Study Guide Basic Histology Semester I 10 Nopember 2015
Study Guide
Basic Histology
~TABLE OF CONTENTS~
Page
Table of Content
1
Introduction
2
Planner team & Lecturers
3
Facilitators
4
Time Table (Regular Class)
5
Time Table (English Class)
7
Meeting of the students’ representative
9
Assessment Method
9
Student’s Project
9
References
10
Learning Programs
11
Practical Guidelines
19
Curriculum Mapping
29
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
1
Study Guide
Basic Histology
~INTRODUCTION~
Histology is the study of fine detail (structure) of cells and tissues with microscope. It
is also called microscopic anatomy, as opposed to gross anatomy which involves structures
that can be observed with the naked eye. The word "histology" came from the Greek "histo-"
meaning tissue + "logos", science. Histology also discuss about the role of various cells and
tissues in the body, their interaction with body systems and ways they are affected by
disease.
Studying histology is carried out by examining a thin slice of tissue under a light
microscope. In order to distinguish different biological structures more easily and accurately
histological stains are often used to add color or enhance the color of a particular type of
biological structure is different from other types of structures that may be located next to and
/ or contact with each other
Learn and understand histology is very important for medical students for several
reasons :
Tissues as Building Blocks
Tissues are made from large groups of cells that cluster together to complete a
shared function. From tissues arise organs, and organs keep the body operating.
Histology can help students gain a better understanding of cell behavior. Likewise,
because tissues are the building blocks of virtually everything in the body,
understanding histology enables students to predict and understand organ behavior
and function.
Understanding Development and Evolution
Some organisms have no organs and are instead made entirely from tissues.
Familiarity with histology helps students gain insight into the development of
complex organs and organ systems. When students evaluate the tissue of humans
and animals with complex organs, they gain more insight into how organs and organ
systems develop and change across the life course.
Role in Disease
Many diseases occur at the tissue level. For example, cancer is often the result of
problematic tissue overgrowth, and some infections cause tissue to necrotize. For
future medical professionals, histology provides important insight into the
development of disease. Histology can help you understand why some treatments
work more effectively than others and why certain lifestyle choices can harm human
body over time.
On this block students will learn about the microscopic structure of the tissues that
make up the body, the role of various cells and tissues, interactions between cells, through
several learning methods are: lectures, independent learning, small group discussion,
practical session and student project.
Planners
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
2
Study Guide
Basic Histology
~PLANERS TEAM AND LECTURERS ~
No
Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Dr. I G.N. Sri Wiryawan, M.Repro
Dr. I Wayan Sugiritama, Mkes
Dr. I G.N Mayun, Sp. HK
Dr. I A. Ika Wahyuniari, M.Kes
Dr. Ni Made Linawati, M.Si
Dr. I G A Dewi Ratnayanti, M.Biomed
Dr. I G K Nyoman Arijana, M.Si.Med
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
SRI
SUG
MAY
IKA
LIN
RAT
ARI
Department
Phone
Histology
Histology
Histology
Histology
Histology
Histology
Histology
08123925104
08164732743
08155715359
08123614856
081337222567
085104550344
085339644145
3
Study Guide
Basic Histology
~FACILITATORS ~
NO
NAME
GROUP
DEPT
1
dr. I Putu Bayu Mayura, S.Ked
1
Microbiology
2
2
Biochemistry
3
Psychiatry
4
dr. Ida Ayu Dewi Wiryanthini, M
Biomed
dr. I Gusti Ayu Indah Ardani,
Sp.KJ
dr. Tjahya Aryasa E M, Sp.An
4
Anasthesi
5
dr. Ni Made Susilawati, Sp.S
5
Neurology
6
dr. Ni Luh Putu Ariastuti, MPH
6
Public Health
7
dr. Putu Yuliandari, S.Ked
7
Microbiology
8
dr.Ni Putu Ekawati, M.Repro,
Sp.PA
dr. Ida Bagus Wirakusuma,
MOH
dr. I Putu Adiartha Griadhi,
M.Fis, AIFO
8
9
Anatomy
Pathology
Public Health
10
Fisiology
GROUP
1
DEPT
Interna
2
Opthalmology
3
NAME
dr. Pratihiwi Primadharsini,
M.Biomol, Sp.PD
dr. I Wayan Eka Sutyawan,
Sp.M
dr. Lisna Astuti, Sp.Rad(K)
3
Radiology
4
dr. Sianny Herawati, Sp.PK
4
5
dr. Gusti Ngurah Mayun, Sp.HK
5
Clinical
Pathology
Histology
6
dr. Lely Setyawati , Sp.KJ
6
Psychiatry
7
dr. I Kadek Swastika , M Kes
7
Parasitology
8
dr. Jaqueline Sudirman,
GrandDipRepSc, PhD
dr. I Gde Haryo Ganesha
8
Obgyn
9
DME
3
9
10
PHONE
082236165801
081239990399
08123926522
081339713553
08124690137
0818560008
089685415625
08113803933
08124696647
081999636899
VENUE
2nd floor:
R.2.01
2nd floor:
R.2.02
2nd floor:
R.2.03
2nd floor:
R.2.04
2nd floor:
R.2.05
2nd floor:
R.2.06
2nd floor:
R.2.07
2nd floor:
R.2.08
2nd floor:
R.2.21
2nd floor:
R.2.22
ENGLISH CLASS
NO
1
2
9
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
PHONE
081805530196
081338538499
081337934497
0818566411
08155715359
08174709797
08124649002
082283387245
081805391039
VENUE
2nd floor:
R.2.01
2nd floor:
R.2.02
2nd floor:
R.2.03
2nd floor:
R.2.04
2nd floor:
R.2.05
2nd floor:
R.2.06
2nd floor:
R.2.07
2nd floor:
R.2.08
2nd floor:
R.2.21
4
Study Guide
Basic Histology
10
dr. I Wayan Gede Sutadarma,
M Gizi
10
Biochemistry
082144071268
2nd floor:
R.2.22
~TIME TABLE~
REGULAR CLASS
DAY/
DATE
1
Tuesday
10 Nov
15
2
Wednesd
ay
11 Nov
15
3
Thursday
12 Nov
15
4
Friday
13 Nov
15
5
Monday
16 Nov
15
6
Tuesday
17 Nov
15
7
Wednesd
ay
18 Nov
15
8
Thursday
19 Nov
15
TIME
08.00 - 09.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 13.00
13.00 – 15.00
08.00 - 09.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 13.00
13.00 – 14.00
13.00 – 14.00
08.00 – 09.00
09.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 - 15.00
08.00 – 08.45
08.45 – 09.30
09.30 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 13.00
13.00 - 15.00
08.00 – 09.00
09.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 - 15.00
08.00 - 09.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 13.00
13.00 – 15.00
08.00 – 09.00
10.00 – 11.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 13.00
14.00 – 15.00
08.00 – 09.00
09.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 - 14.00
14.00 - 15.00
ACTIVITY
Lecture 1 : Histology and Its Method of Study
Lecture 2: Extracellular Matrix
Independent Learning
SGD (Lecture 1& 2)
BREAK
SP
Lecture 3: Epithelial Tissue
Lecture 4: Connective Tissue
Independent Learning
SGD (Lecture 3 &4)
BREAK
Practical Introduction I and Pre-test
SP
Lecture 5 : Bone and cartilage
Practical Session I (Epithelium)
Break
Practical Introduction II and Pre-test
Lecture 6: Muscle Tissue
Lecture 7: Nerve tissue & the Nervous System
Independent Learning
Break
PPKN
SP
Lecture 8: Circulatory System
Practical Session II (Connective Tissue)
Break
SGD (Lecture 5,6&7)
Lecture 9: Blood
Lecture 10: The Immune System & Lymphoid Organs
Independent Learning
SGD ( Lecture 8,9&10)
BREAK
SP
Lecture 11 : The Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
Lecture 12: Digestive System
Independent Learning
SGD (Lecture 11 & 12)
BREAK
Practical Introduction III (Pre-test)
Lecture 13 : Endocrine Glands
Practical Session III (Blood & Lymphoid Tissue)
Break
Practical Introduction IV and Pre-test
SP
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
CONVEYER
MAY
RAT
Facilitator
facilitator
RAT
RAT
Facilitator
Team
Facilitator
LIN
Team
Team
SUG
SUG
PPKN
MAY
Team
Facilitator
SUG
LIN
Facilitator
Facilitator
ARI
SUG/MAY
Facilitator
Team
MAY
Team
Team
VENUE
Class R.
Class R.
Disc. R.
Disc. R.
Class R.
Class R.
Disc. R.
Class. R.
Disc. R
Class R.
Hist. R.
Class R.
Class R.
Class R.
Class R.
Class R.
Hist. R.
Disc. R.
Class R.
Class R.
Disc. R.
Disc. R
Class. R
Class. R
Disc. R
Class R.
Class R.
Hist. R.
Class. R.
Disc. R.
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Study Guide
Basic Histology
9
Friday
20 Nov
15
10
Monday
23 Nov
15
11
Tuesday
24 Nov
15
12
Wednesd
ay
25 Nov
15
13
Thursday
26 Nov
15
14
Friday
27 Nov
15
08.00 – 08.45
08.45 – 09.30
09.30 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 13.00
13.00 – 15.00
08.00 – 09.00
09.00 – 12.00
12.30 – 13.00
14.00 – 15.00
Lecture 14 : The respiratory System
Lecture 15: Skin
Independent Learning
Break
PPKN
SP
Lecture 16 : Urinary System
Practical Session IV (Endocrine System)
BREAK
SGD ( Lecture 13,14&15)
08.00 – 09.00
10.00 – 11.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 13.00
14.00 – 15.00
08.00 – 09.00
09.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 - 15.00
Lecture 17 : Male Reproductive system
Lecture 18 : Female Reproductive System
Independent Learning
SGD (Lecture 16&17)
BREAK
Practical Introduction V and Pre-test
Lecture 19: The eye and ear (Special Senses)
Practical Session V (Nervous Tissue & Muscle)
Break
SGD (Lecture 18&19)
08.00 – 10.00
Practical Exam
10.00 – 11.00
Final Exam Preprataion
08.00 – 12.00
FINAL EXAM
12.00 – 13.00
PPKN
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
SRI
LIN
PPKN
facilitator
ARI
Team
Facilitator
Class R.
Class R.
Class. R
Disc. R.
Class R.
Hist. R.
Disc. R
SRI/SUG
SUG
Facilitator
Team
RAT/ARI
Team
Facilitator
Class R.
Class R.
Disc. R.
Class R.
Class R.
Hist. R.
Disc. R
Team
Hist. R
-
-
LB
Class R
6
Study Guide
Basic Histology
~TIME TABLE~
ENGLISH CLASS
DAY/
DATE
1
Tuesday
10 Nov
15
2
Wednesd
ay
11 Nov
15
3
Thursday
12 Nov
15
4
Friday
13 Nov
15
5
Monday
16 Nov
15
6
Tuesday
17 Nov
15
7
Wednesd
ay
18 Nov
15
8
Thursday
19 Nov
15
TIME
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 14.00
14.00 – 16.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 14.00
14.00 – 15.00
15.00 – 16.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 – 16.00
09.00 – 09.30
09.30 – 10.15
10.15 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 – 15.00
15.00 – 16.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 – 16.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 14.00
14.00 – 16.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 14.00
15.00 – 16.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 – 16.00
ACTIVITY
Independent Learning
Lecture 1 : Histology and Its Method of Study
Lecture 2: Extracellular Matrix
BREAK
SGD (Lecture 1 &2)
SP
Independent Learning
Lecture 3: Epithelial Tissue
Lecture 4: Connective Tissue
BREAK
SGD (Lecture 3 &4)
Practical Introduction I and Pre-test
SP
Lecture 5 : Bone and cartilage
Practical Introduction II and Pre-test
Break
Practical Session I (Epithelium)
Independent Learning
Lecture 6: Muscle Tissue
Lecture 7: Nerve tissue & the Nervous System
Independent Learning
BREAK
PPKN
SP
Lecture 8: Circulatory System
SGD (Lecture 5,6&7)
Break
Practical Session II (Connective Tissue)
Independent Learning
Lecture 9: Blood
Lecture 10: The Immune System & Lymphoid Organs
BREAK
SGD (8+9+10)
SP
Independent Learning
Lecture 11 : The Oral Cavity & Salivary Glands
Lecture 12: Digestive System
BREAK
SGD (Lecture 11&12)
Practical Introduction III and Pre-test
Lecture 13 : Endocrine Glands
Practical Introduction IV and Pre-test
Break
Practical Session III (Blood & Lymphoid Tissue)
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
CONVEYER
MAY
MAY
Facilitator
Facilitator
RAT
RAT
Facilitator
Team
Facilitator
LIN
Team
Team
SUG
SUG
PPKN
MAY
Facilitator
Team
SUG
LIN
Facilitator
Facilitator
ARI
SUG/MAY
Facilitator
Team
MAY
Team
Team
VENUE
Class R.
Class R.
Disc. R.
Disc. R.
Class R.
Class R.
Disc. R.
Class. R.
Disc. R
Class R.
Class R.
Hist. R.
Class R.
Class R.
Class R.
Class R.
Disc. R
Hist. R.
Class R.
Class R.
Disc. R.
Disc. R
Class. R
Class. R
Disc. R
Class R.
Class R.
Class R.
Hist. R.
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Study Guide
Basic Histology
9
Friday
20 Nov
15
10
Monday
23 Nov
15
11
Tuesday
24 Nov
15
12
Wednesd
ay
25 Nov
15
13
Thursday
26 Nov
15
14
Friday
27 Nov
15
09.00 – 09.30
09.30 – 10.15
10.15 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 – 15.00
15.00 – 16.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 – 16.00
Independent Learning
Lecture 14 : The respiratory System
Lecture 15: Skin
Independent Learning
Break
PPKN
SP
Lecture 16 : Urinary System
SGD (Lecture 13,14&15)
Break
Practical Session IV (Endocrine System)
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 14.00
14.00 – 16.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 – 16.00
Independent Learning
Lecture 17 : Male Reproductive system
Lecture 18 : Female Reproductive System
BREAK
SGD (Lecture 16&17)
Practical Introduction V and Pre-test
Lecture 19: The eye and ear (Special Senses)
SGD (Lecture 18 &19)
Break
Practical Session V (Nervous Tissue & Muscle)
SRI
LIN
PPKN
facilitator
ARI
Team
Facilitator
Class R.
Class R.
Class. R
Disc. R.
Class R.
Disc. R
Hist. R.
SRI/SUG
SUG
Facilitator
Team
RAT/ARI
Facilitator
Team
Class R.
Class R.
Disc. R.
Hist R.
Class R.
Disc. R.
Hist. R
08.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
08.00 – 12.00
13.00 – 15.00
Practical Exam
Team
FINAL EXAM
PPKN
Hist. R
LB
Class R
There are several types of learning activity:
Lecture
independent learning based on the lecture’s topic
Small group discussion to solve the learning task
Practice
Student project
Lecture and Practical Introduction will be held at room 402, practical session
at histology department, while discussion rooms available at 3 rd floor (room
3.09-3.17&3.19)
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
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Study Guide
Basic Histology
~MEETING OF THE STUDENTS’ REPRESENTATIVE~
In the middle of block schedule, a meeting is designed among the student
representatives of each small group discussion, facilitators, and resource persons. The
meeting will discuss the ongoing teaching learning process, quality of lecturers and
facilitators as a feedback to improve the learning program. The meeting will be held based
on schedule from Department of Medical Education.
~ASSESSMENT METHOD~
Assessment in this theme consists of:
SGD
: 5%
Practical Exam
: 40%
Final Exam
: 40%
Student Project
: 15%
Total result will contribute as much as 35 % to overall score of The Cell as
Biochemical Machinery Block
~STUDENT PROJECT~
Each group should write a paper about certain topics related to basic histology. This paper
should be discussed with the related lecture and collected at the end of course. Late/no
submission of paper will be granted no score for SP.
The topics are:
NO
SGD
TITTLE
EVALUATOR
1
A1, B1
Intercellular Junction (overview)
Linawati
2
A2, B2
Basement membrane (overview)
Ratnayanti
3
A3, B3
Fiber of connective tissue (overview)
Ratnayanti
4
A4, B4
Cell Surface specialization (overview)
Mayun
5
A5, B5
Muscle satellite cells (overview)
Sugiritama
6
A6, B6
Sertoli Cell (Structure and function)
Sugiritama
7
A7, B7
NK Cell
Linawati
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
9
Study Guide
Basic Histology
8
A8, B8
Clara Cells (Progenitor until Clara Cell)
Sri Wiryawan
9
A9, B9
Mesangial cell (Progenitor until mesangial cell)
Arijana
10
A10,B10
Stem Cell (overview)
Arijana
Format of the paper :
1. Cover
Tittle
Name
Student Registration Number
Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University 2015
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction
Content
Conclusion
References (minimal 3 references)
Example :
Journal
Porrini M, Risso PL. 2011. Lymphocyte Lycopene Concentration and DNA Protection
from Oxidative Damage is Increased in Woman. Am J Clin Nutr 11(1):79-84.
Textbook
Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pober JS. 2011. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 4th
ed. Pennysylvania: WB Saunders Co. Pp 1636-1642.
Note.
5-10 pages; 1,5 spasi; Times new roman 12
~REFERENCES~
Standard reference:
Gartner, L.P. & Hiatt, J.L.2011, Concise Histology. Philadelphia : WB Saunders Co
Additional reference:
Mescher, A. L. Junqueira,s basic Histology Text and Atlas, 2013. 13th ed. Singapore :
McGraw-Hill
Gartner, L.P. & Hiatt, J.L.2007. Color Textbook of Histology, 3rd Ed. Philadelphia :
Sounders Elsevier
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
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Study Guide
Basic Histology
~LEARNING PROGRAMS~
LECTURE 1: HISTOLOGY AND ITS METHODS OF STUDY
Introduction
Histology is the study of the structure of tissue that makes up the organs of the body by
observing a thin slice of tissue under a microscope. Before it can be observed, the tissue
must be processed through certain procedures so that the components of tissue can be
distinguished. Histologic sections are two-dimensional planes cut from a three dimensional
structure. Student should have ability to reconcile the image seen in the microscope with the
tissue or organ from which it was harvested.
This topic covers the basic principles of histology, microscope use in histology, tissue
processing in histology, and interpretation of microscopic section.
Learning Tasks:
1. Describe the mean and scope of histology
2. Explain the use of the microscope in histology
3. Describe briefly the stages of tissue processing
4. Explain the interpretation of microscopic section
5. Explain briefly the four basic tissue
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 2: EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
Introduction
Tissue is composed of cells. The cells are organized in certain fashion to build up specific
kind of tissue. In the process, cell excretes molecules, termed as extracellular matrix.
Extracellular matrix consists of fibers and ground substances. Cell type and extracellular
matrix composition determine the type of tissue. Interaction between cells and extracellular
matrix influences the cell behavior and metabolism thus influences the tissue. In this topic,
the students should be able to understand types of fiber and ground substance, also its
significance related to tissue characteristic and function. Many clinical conditions ranging
from genetic to degenerative disorders are related to the defect in the extracellular matrix.
Learning Task:
1. Describe the function of extracellular matrix and components contribute to each
function!
2. Describe the structure and characteristic of collagen fiber!
3. Describe the structure and characteristic of elastic fiber!
4. Differentiate the glycosaminoglycan in the extracellular matrix!
5. Explain the glycoprotein adhesive of the extracellular matrix!
6. Explain the type of relation of cells and extracellular matrix in tissue!
___________________________________________________________________
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
11
Study Guide
Basic Histology
LECTURE 3 : Epithelia
Introduction
There are two types of epithelia, one that covers all the external body surfaces and line all
the internal body cavities and tubes, and the other that are secretory, and often found in
aggregates called glands, just beneath the body surfaces.
After studying this topic you should be able to recognize the different types of epithelia, and
relate their structure to their function.
On practical session you should be able to recognize the types of epithelium using light
microscope.
Learning Tasks
1. Explain the principal function of epithelial tissue!
2. Explain the characteristic features of epithelial cells!
3. Explain the structure and function of basement membrane!
4. Mention and explain the types of cell junctions!
5. Explain the specialization of the apical cell surface!
6. Explain in detail the classification of epithelial tissues!
7. List the different between endocrine and exocrine glands!
8. Explain the types of exocrine glands based on their structure and how the products
leave the cell!
LECTURE 4 : Connective Tissue
Introduction
Connective tissue is one of the four basic tissues. It fills the spaces between organs and
tissues, and provides them with structural and metabolic support.
After completing this topic you should understand the basic structure and function of
connective tissue, and its components (cells, fibers, ground substances).
On practical session you should be able to recognize the types of connective tissue, types
of cells and fibers of connective tissue using light microscope.
Learning tasks:
1. Explain the functions of connective tissue!
2. Explain the component of connective tissue!
3. Explain the cells of connective tissue!
4. Explain the three type of fiber found in connective tissue!
5. Explain the ground substance!
6. Summarize the main similarities and differences between different types of
connective tissue!
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 5: Cartilage, Bone & Ossification
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
12
Study Guide
Basic Histology
Introduction
Cartilage
and
bone
are
specialized
forms
of
connective
tissue.
They are both made up of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.
It is the nature of the matrix that defines the properties of these connective tissues.
Cartilage is thin, avascular, flexible and resistant to compressive forces.
Bone is highly vascularized, and its calcified matrix makes it very strong.
This topic covers the structure, function, types of cell, and the formation of bone and
cartilage.
On practical session you should be able to recognize the three types of cartilage, two types
of ossification and structure of mature bone using light microscope.
Learning Task:
1. Describe how cartilage is synthesized, how it grows and how it is nourished!
2. What are the three types of cartilage and how do their structures relate to their
different properties and functions?
3. Mention the name and function of the different types of cell that are found in bone!
4. Describe the differences between endochondral and intramembranous ossification!
5. Recognize the zones of epiphyseal plate and it’s relation in bone growth.
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 6 : Muscle Tissue
Introduction:
Muscle is another type of basic tissue. After completing this topic, you should understand
the microscopic structure of three major types of muscle, the arrangement of contractile
filaments, organization of muscle cell and how they are connected to bone. The function of
ultra structure molecule in muscle contraction and its clinical consideration will be discussed
in the Musculoskeletal System Block. On practical session you should be able to recognize
the three types of muscle using light microscope.
Learning Tasks
1. Explain the general structure of the cells of muscle tissue!
2. Describe the microscopic structure of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle!
3. Explain why skeletal muscle and heart has dark and bright lines under the
microscope, but smooth muscle has not!
4. Describe about the sarcomere of muscle cell!
5. Explain the meaning of triads and dyads!
6. Describe the organization of the connective tissue enveloping the muscles!
7. Describe about the satellite cells in muscle tissue!
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 7 : Nerve Tissue and Nervous System
Introduction
Nervous tissue is one of the four basic tissues. By completing this topic, you will understand
the basic structure of central and peripheral nervous systems, nerve cell, synapses, and
supporting cells in nervous tissue. The function of nervous tissue, several importance
structures and its clinical correlation will be covered in Neuroscience and Disorders Block.
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On practical session you should be able to recognize the cells of nervous system,
component of nervous system (cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord) using light
microscopy
Learning Tasks
1. Explain the basic structure and ultrastructure of neuron!
2. Explain the type of neuron and its location on the body!
3. Describe the type, structure and function of neuroglia!
4. Explain the microscopic structure of cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord!
5. Describe the microscopic structure of peripheral nervous system!
6. Describe the type and structure of ganglion!
7. Describe the structure and type of synaps!
8. Describe the structure of meninges!
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 8 : CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Introduction
This topic covers the structure of the heart, blood vessels and lymph vessels. The cells in
the blood are covered in another topic (Blood). After studying through this topic, you should
be able to understand the basic structure of the heart and blood vessels whose layers
change from arteries/veins to capillaries/venules as an adaptation to their function.
Learning Tasks :
1. Describe the structure of the heart and the components of cardiac skeleton!
2. Differentiate myocardium and purkinje fiber in general!
3. Describe the general structure of blood vessel (artery and vein) and how do you
differentiate the layers of the artery and vein!
4. Explain the classification of artery and vein according to their wall layers
composition!
5. Describe the structure of capillary and it’s classification!
6. Compare the elastic artery and the musculature artery!
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 9 : BLOOD
Introduction
Blood consists of blood plasma and cells. This topic covers the constituents of the plasma,
and the types of cells found in blood. Blood supply is essential to transport nutrition,
substances and waste to and from every tissue in the body. In certain condition white blood
cells leave the blood vessels and migrate into the connective tissue and epithelia. Students
should be able to differentiate between the different types of blood cells, and understand
their functions. The formation of blood cells will be describe in another block (Hematology
System and Disorders). On practical session you should be able to recognize all type of
blood cells using light microscope.
Learning tasks
1. Explain the constituent of blood!
2. Describe the structure and function of red blood cells!
3. Explain the classification leukocytes!
4. Differentiate the microscopic morphology of leukocytes!
5. Explain the role of leukocyte in our body!
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6. Explain the structure and function of platelets!
7. Explain the structure of the bone marrow!
LECTURE 10: Lymphoid Tissue
Introduction
Lymphoid tissue covers all of the various tissues that are important in mounting an immune
response. This includes discrete organs such as the spleen, thymus and lymph nodes, as
well as more diffuse aggregations of lymphocytes. This topic also gives some background
information of the properties of immune cells, including the different types of lymphocytes,
and their functions. On another block (Immune system and disorders) you will learn about
the different ways in which immune responses are elicited, and the ways in which different
lymphoid tissues take part in the immune responses.
Learning task
1. Describe difference of primary and secondary lymphoid organ
2. Describe histology of thymus and its function
3. Describe histology of lymph node and its function
4. Describe histology of spleen and its function
5. Describe histology of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue and its function
6. Describe histology of tonsil and its function
7. Describe the cells in the lymphoid organ or tissue.
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 11: ORAL CAVITY AND SALIVARY GLANDS
Introduction
This topic covers the histology of structures found in the mouth, including the lip, teeth,
tongue and salivary glands, together with the structure and function of the oesophagus.
The role structure in oral cavity, esophagus and salivary glands in digestion, and how their
structure is related to function will covered in block Alimentary System
Learning tasks:
1. Describe the histological structure of the lip
2. Explain the oral mucosa
3. Describe the histological structure of the tongue
4. Describe the histological structure of the tooth
5. Briefly describe the process and stages of tooth formation
6. Differentiate the histological structure of the hard palate and soft palate
7. Explain the difference between the minor and major salivary glands
8. Explain the difference in the structure of each of the major salivary glands
9. Describe the histological structure of the esophagus
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 12 : DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Introduction
This topic covers the structure of the stomach, small and large intestines, and other tissues
important for digestion: the liver, pancreas and gall bladder. The role of stomach, small and
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large intestine, liver, pancreas and gall bladder in digestion, and how their structure is
related to function will covered in block Alimentary System
Learning Tasks :
1. Explain the general structure of the alimentary track
2. Describe the histological structure of the stomach
3. Explain the differences of each region of the stomach
4. Describe the histological structure of the small intestine, and explain the difference
between the duodenum ,ileum, and jejunum
5. Describe the histological structure of the colon and explain differences in structure with
the small intestine
6. Describe the histological structure of the rectum and anus
7. Describe the structure of the histological liver, pancreas and gallbladder
______________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 13: Endocrine
Introduction
The glandular tissue are a mixture of both endocrine (ductless, hormones are secreted into
the blood) and exocrine (have ducts, hormones are secreted onto surfaces) glands. The
exocrine glands are covered in the respective topics. For example sweat glands are
covered in the section on skin. This topic mostly focuses on the endocrine glands. The role
each endocrine glands in and how their structure is related to function will covered in block
Endocrine System and Disorders
Learning Tasks ;
1. Explain the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands.
2. Describe the histological structure of four major endocrine organs: the pituitary
gland, the adrenal gland and the thyroid and parathyroid gland.
3. The
different
embryological
origins
of
the
component
parts
of
the pituitary and adrenal glands
4. The names of the hormones secreted by four major endocrine glands and their
functions.
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 14
: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Introduction
This topic covers the basic structure of the respiratory system. It mainly focuses on the
structure of the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, and alveoli. The role of
respiratory system on air conditioned and transported, and gas exchange will covered in
block Respiratory System
Learning task
1. Explain the respiratory epithelium !
2. Explain the structure of nasal cavities !
3. Explain the structure of sinuses and nasopharynx !
4. Explain the structure of larynx !
5. Describe the microscopic structure of the trachea, secondary bronchus, and
bronchioles.
6. Explain the structure of alveolus!
___________________________________________________________________
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LECTURE 15
: SKIN
Introduction
A layer of skin covers the body, and is the major external barrier between the outside world
and the body. It has important protective functions, and is constantly renewing itself. After
covering this topic you will appreciate how skin renews and repairs itself, and the structure
and functions of skin, hair, epithelial glands and nails.
Learning task
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Describe the difference between thin and thick skin
Describe the layers of the skin and its function
Describe the cells in epidermis
Describe the difference of sweat and sebaceous gland
Describe histology of hair
Describe histology of nail
LECTURE 16 : Urinary System
Introduction
The urinary system consists of the paired kidneys and ureters, the bladder, and the urethra.
This systems help maintain homeostasis by a complex combination of processes that
involved filtration, selective reabsorption, and excretion. Urine produced in the kidneys
passes through the ureters to the bladder for temporary storage and is then released to the
exterior through the urethra. The changes that occur on structure of urinary system
especially kidneys and ureters, the bladder, and the urethra will be covered in block Urinary
System and Disorders.
Learning Tasks :
1. Explain the organisation of the kidney, nephron and conducting tubules.
2. Please explain how to recognise and identify the five major segments of the
nephron: renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, loops of Henle
and collecting tubules
3. Please explain the components of the glomerulus
4. The structure of the urinary epithelium and describe the ways in which it is adapted
for its function.
5. Describe the structure of ureter and bladder.
______________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 17: Female Reproductive
Introduction
The female reproductive system consists of the ovary, oviduct, uterus and vagina.
The oviduct, uterus and vagina have a common structure which is adapted for their
particular functions. The breast or mammary glands are also considered here, as they are
important during pregnancy. This topic mainly focuses on the structure of the ovary, oviduct,
uterus, and vagina. The changes that occur on structure of reproductive system especially
ovary, uterus, and mammary glands on menstrual cycle and pregnancy will becovered in
block Reproductive System and Disorders.
Learning Tasks :
1. Describe the histological structure of the ovaries
2. Describe the histological structure of the uterine tube
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3.
4.
5.
6.
Describe the histological structure of the uterus
Describe the histological structure of the cervix
Describe the histological structure of the vagina
Describe the histological structure of breast (mammary glands)
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 18 : Male Reproductive
Introduction
The main functions of the male reproductive system, are to produce spermatozoa,
androgens (sex hormones - principally testosterone) and to facilitate fertilisation, by
introducing spermatozoa into the femal genital tract (copulation). The male reproductive
system includes the testis, genital ducts, accessory sex glands and penis. After following
this topic, you should know the structure of these structures. The process and the role of
each structure on spermatogenesis and sexual function will covered in block Reproductive
System and Disorders
LEARNIG TASKS
1. Describe the histological structure of testes
2. Describe the structure of the seminiferous tubules
3. Describe the structure of intratesticular duct (rectus tubules, rete testis and ductus
efferentes)
4. Describe the structure of the epididymis
5. Explain the structure of ductus deferens
6. Describe the structure and function of the prostate gland
7. Describe the structure and function of the seminal gland vesicula
8. Describe the structure and function of bulbourethral glands
9. Describe the structure of the penis
______________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 19 : The Eye and Ear (Special Sense)
Introduction
This topic cover the microscopic structure of the eye and ear
Learning tasks
1. Explain the histology structure of fibrous tunic of the eye ball!
2. Explain the histology structure of vasculous tunic of the eye ball!
3. Explain the histology structure of nerve tunic of the eye ball!
4. Explain the histology structure of the content of the eye ball!
5. Explain the histology structure of the accessory structure of the eye!
6. Explain the histology structure of external acoustic meatus!
7. Explain the histology structure of vestibules apparatus!
8. Explain the histology structure of cochlea!
9. Explain the histology structure of spiral organ!
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~PRACTICAL GUIDELINES~
PRACTICAL SESSION I
Epithelium
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory you should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Recognize and correctly name the types of epithelium.
Name one representative site in the body where these types are found.
Distinguish between multicellular and unicellular glands.
Distinguish between serous and mucous secretory glandular cells.
SLIDES FOR THIS LABORATORY: 1,2,3,4, 5A, 5B, 6, and 7
SURFACING EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM:
Slide 1 Kidney
Simple squamous epithelium can be studied by looking at cells which line parietal
layer of capsula Bowmans.
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM:
Slide 1 Kidney.
Simple cuboidal epithelium is prominent in the cortex and medulla of the
kidney. Proximal convoluted tubules , distal convoluted tubules , and collecting
ducts are examples of simple cuboidal epithelium.
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM:
Slide 2 Duodenum.
Locate a large fingerlike projection at the surface of the organ (this is an intestinal
villus ). Observe that the projection has an internal component and a surface. The
surface of each villus is covered with simple columnar epithelium . The free surface
of these cells has very tiny projections called microvilli , which are specialized for
absorption (absorptive cells). Numerous mucus-secreting cells, known as goblet
cells because of their shape, are dispersed between the absorptive cells.
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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM:
Slide 3 Trachea.
Note the ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the tracheal lumen.
This epithelium is commonly referred to as "respiratory epithelium".
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM (KERATINIZING AND NONKERATINIZING):
Slide 3 Esophagus.
Stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium lines the lumen of the esophagus.
This type of epithelium is found in mucous membranes.
Slide 4 Skin
Observe the thick cornified layer of stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium of the
skin. Note the changes in cellular morphology and intercellular spaces as one moves
from the basal cells to the lifeless keratinized cells on the surface.
Transitional epithelium:
Slide 5 A (Urinary Bladder contacted) dan 5 B (Urinary bladder distended).
Find the transitional epithelium that lines the urinary bladder.
Note the presence of characteristic surface dome cells in the transitional epithelium .
GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
SEROUS GLANDS:
Slide 6 Parotid.
The parotid gland is a pure serous gland and thus made up of all serous acini . Note
the prominent granules of the acinar cells.
MIXED GLANDS:
Slide 7 Submaxillary gland.
Also organized as acini, the submaxillary gland secretes both serous and mucous
products. Serous cells are more numerous in the submaxillary (also called
submandibular) gland. Mucous secreting cells have flat nuclei located basally. The
apical region typically appears empty due to the extraction of mucous in routine
tissue preparation. Serous cells are often found capping mucous acini. These are
called demulines and are easily distinguished by their intensely staining granules.
.UNICELLULAR GLANDS:
Slide 2 Duodenum.
Observe Goblet cells in the simple columnar epithelium of the duodenum.
PRACTICAL SESSION II
Connective Tissue
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory you should be able to:
1. Distinguish the connective tissues from all epithelial tissues on the basis of location, cell
density and the presence of discrete fibers.
2. Distinguish between loose irregular (areolar), dense irregular, or dense regular
connective tissues on the basis of fiber packing and orientation.
3. Identify and list the cell types found in the various kinds of general connective tissues,
and describe their origins and functions.
SLIDES FOR THIS LABORATORY: 11, 12, 13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20, dan 21
FIBER OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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Slide 11 Spleen, Reticular stain.
Reticular fibers (type III collagen) are thin collagen fibers not typically detected with
routine H & E staining. However, these fibers stain black with silver stain and are
often called argyrophilic fibers . The spleen demonstrates the supportive network of
reticular fibers present in many organs. In this slide, the delicate reticular fibers are
black and the thick collagen fibers are red/brown.
Slide 12. Elastic Fiber (Elastic cartilage), Van Gieson stain.
Elastic fibers are slender and branching, are difficult to differentiate with collagen
fiber in standard staining H & E. Special staining to detect elastic fiber is Van Gieson
and the fibers appear black. In this slide you will observe condrocytes in lacunae and
the elastic fibers scattered in between.
Slide 13. Collagen fiber type I (Skin), Picro Sirius Red.
Collagen fiber type I is the most common fiber found in our body, appear pink in
routine H & E. Special staining commonly used to visualize collagen fiber is Picro
Sirius Red, the fiber is stained red. Collagen fibers appear dense and unbranching,
Elastic fiber are not stained and the muscle and hair follicle are yellow.
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connective tissue can be classified as either embryionic connective tissue and connective
tissue proper or specialized connective tissue. Connective tissue proper includes: loose
connective tissue (also called areolar) and dense (irregular) connective tissue. Specialized
connective tissue types include: dense regular connective tissue, cartilage, bone, adipose
tissue, blood, and hematopoietic tissue. The majority of specialized connective tissues will
be studied in future laboratories.
Slide 14 Developing Teeth ( Mesenchymal CT), HE
Developing teeth contains dense mesenchymal cells, which are large and have
small processus. The nuclei are oval and mitotic figures are often seen. Extracellular
matrix mainly compose of ground substances which fill the space between cells, no
fiber are visually detected in this slide.
Slide 15 Umbilical Cord (Mucoid CT), HE
In this slide you can observe umbilical artery and vein. Between the vessels lies the
mucoid connective tissue, which is the transition from embryonic to mature tissue.
Hence you can observe primarily fibroblast cells, with scarce mesencymal cells. The
collagen fibers are sparse and begin to take it’s mature form. Ground substances are
abundant.
Slide 16 Loose CT, HE
In loose connective tissue we can observe many types of cells including fixed cells
and transient cells. In the extracellular matrix the fiber are relatively few than the
abundant ground substance. Mixed types of mature fiber are seen, but mainly are
collagen fibers.
Slide 17 Skin (Dense Irregular CT), HE
Dense connective tissue is termed based on the more numerous and closely packed
fiber in the extracellular compartment. The connective tissue in the skin is found in
the dermis. Below the epidermis there is thin loose CT and followed by the thick
dense CT. The cells are primarily fibroblast and scattered throughout the fiber.
Commonly all types of fiber can be found in this type of CT. In this slide we can
observe that the fibers run in many directions.
Slide 18 Tendon (Dense Regular Colagenous CT), HE
Tendon only composed of organized collagen fibers. The fibers are run in uniform
direction which is longitudinal in this slide. The fibroblast cells are lined in the
periphery of the fiber pararel to the fiber direction. The cells are flattened due to the
strong collagen fiber type I.
Slide 19 Ligament Nuchae (Dense Regular Elastic CT), HE
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The elastic fibers run in uniform longitudinal direction. The elastic fibers are slender,
branching and elastic hence the fibroblast cells are scattered and maintain it’s
original form with oval nucleus.
Slide 20 Fat (White Adipose Tissue)
The slide mainly composed of fat cells. The unilocular fat cells are round or
polygonal. The nucleus is pierced to the periphery by the the large fat containing
vacuole, giving an image like a signet ring. The framework of adipose tissue is
suppored by reticular tissue which is not visually detected in this slide.
Slide 21 Liver (Reticular CT) HE
Liver are compose of liver cell arranged in liver lobule. The framework of the organ is
supported by reticular tissue. The reticular fiber cannot be seen in this slide. The
fibroblast seen in liver are refer to reticulocyte.
PRACTICAL SESSION III
Blood and Lymphoid Tissue
BLOOD
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory session you should be able to identify the
cellular and formed elements in peripheral blood and know their functions.
PRETEST : Before beginning this laboratory, be certain that you understand the use of the
terms:
SLIDE FOR THIS LABORATORY: 22.
BLOOD COMPONENTS
Find a region in the blood smear slide where the RBC's are separated (not overlapping).
When studying the blood smear slide, pay close attention to nuclear characteristics, staining
patterns, and cell diameter (remember that erythrocytes are usually 7-8 µm in diameter).
Use the oil immersion lens to identify each cell type.
Slide 22 Peripheral blood smear, Wright's stain.
Identify the following components:
Erythrocytes
Platelets (small blue-purple clusters)
LEUKOCYTES
Leukocytes (or White Blood Cells) can be divided into two main types: Agranular &
Granular. When studying the WBC's, keep in mind the percentages listed below which
represent the normal adult leukocyte differential.
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes
50-70%
2-4%
0-1%
20-40%
2-9%
AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTES
Monocytes
Look for fibrillar chromatin in the nucleus and abundant blue cytoplasm. Recall that
macrophages arise from monocytes.
Lymphocytes
Look for clumped chromatin and a thin rim of basophilic cytoplasm.
GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES
Neutrophils
These are the most common WBC. Look for multilobed nuclei, individual granules are not
distinguishable. The cytoplasm is lightly stained a "sandy" color.
Eosinophils
Look for bilobed nuclei, individual granules are distinguishable and eosinophilic (stain
intensely red-orange).
Basophils
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These cells are very rare in the blood. Basophils have coarse, basophilic granules that
usually obscure the nucleus.
LYMPHOID ORGANS
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory session, you should be able to:
1. Identify and differentiate among lymphoid organs based on their histological
structure
2. Identify and understand the cells and connective tissue element of lymphoid organ
SLIDE FOR THIS LABORATORY: 23, 24, 25, 26
Slide 23: Tymus (H & E stain,magnification 100x ) :
tymus is the other primary lymphoid organ, an encapsulated, bilateral organ in the
mediastinum, is subdivided by connective tissue (see; reticular tissue) into connected lobes.
Each lobes divided in to peripheral region (cortex), where lymphocytes are fairly dense and
central region (medulla) with fewer lymphocytes. In medulla also found degeneration form of
type 6 epithelial reticular which is known as Hassal bodies.
Slide 24 : Lymph node ( H & E stain, magnification 100x) :
lymph node is one of secondary lymphoid organ, distributed throughout the body. Lymph
node show three functional regions : the cortex (C) paracortex (P) and Medulla (M).
connective tissue( reticular connective tissue) of the capsule completely surround each
lymph node and extend as several trabeculae. Cortex characterize by many lymphoid
nodules, whether in Medulla we found medulary sinuses and cords . Paracortex is an area
between cortex and medulla. Lymphoid nodule composed of lymphocytes with reticular
connective tissue.
Slide 25 : Spleen (H & E stain, magnification 100x) :
Spleen is largest lymphoid organ. Spleen located in left abdomen quadrant. Spleen is
composed of reticular tissue containing lymphocytes and other blood cells. The spleenic
pulp has two component , the white pulp and the red pulp. The white pulp consist of
lymphoid tissue surrounding the central arteoles as the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath. The
red pulp consist of spleenic sinusoid (contain blood cells of all types) and spleenic cord
( reticular tissue rich in lymphocytes).
Slide 26 : Palatine Tonsila (H & E stain, magnification 100x).
Palatine Tonsils are partially encapsulated lymphoid tissue lying beneath and in contact
with the epithelium of the oral cavity. Palatine tonsils in the posterior parts of the soft palate,
are covered by stratified squamous epithelium. Each has 10-20 epithelial invaginations that
penetrate the tonsil deeply, forming crypts. In tonsils we found masses of lymphoid nodule
consist of reticular tissue, rich in lymphocytes.
PRACTICAL SESSION IV
Endocrine System, Liver, Gall Bladder, and Pancreas
ENDOCRINE ORGANS
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory, you should be able to:
1. Identify the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars nervosa; and recognize the individual
cell types in the pars distalis.
2. Identify the thyroid gland and the specific cell types and their functions.
3. Identify the parathyroid gland and the specific cell types and their functions.
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
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4. Identify the adrenal gland, distinguish cortex from medulla, distinguish the three zones of
the cortex, and identify specific cell types within the adrenal gland and give their
function.
5. Identify islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and distinguish them from the exocrine
portion of the gland, name the cells types present within each islet and give the
Basic Histology
~TABLE OF CONTENTS~
Page
Table of Content
1
Introduction
2
Planner team & Lecturers
3
Facilitators
4
Time Table (Regular Class)
5
Time Table (English Class)
7
Meeting of the students’ representative
9
Assessment Method
9
Student’s Project
9
References
10
Learning Programs
11
Practical Guidelines
19
Curriculum Mapping
29
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
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Basic Histology
~INTRODUCTION~
Histology is the study of fine detail (structure) of cells and tissues with microscope. It
is also called microscopic anatomy, as opposed to gross anatomy which involves structures
that can be observed with the naked eye. The word "histology" came from the Greek "histo-"
meaning tissue + "logos", science. Histology also discuss about the role of various cells and
tissues in the body, their interaction with body systems and ways they are affected by
disease.
Studying histology is carried out by examining a thin slice of tissue under a light
microscope. In order to distinguish different biological structures more easily and accurately
histological stains are often used to add color or enhance the color of a particular type of
biological structure is different from other types of structures that may be located next to and
/ or contact with each other
Learn and understand histology is very important for medical students for several
reasons :
Tissues as Building Blocks
Tissues are made from large groups of cells that cluster together to complete a
shared function. From tissues arise organs, and organs keep the body operating.
Histology can help students gain a better understanding of cell behavior. Likewise,
because tissues are the building blocks of virtually everything in the body,
understanding histology enables students to predict and understand organ behavior
and function.
Understanding Development and Evolution
Some organisms have no organs and are instead made entirely from tissues.
Familiarity with histology helps students gain insight into the development of
complex organs and organ systems. When students evaluate the tissue of humans
and animals with complex organs, they gain more insight into how organs and organ
systems develop and change across the life course.
Role in Disease
Many diseases occur at the tissue level. For example, cancer is often the result of
problematic tissue overgrowth, and some infections cause tissue to necrotize. For
future medical professionals, histology provides important insight into the
development of disease. Histology can help you understand why some treatments
work more effectively than others and why certain lifestyle choices can harm human
body over time.
On this block students will learn about the microscopic structure of the tissues that
make up the body, the role of various cells and tissues, interactions between cells, through
several learning methods are: lectures, independent learning, small group discussion,
practical session and student project.
Planners
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~PLANERS TEAM AND LECTURERS ~
No
Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Dr. I G.N. Sri Wiryawan, M.Repro
Dr. I Wayan Sugiritama, Mkes
Dr. I G.N Mayun, Sp. HK
Dr. I A. Ika Wahyuniari, M.Kes
Dr. Ni Made Linawati, M.Si
Dr. I G A Dewi Ratnayanti, M.Biomed
Dr. I G K Nyoman Arijana, M.Si.Med
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
SRI
SUG
MAY
IKA
LIN
RAT
ARI
Department
Phone
Histology
Histology
Histology
Histology
Histology
Histology
Histology
08123925104
08164732743
08155715359
08123614856
081337222567
085104550344
085339644145
3
Study Guide
Basic Histology
~FACILITATORS ~
NO
NAME
GROUP
DEPT
1
dr. I Putu Bayu Mayura, S.Ked
1
Microbiology
2
2
Biochemistry
3
Psychiatry
4
dr. Ida Ayu Dewi Wiryanthini, M
Biomed
dr. I Gusti Ayu Indah Ardani,
Sp.KJ
dr. Tjahya Aryasa E M, Sp.An
4
Anasthesi
5
dr. Ni Made Susilawati, Sp.S
5
Neurology
6
dr. Ni Luh Putu Ariastuti, MPH
6
Public Health
7
dr. Putu Yuliandari, S.Ked
7
Microbiology
8
dr.Ni Putu Ekawati, M.Repro,
Sp.PA
dr. Ida Bagus Wirakusuma,
MOH
dr. I Putu Adiartha Griadhi,
M.Fis, AIFO
8
9
Anatomy
Pathology
Public Health
10
Fisiology
GROUP
1
DEPT
Interna
2
Opthalmology
3
NAME
dr. Pratihiwi Primadharsini,
M.Biomol, Sp.PD
dr. I Wayan Eka Sutyawan,
Sp.M
dr. Lisna Astuti, Sp.Rad(K)
3
Radiology
4
dr. Sianny Herawati, Sp.PK
4
5
dr. Gusti Ngurah Mayun, Sp.HK
5
Clinical
Pathology
Histology
6
dr. Lely Setyawati , Sp.KJ
6
Psychiatry
7
dr. I Kadek Swastika , M Kes
7
Parasitology
8
dr. Jaqueline Sudirman,
GrandDipRepSc, PhD
dr. I Gde Haryo Ganesha
8
Obgyn
9
DME
3
9
10
PHONE
082236165801
081239990399
08123926522
081339713553
08124690137
0818560008
089685415625
08113803933
08124696647
081999636899
VENUE
2nd floor:
R.2.01
2nd floor:
R.2.02
2nd floor:
R.2.03
2nd floor:
R.2.04
2nd floor:
R.2.05
2nd floor:
R.2.06
2nd floor:
R.2.07
2nd floor:
R.2.08
2nd floor:
R.2.21
2nd floor:
R.2.22
ENGLISH CLASS
NO
1
2
9
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
PHONE
081805530196
081338538499
081337934497
0818566411
08155715359
08174709797
08124649002
082283387245
081805391039
VENUE
2nd floor:
R.2.01
2nd floor:
R.2.02
2nd floor:
R.2.03
2nd floor:
R.2.04
2nd floor:
R.2.05
2nd floor:
R.2.06
2nd floor:
R.2.07
2nd floor:
R.2.08
2nd floor:
R.2.21
4
Study Guide
Basic Histology
10
dr. I Wayan Gede Sutadarma,
M Gizi
10
Biochemistry
082144071268
2nd floor:
R.2.22
~TIME TABLE~
REGULAR CLASS
DAY/
DATE
1
Tuesday
10 Nov
15
2
Wednesd
ay
11 Nov
15
3
Thursday
12 Nov
15
4
Friday
13 Nov
15
5
Monday
16 Nov
15
6
Tuesday
17 Nov
15
7
Wednesd
ay
18 Nov
15
8
Thursday
19 Nov
15
TIME
08.00 - 09.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 13.00
13.00 – 15.00
08.00 - 09.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 13.00
13.00 – 14.00
13.00 – 14.00
08.00 – 09.00
09.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 - 15.00
08.00 – 08.45
08.45 – 09.30
09.30 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 13.00
13.00 - 15.00
08.00 – 09.00
09.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 - 15.00
08.00 - 09.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 13.00
13.00 – 15.00
08.00 – 09.00
10.00 – 11.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 13.00
14.00 – 15.00
08.00 – 09.00
09.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 - 14.00
14.00 - 15.00
ACTIVITY
Lecture 1 : Histology and Its Method of Study
Lecture 2: Extracellular Matrix
Independent Learning
SGD (Lecture 1& 2)
BREAK
SP
Lecture 3: Epithelial Tissue
Lecture 4: Connective Tissue
Independent Learning
SGD (Lecture 3 &4)
BREAK
Practical Introduction I and Pre-test
SP
Lecture 5 : Bone and cartilage
Practical Session I (Epithelium)
Break
Practical Introduction II and Pre-test
Lecture 6: Muscle Tissue
Lecture 7: Nerve tissue & the Nervous System
Independent Learning
Break
PPKN
SP
Lecture 8: Circulatory System
Practical Session II (Connective Tissue)
Break
SGD (Lecture 5,6&7)
Lecture 9: Blood
Lecture 10: The Immune System & Lymphoid Organs
Independent Learning
SGD ( Lecture 8,9&10)
BREAK
SP
Lecture 11 : The Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
Lecture 12: Digestive System
Independent Learning
SGD (Lecture 11 & 12)
BREAK
Practical Introduction III (Pre-test)
Lecture 13 : Endocrine Glands
Practical Session III (Blood & Lymphoid Tissue)
Break
Practical Introduction IV and Pre-test
SP
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
CONVEYER
MAY
RAT
Facilitator
facilitator
RAT
RAT
Facilitator
Team
Facilitator
LIN
Team
Team
SUG
SUG
PPKN
MAY
Team
Facilitator
SUG
LIN
Facilitator
Facilitator
ARI
SUG/MAY
Facilitator
Team
MAY
Team
Team
VENUE
Class R.
Class R.
Disc. R.
Disc. R.
Class R.
Class R.
Disc. R.
Class. R.
Disc. R
Class R.
Hist. R.
Class R.
Class R.
Class R.
Class R.
Class R.
Hist. R.
Disc. R.
Class R.
Class R.
Disc. R.
Disc. R
Class. R
Class. R
Disc. R
Class R.
Class R.
Hist. R.
Class. R.
Disc. R.
5
Study Guide
Basic Histology
9
Friday
20 Nov
15
10
Monday
23 Nov
15
11
Tuesday
24 Nov
15
12
Wednesd
ay
25 Nov
15
13
Thursday
26 Nov
15
14
Friday
27 Nov
15
08.00 – 08.45
08.45 – 09.30
09.30 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 13.00
13.00 – 15.00
08.00 – 09.00
09.00 – 12.00
12.30 – 13.00
14.00 – 15.00
Lecture 14 : The respiratory System
Lecture 15: Skin
Independent Learning
Break
PPKN
SP
Lecture 16 : Urinary System
Practical Session IV (Endocrine System)
BREAK
SGD ( Lecture 13,14&15)
08.00 – 09.00
10.00 – 11.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 13.00
14.00 – 15.00
08.00 – 09.00
09.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 - 15.00
Lecture 17 : Male Reproductive system
Lecture 18 : Female Reproductive System
Independent Learning
SGD (Lecture 16&17)
BREAK
Practical Introduction V and Pre-test
Lecture 19: The eye and ear (Special Senses)
Practical Session V (Nervous Tissue & Muscle)
Break
SGD (Lecture 18&19)
08.00 – 10.00
Practical Exam
10.00 – 11.00
Final Exam Preprataion
08.00 – 12.00
FINAL EXAM
12.00 – 13.00
PPKN
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
SRI
LIN
PPKN
facilitator
ARI
Team
Facilitator
Class R.
Class R.
Class. R
Disc. R.
Class R.
Hist. R.
Disc. R
SRI/SUG
SUG
Facilitator
Team
RAT/ARI
Team
Facilitator
Class R.
Class R.
Disc. R.
Class R.
Class R.
Hist. R.
Disc. R
Team
Hist. R
-
-
LB
Class R
6
Study Guide
Basic Histology
~TIME TABLE~
ENGLISH CLASS
DAY/
DATE
1
Tuesday
10 Nov
15
2
Wednesd
ay
11 Nov
15
3
Thursday
12 Nov
15
4
Friday
13 Nov
15
5
Monday
16 Nov
15
6
Tuesday
17 Nov
15
7
Wednesd
ay
18 Nov
15
8
Thursday
19 Nov
15
TIME
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 14.00
14.00 – 16.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 14.00
14.00 – 15.00
15.00 – 16.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 – 16.00
09.00 – 09.30
09.30 – 10.15
10.15 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 – 15.00
15.00 – 16.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 – 16.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 14.00
14.00 – 16.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 14.00
15.00 – 16.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 – 16.00
ACTIVITY
Independent Learning
Lecture 1 : Histology and Its Method of Study
Lecture 2: Extracellular Matrix
BREAK
SGD (Lecture 1 &2)
SP
Independent Learning
Lecture 3: Epithelial Tissue
Lecture 4: Connective Tissue
BREAK
SGD (Lecture 3 &4)
Practical Introduction I and Pre-test
SP
Lecture 5 : Bone and cartilage
Practical Introduction II and Pre-test
Break
Practical Session I (Epithelium)
Independent Learning
Lecture 6: Muscle Tissue
Lecture 7: Nerve tissue & the Nervous System
Independent Learning
BREAK
PPKN
SP
Lecture 8: Circulatory System
SGD (Lecture 5,6&7)
Break
Practical Session II (Connective Tissue)
Independent Learning
Lecture 9: Blood
Lecture 10: The Immune System & Lymphoid Organs
BREAK
SGD (8+9+10)
SP
Independent Learning
Lecture 11 : The Oral Cavity & Salivary Glands
Lecture 12: Digestive System
BREAK
SGD (Lecture 11&12)
Practical Introduction III and Pre-test
Lecture 13 : Endocrine Glands
Practical Introduction IV and Pre-test
Break
Practical Session III (Blood & Lymphoid Tissue)
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
CONVEYER
MAY
MAY
Facilitator
Facilitator
RAT
RAT
Facilitator
Team
Facilitator
LIN
Team
Team
SUG
SUG
PPKN
MAY
Facilitator
Team
SUG
LIN
Facilitator
Facilitator
ARI
SUG/MAY
Facilitator
Team
MAY
Team
Team
VENUE
Class R.
Class R.
Disc. R.
Disc. R.
Class R.
Class R.
Disc. R.
Class. R.
Disc. R
Class R.
Class R.
Hist. R.
Class R.
Class R.
Class R.
Class R.
Disc. R
Hist. R.
Class R.
Class R.
Disc. R.
Disc. R
Class. R
Class. R
Disc. R
Class R.
Class R.
Class R.
Hist. R.
7
Study Guide
Basic Histology
9
Friday
20 Nov
15
10
Monday
23 Nov
15
11
Tuesday
24 Nov
15
12
Wednesd
ay
25 Nov
15
13
Thursday
26 Nov
15
14
Friday
27 Nov
15
09.00 – 09.30
09.30 – 10.15
10.15 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 – 15.00
15.00 – 16.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 – 16.00
Independent Learning
Lecture 14 : The respiratory System
Lecture 15: Skin
Independent Learning
Break
PPKN
SP
Lecture 16 : Urinary System
SGD (Lecture 13,14&15)
Break
Practical Session IV (Endocrine System)
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 12.30
12.30 – 14.00
14.00 – 16.00
09.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 13.00
13.00 – 16.00
Independent Learning
Lecture 17 : Male Reproductive system
Lecture 18 : Female Reproductive System
BREAK
SGD (Lecture 16&17)
Practical Introduction V and Pre-test
Lecture 19: The eye and ear (Special Senses)
SGD (Lecture 18 &19)
Break
Practical Session V (Nervous Tissue & Muscle)
SRI
LIN
PPKN
facilitator
ARI
Team
Facilitator
Class R.
Class R.
Class. R
Disc. R.
Class R.
Disc. R
Hist. R.
SRI/SUG
SUG
Facilitator
Team
RAT/ARI
Facilitator
Team
Class R.
Class R.
Disc. R.
Hist R.
Class R.
Disc. R.
Hist. R
08.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00
08.00 – 12.00
13.00 – 15.00
Practical Exam
Team
FINAL EXAM
PPKN
Hist. R
LB
Class R
There are several types of learning activity:
Lecture
independent learning based on the lecture’s topic
Small group discussion to solve the learning task
Practice
Student project
Lecture and Practical Introduction will be held at room 402, practical session
at histology department, while discussion rooms available at 3 rd floor (room
3.09-3.17&3.19)
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
8
Study Guide
Basic Histology
~MEETING OF THE STUDENTS’ REPRESENTATIVE~
In the middle of block schedule, a meeting is designed among the student
representatives of each small group discussion, facilitators, and resource persons. The
meeting will discuss the ongoing teaching learning process, quality of lecturers and
facilitators as a feedback to improve the learning program. The meeting will be held based
on schedule from Department of Medical Education.
~ASSESSMENT METHOD~
Assessment in this theme consists of:
SGD
: 5%
Practical Exam
: 40%
Final Exam
: 40%
Student Project
: 15%
Total result will contribute as much as 35 % to overall score of The Cell as
Biochemical Machinery Block
~STUDENT PROJECT~
Each group should write a paper about certain topics related to basic histology. This paper
should be discussed with the related lecture and collected at the end of course. Late/no
submission of paper will be granted no score for SP.
The topics are:
NO
SGD
TITTLE
EVALUATOR
1
A1, B1
Intercellular Junction (overview)
Linawati
2
A2, B2
Basement membrane (overview)
Ratnayanti
3
A3, B3
Fiber of connective tissue (overview)
Ratnayanti
4
A4, B4
Cell Surface specialization (overview)
Mayun
5
A5, B5
Muscle satellite cells (overview)
Sugiritama
6
A6, B6
Sertoli Cell (Structure and function)
Sugiritama
7
A7, B7
NK Cell
Linawati
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
9
Study Guide
Basic Histology
8
A8, B8
Clara Cells (Progenitor until Clara Cell)
Sri Wiryawan
9
A9, B9
Mesangial cell (Progenitor until mesangial cell)
Arijana
10
A10,B10
Stem Cell (overview)
Arijana
Format of the paper :
1. Cover
Tittle
Name
Student Registration Number
Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University 2015
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction
Content
Conclusion
References (minimal 3 references)
Example :
Journal
Porrini M, Risso PL. 2011. Lymphocyte Lycopene Concentration and DNA Protection
from Oxidative Damage is Increased in Woman. Am J Clin Nutr 11(1):79-84.
Textbook
Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pober JS. 2011. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 4th
ed. Pennysylvania: WB Saunders Co. Pp 1636-1642.
Note.
5-10 pages; 1,5 spasi; Times new roman 12
~REFERENCES~
Standard reference:
Gartner, L.P. & Hiatt, J.L.2011, Concise Histology. Philadelphia : WB Saunders Co
Additional reference:
Mescher, A. L. Junqueira,s basic Histology Text and Atlas, 2013. 13th ed. Singapore :
McGraw-Hill
Gartner, L.P. & Hiatt, J.L.2007. Color Textbook of Histology, 3rd Ed. Philadelphia :
Sounders Elsevier
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
10
Study Guide
Basic Histology
~LEARNING PROGRAMS~
LECTURE 1: HISTOLOGY AND ITS METHODS OF STUDY
Introduction
Histology is the study of the structure of tissue that makes up the organs of the body by
observing a thin slice of tissue under a microscope. Before it can be observed, the tissue
must be processed through certain procedures so that the components of tissue can be
distinguished. Histologic sections are two-dimensional planes cut from a three dimensional
structure. Student should have ability to reconcile the image seen in the microscope with the
tissue or organ from which it was harvested.
This topic covers the basic principles of histology, microscope use in histology, tissue
processing in histology, and interpretation of microscopic section.
Learning Tasks:
1. Describe the mean and scope of histology
2. Explain the use of the microscope in histology
3. Describe briefly the stages of tissue processing
4. Explain the interpretation of microscopic section
5. Explain briefly the four basic tissue
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 2: EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
Introduction
Tissue is composed of cells. The cells are organized in certain fashion to build up specific
kind of tissue. In the process, cell excretes molecules, termed as extracellular matrix.
Extracellular matrix consists of fibers and ground substances. Cell type and extracellular
matrix composition determine the type of tissue. Interaction between cells and extracellular
matrix influences the cell behavior and metabolism thus influences the tissue. In this topic,
the students should be able to understand types of fiber and ground substance, also its
significance related to tissue characteristic and function. Many clinical conditions ranging
from genetic to degenerative disorders are related to the defect in the extracellular matrix.
Learning Task:
1. Describe the function of extracellular matrix and components contribute to each
function!
2. Describe the structure and characteristic of collagen fiber!
3. Describe the structure and characteristic of elastic fiber!
4. Differentiate the glycosaminoglycan in the extracellular matrix!
5. Explain the glycoprotein adhesive of the extracellular matrix!
6. Explain the type of relation of cells and extracellular matrix in tissue!
___________________________________________________________________
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
11
Study Guide
Basic Histology
LECTURE 3 : Epithelia
Introduction
There are two types of epithelia, one that covers all the external body surfaces and line all
the internal body cavities and tubes, and the other that are secretory, and often found in
aggregates called glands, just beneath the body surfaces.
After studying this topic you should be able to recognize the different types of epithelia, and
relate their structure to their function.
On practical session you should be able to recognize the types of epithelium using light
microscope.
Learning Tasks
1. Explain the principal function of epithelial tissue!
2. Explain the characteristic features of epithelial cells!
3. Explain the structure and function of basement membrane!
4. Mention and explain the types of cell junctions!
5. Explain the specialization of the apical cell surface!
6. Explain in detail the classification of epithelial tissues!
7. List the different between endocrine and exocrine glands!
8. Explain the types of exocrine glands based on their structure and how the products
leave the cell!
LECTURE 4 : Connective Tissue
Introduction
Connective tissue is one of the four basic tissues. It fills the spaces between organs and
tissues, and provides them with structural and metabolic support.
After completing this topic you should understand the basic structure and function of
connective tissue, and its components (cells, fibers, ground substances).
On practical session you should be able to recognize the types of connective tissue, types
of cells and fibers of connective tissue using light microscope.
Learning tasks:
1. Explain the functions of connective tissue!
2. Explain the component of connective tissue!
3. Explain the cells of connective tissue!
4. Explain the three type of fiber found in connective tissue!
5. Explain the ground substance!
6. Summarize the main similarities and differences between different types of
connective tissue!
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 5: Cartilage, Bone & Ossification
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
12
Study Guide
Basic Histology
Introduction
Cartilage
and
bone
are
specialized
forms
of
connective
tissue.
They are both made up of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.
It is the nature of the matrix that defines the properties of these connective tissues.
Cartilage is thin, avascular, flexible and resistant to compressive forces.
Bone is highly vascularized, and its calcified matrix makes it very strong.
This topic covers the structure, function, types of cell, and the formation of bone and
cartilage.
On practical session you should be able to recognize the three types of cartilage, two types
of ossification and structure of mature bone using light microscope.
Learning Task:
1. Describe how cartilage is synthesized, how it grows and how it is nourished!
2. What are the three types of cartilage and how do their structures relate to their
different properties and functions?
3. Mention the name and function of the different types of cell that are found in bone!
4. Describe the differences between endochondral and intramembranous ossification!
5. Recognize the zones of epiphyseal plate and it’s relation in bone growth.
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 6 : Muscle Tissue
Introduction:
Muscle is another type of basic tissue. After completing this topic, you should understand
the microscopic structure of three major types of muscle, the arrangement of contractile
filaments, organization of muscle cell and how they are connected to bone. The function of
ultra structure molecule in muscle contraction and its clinical consideration will be discussed
in the Musculoskeletal System Block. On practical session you should be able to recognize
the three types of muscle using light microscope.
Learning Tasks
1. Explain the general structure of the cells of muscle tissue!
2. Describe the microscopic structure of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle!
3. Explain why skeletal muscle and heart has dark and bright lines under the
microscope, but smooth muscle has not!
4. Describe about the sarcomere of muscle cell!
5. Explain the meaning of triads and dyads!
6. Describe the organization of the connective tissue enveloping the muscles!
7. Describe about the satellite cells in muscle tissue!
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 7 : Nerve Tissue and Nervous System
Introduction
Nervous tissue is one of the four basic tissues. By completing this topic, you will understand
the basic structure of central and peripheral nervous systems, nerve cell, synapses, and
supporting cells in nervous tissue. The function of nervous tissue, several importance
structures and its clinical correlation will be covered in Neuroscience and Disorders Block.
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
13
Study Guide
Basic Histology
On practical session you should be able to recognize the cells of nervous system,
component of nervous system (cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord) using light
microscopy
Learning Tasks
1. Explain the basic structure and ultrastructure of neuron!
2. Explain the type of neuron and its location on the body!
3. Describe the type, structure and function of neuroglia!
4. Explain the microscopic structure of cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord!
5. Describe the microscopic structure of peripheral nervous system!
6. Describe the type and structure of ganglion!
7. Describe the structure and type of synaps!
8. Describe the structure of meninges!
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 8 : CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Introduction
This topic covers the structure of the heart, blood vessels and lymph vessels. The cells in
the blood are covered in another topic (Blood). After studying through this topic, you should
be able to understand the basic structure of the heart and blood vessels whose layers
change from arteries/veins to capillaries/venules as an adaptation to their function.
Learning Tasks :
1. Describe the structure of the heart and the components of cardiac skeleton!
2. Differentiate myocardium and purkinje fiber in general!
3. Describe the general structure of blood vessel (artery and vein) and how do you
differentiate the layers of the artery and vein!
4. Explain the classification of artery and vein according to their wall layers
composition!
5. Describe the structure of capillary and it’s classification!
6. Compare the elastic artery and the musculature artery!
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 9 : BLOOD
Introduction
Blood consists of blood plasma and cells. This topic covers the constituents of the plasma,
and the types of cells found in blood. Blood supply is essential to transport nutrition,
substances and waste to and from every tissue in the body. In certain condition white blood
cells leave the blood vessels and migrate into the connective tissue and epithelia. Students
should be able to differentiate between the different types of blood cells, and understand
their functions. The formation of blood cells will be describe in another block (Hematology
System and Disorders). On practical session you should be able to recognize all type of
blood cells using light microscope.
Learning tasks
1. Explain the constituent of blood!
2. Describe the structure and function of red blood cells!
3. Explain the classification leukocytes!
4. Differentiate the microscopic morphology of leukocytes!
5. Explain the role of leukocyte in our body!
Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015
14
Study Guide
Basic Histology
6. Explain the structure and function of platelets!
7. Explain the structure of the bone marrow!
LECTURE 10: Lymphoid Tissue
Introduction
Lymphoid tissue covers all of the various tissues that are important in mounting an immune
response. This includes discrete organs such as the spleen, thymus and lymph nodes, as
well as more diffuse aggregations of lymphocytes. This topic also gives some background
information of the properties of immune cells, including the different types of lymphocytes,
and their functions. On another block (Immune system and disorders) you will learn about
the different ways in which immune responses are elicited, and the ways in which different
lymphoid tissues take part in the immune responses.
Learning task
1. Describe difference of primary and secondary lymphoid organ
2. Describe histology of thymus and its function
3. Describe histology of lymph node and its function
4. Describe histology of spleen and its function
5. Describe histology of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue and its function
6. Describe histology of tonsil and its function
7. Describe the cells in the lymphoid organ or tissue.
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 11: ORAL CAVITY AND SALIVARY GLANDS
Introduction
This topic covers the histology of structures found in the mouth, including the lip, teeth,
tongue and salivary glands, together with the structure and function of the oesophagus.
The role structure in oral cavity, esophagus and salivary glands in digestion, and how their
structure is related to function will covered in block Alimentary System
Learning tasks:
1. Describe the histological structure of the lip
2. Explain the oral mucosa
3. Describe the histological structure of the tongue
4. Describe the histological structure of the tooth
5. Briefly describe the process and stages of tooth formation
6. Differentiate the histological structure of the hard palate and soft palate
7. Explain the difference between the minor and major salivary glands
8. Explain the difference in the structure of each of the major salivary glands
9. Describe the histological structure of the esophagus
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 12 : DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Introduction
This topic covers the structure of the stomach, small and large intestines, and other tissues
important for digestion: the liver, pancreas and gall bladder. The role of stomach, small and
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large intestine, liver, pancreas and gall bladder in digestion, and how their structure is
related to function will covered in block Alimentary System
Learning Tasks :
1. Explain the general structure of the alimentary track
2. Describe the histological structure of the stomach
3. Explain the differences of each region of the stomach
4. Describe the histological structure of the small intestine, and explain the difference
between the duodenum ,ileum, and jejunum
5. Describe the histological structure of the colon and explain differences in structure with
the small intestine
6. Describe the histological structure of the rectum and anus
7. Describe the structure of the histological liver, pancreas and gallbladder
______________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 13: Endocrine
Introduction
The glandular tissue are a mixture of both endocrine (ductless, hormones are secreted into
the blood) and exocrine (have ducts, hormones are secreted onto surfaces) glands. The
exocrine glands are covered in the respective topics. For example sweat glands are
covered in the section on skin. This topic mostly focuses on the endocrine glands. The role
each endocrine glands in and how their structure is related to function will covered in block
Endocrine System and Disorders
Learning Tasks ;
1. Explain the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands.
2. Describe the histological structure of four major endocrine organs: the pituitary
gland, the adrenal gland and the thyroid and parathyroid gland.
3. The
different
embryological
origins
of
the
component
parts
of
the pituitary and adrenal glands
4. The names of the hormones secreted by four major endocrine glands and their
functions.
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 14
: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Introduction
This topic covers the basic structure of the respiratory system. It mainly focuses on the
structure of the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, and alveoli. The role of
respiratory system on air conditioned and transported, and gas exchange will covered in
block Respiratory System
Learning task
1. Explain the respiratory epithelium !
2. Explain the structure of nasal cavities !
3. Explain the structure of sinuses and nasopharynx !
4. Explain the structure of larynx !
5. Describe the microscopic structure of the trachea, secondary bronchus, and
bronchioles.
6. Explain the structure of alveolus!
___________________________________________________________________
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LECTURE 15
: SKIN
Introduction
A layer of skin covers the body, and is the major external barrier between the outside world
and the body. It has important protective functions, and is constantly renewing itself. After
covering this topic you will appreciate how skin renews and repairs itself, and the structure
and functions of skin, hair, epithelial glands and nails.
Learning task
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Describe the difference between thin and thick skin
Describe the layers of the skin and its function
Describe the cells in epidermis
Describe the difference of sweat and sebaceous gland
Describe histology of hair
Describe histology of nail
LECTURE 16 : Urinary System
Introduction
The urinary system consists of the paired kidneys and ureters, the bladder, and the urethra.
This systems help maintain homeostasis by a complex combination of processes that
involved filtration, selective reabsorption, and excretion. Urine produced in the kidneys
passes through the ureters to the bladder for temporary storage and is then released to the
exterior through the urethra. The changes that occur on structure of urinary system
especially kidneys and ureters, the bladder, and the urethra will be covered in block Urinary
System and Disorders.
Learning Tasks :
1. Explain the organisation of the kidney, nephron and conducting tubules.
2. Please explain how to recognise and identify the five major segments of the
nephron: renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, loops of Henle
and collecting tubules
3. Please explain the components of the glomerulus
4. The structure of the urinary epithelium and describe the ways in which it is adapted
for its function.
5. Describe the structure of ureter and bladder.
______________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 17: Female Reproductive
Introduction
The female reproductive system consists of the ovary, oviduct, uterus and vagina.
The oviduct, uterus and vagina have a common structure which is adapted for their
particular functions. The breast or mammary glands are also considered here, as they are
important during pregnancy. This topic mainly focuses on the structure of the ovary, oviduct,
uterus, and vagina. The changes that occur on structure of reproductive system especially
ovary, uterus, and mammary glands on menstrual cycle and pregnancy will becovered in
block Reproductive System and Disorders.
Learning Tasks :
1. Describe the histological structure of the ovaries
2. Describe the histological structure of the uterine tube
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3.
4.
5.
6.
Describe the histological structure of the uterus
Describe the histological structure of the cervix
Describe the histological structure of the vagina
Describe the histological structure of breast (mammary glands)
___________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 18 : Male Reproductive
Introduction
The main functions of the male reproductive system, are to produce spermatozoa,
androgens (sex hormones - principally testosterone) and to facilitate fertilisation, by
introducing spermatozoa into the femal genital tract (copulation). The male reproductive
system includes the testis, genital ducts, accessory sex glands and penis. After following
this topic, you should know the structure of these structures. The process and the role of
each structure on spermatogenesis and sexual function will covered in block Reproductive
System and Disorders
LEARNIG TASKS
1. Describe the histological structure of testes
2. Describe the structure of the seminiferous tubules
3. Describe the structure of intratesticular duct (rectus tubules, rete testis and ductus
efferentes)
4. Describe the structure of the epididymis
5. Explain the structure of ductus deferens
6. Describe the structure and function of the prostate gland
7. Describe the structure and function of the seminal gland vesicula
8. Describe the structure and function of bulbourethral glands
9. Describe the structure of the penis
______________________________________________________________________
LECTURE 19 : The Eye and Ear (Special Sense)
Introduction
This topic cover the microscopic structure of the eye and ear
Learning tasks
1. Explain the histology structure of fibrous tunic of the eye ball!
2. Explain the histology structure of vasculous tunic of the eye ball!
3. Explain the histology structure of nerve tunic of the eye ball!
4. Explain the histology structure of the content of the eye ball!
5. Explain the histology structure of the accessory structure of the eye!
6. Explain the histology structure of external acoustic meatus!
7. Explain the histology structure of vestibules apparatus!
8. Explain the histology structure of cochlea!
9. Explain the histology structure of spiral organ!
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~PRACTICAL GUIDELINES~
PRACTICAL SESSION I
Epithelium
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory you should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Recognize and correctly name the types of epithelium.
Name one representative site in the body where these types are found.
Distinguish between multicellular and unicellular glands.
Distinguish between serous and mucous secretory glandular cells.
SLIDES FOR THIS LABORATORY: 1,2,3,4, 5A, 5B, 6, and 7
SURFACING EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM:
Slide 1 Kidney
Simple squamous epithelium can be studied by looking at cells which line parietal
layer of capsula Bowmans.
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM:
Slide 1 Kidney.
Simple cuboidal epithelium is prominent in the cortex and medulla of the
kidney. Proximal convoluted tubules , distal convoluted tubules , and collecting
ducts are examples of simple cuboidal epithelium.
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM:
Slide 2 Duodenum.
Locate a large fingerlike projection at the surface of the organ (this is an intestinal
villus ). Observe that the projection has an internal component and a surface. The
surface of each villus is covered with simple columnar epithelium . The free surface
of these cells has very tiny projections called microvilli , which are specialized for
absorption (absorptive cells). Numerous mucus-secreting cells, known as goblet
cells because of their shape, are dispersed between the absorptive cells.
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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM:
Slide 3 Trachea.
Note the ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the tracheal lumen.
This epithelium is commonly referred to as "respiratory epithelium".
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM (KERATINIZING AND NONKERATINIZING):
Slide 3 Esophagus.
Stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium lines the lumen of the esophagus.
This type of epithelium is found in mucous membranes.
Slide 4 Skin
Observe the thick cornified layer of stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium of the
skin. Note the changes in cellular morphology and intercellular spaces as one moves
from the basal cells to the lifeless keratinized cells on the surface.
Transitional epithelium:
Slide 5 A (Urinary Bladder contacted) dan 5 B (Urinary bladder distended).
Find the transitional epithelium that lines the urinary bladder.
Note the presence of characteristic surface dome cells in the transitional epithelium .
GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
SEROUS GLANDS:
Slide 6 Parotid.
The parotid gland is a pure serous gland and thus made up of all serous acini . Note
the prominent granules of the acinar cells.
MIXED GLANDS:
Slide 7 Submaxillary gland.
Also organized as acini, the submaxillary gland secretes both serous and mucous
products. Serous cells are more numerous in the submaxillary (also called
submandibular) gland. Mucous secreting cells have flat nuclei located basally. The
apical region typically appears empty due to the extraction of mucous in routine
tissue preparation. Serous cells are often found capping mucous acini. These are
called demulines and are easily distinguished by their intensely staining granules.
.UNICELLULAR GLANDS:
Slide 2 Duodenum.
Observe Goblet cells in the simple columnar epithelium of the duodenum.
PRACTICAL SESSION II
Connective Tissue
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory you should be able to:
1. Distinguish the connective tissues from all epithelial tissues on the basis of location, cell
density and the presence of discrete fibers.
2. Distinguish between loose irregular (areolar), dense irregular, or dense regular
connective tissues on the basis of fiber packing and orientation.
3. Identify and list the cell types found in the various kinds of general connective tissues,
and describe their origins and functions.
SLIDES FOR THIS LABORATORY: 11, 12, 13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20, dan 21
FIBER OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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Slide 11 Spleen, Reticular stain.
Reticular fibers (type III collagen) are thin collagen fibers not typically detected with
routine H & E staining. However, these fibers stain black with silver stain and are
often called argyrophilic fibers . The spleen demonstrates the supportive network of
reticular fibers present in many organs. In this slide, the delicate reticular fibers are
black and the thick collagen fibers are red/brown.
Slide 12. Elastic Fiber (Elastic cartilage), Van Gieson stain.
Elastic fibers are slender and branching, are difficult to differentiate with collagen
fiber in standard staining H & E. Special staining to detect elastic fiber is Van Gieson
and the fibers appear black. In this slide you will observe condrocytes in lacunae and
the elastic fibers scattered in between.
Slide 13. Collagen fiber type I (Skin), Picro Sirius Red.
Collagen fiber type I is the most common fiber found in our body, appear pink in
routine H & E. Special staining commonly used to visualize collagen fiber is Picro
Sirius Red, the fiber is stained red. Collagen fibers appear dense and unbranching,
Elastic fiber are not stained and the muscle and hair follicle are yellow.
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connective tissue can be classified as either embryionic connective tissue and connective
tissue proper or specialized connective tissue. Connective tissue proper includes: loose
connective tissue (also called areolar) and dense (irregular) connective tissue. Specialized
connective tissue types include: dense regular connective tissue, cartilage, bone, adipose
tissue, blood, and hematopoietic tissue. The majority of specialized connective tissues will
be studied in future laboratories.
Slide 14 Developing Teeth ( Mesenchymal CT), HE
Developing teeth contains dense mesenchymal cells, which are large and have
small processus. The nuclei are oval and mitotic figures are often seen. Extracellular
matrix mainly compose of ground substances which fill the space between cells, no
fiber are visually detected in this slide.
Slide 15 Umbilical Cord (Mucoid CT), HE
In this slide you can observe umbilical artery and vein. Between the vessels lies the
mucoid connective tissue, which is the transition from embryonic to mature tissue.
Hence you can observe primarily fibroblast cells, with scarce mesencymal cells. The
collagen fibers are sparse and begin to take it’s mature form. Ground substances are
abundant.
Slide 16 Loose CT, HE
In loose connective tissue we can observe many types of cells including fixed cells
and transient cells. In the extracellular matrix the fiber are relatively few than the
abundant ground substance. Mixed types of mature fiber are seen, but mainly are
collagen fibers.
Slide 17 Skin (Dense Irregular CT), HE
Dense connective tissue is termed based on the more numerous and closely packed
fiber in the extracellular compartment. The connective tissue in the skin is found in
the dermis. Below the epidermis there is thin loose CT and followed by the thick
dense CT. The cells are primarily fibroblast and scattered throughout the fiber.
Commonly all types of fiber can be found in this type of CT. In this slide we can
observe that the fibers run in many directions.
Slide 18 Tendon (Dense Regular Colagenous CT), HE
Tendon only composed of organized collagen fibers. The fibers are run in uniform
direction which is longitudinal in this slide. The fibroblast cells are lined in the
periphery of the fiber pararel to the fiber direction. The cells are flattened due to the
strong collagen fiber type I.
Slide 19 Ligament Nuchae (Dense Regular Elastic CT), HE
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The elastic fibers run in uniform longitudinal direction. The elastic fibers are slender,
branching and elastic hence the fibroblast cells are scattered and maintain it’s
original form with oval nucleus.
Slide 20 Fat (White Adipose Tissue)
The slide mainly composed of fat cells. The unilocular fat cells are round or
polygonal. The nucleus is pierced to the periphery by the the large fat containing
vacuole, giving an image like a signet ring. The framework of adipose tissue is
suppored by reticular tissue which is not visually detected in this slide.
Slide 21 Liver (Reticular CT) HE
Liver are compose of liver cell arranged in liver lobule. The framework of the organ is
supported by reticular tissue. The reticular fiber cannot be seen in this slide. The
fibroblast seen in liver are refer to reticulocyte.
PRACTICAL SESSION III
Blood and Lymphoid Tissue
BLOOD
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory session you should be able to identify the
cellular and formed elements in peripheral blood and know their functions.
PRETEST : Before beginning this laboratory, be certain that you understand the use of the
terms:
SLIDE FOR THIS LABORATORY: 22.
BLOOD COMPONENTS
Find a region in the blood smear slide where the RBC's are separated (not overlapping).
When studying the blood smear slide, pay close attention to nuclear characteristics, staining
patterns, and cell diameter (remember that erythrocytes are usually 7-8 µm in diameter).
Use the oil immersion lens to identify each cell type.
Slide 22 Peripheral blood smear, Wright's stain.
Identify the following components:
Erythrocytes
Platelets (small blue-purple clusters)
LEUKOCYTES
Leukocytes (or White Blood Cells) can be divided into two main types: Agranular &
Granular. When studying the WBC's, keep in mind the percentages listed below which
represent the normal adult leukocyte differential.
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes
50-70%
2-4%
0-1%
20-40%
2-9%
AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTES
Monocytes
Look for fibrillar chromatin in the nucleus and abundant blue cytoplasm. Recall that
macrophages arise from monocytes.
Lymphocytes
Look for clumped chromatin and a thin rim of basophilic cytoplasm.
GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES
Neutrophils
These are the most common WBC. Look for multilobed nuclei, individual granules are not
distinguishable. The cytoplasm is lightly stained a "sandy" color.
Eosinophils
Look for bilobed nuclei, individual granules are distinguishable and eosinophilic (stain
intensely red-orange).
Basophils
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These cells are very rare in the blood. Basophils have coarse, basophilic granules that
usually obscure the nucleus.
LYMPHOID ORGANS
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory session, you should be able to:
1. Identify and differentiate among lymphoid organs based on their histological
structure
2. Identify and understand the cells and connective tissue element of lymphoid organ
SLIDE FOR THIS LABORATORY: 23, 24, 25, 26
Slide 23: Tymus (H & E stain,magnification 100x ) :
tymus is the other primary lymphoid organ, an encapsulated, bilateral organ in the
mediastinum, is subdivided by connective tissue (see; reticular tissue) into connected lobes.
Each lobes divided in to peripheral region (cortex), where lymphocytes are fairly dense and
central region (medulla) with fewer lymphocytes. In medulla also found degeneration form of
type 6 epithelial reticular which is known as Hassal bodies.
Slide 24 : Lymph node ( H & E stain, magnification 100x) :
lymph node is one of secondary lymphoid organ, distributed throughout the body. Lymph
node show three functional regions : the cortex (C) paracortex (P) and Medulla (M).
connective tissue( reticular connective tissue) of the capsule completely surround each
lymph node and extend as several trabeculae. Cortex characterize by many lymphoid
nodules, whether in Medulla we found medulary sinuses and cords . Paracortex is an area
between cortex and medulla. Lymphoid nodule composed of lymphocytes with reticular
connective tissue.
Slide 25 : Spleen (H & E stain, magnification 100x) :
Spleen is largest lymphoid organ. Spleen located in left abdomen quadrant. Spleen is
composed of reticular tissue containing lymphocytes and other blood cells. The spleenic
pulp has two component , the white pulp and the red pulp. The white pulp consist of
lymphoid tissue surrounding the central arteoles as the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath. The
red pulp consist of spleenic sinusoid (contain blood cells of all types) and spleenic cord
( reticular tissue rich in lymphocytes).
Slide 26 : Palatine Tonsila (H & E stain, magnification 100x).
Palatine Tonsils are partially encapsulated lymphoid tissue lying beneath and in contact
with the epithelium of the oral cavity. Palatine tonsils in the posterior parts of the soft palate,
are covered by stratified squamous epithelium. Each has 10-20 epithelial invaginations that
penetrate the tonsil deeply, forming crypts. In tonsils we found masses of lymphoid nodule
consist of reticular tissue, rich in lymphocytes.
PRACTICAL SESSION IV
Endocrine System, Liver, Gall Bladder, and Pancreas
ENDOCRINE ORGANS
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory, you should be able to:
1. Identify the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars nervosa; and recognize the individual
cell types in the pars distalis.
2. Identify the thyroid gland and the specific cell types and their functions.
3. Identify the parathyroid gland and the specific cell types and their functions.
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4. Identify the adrenal gland, distinguish cortex from medulla, distinguish the three zones of
the cortex, and identify specific cell types within the adrenal gland and give their
function.
5. Identify islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and distinguish them from the exocrine
portion of the gland, name the cells types present within each islet and give the