BOLEYN INHERITENCE

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

Adisty Dewi Wulandari 051214002

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

2010

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ABSTRACT

Keywords = Personality, Conflict, Resolving

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ABSTRAK

Kata Kunci= Kepribadian, Konflik, Menyelesaikan

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to everybody who supported my study in accomplishing this thesis. First of all, I would like to give my greatest honour to my Lord, Allah, for giving me His blessing and health so that I could finish this thesis.

My dedication goes to my family; my parents, Mr Bambang Lukito in heaven and Mrs Farlini, who have given their supports and prayers. May my father rest in peace in heaven; I dedicate this thesis to him as a proof that I can be a person who makes him proud. Also, may my mother live in peace and find happiness in her life. I dedicate this thesis to her as a proof that I am no longer a child she must worry about, this is my turn to take care of her and make her proud for the rest of her life. This thesis is also dedicated to my beloved and only brother, Wisnu, may he find his way to live and always be successful in his career.

I would like to thank my major sponsor, Mrs Triprihatmini for her guidance and her patience in giving me right direction to accomplish this study. I also would like to thank my friends; Listyan, Jojo, Chekar, Gendis, Andre, Lara, Mas Leo, Febby, Vega and Wuri for their information so that I can finish this study in a right direction. I would like to thank my friends, Pepy, Esti, Mas Heby, Mas Miko, Indro and Andre who give me their time to check my study. Their feedbacks and directions help me a lot to make this study better. I also would like to thank my entire classmate friends that I could not mention one by

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one; everyone who has become ever in a team with me. I am happy to have a good time in PBI and have good experiences with them. Those experiences make me more mature and patient. May God give them a happy successful life.

I would like to express my thanks to my best friends; Ery who always gives me her support and reminds me not to be too stressful in doing my study, and Cut Ayu, who always supports me to finish my study. Last but not least, I would like to thank my lover, Andjar, who always accompanies me even in difficult time. I thank him for the great love and support. He makes me feel complete as a woman.

Adisty Dewi Wulandari

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Why I always see others’ achievements with envy? While indeed, I can do better than they do if I want Why I always hide and run when I face hard situations?

While others can face it with courage

Why I always full of doubts and easily give up in making decisions? While others always try their best to find the best resolution

Why I always cry and panic if everything goes wrong? While others can handle it with calmness and patience

Yesterday,

I let everything happened, I never did anything to fix it I let my pride, my selfishness, my doubts, my fears led the way

Then the prize I won was Failure

Now, I refuse to stop and cry I refuse to surrender I refuse to fear and run From anything that will come to me

Whether it is good or bad Whether it is happiness or sorrow

I will face it

With the best effort I can do With the best spirit I can have With the best courage I can build

-Adisty Dewi Wulandari-

I dedicate this thesis to: My beloved father in heaven My beloved mother and brother

My beloved friends who have coloured my life

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

PAGE OF TITLE………..i

APPROVAL PAGES……….….ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY………...iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMI………..v

ABSTRACT………vi

ABSTRAK………..…vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………..viii

PAGE OF DEDICATION ………...x

TABLE OF CONTENTS………..…..xi

LIST OF APPENDICES……….….……….xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………..1

A. Background of the Study……….…….1

B. Problem Formulation……….5

C. Objectives of the Study………..………...5

D. Benefits of the Study………...………..6

E. Definition of Terms………...6

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE………9

A. Review of Related Theories………..9

1. Critical Approach………...9

2. Theory of Character and Characterization………..…10

3. Theory of Personality………..14

4. Theory of Conflict………...17

a. Types of Conflict……….17

b. Causes of Conflict………...19

c. Style of People in Approaching Conflict………...………….20

d. Resolution of Conflict……….21

B. Review of Related Studies………...23

C. Theoretical Framework………...…………24

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY………...…….27

A. Object of the Study……….27

B. Approach of the Study………...………...28

C. Method of the Study………...29

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS…...32

A. Anne’s Personality Traits in The Boleyn Inheritance………32

1. Responsible………...34

2. Calm ………...36

3. Smart ………..37

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4. Kind Hearted and Caring………39

5. Brave………...41

6. Self-Reliant……….43

7. Optimistic……… ……….………….44

B. Conflicts Faced By Anne in The Boleyn Inheritance………45

1. Intrapersonal Conflict……….46

a. Anne’s Decision to Stay in England………...46

b. Anne’s Decision to Stay Away From King Henry VIII…………...48

2. Interpersonal Conflict………..50

a. Anne Versus William and Her Mother………...………51

b. Anne Versus Duke of Norfolk, Jane Boleyn and Katherine Howard. ………..53

c. Anne Versus King Henry VIII…………...……… 55

d. Anne Versus False Witnesses ………57

C. The Influence of Anne’s Personality Traits in Resolving Conflict…...….58

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS …...64

A. Conclusions………64

B. Suggestions………70

1. Suggestions for Further Researcher………70

2. Suggestions for English Teacher……….71

REFERENCES….………..73

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Page

Appendix 1: Summary of The Boleyn Inheritance………76

Appendix 2: Biography of Philippa Gregory……….81

Appendix 3: Lesson Plan for Teaching Intensive Reading II………83

Appendix 4: Material for Intensive Reading II………. 85

Appendix 5: Answer Key...………..……… 88

Appendix 6: Pictures………..89

Appendix 7: The Boleyn Inheritance Short Story………..…....92

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of five parts. The first part is the background of the study which contains the reason in choosing the novel, the general information about the novel, and the reason in choosing aspects to be discussed. The second part is the problem formulation. In this part, there are some problem statements that will be discussed and analyzed further. The next part is the objectives of the study that answers the question formulated in the problem formulation. The fourth part is the benefits of the study that explains about the advantages of this study for the readers. The last part is the definition of terms related to the study.

A. Background of the Study

Literature makes the world colourful through arts, since it is one of the human works that full of inspirations, values and imaginations. Pooley says “Literature always deals with human beings” (2), it means that literature touches humanity through poems, dramas, novels, and play performances. In addition, Wellek and Warren also state that literature is a complex object, “literary work is not simple object but rather a highly complex organization of stratified characters with multiply meaning and relationship” (27). Based on the statement above, it can be assumed that literature is rich of complex characters, relationships, and values. Behind its beauties, literature is also rich of messages and social conditions. Sometimes, it also describes history. In brief, literary gives description about human life in beautiful ways.

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This study uses a novel because novel is one of the kinds of literary works that rich of characters, conflicts and resolution of problems. By reading a novel, the reader can improve their imaginations and enrich their knowledge about many conditions in life. A novel can give information about many cultures, characteristics, problem resolutions, and life values.

For this study, the writer uses The Boleyn Inheritance that is written by Philippa Gregory. This novel is one of the Philippa Gregory’s fascinating literary works that tells about kingdom court, England Kingdom. This novel is written based on history of England. Because of that reason, this novel is not only giving information about cultures, social conditions, and personalities of people but also giving knowledge about England’s history. It was first published in 2006. This novel is the sequel of The Other Boleyn Girls which tells about the chronicles of the first, the second and the third marriages of King Henry VIII. Gregory creates all of the characters based on true history of England. Furthermore, The Boleyn Inheritance tells about the chronicles about the fourth and the fifth marriages of King Henry VIII. According to the story, there are many obstacles of being King Henry’s queens, especially when the queen is rejected by King Henry VIII. Through this novel, we can learn about the history of King Henry’s queens and learn about how they survive from the tyranny of their husband.

Besides giving many values of life and history of England, this novel is also unique. It has three main characters. The first main character is Anne. She is a young woman who runs from her home to be the fourth queen of England. The second main character is Jane Boleyn, a woman who becomes the queen’s

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lady-3

in-waiting, and the third main character is Katherine Howard, a pretty girl who becomes a maid-in–waiting of the queen of England. Finally, Katherine becomes the fifth queen of England. In this novel, Gregory voices her story through these characters. Each of them voices their minds, their thought, their speeches and their plans to survive from King Henry’s tyranny. Because of that reason, the writer chooses this novel to discuss.

Besides containing messages about life, literature is also rich of conflicts because literature is the expression of life through the medium of language (Hudson 10). As we know, human’s life is never free from conflicts. Human is both individual and social creatures. A human as an individual creature means that every human has his own uniqueness such as different personalities, manners, behaviours, and attitudes. On the other hand, a human is also a social creature which means that he or she needs other people to survive. In a relationship, there must be differences, either the differences in personalities, beliefs, interpretations, motivations, or goals. These differences can be the source of conflicts. Because of that reason, there is no doubt that human will face conflicts among them. According to Isenhart and Spangle (7), our daily life problems are often caused by internal-unconscious state such as anxiety, fear, ego, aggressiveness or guilt. Based on this statement, it can be concluded that human conflicts are not only triggered by his relationship with others but also triggered by his feelings.

Generally, conflict is a condition that brings people into doubts, sadness, unhappiness, and also fears. According to this description, it seems that conflicts only lead human into sorrow. Conflicts are unpredictable. Many factors can

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trigger a conflict to happen whether it comes from internal or external causes. However, conflicts have big influence in human development. It plays big roles in someone’s life. Conflict also affects someone’s behaviour towards others. Therefore, learning every conflict that occurs in life is essential for the process of self development, whether it is in reality or in a form of fiction like novels, dramas, poems, and plays. Because of that reason, the writer chooses conflict to be explored more in this study.

Basically, every human has his own uniqueness in personalities, goals, decisions, and also priorities. Personality leads someone to choose his way to face conflicts. It has a great influence in someone’s way of life, whether it is good or bad. Therefore, human personalities are always interesting to learn. Because of that reason, the writer chooses personality to be discussed in this study.

Furthermore, the writer chooses Anne of Cleves because she faces many conflicts and pressures rather than other two main characters, Jane Boleyn and Katherine Howard. Anne runs from her country, Cleves, and comes to England in order to marry King Henry VIII. One day, all of the main characters meet in one destiny and share the same inheritance, the Boleyn inheritance. Anne of Cleves, who is chosen to marry the King, begins her new life in a new country with a big hope. She wishes to be a good queen for England. Unfortunately, her hope to be a good queen never comes to reality. Her life is in danger when the king tries to annul their marriage and the other characters play a seduction game to seek a chance to sit on the throne again. She is the only queen who is rejected by the King from the beginning.

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Because of many conflicts, manipulations, false witnesses, accusations, and lies are described through the story, this novel gives a description on how personalities of people lead them to take different ways in resolving conflicts in life. The Boleyn Inheritance also describes how people’s actions and decisions in facing problems lead them to their own destiny.

In the novel, it is interesting to study Anne’s personality traits and conflicts. The writer is interested in analyzing Anne’s conflicts because Anne faces many conflicts in her life that nearly put her to the death. Therefore, by analyzing Anne’s personality traits and conflicts in this novel, it can give a new point of view for the readers in facing and solving their problems.

B. Problem Formulation

To make this thesis well organized, the writer sets the question as follow: 1. How are Anne’s personality traits described in The Boleyn Inheritance? 2. What are the conflicts faced by Anne in The Boleyn Inheritance?

3. How do Anne’s personality traits influence her way in resolving her conflicts?

C. Objectives of the Study

The aim of this study is firstly to find out the personality traits of Anne. Subsequently, the second aim is to find out the conflicts that are faced by Anne. The last objective is to find out the influence of Anne’s personality traits in resolving her conflicts.

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D. Benefits of the Study

This study is conducted to give a description on how important to learn human personalities and conflicts in life. Every conflict must have resolution to be learnt. Hopefully, with this study, the readers know more about personality of people, learn more about conflicts, and learn how someone’s personality influences someone’s way in resolving many conflicts in his or her life.

E. Definition of Terms

In this part, the writer includes the definition of some terms related to the title of this study. It is done in order to avoid misinterpretation and misunderstanding so that the readers can have a better description about the content that will be discussed further in this study. There are three definitions in this part, they are the definition of personality, definition of conflict, and the last is definition of resolution.

1. Personality

According Lane and Dockeray (490), an individual’s personality refers to his characteristics of reaction that make him different from other people. Another understanding comes from Halonen and Santrock. They say “Personality refers to our enduring thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that characterize the way we interact with the world” (378). They also agree that traits are the fundamental building blocks of human personality (Halonen and Santrock 373).

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Additionally, a trait means stable and consistent characteristics that can be used to describe someone’s personality (Allport and Odbert 443). In another understanding, traits are defined as patterns of behaviours that are relatively consistent in various situations (Lahey 406).

In this novel, there are three main characters in The Boleyn Inheritance; they are Jane Boleyn, Katherine Howard, and Anne of Cleves. For this study, the writer only uses one of the main characters of The Boleyn Inheritance; Anne of Cleves. She is a German Protestant woman who runs from her country and marries the King of England, King Henry VIII. She becomes the fourth queen of England. This study discusses about Anne’s personality traits using Murphy’s and Barnet’s methods of characterization. In this study, the writer not only focuses on Anne’s personality traits but also focuses on how her personality traits influence her way to solve every obstacle and danger.

2. Conflict

Holman and Harmon (107) mention that conflict is a struggle that grows out of the interplay of the two opposing forces in the plot. Conflict maybe an argument between opposing forces, like man against man, nature, fate, society, or perhaps the internal one between the two opposing parts of man’s personality.

Others, like Robert and Jacobs (88), define conflicts as the opposition between two characters. It may also exist between larger groups of people, although in fiction conflict may also exist between an individual and larger forces, such as natural objects, ideas, a mode of behaviour, and public opinion. The

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existence of difficult choices within an individual’s mind may also be presented not as direct opposition, but as a set of comparative ideas of values. This study focuses on discovering Anne’s conflicts, both intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts. This study also focuses on how Anne’s personality traits influence her way in resolving her conflicts.

3. Resolution

According to Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, the word “resolution” means the act of solving or settling problems (1132). In this study, resolution refers to Anne’s action and behaviour in resolving her conflict in the novel. This study will analyze how Anne’s characteristics influence her in solving her problems.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of three major parts. The first part is the review of related theories. It consists of critical approach, theory of character and characterization, theory of personality, and the last is theory of conflict. The second part is the review of related studies. It describes previous research which is related to the study. The last part is theoretical framework which describes the contribution of the theories in solving the problems.

A. Review of Related Theories 1. Critical Approach

Analyzing a novel is not the same as someone reading and imagining its stories. The writer must avoid subjectivity when he or she analyzes a novel. Therefore, critical approach is needed. According to Rohrberger and Woods (6-15), there are five approaches that can be used when a writer analyzes a novel. They are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the last is the psychological approach.

The first approach is formalist approach. The Formalist approach is an approach that focuses on the integrity of literary works. This approach concerns with the harmonist connection between one and other aspects in a novel. The next is biographical approach. This approach focuses on the importance of the author’s ideas and personal life. It also reveals the author’s development in order to

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understand his or her writing. Unlike the biographical approach which focuses on the importance of the author’s ideas and personal life, the sociocultural historical approach focuses on social, cultural, civilization, and history as reference to analyze the novel. The next approach is the mythopoeic approach. It attempts to discover the particular pattern of human thought that share the same universal belief to have an expression in certain community mind.

The last approach is psychological approach. It involves the theories of psychology as the references to analyze the characters in the story. Psychological approach allows the researcher to discover the pattern of human personality and behaviour. Barnet states “a character is a figure with specific mental and moral qualities; it is obvious that characters are observable through psychology in terms that they consist of unique mental qualities” (71). Based on the statement above, it can be assumed that analyzing the characters deals with psychology. Therefore, this study applies the psychological approach to discover and analyze Anne’s personality traits.

2. Theory of Character and Characterization

This study focuses on Anne’s personality traits. Therefore, the theory of character and characterization is important to be applied in order to analyze the problems of this study. Holman and Harmon state “character means a complicated term that includes the idea of the moral constitution of the human personality, the presence of moral uprightness and the simpler notion of the presence of creature in art that seem to be human beings of one sort or another” (81). Based on the

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description above, it can be assumed that a character in a novel is a complex creature like human being. A character has personality traits and physical appearance. In a novel, there must be a character who leads the reader to know the story.

There are some types of characters in a novel. Holman and Harmon (400) mention that a character can be determined by analyzing the character’s role. There are two roles of characters; it can be antagonist and protagonist. A protagonist is the character that has an important role in the play and has an ability to enlist the reader’s sympathy and interest. In contrast, antagonist character is the character who directly opposes the protagonist (Holman and Harmon 27). From the description above, it can be assumed that protagonist character faces major conflicts in a story.

While Holman and Harmon define characters based on their roles in a novel, Henkel (87) defines character in another way. He states that characters can be divided based on the function and the prominence. They are major and secondary character. Major character is a character that deserves to get attention from the readers and other characters. On the other hand, secondary character is the one who performs more limited function in the story. Secondary character also appears less often than major character.

Furthermore, Forster (46) introduces new terms in determining the characters. He defines a character as a flat character and a round character. A flat character is presented without much individualizing detail, and static. For example is prince. In our mindset, if we hear a word of “prince”, we imagine a handsome,

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gentle, and rich man. In contrast, a round character is presented with personality, like most people. This character is capable of surprising in the story.

After we know about the types of character based on the role, the function, and the prominence, we need to know more about the character’s personality. Therefore, characterization methods are needed to describe a character’s personality of a novel. Characterization methods allow the writer to reveal the character’s physical appearance and personality traits.

Based on Rohrberger and Woods (180), characterization is a process by which an author creates the character with particular type of person. It means that every character in a story is different, both mentally and physically appearances. Murphy (161) states that characterization is the way an author conveys the characters and personalities so that the readers understand and know the characters.

To avoid subjectivity in analyzing a character of a novel, this study needs methods of characterization. This study uses two theories that are proposed by Sylvan Barnet and Murphy.

Barnet (712) determines four ways to understand the characteristics of a character. They are; what the character says, what the characters does or acts, what other characters say about the character and the last what others do.

Similar to Barnet who proposes four ways in determining a character, Murphy (161-173) explains about nine principals in the process of characterization. Those principals are:

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a. Personal description

The author can describe a character in personal description; the author may draw details about the character’s appearance and clothes. For example: eyes, clothes, skin, face, height, appearance.

b. Character as seen by the others.

The author can describe a character through other characters’ eyes point of views and opinions so that the readers can get a reflection image about the character’s personality and appearance.

c. Character’s speech

The author can give the readers an insight into character through character’s speech and words. The reader may know the personality of the character by the character’s opinion or statement.

d. Past life

The author can give a clue of personality through past life. It is done in order to let the readers learn something from character’s previous life and know the shape of a person’s character.

e. Conversation of others

The readers can take clues of person’s character through the conversation of other characters and the things they say about him. It can help the readers understand better about the character and get a clue about the character’s personality.

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f. Reaction

The author gives a clue to the reader based on the reaction of the character to various situation and events in the story.

g. Direct comment

The author can describe or comment a character in a novel directly. The author can give his or her personal comment to the characters he or she creates directly.

h. Thought

The author can give the readers direct knowledge of what a character is thinking about. With this clue, the author wants to give a description of a character for the readers through the character’s mind. By knowing the character’s thoughts and minds, the readers can learn his or her characteristics. i. Mannerism

The author can describe a character’s mannerism, idiosyncrasies and habits. It can lead the readers learn the person’s characteristics.

This study focuses on analyzing Anne’s personality traits. Therefore, this study applies the theory of personality in order to find out about the personality traits of Anne.

3. Theory of Personality

Before discussing further about the theory of personality that deals with human psychology, it is important to know the definition of psychology first. Guilfort says “psychology is a science of mental activities of organism” (18). It

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means that psychology focuses on the mind, the mental, and the thought of organisms. In this study, organism belongs to human. As we know, human is a unique organism. He is gifted with mind, feeling, free will, ambition, emotion, and also personality.

C.G Jung says “psychological mode works with material drawn from man’s conscious life with crucial experiences, powerful emotions, suffering passion, and the stuff of human fate in general” (89). Based on the statement above, personality of a character can be seen through his or her actions, experiences he or she has, and how he or she faces problems and resolves it.

To analyze personality, Sigmund Freud (379-380) proposes psychoanalytic theory. It focuses on emotion and unconscious mental processes. In psychoanalytic theory, Freud states that personality is determined by three major systems; id, ego, and superego. Each system has its own function, but three of them interact to govern behaviour.

According to Freud, Id is a basic structure of personality of human being. Id always seeks pleasure and avoids pain. Id is unconscious which means that there is no contact with reality. The person only thinks about pleasure. Id leads someone to satisfy his basic needs such as self protection, sexual desire, and hunger. The next is ego. This structure of personality follows the reality principle. Ego is partly conscious. It works based on the condition on how a person can stay away from problems. The last personality structure is superego. It leads someone to his fully conscious actions. It gives him a sense of morality about right or wrong.

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While Freud proposes three structures of personality, Costa and McCrae (qtd. in Huffman et al 445-446) propose five-factor-theory. It is five major dimensions of personality and well-known as OCEAN. It is a combination theory based on the research finding of modern traits and possible personality traits. O means Openness to experience; individual who has this personality tends to be imaginative, creative, curious, open to new idea, and interested in cultural pursuits. In contrast, a person who is not open to experience tends to be conventional, down to earth, inartistic, and narrower in their interest.

The next is C. C means Consciousness; a person with this personality tends to be responsible, well organized, careful, reliable, and hard working. In contrast, individual who is low in consciousness tends to be irresponsible, careless, impulsive, undependable to other, lazy, and disorganized. Next, E means Extroversion. Individuals with this personality are sociable, outgoing, talkative, fun loving, and affectionate. The opposite personality of extroversion is introversion. An individual with introvert personality is quite, passive, withdrawn, reserved, and loner.

Furthermore, A means Agreeableness; a person who has this personality tends to be warm, good natured, gentle, cooperative, helpful, and trusting. On the other hand, an individual who is low in agreeableness tends to be argumentative, ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative, vindictive and irritable. The last acronym is N. N means Neuroticism. A person with this personality is emotionally unstable because he or she always feels insecure, anxiety, guilty, worry and moody. In

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contrast, a person who low in neuroticism is emotionally stable. He or she tends to be calm, easy going, relaxed, and even-tempered.

4. Theory of Conflict

Human life is never free from conflict. Holman and Harmon say “conflict as the struggle that grows out of the interplay of the two opposing forces in the plot” (107). It means that conflict happens between two oppositions like man against man, man against nature, man against fate, man against society, or perhaps man against his personality. Another definition comes from Jones and Gerard. They say “a conflict is a state that requires the person when he is motivated to make two or more mutual incompatible actions” (qtd. in Worchel and Cooper 460). It means that a person will face a conflict when he cannot do two or more actions in the same time. As a result, he must choose one way and accept the consequences. In this part, there are four sub parts that will be explained in conflicts theory, they are types of conflict, causes of conflict, style of people in approaching conflict, and the last is resolution of conflict.

a. Types of Conflict

There are some types of conflicts. Stanton (16) proposes two types of conflicts. They are internal and external conflicts. An internal conflict means a conflict that comes from the character himself, whether he has a problem in his thought, mind or in his belief. In contrast, external conflict is the obstacle that

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comes from the outside. It can be a conflict with other human being, society, nature, even social belief and tradition.

In addition, Worchel and Cooper (460-464) also determine two types of conflict. They propose intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts. An intrapersonal conflict means a conflict that an individual experiences when he or she makes a decision between two or more alternatives. In making decision, a person finds difficulties to decide the right choice. Therefore, there are four kinds of conflict that can be found in intrapersonal conflict. They are approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance, and double-approach-avoidance conflicts.

An approach-approach conflict appears when a person can choose only one action between two positive goals because he only can reach one goal. The next is avoidance-avoidance conflict. It appears when an individual must choose one between two unattractive goals. Furthermore, an approach-avoidance conflict occurs when a person faces only one goal that has both positive and negative sides. As a result, he or she is full of doubt in choosing his or her goal. The last is double approach-avoidance conflict. This conflict has two goals that all of the choices have positive and negative sides.

Based on the description above, we know that intrapersonal conflict deals with human minds and doubts. On the other hand, interpersonal conflict means a conflict which deals with two or more people when they are involved in achieving incompatible goals. According to Beebe and Redman (297-300), interpersonal conflict can be divided into three types; they are pseudo conflict, simple conflict

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and ego conflicts. The first is pseudo conflict. This conflict occurs because of the lack of understanding between individuals or parties. Next, simple conflict happens because of the differences on definitions, ideas, goals, and perceptions between individuals. While simple and pseudo conflicts are caused by lack of understanding and differences with others, ego conflict appears when personal differences occur to each individual in a group.

b. Causes of Conflict

Many causes can trigger conflicts. As Isenhart and Spangle (14-15) has written, there are seven common causes of conflicts. Those are data, interest, procedures, values, relationship, roles, and communication. Data can be a source of conflict because everyone has different interpretation and source of data. Therefore, data can make people argue each other. The second cause is the interest. Because of every person has his own interest, it can trigger a conflict if he force his own interest to others.

The next cause is the procedure. It can trigger a conflict when someone or parties do not involve in a discussion if they do not agree with the procedures in solving problems. The fourth cause is the values. Values can be causes of a conflict because everyone has different priority of values. The fifth cause is the relationship. In daily life, relationship can be broken if an individual does not respect other. The sixth cause is the role. A conflict appears when individual has imbalance role among the rules toward his own roles. The last is the communication. Communication can be the trigger of a conflict if

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miscommunication occurs. Miscommunication will make someone interprets the communication differently.

c. Style of People in Approaching Conflict

In this part, Isenhart and Spangle (26-27) propose five common ways that describe on how someone approaches the conflict. They are avoiding style, accommodation style, comprising style, competitive style, and collaborative style.

The first is avoiding style. Avoiding style means that someone denies if there is a conflict in his or her life. Usually, he or she avoids talking or discussing the conflict. Avoiding style is done because the person does not want any goals, achievements, or solutions. The next style is accommodation style. A person or a party sacrifices his or her interest. He concerns to other’s interest so that they can achieve a resolution. This style happens when a person or party feels impossible to achieve the goals. The next is comprising style. In this style, each party sacrifices part of his or her interest to achieve the negotiation. It means that both parties need to do a negotiation since they have the same goals that require a quick resolution.

The fourth style is competitive. Competitive means compete with others, uncooperative behaviour and self focused. This style is effective when a person faces a condition that needs a quick resolution. The last style is collaborative. Unlike competitive style which is self-focused and uncooperative, collaborative style is listening to other’s interest, issued focused, and has an empathic

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communication. That is why collaborative style will form a long term relationship with other. It requires the cooperative behaviour from both parties.

d. Resolution of Conflict

In life, everyone has his own way in facing a conflict, either it is intrapersonal or interpersonal conflict. Intrapersonal conflict is a person’s inner conflict that occurs because of the choices between two or more alternative ways. In facing intrapersonal conflict, Worchel and Cooper (460-464) state some resolution for those who face intrapersonal conflict. If someone faces an approach-approach conflict, he can define his goal and find the better way in achieving more goals. An approach-avoidance conflict is hardly has a resolution because someone hardly finds a resolution in this situation. Furthermore, if someone faces an avoidance-avoidance conflict, the better resolution for this problem is to avoid the conflict because the effect will bring him to negative effect. Then, if he faces a double approach-avoidance conflict, there are two resolutions to solve this problem. First resolution is trying to achieve one goal and giving up to another. The second resolution depends on the value of each goal, if the positive value is higher than negative, then the goal can be reached.

While intrapersonal conflict deals with human’s doubts, interpersonal conflict deals with another man or party. Therefore, it needs a way to resolve the problem. Alder and Towne (376-380) define three manners in taking decision to resolve the interpersonal conflict. They are win-lose, lose-lose, and win-win solution. In win-lose solution, there is only one side who feels satisfied with the

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result of conflict while the other is giving up their goals and interests. In lose-lose decision, there is no side who feels satisfied with the solution of conflict. The last solution is win-win. It means that each side will satisfied with the solution of the conflict. They achieve their goals without giving up their interests.

While Alder and Towne propose three manners in finding conflict resolution, Isenhart and Spangle (45-152) hold another point of view to achieve interpersonal conflict resolution. They are negotiation, mediation, facilitation, arbitration and judicial process.

The first alternative resolution is negotiation. Negotiation means that there is a compromise between parties to achieve their goals. There are two types of negotiation; they are integrative and distributive resolutions. In integrative resolution, the parties usually exchange information. They rarely use threats or demands to achieve their goals. They are identifying their goals while protecting their relationships with other party. As a result, both of parties will state their goals and advantages clearly. In contrast, distributive resolution uses threats or demands to achieve the goals. It is known as bargaining process. This process does not concern with the relationship between two parties.

The second alternative is mediation. In this alternative, the third party is needed as mediators to guide the two parties, who are in conflict, to find out their problem resolution. In this case, the third party is a neutral side. The next alternative will be facilitation. Usually, facilitation plays a role in a complex problem that cope a large size of people. In this alternative resolution, the third party is also needed as a facilitator. The third party creates a collaborative

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discussion that needs a process of opinion surveying, image building, and also brainstorming. The fourth alternative resolution will be arbitration. Arbitration resolution plays a role when both parties do not find a resolution to solve their problems. Therefore, the both parties choose the third party to make the decision. The last alternative is judicial process. This is a step when all the alternative resolutions cannot give any resolution for conflicts. It is done based on the social norms, the legal or non-legal laws and the procedures to resolve the conflicts. The third party of this judicial process is known as court.

B. Review of Related Studies

In this part, the writer presents a previous study related to The Boleyn Inheritance. Mostly, people know that King Henry VIII has eight queens. Cristinab studies that King Henry VIII only has six queens and not all of them are beheaded. Only two of them are beheaded; they are Anne Boleyn and Katherine Howard. Cristinab finds out that Katherine of Aragon is sent by King Henry to exile because the king falls in love with Anne Boleyn. Anne Boleyn, the second queen is beheaded. She is accused of adultery with some men by King Henry. The third queen is Jane Seymour. This queen passes away after she gives birth to a baby. The fourth queen is Anne of Cleves. The king divorces Anne and accuses her for a witchcraft that unmanned him. Luckily, the king only sends her to exile. The fifth queen is Katherine Howard; she is beheaded because of adultery. The last queen is Catherine Parr; she accompanies King Henry VIII until he dies.

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This study investigates only the fourth queen of England, Anne of Cleves. This study will reveal Anne’s personality traits, her conflicts that are seen in the story and also the influence of her personality traits in resolving her conflicts. This study will investigate not only intrapersonal but also interpersonal conflicts.

C. Theoretical Framework

For this study, the writer presents many theories that are related to the problems formulations. The discussion of the first problem will apply the theory of character and characterization. With these theories, the writer has clues on how to reveal someone’s characteristics. To discover Anne’s role, function and prominence in the novel, the writer uses the theory of character from Foster, Henkle, Holman and Harmon. The writer also uses the theory from Murphy and Barnet as the base method of characterization. By using the methods of characterization, the writer can analyze and understand Anne’s personality traits deeper. This study will also be related to Freud’s theory about the structure of personality. He proposes three ideas; id, ego and super ego. Based on this theory, the writer will find out about what structure of personality that influences Anne’s personality traits. The writer also uses Paul Costa and Robert McCrae’s theory. They propose five basic personality traits. They are openness to experience, consciousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Based on this theory, the writer will find out about Anne’s basic personality.

The second problem will be analyzed by using the theory of conflict. This study uses four kinds of conflict theories. The first theory is the types of conflict.

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The writer uses one theory in this part. It comes from Worchel and Cooper (460-464). They divide the types of conflict into two; they are intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts. With this theory, the writer will find out about the types of conflicts that are faced by Anne in the story.

The writer also includes the causes of conflict as the second theory of conflict. This theory is included as base information about the causes of conflict. In this part, the writer uses Isenhart and Spangle (14-15) theory. They state seven common causes of conflicts. Those are data, interest, procedures, values, relationship, roles, and communication. Based on this theory, the writer tries to find out about the causes of Anne’s conflicts in the story.

The next part is the style of people in approaching conflict. For this study, the writer also uses Isenhart’s and Spangle’s theory about the common ways on how someone approaches a conflict. There are five ways of approaching a conflict. They are avoiding style, accommodation style, comprising style, competitive style, and the last is collaborative style (Isenhart and Spangle 26-27). The writer includes this theory because it is important to know Anne’s style in resolving her conflicts in the novel.

The last problem will be analyzed using the theory of conflict resolution. In this part, the writer uses the theory that is proposed by Alder and Towne (376-380) about the manners of conflict resolution, they are win-lose, lose-lose, and the last is win-win solution. Furthermore, the writer includes Isenhart and Spangle’s (45-152) theory about the alternative resolutions in solving interpersonal conflicts. There are five alternative resolutions; they are negotiation, mediation, facilitation,

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arbitration, and judicial process. The last theory is the theory proposed by Worchel and Cooper (460-464) about facing intrapersonal conflict. By applying these theories, the writer will find out about the clue on how Anne faces her conflicts. These theories are important to reveal Anne’s decisions to solve her conflicts in the novel.

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, there are three points to be discussed. The first is the object of the study, the second is the approach of the study, and the last point is the method of the study. The first point is the object of the study. It includes the object of the study description and brief explanation about the work in general. The next discussion is the approach of the study. It explains about the approach which is used in conducting the research. The last discussion will be the method of the study. It explains about the steps which are taken by the writer in conducting this research, from reading up to reporting the findings.

A. Object of the Study

The object of this study is a novel entitled The Boleyn Inheritance written by Philippa Gregory. This novel was first published in 2006. It is a direct sequel to Gregory’s previous novel The Other Boleyn Girl. The Boleyn Inheritance tells about three women who share the same fate; the Boleyn inheritance. Boleyn itself is the name of the royal family in England. The story covers a period from 1539 until 1542. It tells the chronicles of the fourth and the fifth marriages of King Henry VIII. This novel consists of 566 pages. This story is spoken through the point of view of three women. It is divided into 109 chapters. There are 39 chapters of Jane Boleyn, 36 chapters of Anne, and 34 chapters of Katherine.

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In this novel, Philippa Gregory voices her story through the voices of three women; Anne of Cleves, Jane Boleyn and Katherine Howard. Anne runs from her family and tries to find her own life in a new country to be the queen of England, the fourth queen of England. The second main character is Jane Rochford, also known as Jane Boleyn, a woman who serves the queen of England once. She sends her husband and sister in law to their death because of her witness. She is seeking the opportunity to serve the queen again. The last main character is Katherine Howard, a beautiful girl who loves to party and loves to flirt handsome men. She is also seeking the opportunity to serve the queen. She wants to live at court.

For this study, the writer focuses on analyzing Anne’s personality traits and her conflicts. The writer chooses Anne to be analyzed because she is one of the major characters that faces many complicated conflicts in the story. In this novel, Gregory creates Anne’s character based on the true history of England. Anne of Cleves, the fourth queen of England who survives from the threat of death that is caused by her own husband, King Henry VIII. In this novel, Gregory creates a fearful, evil, treacherous, dangerous and luxurious atmosphere at England court. She gives a sense of wickedness in her story and describes England’s history in attractive way.

B. Approach of the Study

This study analyzes Anne’s personality traits and conflicts. Since this study deals with personality and conflict, the writer prefers to use psychological

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approach. According to Rohrberger and Woods (6-15), psychological approach involves the theories of psychology as the references to analyse the characters in the story. It is aimed to discover the pattern of human personality and behaviour. By using the psychological approach, the character’s thought, personality and behaviour can be analysed further. In analyzing someone’s characters, this approach allows the writer to discover the personality through Anne’s actions, behaviours, minds, thoughts, and appearance. For that reason, psychological approach is applied in this study.

Since every person has his own personality, objective, priority, and belief, there must be differences emerge between people. Therefore, it may cause a conflict. When a character has a relationship with other characters, it also can trigger a conflict. For that reason, psychological approach is applied to discover the conflicts faced by Anne in the story. This study also uses the psychological approach to find out about the resolutions to solve the conflicts.

C. Method of the Study

The method of this study was library research. The writer used books and references to support the analysis. The primary source of this thesis was the novel written by Phillipa Gregory entitled The Boleyn Inheritance. The other sources were theories related to the study. Those theories are the theory of psychological approach, the theory of character and characterizations, the theory of personality, and also the theory of conflict.

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In conducting this study, the writer took some steps. The first step was reading the novel many times to have a better understanding about the story. After that, the writer wrote down all the general findings through the story and made decision which part would be discussed. After reading the novel many times, the writer reread the novel and started to underline the important things such as statements, events, behaviours, reactions and conversations. Furthermore, the second step was formulating the problems of the study. In this part, the writer chose some problems to be discussed in this thesis. The writer was interested in discussing the personality traits of Anne, the conflicts that were faced by her, and the influence of her personality traits in resolving her conflicts in the story.

The next step was finding any sources that were related to the study. These sources were important in order to support the analysis of the study. The writer tried to find out the books that contains of character and characterization theories, conflicts and resolution theories, psychological approach theories, psychology theories that were related to characters and personality. The writer did not only use books but also use internet as the sources of theories.

After the theories were collected, the writer moved on to the next step. The fourth step was analyzing the novel based on the problem formulation. There were three aspects analyzed in this study, they were Anne’s personality traits, Anne’s conflicts, and the influence of Anne’s personality traits in resolving her conflicts. By applying the theories, the writer could analyze deeper about Anne’s personality traits and her conflicts in the story.

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The last step was drawing the conclusions. It was done after the writer doing the library research, formulating the problems, finding the data and the theories, analyzing the data and applying the theories. The writer drew conclusions as the result of the analysis to answer the problem formulations in this study. The writer also gave suggestions for English teacher and future researchers.

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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

This chapter is aimed to find out the answer of the problem formulations. This study has three major parts to analyze in this chapter. The first part discusses about Anne’s personality traits. The second part explains about the conflicts that are faced by Anne. The last part explains about the influence of Anne’s personality traits in resolving her conflicts in the story.

A. Anne’s Personality Traits in The Boleyn Inheritance

In analyzing character’s personality traits in a novel, it is first important to know the character’s role in the story. Therefore, the writer discusses the role, function, and prominence of Anne in The Boleyn Inheritance before analyzing further about personality traits. According to Henkel’s (87) theory about the prominence and function of a character, Anne can be assumed as major character in this novel because she plays an important role. Important role means that the story is spoken through her voice. She plays a role as a round character because she represents unique personality traits. Anne is included as a protagonist character because she can lead the readers’ attention and sympathy through her conflicts and characteristics.

After the writer discovers the role, the function and the prominence of Anne’s character in the story, personality analysis will follow the next discussion. According to Murphy (161), personal description is one of the methods that can

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be used to understand characterization of a character. In this novel, Anne is described as a Protestant Princess who marries the king of England in order to gain political support for her small country, Cleves. It can be seen on page 20, when William, her elder brother, warns her about her duty; leads the king of England to reform so that all the protestant powers in Europe are united.

Anne is a twenty-four years old woman. She is a virgin when she marries the king. She has honest gaze like a child, younger looks than her age. She also has a friendly smile, modest and ignorant. It can be seen from Jane Boleyn’s statements about Anne when she comes to England and meets the king for the first time.

This one like a child, awkward like a child, with a child’s honest gaze and an open, friendly smile…. (53).

She is young, only twenty-four years old…. She is ignorant, but she can be taught. She is inexperienced….. (54).

She is a modest woman, an untouched girl… (86)

Anne is drawn as a woman that is less pretty than her sister Amelia and less charming than her sister, Sybilla.

…..for the first time in my life I am not Anne-the middle daughter of Cleves: less pretty than Sybilla, less charming than Amelia-but here I am Anne, the only Anne. They have taken me to their hearts (107).

Anne has beautiful shiny hair, pleasant face, clear skin, and beautiful eyes. Katherine Howard’s opinion reveals Anne’s physical appearance.

….. but on the other hand she has lovely hair, thick and shiny, and she has a pleasant face and good, clear skin and really quite beautiful eyes (182). In analyzing characterization, the writer uses Murphy and Barnet theories. Murphy (161-173) proposes nine ways to discover the character’s personality in the novel. They are personal description, character as seen by the others,

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character’s speech, past life, reaction, direct comment, thought, conversation of others, and mannerism.

On the discussion above, this study already discovers Anne’s personal description. The next discussion focuses on Anne’s personality traits. To reveal Anne’s personality traits, Barnet (712) also determines four ways to understand the characteristics of a character. They are through what the character says, what the characters does or acts, what others do, and the last is what other characters say about the character. Based on these theories, the writer discovers Anne’s personality traits, they are:

1. Responsible

A character’s speech is one of the characterization methods (Murphy 168). Similar to Murphy, Barnet (712) states that characterization can be seen through what the character says. In the novel, when Jane Boleyn persuades Anne to run from her marriage with the king, she refuses it. In this case, Anne does her duty as queen of England even though she knows that become a queen is difficult. Anne wants to be a good queen for England. Anne wants to keep her honour. Therefore, she never escapes the marriage.

I withdraw my hands from hers “I do not want to escape,” I say simply. “This is a great honor for me and my country, and a great joy for me.” (124)

In addition, Gregory shares Anne’s responsible trait through her thoughts about England. According to Murphy, characterization can be seen through the character’s minds. When King Henry VIII puts Anne aside from the

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throne, indeed, it disappoints her much. However, she hopes that she can do the best as princess of England.

I so need confidence. I have been a duchess and the Queen of England, and now I am some sort of princess. I must learn courage to be myself….I am quite without a fault, and yet I am thrown down. What I must see if I can do is to be a good Princess of England where once I planned to be a good queen. (371)

According to those clues, it can be assumed that Anne is a responsible woman. Based on Freud’s theory about the structure of personality, superego influences Anne’s responsible trait. Anne knows that a queen must behave with great morality. Knowing this duty, Anne does her duty with her best moral conscious as queen of England. Later on, although she is not a queen anymore for England, she tries to do the best she can to be a good princess for England.

Furthemore, Costa and McRae (445-446) propose five basic personalities. They are openness versus less openness, consciousness versus unconsciousness, extroversion versus introversion, agreeableness versus less agreeableness, and the last is neurotic versus less neurotic. Based on this theory, Anne can be included as an individual with great consciousness. A person with great consciousness tends to be careful, well organized and reliable. When Anne is still a queen, she organizes her maid and lady-in-waiting with good commands. Anne’s responsible behaviour is a proof that she can be trusted to do her duty. She does the best she can to fulfil her position as a queen or princess.

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2. Calm

Anne has a great control to face any danger in her life. According to Murphy, characterization can be seen by reaction and other characters’ point of view. Barnet (712) also states that characterization can be told through what the characters do or act. In the novel, when Anne is attending the jousting tournament at Westminster Palace, she knows that her husband, King Henry VIII, does not like her because he is in love with Katherine Howard. Therefore, the king tries to deny the marriage. Anne is haunted whether the King will kill her or not. Even though she is afraid, Anne tries to be calm in facing that terror. Indeed, Anne knows what will happen to her. She will face the divorce at best and the execution at worst. She is in a big trouble but she does not even tremble because of it. She behaves as a queen and tries to be calm. Gregory gives a hint about Anne’s calmness through Jane’s opinion.

….. but her hands on the front of the box are gently clasped and do not even tremble. When the king salutes her, she rises up from her chair and curtsies respectfully to him; when the crowd calls her name, she turns and smiles and raises her hand when a lesser woman would scream for rescue (265).

Based on her reaction in facing terror, Anne can be categorized as a calm person. According to Freud’s theory about the structure of personality, the ego structure influences Anne’s calmness. The ego structure often leads someone to avoid trouble. Anne knows that if she is angry in facing the terror, it will bring her into greater danger. Therefore, she decides to keep calm and tries to find a way out. Based on the analysis above, it can be included that Anne is less neurotic through her calm reactions. According to Costa and Mcrae (445-446), less

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neurotic person tends to be calm, relaxed, even-tempered, easy going, and emotionally stable. Although Anne is in a dangerous situation, she can still control herself. She keeps her dignity as a great queen. Anne faces hard men and many threats in her life. However, she faces it with calmness. She never panics although she is in grave danger.

3. Smart

In this novel, Gregory describes Anne as an unwanted wife. King Henry VIII plans to put Anne aside in order to marry her maid-in-waiting, Katherine Howard. There is no one at court tells Anne about the dangerous fact. Because of that reason, Anne manages herself to seek information from Princess Mary and Katherine Howard. She learns that in this court, the truth cannot be spoken. Anne’s smartness is seen through Jane Boleyn’s point of view. Murphy and Barnet (712) agree that characterization can be seen through other characters’ point of view.

But this new young queen is no fool…She has spoken with her ambassador, and she knows there is to be no Coronation. She has spoken with the Princess Mary and knows that the king can destroy a blameless wife by sending her far away from court…. She has even spoken to little Katherine Howard and now she knows that the king is in love. She knows that ahead of her there must be shame and divorce at the least, execution at the worst. (264)

Finally, King Henry VIII annuls the marriage. He denies the marriage with reasons that Anne is still pre-contracted with another man. Because of that reason, she is not free to marry. Fortunately, he does not kill her because Anne agrees to sign the statements that she is not free to marry. In this case, Anne knows that she

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has no choice except to do all King Henry’s demands. This inquiry makes her never free to marry any man for the rest of her life. She knows that she cannot go back to Cleves and live in shame as an unwanted woman. Because of that reason, she makes a smart decision. She decides to stay in England with the new title “royal princess” in Henry’s Kingdom because she has no place in Cleves anymore. Even though many conditions put her to exile, her smartness leads her to learn fast. She learns quickly about her surroundings, her conditions, and her chances. She also learns about her new position in England as Royal Princess and Beloved Sister to King Henry VIII.

During her exile, she learns how to improve herself. She takes the positive side of her conditions and problems. Her smartness leads Anne to twist the unlucky condition into freedom. Since Anne is a smart woman, she learns fast about English fashion, language, rules and society in short amount of time. She remarks herself during her time of exile. As a result, Anne’s changes are seen by other characters. Her metamorphosis shocks everyone in court, especially when she can do her position with elegance and gracious as a royal princess. Based on the description above, it can be assumed that smart is one of the traits of Anne. According to Murphy, characterization can be seen through other’s point of view. Gregory also shares a clue about this trait through Jane Boleyn’s point of view about Anne.

…. She has used the time of her exile to improve herself. Her command of the language is much greater, and her voice, now that she is not struggling with the words, is mellow and clear. Now she can understand a witty remark, and now that she is lighter of heart. She has learned to play cards and to dance.…. I see a woman who has taken the freedom to remake herself (393).

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According to Freud’s theory, smart trait of Anne is influenced by ego structure. She signs the paper in order to survive the dangerous situation. Her ego structure of personality leads her to stay alive, to stay away from the danger. Anne’s smartness also influences her decision to live alone without a husband forever better than die because of her husband’s commands. She tries to do her duty as a royal princess of England and learns quickly about English culture in short amount of time.

4. Kind Hearted and Caring

In this novel, Anne never plans bad things to other. She never plans to keep the King’s daughter and son far from their father. She does not use her position to hurt other people. She cares for the King’s daughters’ and son’s conditions. Anne knows that the King’s daughters are not allowed to live at court. The prince himself lives far from the palace. Due to that fact, Anne wishes to make the condition better. She hopes that she can help her step-children to fix their relationship with their father.

According to Murphy (171-172), characterization can be done through analyzing the character’s thought, conversation of others, and other’s point of view about the character. According to the free dictionary, kind hearted means having or showing a tender, considerate and helpful nature (accessed on http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Kind-hearted on July 10th, 2010). The writer finds out that kind hearted is one Anne’s personality traits through her thought

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about the step-royal-children. Anne really wants to help them to recover their relationship with their father, King Henry VIII.

…. little Elizabeth…Perhaps I can bring her to court and keep her near me and reconcile her to her father. And Princess Mary … I can be kind to her; I can overcome her fear of the king and bring her to court as my kinswoman... I could be as a good sister to her. For the king’s children at least I can be a great force for good (108).

In addition, According to the free dictionary, caring means empathy for others (accessed on http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Caring on July 10th, 2010). In this novel, Gregory shares a clue about Anne’s caring trait through Jane Boleyn’s statement. Barnet states that characterization can be seen through what other characters say about her (712). When Jane has a conversation with the Duke of Norfolk, she tells about Anne’s plans in England.

“…. she has a fancy to be a mother to the royal children. She would have Prince Edward at her side if she could, and she was bitterly disappointed that she could not see the prin-the lady Elizabeth. She hopes to have children of her own and she wants to gather her stepchildren around her….” (175)

The last clue that is given by Gregory about Anne’s kind hearted and caring traits is through Jane Boleyn’s point of view.

She is Princess Mary’s only true friend at court…She is the Lady Elizabeth’s only advocate, and she keeps a touching correspondence with her former stepdaughter and has been promised the role of guardian and beloved aunt. She is regular visitor to Prince Edward’s nursery, and his little face lights up to see her. (393)

Based on actions that are told through Jane Boleyn’s point of view, it can be assumed that Anne is kind hearted and caring. Although Anne is not a queen anymore, she still cares about her ex-stepchildren. She builds good relationships with Princess Mary, Lady Elizabeth, and Prince Edward. She loves

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other people even though they are not her own children and family. According to Freud’s theory, these traits are influenced by superego structure. The superego leads Anne to her fully conscious behaviour. It also gives a sense of morality. Anne realizes that her step-children, especially the princesses, have bad relationships with their father. As their step-mother, Anne has a strong will to recover their relationship. As their mother, Anne wishes to gather the step-children and supervises them. She wants to be their true friends in England. She wants to keep her moral responsibility as a wife for the king and a mother for her step-children. Although Anne is not a queen anymore, she does her duty as a royal princess. She becomes a beloved aunt and a trusted advocate for the royal children.

According to Costa and McRae (407), an individual with great agreeableness tends to be selfless, good natured, soft hearted, sympathetic, and forgiving. According to the analysis above, it can be seen that Anne is selfless person. Anne loves her step children. She wants to bring good changes as their mother, sister, and family in England. These actions indicate her sympathy and selfless attitude as a queen. She cares about other people’s need. Because of her actions, behaviours, and deeds, she can be assumed as a person with great agreeableness.

5. Brave

Everyone must have fears in his life, no matter how brave he is, he must have his own fears. Brave means dealing with danger, pain, or difficult situations

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Anne, Duchess of Cleves, Duren, Cleves, July 1539

Part I

I HARDLY DARE TO BREATHE. I am as still as a block, a smile stuck on my face, my eyes wide open, looking boldly at the artist, appearing, I hope, trustworthy, my frank stare indicating honesty but not immodesty. My borrowed jewels are the best that my mother could lay her hands on, designed to show to a critical viewer that we are not quite paupers, even though my brother will offer no dowry to pay a husband. The king will have to choose me for my pleasant appearance and political connections. I have nothing else to offer. But he must choose me. I am absolutely determined that he will choose me. It is everything to me to get away from here.

On the other side of the room, carefully not observing my portrait forming under the painter's quick, sweeping strokes of the crayon, is my sister, awaiting her turn. God forgive me, but I pray that the king does not choose her. She is eager as me for the chance to leave Cleves, and to leap to such greatness as the throne of England; but she does not need it as I do. No girl in the world can need it as I do.

Not that I will speak so much as one word against my brother, nothing now, and nothing in the years to come. I will never say anything against him. He is a model son to my mother, and a worthy successor to the dukedom of Cleves. During the last months of my poor father's life, when he was clearly as mad as any fool, it was my brother who wrestled him into his chamber, locked the door from the outside, and publicly gave out that he had a fever. It was my brother who forbade my mother to summon physicians or even preachers to expel the devils that occupied my poor father's wandering brains. It was my brother, cunning— like an ox is cunning, in a slow, mean way—who said that we must claim my father was a drunkard rather than allow the taint of madness to diminish our family reputation. We will not make our way in the world if there is suspicion against our blood. But if we slander our own father, call him a sot, having denied him the help that he so desperately needed, then we may yet rise. This way I will

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Anne, Duchess of Cleves, Duren, Cleves, July 1539

Part II

Hearing my father whimper at the door of his chamber that he was a good boy now, and would we let him out? Hearing my brother answer so steadily and so firmly that he could not come out, I wondered then if actually we had it all wrong, and my brother was already as mad as my father, my mother, too, and the only sane one in this household was me, since I alone was dumb with horror at what we were doing. But I didn't tell anyone that thought, either.

Since my earliest childhood I have served under my brother's discipline. He was always to be duke of these lands sheltered between the rivers of the Meuse and the Rhine. A small enough patrimony, but one so well placed that every power of Europe seeks our friendship: France, the Hapsburg Spanish and Austrians, the Holy Roman Emperor, the Pope himself, and now Henry of England. Cleves is the keyhole to the heart of Europe, and the Duke of Cleves is the key. No wonder that my brother values himself so highly, he is right to value himself so highly.

He commands my mother by right of the greatness of his position in the world, and she is his Lord Chamberlain, his majordomo, his pope. With her blessing, my brother commands my sister and myself because he is the son and the heir and we are burdens. He is a young man with a future of power and opportunity and we are young women destined to be either wives and mothers at the very best, or spinster parasites at the worst. My older sister, Sybilla, has already escaped; she left home as soon as she could, as soon as her marriage could be arranged, she is now free of the tyranny of fraternal attention. I have to go next. It has to be me next. I must be freed. They cannot be so pointlessly cruel to me to send Amelia in my place. Her chance will come, her time will come. But I am the next sister in line, it has to be me. I cannot imagine why they even offered Amelia, unless it was to frighten me into greater subservience. If so, it has worked. I am terrified that I will be overlooked for a younger girl, and my brother has let this come about. In truth, he ignores his own best interests to torment me.

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shoes, but he can never fill them. My father was a man in the wider world; he attended the courts of France and Spain, he travelled in Europe. My brother, staying at home as he has done, thinks that the world can show him nothing greater than his own duchy. He thinks there is no greater book than the Bible, no better church than one with bare walls, no better guide than his own conscience. With only a small household to rule, his command falls very heavily on very few servants. With only a small inheritance, he is alert to the needs of his own dignity, and I, who lack dignity, feel the full weight of his. When he is drunk or happy, he calls me the most rebellious of his subjects and pets me with a heavy hand. When he is sober or irritated, he says that I am a girl who does not know her place and threatens to lock me in my room.

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Anne, Duchess of Cleves, Duren, Cleves, July 1539

Part III

This is no empty threat in Cleves today. This is a man who locked up his own father. I think he is quite capable of imprisoning me. And if I cried at the door, would anyone let me out?

Master Holbein indicates to me with one curt nod of his head that I can leave my seat and my sister can take my place. I am not allowed to look at my portrait. None of us may see what he sends to the king in England. He is not here to flatter us, nor paint us as beauties. He is here to sketch as accurate a representation as his genius can produce, so that the King of England can see which of us he would like, as if we were Flanders mares coming to the English stallion at stud.

"Do you not like being painted? Are you shy?" he asked me gruffly as my smile faded when he looked at me like a piece of meat on the cook's draining slab.

I did not tell him what I felt. There is no sense in offering information to a spy. "I want to marry him," was all I said. He raised an eyebrow.

"I just paint the pictures," he remarked. "You had better tell your desire to his envoys, Ambassadors Nicholas Wotton and Richard Beard. No point telling me."

When I was a little girl, my father used to call me his falke, his white falcon, his gyrfalcon, a hunting bird of the cold northern snows. When he saw me at my books or at my sewing, he would laugh and say, "Oh, my little falcon, mewed up? Come away and I shall set you free!" and not even my mother could stop me running from the schoolroom to be with him.

I wish now, I so wish now, that he could call me away again.

I know that my mother thinks I am a foolish girl, and my brother thinks worse; but if I were Queen of England, the king could trust me with my position, I would not break into French fashions or Italian dances, They could trust me, the king could trust his honor to me. I know how important is a man's honor, and I have no desire to be anything but a good girl, a good queen. But I also believe that

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The influence of Anne`s personality traits in resolving her conflicts as seen in Philippa Gregory`s The Boleyn Inheritence.

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