David`s motivation in getting rid of his down syndrome daughter as seen in Kim Edwards`s The Memory Keeper`s Daughter - USD Repository

  DAVID’S MOTIVATION IN GETTING RID OF HIS DOWN SYNDROME DAUGHTER AS SEEN IN KIM EDWADS’S THE MEMORY KEEPER’S DAUGHTER A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education By Maria Ayuni Widyastuti 051214053 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2012

  DAVID’S MOTIVATION IN GETTING RID OF HIS DOWN SYNDROME DAUGHTER AS SEEN IN KIM EDWADS’S THE MEMORY KEEPER’S DAUGHTER A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education By Maria Ayuni Widyastuti 051214053 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2012

  ABSTRACT

  Widyastuti, Maria Ayuni. 2012. David’s Motivation in Getting rid of His

  

Down Syndrome Daughter as Seen in Kim Edwards’s The Memory Keeper’s

Daughter. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department

  of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

  This thesis analyzes Kim Edwards’s novel The Memory Keeper’s

  

Daughter . This novel tells about an orthopedic surgeon who helps his wife, Norah

  Henry, in giving birth to a twin, Paul and Phoebe. Unfortunately, Phoebe suffers from Down syndrome. Therefore, David decides to get rid of her with the help of his nurse, Caroline Gill. Instead of leaving Phoebe to the institution, Caroline decides to raise her. David tells his wife that Phoebe is dead right after she was born, but the fact is she is alive.

  The aim of this study is to find out David’s motivation in getting rid of his daughter. There are two problems to be answered: (1.) How is David’s character portrayed in the novel? and (2.) What is David’s motivation in getting rid of his Down syndrome daughter?

  This thesis is a library study method. There are two kinds of sources used, namely, primary and secondary sources. Kim Edwards’s The Memory Keeper’s

  

Daughter is the primary source. Meanwhile, the secondary sources are taken from

  some books and articles which are closely related with the issues presented in this study, such as the theory of character and characterization, theory of personality, and theory of motivation. This study uses psychological approach to analyze human personality and motivation.

  The result of this study shows that physically, David is a handsome man. Besides, he is a loving and caring man, but he is shamed of his past life. He is also an excellent orthopedic surgeon. There are four main factors that motivate David to get rid of his daughter. His surface motivations are he does not want his wife to feel the same as his mother and raise Phoebe will be difficult due to her condition.

  Meanwhile, his deeper motivations are he is a selfish person and shames by the fact that he is carried the Down syndrome genetic in his body.

  Since this study is imperfect and had many limitations. It is suggested for the future researchers to find out David’s other motivations to make this study perfect. As for English teachers, they are recommended to use this novel in the teaching-learning activity. The writer presents a lesson plan for Paragraph Writing class using The Memory Keeper’s Daughter that can be applied by teachers.

  Keywords: Down syndrome, motivation, get rid of, secret, bitter past life, and lie.

  ABSTRAK

  Widyastuti, Maria Ayuni. 2012. David’s Motivation in Getting rid of His

  

Down Syndrome Daughter as Seen in Kim Edwards’s The Memory Keeper’s

Daughter. Jogjakarta: Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Departemen

  Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Tesis ini menganalisis novel berjudul The Memory Keeper’s Daughter karya Kim Edwards. Novel ini menceritakan tentang seorang dokter bedah tulang yang membantu istrinya, Norah Henry, dalam proses melahirkan bayi kembar bernama Paul dan Phoebe. Sayangnya, Phoebe menderita Down syndrome, David lalu memutuskan untuk membuang Phoebe dengan bantuan perawatnya yaitu Caroline Gill. Alih-alih membawa Phoebe ke sebuah yayasan, Caroline memutuskan untuk merawatnya. David mengatakan pada istrinya bahwa Phoebe telah wafat tepat ketika dia dilahirkan, namun pada kenyataannya, dia masih hidup.

  Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui motivasi David dalam membuang anak perempuannya. Ada dua masalah untuk dipecahkan: (1.) Bagaimana karakter David digambarkan dalam novel? dan (2.) Apa motivasi David untuk membuang putrinya yang menderita Down syndrome?

  Tesis ini mengaplikasikan metode studi perpustakaan. Ada dua buah sumber-sumber yang digunakan yaitu sumber primer dan sekunder. The Memory

  

Keeper’s Daughter karya Kim Edwards adalah sumber primer. Sedangkan

  sumber-sumber sekunder diambil dari beberapa buku dan artikel-artikel yang berhubungan erat dengan masalah yang dipaparkan seperti contohnya, teori karakter dan karakterisasi, teori personaliti, dan teori motivasi. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi untuk menganalisi kepribadian dan motivasi seseorang.

  Hasil dari studi ini menunjukkan bahwa David adalah pria menarik yang penyayang, perhatian, seorang dokter yang hebat, dan malu terhadap masa lalunya. Ada empat faktor penting yang memotivasi David untuk membuang putrinya. Motivasinya secara tersirat yaitu dia tidak mau istrinya mengalami hal yang sama seperti ibunya dan mengasuh Phoebe akan sangat berat. Motivasinya yang mendalam adalah dia egois dan malu karena dia mempunyai Down syndrome genetik dalam tubuhnya.

  Dianjurkan untuk para peneliti-peneliti yang akan datang, untuk menemukan motivasi-motivasi David lainnya yang belum ditemukan oleh penulis, untuk membuat studi ini sempurna. Hal ini dikarenakan karena studi ini belum sepenuhnya sempurna. Sedangkan untuk guru-guru Bahasa Inggris, dianjurkan untuk menggunakan novel ini dalam kegiatan belajar-mengajar. Studi ini juga memberikan rancangan rencana pembelajaran untuk kelas Paragraph Writing menggunakan novel The Memory Keeper’s Daughter yang bisa diaplikasikan oleh guru-guru.

  Kata kunci: Down syndrome, motivasi, membuang, rahasia, masa lalu yang kelam, dan kebohongan

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  I would like to express my greatest gratitude to my Almighty Lord, Jesus

  

Christ, Mother Mary, and Holy Spirit for Their wonderful bless, grace,

  strength, and health so that, I could finish my thesis. I sincerely thank Them in every minute in my life.

  My deepest appreciation goes to my advisor, Dr. A. Herujiyanto, M.A. who has given me guidance and help to finish my thesis. I thank him for his kindness, guidance, patience, input, suggestions, advice, and encouragement in completing my thesis. My gratitude also goes to all PBI’s lecturers who have taught me so many things during my study in Sanata Dharma University.

  My sincere gratitude also goes to my beloved parents, Simon Sumadi and

  

Theresia Sih Lestari for giving me love, support, prayer, shelter, delicious food,

  and encouragement to finish my thesis immediately. I also thank my one and only big brother, Julius Windy Ari Jatmiko who always supports and believes in what I am doing. I want to send my gratitude for all of my family wherever they are. I am so happy to have a great big family who always support and pray for me.

  My best gratitude also goes to my late Mbah Uti and Mbah Kakung who always loved me. I believe they always look after me from heaven.

  Sincerely, I want to thank my best friends, Rose, Astri, and Fifin who have motivated me to finish my thesis. I am very grateful to have such wonderful friends. My gratitude also goes to my PBI’s friends Agnes, Lucia, Beni, Retno, Anggi, Nova, Yoan, and all of my friends.

  I also would like to thank all of USD’s staffs especially Mbak Danik and Mbak Tari, who helped me in the administration matters.

  My sincere gratitude also goes to my inspiration, BigBang. I thank them for their amazing music which always accompanies me day and night in completing my thesis. Thanks for giving me spirit when I am in a bad mood and making me laugh when I am sad.

  Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to all people who I could not mention one by one. I thank them for their contribution and endless support. I will never forget their kindness. May God bless them all.

  Maria Ayuni Widyastuti

  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

  TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................. i APPROVAL PAGES ..................................................................................... ii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY............................................... iv

  PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI …………………………….... v

  ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………… vi

  ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................... vii

  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………… ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………….. x

  CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study .......................................................... 1 B. Objectives of the Study ............................................................. 3 C. Problem Formulation ................................................................ 3 D. Benefits of the Study ................................................................. 4 E. Definition of Terms ................................................................... 4 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Review of Related Studies .......................................................... 6 B. Review of Related Theories……………………………………. 8

  1. Theories of Critical Approach ............................................... 8

  2. Theories of Character ........................................................... 10

  3. Theories of Characterization ................................................. 12

  4. Theories of Personality ......................................................... 15

  5. Theories of Motivation

  C. Theoretical Framework ............................................................... 18

  CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study ..................................................................... 19 B. Approach of the Study ................................................................ 20 C. Method of the Study .................................................................... 20 CHAPTER IV. DISCUSSION A. David’s Character Portrayed in the Novel .................................. 22

  1. David’s Physical Appearance ............................................... 24

  2. David’s Personality Trait ...................................................... 25

  a. A Kind and Loving Man ............................................... 25

  b. A Good Doctor ................................................................ 29

  c. Likes to Collect Stone and Photography ......................... 31

  d. Ashamed of His Past Life ................................................ 32

  B. David’s Motivation in Getting rid of Phoebe .............................. 33

  1.Surface Motivation …………………………….................. 34

  a. Does not Want Norah to End up Like His Mother…………………………………………………….. 34 b. Difficult to Raise Phoebe ……..………….......................... 36

  c. Selfish …………………………………………………... 37

  d. Shame and Afraid by the Fact that He is a Carrier ………………………………………… 42

  CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion .................................................................................. 56 B. Suggestions ................................................................................. 58

  1. Suggestions for Future Researchers ................................... 58

  REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 61 APPENDICES ............................................................................................... 64

  A. Summary of the Novel ............................................................ 65

  B. Biography of the Author ......................................................... 68

  C. Lesson Plan for Teaching Paragraph Writing ......................... 70

  D. Materials ................................................................................. 73

   

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Chapter one consists of the background of the study, objectives of the

  study, problem formulation, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. The background of the study is focused on the study, the needs of analyzing the topic, and the writer’s personal reason of choosing the novel. Objectives of the study explain the goals of the study. The problem formulation gives the general description of the problems that will be analyzed in the study. The last part is definition of terms in which some terms related to the study are defined.

A. Background of the Study

  According to Henkle (1997), reading a novel is a private experience where people can really feel the situation in the novel, imagine the characters, and save it in their memory (25). That is the exact feeling when the writer read Kim Edward’s The Memory Keeper’s Daughter. The novel drags her into another world and traps into the story. The novel creates a simple movie contains with images of the character, place, time, plot, etc. Each reader has different perception toward a novel and it may depend on the reader’s experience or background.

  According to Murphy (1972), just like life which is a mixture of joy, disapointment, hope, sorrow, humor, suffering, and success, so the greatest novels reflect life and contain with many elements (p.133). Just like The Memory

  

Keeper’s Daughter , this novel also combines many elements of life. The idea

  itself came from a true story of 40 years old man who never know that he had a

  Down Syndrome brother but the brother died before the man know that he was exist.

  The novel is about an orthopedic surgeon, David Henry, who helps his wife, Norah Henry, giving birth to a twin, boy and girl. The baby boy is perfect and healthy but the girl has Down syndrome. Quickly, he makes a decision not to keep the girl but give her to his nurse, Caroline Gill. He asks her to bring his daughter to an institution. Instead of giving the baby into an institution, the nurse decides to raise the baby by herself without telling Henry first. Meanwhile, Henry tells Norah that their baby girl passed away.

  Caroline, who keeps the baby girl, names her Phoebe, just as Norah wants if she has a baby girl. Phoebe grows up into a cheerful girl but like other Down syndrome child, she is slow to develop, compare with normal child. In the opposite, her twin, Paul, grow up into a healthy, smart, and charming boy.

  To be a person who has disability is not an easy thing to deals with. Sometimes, it needs big effort or others’ help to do a simple thing. They have to depend on others to keep a living because they cannot earn money by themselves.

  exis e mentally

  For some, the t nce of disabled people only becomes a burden. They often feel unwanted or unloved because of their condition.

  After realizing that Phoebe has Down syndrome, without hesitation David gets rid of her. He does not need time to consider his action and ignore the fact that she is his own flesh and blood. In this stage, the readers find that David is a cruel and bad person because what kind of father who is capable to get rid of his children. It does not make any sense. His action cannot be tolerated. If we think further, in every decision there must be reason and motivation behind it. There must be motivation which encourages David to take the decision. What exactly is his motivation to get rid of his daughter? Is he scared by the fact that it is hard to raise a disabled child or he hated her because she is imperfect so that, it can humiliate his family and pride? Is it easier for him to just get rid of her instead of love her just the way she is? Does he feel guilty, especially when he has to tell a lie? All of these questions become the background of this study. More specifically, the background of the study is to find David’s true intention in getting rid of his daughter.

  B. Objective of the Study

  The objective of the study is to find out David’s motivation in getting rid of his daughter as seen in the Kim Edward’s The Memory Keeper’s Daughter.

  C. Problem Formulation

  1. How is David’s character portrayed in the novel?

  2. What is David’s true motivation in getting rid of his Down syndrome daughter?

  D. Benefits of the Study There are at least three groups of people who get benefit from this study.

  The first is for readers in general. Hopefully, this paper will be useful to encourage them to read the novel. The novel can gives many valuable things and enrich their knowledge about literature. Since the theme is unique, they can get new experience by reading the novel.

  The second is for English Education Study Program students, this novel can be a good reference for them who want to know more about literature work. By reading this paper, it may help them to study further about some aspects in a novel which are character, characterization, approaches, and their connection to personalities and motivation.

  The last is for English teacher, they can use the novel as an alternative in the teaching-learning activity. Not only interesting, this novel contains many high values that can be taught to students. By reading this paper, the teacher may get better understanding about the novel before introducing it to the students.

  E. Definition of Terms 1.

   Motivation

  According to Mcclelland (1985), motivation refers to something in people’s mind which arouses activity and directs people to obtain certain object or condition called goals (p.4).

  Aiken, Jr. (1969) states that motivation refers to something in people mind which arouses activity and directs people to obtain certain object or condition called goals. A motivated person tends to focus his energy and attention to an object or situation that will satisfy his motive (p.3). In this study, David’s motivation becomes the reason why he wants to get rid of his daughter.

2. Goal

  According to Hornby (1995), goal is something that you hope to achieve (577). In this study, David wants to achieve a goal which is getting rid of Phoebe.

  So that, he can protects his family 3.

   Down Syndrome

  Down syndrome is a chromosal disorder caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome. People with Down Syndrome has some common physical signs such as flat face with an upward slant to the eye, short neck, abnormally shaped ears, deep create in the palm, white spots on the iris of the eye, poor muscle tone, loose ligament, small hands and feet, and a larger than normal space between the big and second toes (“Wikipedia,” n.d.).

  According to Heyn (n.d.), people with Down syndrome often deal with health problem for example congenital heart disease, hearing problem, and eye problem. Beside physical features, they also have mental features, which are mental retardation or a disability that causes limits on intellectual abilities and adaptive behavior; conceptual, social, and practical skills use in everyday lives, delayed language development and low motor development. Down syndrome is the disease which Phoebe is suffered from. The disease is incurable but it can be prevented from getting worse.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter consists of three important parts. They are review of related

  studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. Review of related studies presents the previous works using The Memory Keeper’s Daughter.

  Reviews of related theories consist of theories which are used in conducting the study. Meanwhile, theoretical framework contents the explanation how the theories presented are applied in the study.

A. Review of Related Studies There have been several studies related to The Memory Keeper’s Daughter.

  Siess (2010) in her article Literary and Essays: The Memory Keeper’s Daughter discusses the conflicts faced by David Henry who is the main character in the novel. She states that David has to face a conflict due to his decision in giving away Phoebe. He has to pretend as if nothing happened and takes care of his family. On the other hand, he has another obligation which is to look after Phoebe. In the end, he has to choose between his family’s happiness and Phoebe’s happiness.

  The other study is conducted by Poston (n.d.). She reveals how the characters in The Memory Keeper’s Daughter seem so real and alive. She especially discusses David and Norah’s character changing. She states that David becomes a hard and distant man after he decides to get rid of Phoebe. David carries out a burden because he is the only person who knows the truth behind the big secret. She adds how David tries to redeem his mistake by sending Caroline’s money. “He sends money to Caroline for Phoebe, to still his own guilt and fear about the past” as for Norah, she portrays her as a mother ripped from one child. She studies how Norah suffered from lost. “We watch her struggle with addictions, from alcohol to sex to work, constantly filling the hole left by a daughter she never got to know”. In the end, she can find her happiness again. “Eventually, Norah finds love again, but the journey is long and full of loss”.

  Morisset (2006) in her study Literary Analysis Essay: “The Memory Keeper’s

  

Daughter” discusses the setting of time of The Memory Keeper’s Daughter which

  is in 1964. In that year, it would not be a problem if parents with disability children such as Down syndrome, send their children to an institution rather than raise them at home. The reasons are because the conventional thinking that the child would be better care and the rest family members will not feel sad with a child who has special needs. Morisset also adds the theme of The Memory

  

Keeper’s Daughter which is about family relationship. “Edwards’ debut novel

  spans a quarter century from 1964 to 1989, exploring the life of a nuclear family in which one member harbors an unthinkable secret against the backdrop of rapidly evolving societal roles and expectations”. Besides talking about the setting of time and theme, Morisset slightly discusses the characters.

  “Edwards has created characters who reside in the shadows of good and evil, black and white, right and wrong. Each is flawed in his/her own way and it is the characters’ shortcomings that make them fascinating while compelling the story forward. Edwards skillfully pulls readers into the characters’ emotional states”(2006).

  However, this study is different from those previous studies. This study focuses on David’s motivation in getting rid of his Down syndrome’s daughter and the discussion of David’s character. Eventhough some of the previous works also discuss the character, but in this study, David’s character is deeply explored not only in general view. The study on David’s motivation to get rid of his daughter is a new study.

B. Review of Related Theories

  This part consists of three parts, which are the theory of critical approach, the theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of personality, and theory of motivation.

  1. Theory of Critical Approach Accroding to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (1971), a critical approach to literature is used to help the readers in order to judge a work of art. To be able to build the judgment, critical approach needs an understanding of its nature, fiction, and positive values. They also state that by using critical approach, the readers will be in a position to receive some positive esthetic values and provide the means where they can understand the shape of literature and what it meant (p.4).

  There are five kinds of critical approaches according to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (1971), which are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach (pp.6-15).

  a.

   The Formalist Approach

  This approach examines the literature piece without reference to facts of the author’s life, the genre of the piece, or to its place in the development of the genre or in the literature history, and without reference to its social society.

  The concept of formalist approach is concerned with the ideas, personality and the development of the author. The formalist approach might be able to judge the

  

esthetic value of a piece of work but it could not judge the work’s ultimate

greatness or consider the relation to other pieces.

  b.

   The Biographical Approach

  The Biographical Approach tends to concern that it is necessary to appreciate the ideas and personality of the author in order to understand the author’s work.

  This approach sees that a work of art is a reflection of the author. The author’s biographical provides useful facts that could put the reader in a better position to appreciate the author’s work.

  c.

   The Sociocultural Historical Approach

  The proponents of this approach insist that the only way to understand a literary work is through studying the civilization that produced it. The historical critics sees that to enrich the reader’s experience. Readers should examine the other works that has relation to it. It could be from the same author or to works of similar subject by different author in the same or different period.

  Two important factors which underlying the sociocultural-historical approach are the accuracy to present historical facts as value to the historian, but not necessarily to the author and a work of literature might have historical significance but not necessarily literature significance.

  d.

   The Mythopoeic Approach

  Critics who use this approach tend to discover certain universally recurrent patterns of human thought in which the works of art. Themes about myths such as death and rebirth, sacrificial suffering, and fertility rites, can be found in the literature work whether the author is conscious or unconsiuos in using them. It is difficult to answer if the author is fully aware to use such theme into his work.

  e.

   The Psychological Approach

  The Psychological Approach involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent pattern just like the Myothopoiec Approach. The different is the Psychological uses different body of knowledge. It mostly emphasis on Sigmund Freud and his followers especially the modern psychological movement which get the biggets effect through Freud’s theory.

  Many modern writers have influenced by Freud’s theories. Some critics even use Freud’s ideas to interpret the author’s work before him. Freud’s followers believe that he did not invent behaviour pattern but he analyzed what he believed had always existed.

2. Theory of Character

  According to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (1971), a character is a person who involves in a story, acts out in particular time and setting, and experiences some kind of conflict in the event . The character must be credible so that people sees it as a real person. There are two kinds of character; the first one is flat characters which are described as one-sided character. The second one is round characters that have many-side. The most important character and becomes the center in a novel is called protagonist (p.20). The opposite character whom the protagonist most likely involves in conflict with another character is called the antagonist (p.21).

  Henkle (1977) states that everything which people talk about fiction has something to do with the people in it. The word people here refer to characters in the novel. Novel itself is a reflection of a deep and rich knowledge of human life (p.86). Characters are the representative of human condition and the times which they life. Characters are categorized into two, which are major characters and secondary characters. Major characters are the main focus in the novel and frequently appear in the story (p.90). By understanding those characters it means that the readers can understand the novel. Major characters hold an important role to build expectations and desires of the readers. They are created to present convicting dramatizations of the human’s issues. The effectiveness of a novel is depends on the major characters’ ability to express and dramatize the human’s issues (p.92).

  Meanwhile secondary characters functioned as supportive characters and performed limited functions. The readers can discover the time and the society in the novel by observing the secondary characters’ life (p.94). Secondary characters can be functioned as point of reference, means that the readers can understand the major characters through the secondary characters because they are the one who come on a scene frequently to comment on the event, be friend with the major characters, and interact with the major characters (p.95). The secondary characters are generally less complex and intense. The characters are limited in ways different from the major characters. Their responses toward conflicts are less complex and interesting so that they may suffer less (p.97).

  A novelist E.M. Forster states that there are two types of characters, round and flat. Round character has several traits that form a complex and dynamic personality. It means the character changing as the story progress. While flat character is static from the beginning to the end of the story (as cited in Barnet, Burto, and Cain, 2005, pp. 228-228).

3. Theory of Characterization

  Characters are one of the important point in a novel. By studying and examining the characters, the readers can follow the story and be a part of it.

  Therefore, an author must be able to describe the characters and make it look real and alive. So that, the readers can feel their presence and can fully imagine it.

  Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (1971) state that characterization is the process in which an author creates a character. The characters have particular appearance and personal traits which are different from other characters. There are two ways that an author uses to characterize the characters. The first way is directly describes the physical appearance of the characters. The second way is to place the characters in a situation and observe how the characters behave or speak (p.20).

  According to Abcarian and Klotz (1988), characterization is the process in which the characters are changed to make them seem real to the readers.

  Characterization cannot be separated from the other elements of fiction, because it depends on the other elements such as tone, plot, theme, setting, and so on (p.6).

  Based on Murphy (1972), there are seven ways that an author uses to reveal the characters, so that it become understandable and real to the readers’ imagination (pp.161-173).

  a.

   Personal description

  This is the common way used by the author to show the character by giving personal description such as the character’s appearance and what kind of clothes he or she wears.

  b.

   Character as seen by others

  In this method, the author using others character’s point of view toward certain character, instead of using other character’s point of view toward the character. The readers can study the character through other characters.

  c.

   Speech

  There are many ways to reveal the character. It is not only by describing the character’s outside look, but also through the words he or she said when the character speaks to someone else or gives his or her opinion.

  d.

   Past life

  The past life of a character can give the readers clue. The character’s past life helps the readers to shape the character. The readers can find out about the character’s past life through the author description, the character’s thought, or through the characters conversation with others.

  e.

   Conversation with others

  The author gives clue regarding a character through the conversation of other characters about him or her and the thing they say about him or her. People sometimes talk about other people and what they say often gives a clue to the character of the person spoken about.

  f.

   Reactions

  The character’s reaction toward various situations and events, gives the readers description about the character’s personality. The readers can learn the character by analyzing the character’s attitude when he or she faces some problem or encounters conflict.

  g.

   Direct Comment

  Sometimes, the author gives clue about the character’s through his or her comment or direct description. The author direct comment itself, can lead the reader to learn about character.

  h.

   Thoughts

  Through the character’s thought, the readers can read the character’s personality. The character’s thought in a novel is honest and come from the character’s heart. Sometimes, when the character talk with others, the things he or she says or opinion is not honest. Meanwhile, thought is pure and honest. It can help the readers learn the character better.

  i.

   Mannerism

  The last method to give the readers clue is through the character’s manner and habit. The habit or manner can show the real personality of the character.

4. Theory of Personality

  According to Hall and Gardner (1970), the three systems of personality, namely the id, the super-ego, and ego, have their own mechanism, function, and component but they interact one another and contribute to form behavior. In other words, behavior is the result of the interaction between the three major systems (p.32). Byrne and Kelley (1981) state that id tells what people want to do, super-ego shows what they should do, while ego decides what they can do (p.49). The further explanation of each major follows: a.

   Id

  Weiner (1980) says id is the original system of the personality, unconscious, and related to biological needs (pp.14-15). Hall and Gardner (1981) add the aims of id are to avoid pain and obtain pleasure (p.50). Id consists of psychological energy and becomes the center of it, because it quickly response the body needs (p.32). Id follows the rule of pleasure principle, which means when someone’s

  functions

  tension raised, id to discharge the tension and make he comfortable. Id has two processes, the first one is reflect action, it is inborn and automatic reactions to reduce the tension immediately. The second process is primary process, which discharges tension by forming an image to reduce tension and influence the thinking process so that, it is hard to distinguish between reality and fantasy (p.33).

  b.

   Ego

  According to Hall and Gardner (1971) ego occurs because human need something real to fulfill their needs and closely related to the objective world (p.33). Ego is a part of id, the existence cannot be separated from id and it cannot stand alone. It takes part as the executive of all personality sytems because it chooses the action, decides the environment features to which it will response, what needs that will be satisfied, and in what manner (p.34).

  Ego follows the rule of reality principle which means it prevents the discharge of the tension, until the appropriate object to fulfill the needs discovered. It delays the pleasure principle temporally , because the pleasure principle is fulfilled when the needed object is found so that, the tension can be reduced. Ego uses secondary thinking process by creating a plan for satisfaction based on logic and time orientation. Then, test it whether it will work or not by some actions (p.34). Byrne and Kelley (1981) state that ego holds the important key to control the id and super-ego (p.50).

  c.

   Super-ego

  Hall and Gardner (1970) mention that super-ego is the moral control of personality. The main concern is to decide whether something is right or wrong so it can act based on the moral standards create by the society (p.34). Super-ego has two subsystems, the first one is conscience, means it punish someone who did something wrong by making him or her feel guilty. The second subsystem is ego ideal, which is the opposite of conscious; it rewards someone who did something right by making him or her proud. Super-ego has three main functions (p.35):

  1) To prevent the impulse of id, especially sexual and an aggressive nature because they are condemn by the society.

  2) Persuade ego to change moralistic goals into realistic goals. 3) Strives for perfection 5.

   Theory of Motivation

  Aiken, Jr. (1969) mentions that motivation refers to something in people’s mind which arouses activity and directs people to obtain certain object or condition called goals (p.110). A motivated person tend to focus his energy and attention to an object or situation that will satisfy his motive (p.145). Petris (1981) says motivation is the explanation, used to make sense the behavior that is being observed. Motivation is the concept used to describe the strength of act on or within someone to initiate direct behavior. It is also used to explain differences in the intensity of behavior (p.3). The source of motivation can be from human thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and also social interactions. Motivation is not clear for the person who experiences it. The basic motive of all human is to be fulfilled as they can (p.4).

  McClelland (1985) adds the basic motive of all human is to be fulfilled as they can. The subject matter of a motivation is dealing with how behavior gets started, energized, sustained, directed, and stopped (p.4). He also mentions that motivation’s strength cannot be measured directly but indirectly because of the influence of values, skills, and opportunities (p.152).

C. Theoretical Framework

  In order to find the answer of the problem formulations, some theories that are explained before is used.

  Before conducting this study, the writer chooses the appropriate approach. Psychological Approach turns out to be a suitable approach. Therefore, the writer uses this approach.

  The theories of character and characterization are used by the writer to analyze David Henry’s character as questions in the first problem formulation.

  The theories help the writer to study the main character further and determine his characteristic.

  To answer the second question in the problem formulation, the writer uses the theory of motivation and personality. By applying these theories, the writer can find out the real motivation of David in getting rid of his daughter and the process when he makes the decision. The theories complement each other to find the true motivation.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter consists of three parts, namely object of the study, approach of

  the study, and method of the study. The object of the study shows a brief description about the novel The Memory Keepers’ Daughter and the story. The approach of the study consists of the approach in literature that the writer used to analyze the novel and the reason why the approach is chosen. The last part is method of the study, where the writer explains the steps taken in the study.

A. Object of the Study

  The subject matter of this study is a novel The Memory Keepers’ Daughter by Kim Edwards. The first edition of this novel was published in New York, USA, by Penguin Group in 2005 and consists of 513 pages.

  The Memory Keepers’ Daughter is a touching novel about an orthopedic

  surgeon, Dr. David Henry, who gets rid of his daughter, Phoebe, to an institution due to her condition. Actually, his wife, Norah, gave birth to a twin, a healthy baby boy, Paul, and a baby girl with Down syndrome. Dr. Henry who helps his wife delivers the babies, knows that Phoebe suffers from Down syndrome by seeing her physical appearance. Suddenly, he asks his nurse, Caroline Gill, to take Phoebe away. Caroline, who supposes to get rid of the baby, decides to raise her.

  Norah, who knows that her daughter died feels so upset and sad. David who knows the truth, could not do anything except cheers her up. Seeing his wife suffers, does not make him want to reveal the secret. He believes that his decision is right. It is better to get rid of Phoebe rather than raise her, because in the end she will die in a young age.

  On the other hand, Caroline’s life becomes better after she raises Phoebe. Phoebe brings a new hope and light in her life. Phoebe who is predicted cannot survive in this world, grows into a healthy girl despite her condition.

  B. Approach of the Study

  In analyzing the novel, the writer uses one of the critical approaches proposed by Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. There are five approaches which are formalist approach, biographical approach, socio-cultural approach, mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach. Among the five approaches, the writer uses psychological approach.

  The psychological approach is used to understand the characters’ personality by observing their thought and behavior. The approach is also used to reveal the motivation behind David’s decision to get rid of his daughter.

  C. Method of the Study

  This study conducted library study method. There were two sources that were being used. They were primary and secondary sources. The primary source was Kim Edwards’s The Memory Keeper’s Daughter (2005). Meanwhile, the secondary sources were taken from books and articles from the interne.

  There were some steps which the writer took to conduct this study. First, the writer read the novel, The Memory Keeper’s Daughter, thoroughly in order to understand the whole part of the novel. After reading the novel, the writer wanted to know the motivation of the main character behind his decision in getting rid his Down syndrome’s daughter.

  Second, the writer chose two problem formulations, which were related with David’s character and his motivation in getting rid of his Down syndrome’s daughter. Third, the writer found the appropriate approach to conduct this study.