The motivation of hope Donahue in doing plastic surgery as seen in hope Donahue`s Beautiful Stranger - USD Repository

  

THE MOTIVATION OF HOPE DONAHUE IN DOING

PLASTIC SURGERY AS SEEN IN HOPE DONAHUE’S

BEAUTIFUL STRANGER

A THESIS

  

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

  By FLORA WIRINTINA

  Student number: 041214058

  

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

  I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

  Yogyakarta, February 18, 2010 The Writer

  Flora Wirintina 041214058

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  I'm tired of letting go all that I've tried to have I'm tired of wasting time looking up to the wrong stars I do believe in life and that everything is written But life is not a book with pages wide-opened

Don't search too far, my mother says

Sometimes all that you need is only a step away

  Look into yourself The one and only Look into yourself If you want to find the key A look into yourself Release your heart free Look into yourself And be the master of your destiny Don't be afraid of wanting changes in your life Don't be afraid to go to wherever you decide Believe in yourself and believe in what you can do And no one can deny the will that lies in you Try to pay more attention And live your life with good intentions Look into yourself Cause there's a rainbow Look into yourself There is so much more that you need to know Cause in yourself There's serenity It's all in yourself

You are the master of your destiny

For every doubt you face

  In every step you take For choices that you make Dreams aren't made to be erased

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  I praise Jesus Christ as I have accomplished my undergraduate thesis. I thank Him for His endless blessing and for all that I have in my life. I thank Him for any help and support of others, which I believe God has sent to show His love to me.

  I would like to express my gratitude to my sponsor Henny Herawati,

S.Pd., M.Hum for her guidance, advice, and assistance in completing this thesis.

  My gratitude also goes to all of the lecturers and staff of English Education Study Program for their help during my study in Sanata Dharma University.

  I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents Wilman

  

Siburian and Riana Nababan for their unconditional love, never ending support

  and patience, and pray. I understand it takes a lot not to give up on teaching me the good things. I will do my best to make them happy. I also especially thank my brothers, Agustian Siburian and Yose Gregosius Siburian for their support by letting me using the computer every time I need it. I thank all the members of Siburian’s and Nababan’s family for their material and mental support.

  My special gratitude goes to mijn nummer een, Robbert-Jan Pool, for his care, love, patient, and strength. I thank him for his big contribution in accompanying me when I write my thesis during late at night. His dream has made me brave enough to step on my future. Ik hou van hem.

  I am grateful to my best friends, Hana, Dede, Keke, and Felix that have

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  friendship, trust, and support in everything I do. I thank them for their understanding and for loving me just the way I am.

  Next, my sincere gratitude goes to all my friends in Gratisons and Genk

  

Chantique, Andrew, Hengki, Radit, Vera, Marin, Desy, Stanley, Andra,

Mahendra, Dion, Dian Kencur, and Annaz for the wonderful time that we

  passed together. The laugh and cry we shared will always be a great memory in my heart.

  I also thank to all my friends in Couchsurfing, Maria, Hera, Asheet,

  

Marc, Michael, Mike, Michi, Charlie, Yuni, Jorn, Witri, and Simon for the

  unforgettable travel time we had. It was our good time and I will never forget it. I hope that we can meet someday and make another crazy moment together.

  The last but not the least, with lots of my love, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all my friends of PBI 2004 and all the name that I have not mentioned one by one.

  Flora Wirintina

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

  

TITLE PAGE....................................................................................... i

APPROVAL PAGES…………………………………………………. ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY……………………... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………... viii

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………. x

ABSTRAK………………………………………………………………. xi

  CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study………………………………………..

  1

  1.2 Problem Formulation……………………………………………

  3 1.3 Objective of the Study…………………………………………..

  3

  1.4 Benefits of the Study……………………………………………

  3 1.5 Definitions of Terms…………………………………………….

  4 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL REVIEW 2.1 Theory of Critical Approaches………………………………..

  6 2.2 Theory of Psychology…………………………………………..

  7

  2.2.1 General Theories of Motivation………………………

  7 2.2.2 Maslow’s Theory of Motivation……………………..

  9 2.2.2.1 Physiological Needs………………………...

  10

  2.2.2.2 Safety Needs………………………………... 11 2.2.2.3 Belonging and Love Needs………………….

  11 2.2.2.4 Esteem Needs………………………………..

  13 2.2.2.5 Needs to Know and Understand…………...

  13 2.2.2.6 Aesthetic Needs……………………………..

  14 2.2.2.7 Self-actualization Needs…………………….

  14

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Object of the Study…………………………………………….

  17 3.2 Approach of the Study…...…………………………………….

  18 3.3 Procedures of the Study………………………………………..

  18 CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS 4.1 Physiological Needs as the only Fulfilled Needs……………...

  20 4.2 Safety Needs as the Motivation in Doing Plastic Surgery…….

  22

  4.3 Belonging and Love Needs as the Motivation in Doing Plastic Surgery…………………….…………………………………... 27 4.4 Esteem Needs as the Motivation in Doing Plastic Surgery…...

  34

  4.5 Needs to Know and Understand do not Form a Part of Hope Donahue’s Motivation in Doing Plastic Surgery......................

  39

  4.6 Aesthetic Needs as the Motivation in Doing Plastic Surgery…

  42

  4.7 Self-actualization Needs as the Motivation in Doing Plastic Surgery………………………………………………………… 47

  CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

  5.1 Conclusions…………………………………………………… 50

  5.2 Suggestions…………………………………………………… 53 5.2.1 Suggestions for the Future Researchers……………..

  53 5.2.2 Suggestions for Teaching Implementation………….

  54 REFERENCES…………………………………………………… 55

  APPENDICES……………………………………………………….. 58 Appendix 1 Lesson Unit Plan………………………………………..

  59 Appendix 2 Lesson Plan for Teaching Paragraph Writing……….

  61 Appendix 3 Teaching Material………………………………………

  64 Appendix 4 The Summary of Hope Donahue’s Beautiful Stranger

  69 Appendix 5 Biography of Hope Donahue…………………………...

  71

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ABSTRACT

Flora Wirintina. 2010. The Motivation of Hope Donahue in Doing Plastic

Surgery As Seen in Hope Donahue’s Beautiful Stranger. Yogyakarta: English

Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts

Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma

University.

  This study discusses Hope Donahue’s motivation in doing plastic surgery as described in her autobiographical novel, Beautiful Stranger. This study aims to discover why Hope Donahue does plastic surgery repeatedly although there is nothing wrong with her face or body. There is only one problem discussed in this study, namely what the motivation of Hope Donahue in doing plastic surgery is.

  Library research is employed as the method to analyze the novel. Hope Donahue’s Beautiful Stranger was taken as the primary source, while the secondary sources were taken from books about motivation. The theories consist of Bootzin, Smith, and Murray’s explanation of motivation and Maslow’s theory of motivation. These theories are used to answer the problem formulation.

  The result of the analysis shows that there are some important needs which are unfulfilled in Hope’s life and therefore become the motivation for Hope to do plastic surgery. They are safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, aesthetic needs, and self-actualization needs. The condition in her family, her surroundings, her lovers and her friends as well as Hope herself cannot fulfill those needs. Plastic surgery seems to be the way to fulfill those needs instantly, so Hope does it over and over again. Thus, the fulfillment of those needs motivates Hope Donahue to do plastic surgery.

  The results of the analysis also show that there is another need which is not fulfilled in Hope’s life, but that need does not directly become the motivation for Hope to do plastic surgery. It is the need to know and understand. Instead of motivating Hope to do plastic surgery to fulfill her needs to know and understand, the unfulfilment of these needs only emphasizes Hope’s extreme obsession to be beautiful, thus emphasizing how Hope is easily motivated by other factors to do plastic surgery.

  Lastly, the analysis shows that there is one need which is already fulfilled in Hope’s life and does not serve as a motivation for Hope to do plastic surgery. It is the physiological needs. Hope’s physiological needs such as food, drink, shelter, and sex are fulfilled abundantly from her birth to adulthood.

  In conclusion, Hope Donahue’s actions in doing plastic surgery repeatedly are motivated by the inability to meet many important needs in her life and the urge to fulfill those needs.

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ABSTRAK

Flora Wirintina. 2010. The Motivation of Hope Donahue in Doing Plastic

Surgery As Seen in Hope Donahue’s Beautiful Stranger. Yogyakarta:

Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Studi ini membahas motivasi Hope Donahue untuk melakukan operasi plastik seperti digambarkan dalam novel autobiografinya, Beautiful Stranger. Studi ini bertujuan mengungkap alasan Hope Donahue melakukan operasi plastik berkali-kali walaupun wajah dan tubuhnya baik-baik saja. Hanya ada satu permasalahan yang dibahas di studi ini, yakni apakah motivasi Hope untuk melakukan operasi plastik.

  Novel ini dianalisa dengan menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Novel

  

Beautiful Stranger oleh Hope Donahue dijadikan sebagai sumber utama,

  sedangkan sumber lain diambil dari buku-buku tentang motivasi. Teori yang digunakan mencakup penjelasan Bootzin, Smith, dan Murray tentang motivasi serta teori motivasi Maslow. Teori-teori tersebut digunakan untuk menjawab masalah yang telah dirumuskan.

  Hasil analisa menunjukkan adanya sejumlah kebutuhan penting yang tidak terpenuhi dalam hidup Hope, dan karenanya menjadi motivasi bagi Hope untuk melakukan operasi plastik, yaitu kebutuhan akan keamanan, kebutuhan disayangi dan diterima, kebutuhan harga diri, kebutuhan estetis, serta kebutuhan aktualisasi diri. Kebutuhan-kebutuhan tersebut tak dapat terpenuhi oleh keadaan di keluarga Hope, oleh lingkungannya, kekasih dan teman-temannya, serta oleh diri Hope sendiri. Hope memandang operasi plastik sebagai sebuah jalan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan-kebutuhan tersebut secara instan, sehingga ia melakukannya berulang kali. Dengan demikian, kebutuhan-kebutuhan tersebut menjadi motivasi Hope melakukan operasi plastik.

  Hasil analisa juga menunjukkan adanya kebutuhan yang tidak terpenuhi dalam kehidupan Hope, namun kebutuhan itu tidak secara langung menjadi motivasi bagi Hope untuk melakukan operasi plastik, yaitu kebutuhan akan pengetahuan. Tak terpenuhinya kebutuhan tersebut tidak secara langsung memotivasi Hope untuk melakukan operasi plastik, namun sekedar menekankan obsesi berlebih Hope terhadap kecantikan. Dengan demikian, kebutuhan tersebut hanya menekankan bagaimana mudahnya Hope terpengaruh atau termotivasi faktor-faktor lain untuk melakukan operasi plastik.

  Hasil analisa yang terakhir menunjukkan adanya sebuah kebutuhan yang telah terpenuhi dalam hidup Hope dan tidak menjadi motivasi Hope untuk melakukan operasi plastik, yakni kebutuhan fisiologis. Kebutuhan fisiologis Hope seperti sandang, pangan, papan, dan seks sudah terpenuhi dengan sangat mencukupi sejak lahir hingga dewasa.

  Sebagai kesimpulan, tindakan Hope melakukan operasi plastik berkali-kali termotivasi oleh tak terpenuhinya banyak kebutuhan penting dalam hidupnya dan

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter consists of five parts, namely background of the study,

  problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of the terms. The first part aims to explain the reasons why I chose literature, and the novel as my topic of study. The second part is the problem formulation, which presents the problem to be discussed in this thesis, followed by the objectives of the study as the third part. The fourth part discusses the benefits of the study for students and readers. The last part is the definition of terms that presents some specific terms that need to be clarified.

1.1 Background of the Study

  Novels have been written, read, and analyzed by many people in the world. They can give a special feeling, satisfaction, and happiness for the readers.

  Yet novels have another function beside those mentioned above. They can help readers look deeply into life. They can help the readers to understand the meaning of life. A novel has value because it shows new aspects of our daily life and gives meaning to life, so that life will be more valuable for us (Van De Laar 162). Based on this reason, I am encouraged to carry out the study of a novel that can help me understand more about life values and learn from them to make a better one.

  Having lots of money, living in a big house, driving a dozen cars, working

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  believe becoming rich can make their life easy and simple. This is proven by the high incidence of gambling and robbery in many places recently. Bappenas

  

(Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Nasional) , which has a task as national

  planning and development council, stated on its official site that the number of criminality is higher from time to time. People who do those actions absolutely have the same desire like most of the people had. They want to be rich.

  In reality, material possessions cannot always give and deliver happiness to people. For example we can see in the newspaper and television recently that there are some Indonesian actresses and actors in prison because they use drugs. We all know that they are rich and famous, whose every physiological need is fulfilled, so why do they have to use drugs? Research proves that drugs can give a sense of happiness and joy for a person who uses them (Media Anak Bangsa Kepri Portal, 2009). Even though at the end a person who uses them will suffer some illness, at least he/she can feel the happiness for a moment. This is what the actresses and the actors search by using that thing.

  The above thoughts provoke me to study the novel Beautiful Stranger by Hope Donahue. This is an autobiographical novel which is based on the life of the author. The author writes herself as the main character in the novel. It tells a memoir of a child who has everything life. Hope Donahue is a lucky child. She lives in a famous area where big mansions stand and old-money families live. Her father is a bank chairman and her grandfather is a doctor of international acclaim. She never has to save her money to get or buy everything she wants. She studies

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  perfect. She must be satisfied with her life, but why does she do a plastic surgery to her face when plastic surgery is considered a scary thing in her environment at that time? I am particularly interested in Hope Donahue’s motivation in doing plastic surgery.

  1.2 Problem Formulation

  Based on the novel and the background, the problem to discuss in this study is formulated as what is the motivation of Hope Donahue in doing a plastic surgery?

  1.3 Objective of the Study

  The objective of this study is to answer the problem above, that is to find out the motivation of Hope Donahue in doing a plastic surgery.

  1.4 Benefits of the Study

  I expect some benefits from this study for both readers and students. For the readers, they can gain new knowledge about human feelings especially women’s feelings. The readers can also understand and learn that several things can motivate someone act in a disorderly way. I hope this study can also be useful for readers’ daily lives, for example through the recognition that motivation, no matter whether it’s positive or negative, can control human’s behavior.

  For the students, especially students of the English Education Study

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  that they can adapt this study into a play or any kind of study. I also have an expectation that this study can increase students’ pleasure with regard to literary work. I want to show to the students that literary work can also become a medium to improve our knowledge and character into a better one.

1.5 Definition of Terms

  There are several terms as the focus of the discussion needed to be clarified to avoid misunderstanding:

  1. Murray states that motivation is an internal factor that arouses, directs, and integrates a person’s behavior (7). Another definition of it is motivation is broadly concerned with the contemporary determinants of choice (direction), persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior (Beck 24). From those definitions, motivation in this study refers to all internal factors that arouse and integrate human behavior which directs them to their goal.

  2. Love is a feeling of strong emotion which wants to share something together or in another word love is related to a sense of strong affection and attachment.

  Love is not a single feeling but an emotion built from two or more feelings. Love is also considered as various actions done by human to other creatures. Peck says in Wikipedia that love is an activity, not simply a feeling. The action can be sacrificing, caring, helping, giving affection and empathy, following others’ words, being obedient, and willing to do what that objects want. An abstract concept of love is love usually refers to a deep, ineffable feeling of

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  factors constitute love are attachment, caring, and intimacy (Love 1). In this study, the term of love is used to know and understand Hope Donahue’s motivation in doing plastic surgery.

  3. Need is one of the aspects of psychology that motivates human being in doing some activities to be the reason for attempting something (Maslow 69). In this study, the term need refers to all the necessities felt by Hope Donahue that motivate her to do some actions for its satisfaction.

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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL REVIEW This part consists of theory of critical approaches used to analyze the

  novel. These include a psychological approach and theories of psychology with a focus on motivation that will be used to analyze Donahue’s motivation in doing plastic surgery.

2.1 Theory of Critical Approaches

  According to Rohrberger and Woods (6-15) in Reading and Writing about

Literature, there are five approaches that can be used to evaluate literary works.

  They are formalist approach, biographical approach, socio-cultural historical approach, mythopoeia approach, and psychological approach. These approaches are needed and very important to evaluate literary works because people who study or analyze literary works need a reasonable review when they evaluate them so they use the approaches to get that reasonable review. The critical approaches to literature help those people to understand more deeply the nature, function, and positive values of the literary works.

  Rohrberger states that the formalist approach involves a close and deep reading to a text. All information that is essential to the interpretation of a literary work must be found in the work itself. People do not need to get or find other information such as the history, politics, or society of the time, or about the

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  analyzing irony, paradox, imagery, and metaphor. The biographical approach sees literary works as the reflection of an author's life and times. People focus on the ideas and personality of the author to get an understanding to the literary works. The socio-cultural historical approach takes as a reference the civilization of which the attitudes and actions of a specific group of people to analyze the works. The mythopoeia approach assumes that there is a collection of symbols, images, characters, and motifs that causes basically the same response and thinking in all people.

  The last one is the approach that I use to analyze and make a better understanding in studying the novel. The psychological approach, according to Guerin, employs some theories of psychology that can be used as tools to interpret the literary works (121). This theory is needed to understand the character’s motivation in the story. Remembering that it views literature through the lens of psychology, the psychological approach will help us to look deeply about the psychological motivations of the character or of the author himself/herself. Most frequently, the psychological approach uses Freudian psychology theory to study the motivation of the character, but there are also other psychology theories, such as those of Maslow and Jungian.

2.2 Theory of Psychology

2.2.1 General Theories of Motivation

  I apply a theory of psychology that is a theory of motivation to analyze the

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  many theories of motivation that exist in the psychology area, but not all of them can be used appropriately in my study. That is why I just include some of them which are relevant to my study.

  Motivation is the sum of intentions, desires, goals, and needs that influence human beings and animal behavior. People carry out an action with motive. This motive will lead them to behave in a certain way to get some goal. It will be impossible to find the motivation of a person if behavior isn’t organized (Bootzin et al 367). It is believed that some purposes guide someone’s behavior to reach an end condition, which can be a goal or a need.

  Smith (282) defines motivation as an internal process that influences the direction, persistence, and vigor of goal directed behavior. Motivation is seen as an internal factor that can move human beings to maintain their effort in reaching their goal. Motivation also makes human beings behave in a specific way that supports them in the process of reaching their goal. Therefore, motivation always affects someone’s behavior. Caused by the motivation, a person always behaves in certain manners or some ways in order to get or gain his/her goal.

  Murray, in his book Motivation and Emotion, states that the relation between motivation and behavior is important for creating motivated behavior (20). Motivated behavior is behavior that has been influenced by a certain motivation. He also says that motivation can be inferred by the aspects of behavior such as the dominance of someone’s conversation, fantasies, and dreams (11).

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2.2.2 Maslow’s Theory of Motivation

  Abraham Maslow’s theory about the motivation of human beings can be applied to most of the aspects of individual life and social life. This supposition is needed and important for making a good and relevant theory of motivation. This is a supposition that we must know and remember. An individual is a whole in which things are solid and arranged. It is strange and unusual if a conscious desire only possesses one motivation. In other words, it is the whole of the individual that is moved by the motivation, not only a part of that individual. For example if a person feels hungry, it is the whole of her/him which feels the hunger. It is the person who wants food to be eaten, not only his/her stomach.

  Most of the desires and stimuli in a person or individual are connected to each other. This does not occur for fundamental necessities such as the feeling of hungry, but it occurs obviously for complex necessities such as love. Human beings are motivated by a number of basic necessities that have the same characteristics in all species. Those necessities are not only physiological, but also psychological.

  One important thing in this theory that can help the study of this novel is people do not need to fulfill one need fully then they will feel another need. All the needs come together at the same time, but they will choose one as the priority based on the level of the need and they will be pushed to do something to fulfill it.

  After the need is slightly fulfilled, they will feel another need and do something again to fulfill it.

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  Abraham Maslow clarifies motivation in relation with human needs. He states that there are seven needs that motivate human activities. Those needs are physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, needs to know and understand, aesthetic needs, and self-actualization needs (69-77).

2.2.2.1 Physiological Needs

  The basic, strongest, and clearest thing from all of human’s needs is the need to defend their life physically. That need is the need to eat, drink, get a place to stay, sleep, breathe, and have sex. If there is a situation where a person needs something at the same time such as food, love, and power, he/she will choose to get some food firse. This person will push other needs down until he/she fulfills his/her physiological needs.

  Maslow says that even though all those physiological needs can be identified more easily than other needs that are in high level, these needs cannot be treated as a separated phenomenon that stands alone. The example is if a person thinks that he/she is hungry, he/she can also need love, safety, or other needs at the same time. Thus various needs of human beings are connected each other.

  After all human physiological needs are fulfilled, what will happen next? Maslow answers that other needs will appear immediately, then these needs will dominate the individual. The next step after these needs are fulfilled is that other new needs, which are in higher level than before, will appear again and again.

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  This will happen continuously. Human beings will always want something their whole life.

  2.2.2.2 Safety Needs

  Safety needs will take place immediately after all the physiological needs are fulfilled. The best way to understand these needs is watching children closely, because usually safety needs have been fulfilled in a healthy and normal adult. Children psychologists or teachers find that children need a predictable world. Children like consistency and routine within certain limitations. They will feel worried and insecure if these elements can not be found by them in their life.

  Children will prefer to have limited freedom rather than being allowed to do anything. This limited freedom is needed for children, so they can develop properly. An insecure person has an excessive need of regularity and stability; he/she will work hard to avoid strange and unexpected things. A normal and healthy person also wants stability in his/her life, but this thing will not be as important as happen in neurotic people.

  2.2.2.3 Belonging and Love Needs

  After the physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the next is the needs of love, affection, and the feeling of loving and to be loved. People will hope for a loving relationship with others. They will fight hard to get this

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  The word love here cannot be mixed with the word sex, which can be assumed as a physiological need. Love is the feeling where someone is understood deeply and accepted with all one’s heart and soul. The idea that love comes from sex is a big mistake. This can also be associated with the superficial thought that heart gentleness is a form of sexuality which is obstructed. Maslow finds that the growth and development of a person’s ability will be obstructed without love in the reality. Many nurses often find that babies need love. Many psychopathology bachelors consider that the main reason for people having a failed adaptation is the unfulfilled need of love.

  Maslow’s opinion about love concerns a good relationship which is full of love between two people and the condition where those two people trust each other. There is no need to be worried and their entire defenses will be destroyed in a true relationship. Usually love will be broken if one of the two people, who love each other, worries if his/her weakness and mistakes are revealed. The feeling where people think that they are not appreciated by others is not the real reason for the broken love but it is more because the feeling of fear. People worry that others can see the inside of us or our mask. This makes people avoid love, have shallow friendships, underestimating others because they worry that others will appreciate them too highly. The need of love actually covers giving and getting love.

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  2.2.2.4 Esteem Needs

  Maslow finds that everyone has two categories of need for honor. They are self-esteem and honor from others. Self-esteem covers the needs of self- confidence, competency, self-control, achievement, and freedom. Honor from others covers prestige, recognition, acceptance, attention, and status. People who have adequate self-esteem will be more confident, capable, and productive. On the contrary, they will feel inferior if they don’t have enough confidence. This will lead them into a desperate feeling and a neurotic behavior. A stable and healthy self-esteem grows from a normal honor given by others; it does not grow from well-known name, majesty, or meaningless praise.

  2.2.2.5 Needs to Know and Understand

  Maslow believes that a healthy mental characteristic is the desire to know and understand. The claim that this kind of need is characteristic of the entire species is supposed by the following explanation.

  1. The feeling to know usually shows up in behavior of beings.

  2. History provides many examples of people who struggle hard to search knowledge, for example Galileo and Columbus.

  3. The results of psychological research into adults shows that they are interested in secrets.

  4. Maslow’s experiences show many cases where adult people gradually suffer a feeling of boredom, get depression, and finally hate themselves.

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  This phenomenon is experienced by smart people who live by doing nothing. This action will kill their intelligence and cause into depression.

  5. Children have a natural instinct to know about what is around them.

  6. Many people report that studying and finding something can bring satisfaction and happiness.

  2.2.2.6 Aesthetic Needs

  Maslow’s research shows that bad thing brings boredom and weakens spirit. Everyone needs aesthetic that can make people healthier. The aesthetic needs connect to the picture of themselves. This aesthetic need is also found in almost of healthy children everywhere. Maslow says that the fact about people need aesthetic can be found in every culture and almost in every era.

  2.2.2.7 Self-actualization Needs

  Everyone has to grow with his/her entire ability. The explanation about psychological needs to arouse, develop, and use people’s ability is called self- actualization. Self-actualization is described as the using and employing of all the ability, capacity, and potency to be a complete human being. People, who have been actualized, will do the best that they can do. Based on Maslow’s research, self-actualization can only be found in old people around sixty years old or more.

  That age is considered as the top condition or the end condition; so many people are not in this category. They are not stable and still on their way to find who they

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  The general characteristic of people who have been actualized is their ability to see their life clearly and truly. They are not emotional and think objectively about the result of their observation. They have an ability to evaluate others exactly and to detect dissimulation. This kind of person is firm in holding their principle about something which is right or wrong. They are also low profile and want to listen to others’ opinion patiently. They are willing to admit that they do not know everything and have to learn many things from others.

  Maslow finds that people who have been actualized dedicate their life to their tasks, job, duty, or other important vocations. They are hard workers and assume that working can bring happiness and enjoyment. They are happy when helping others using their ability. They want to be useful for their environment, because by helping others they also help themselves.

  Creativity is also a universal characteristic of self-actualization. It is about spontaneity, courage, openness, and modesty. Creativity requires courage and ability to ignore scorn and negative critique from surrounding people. Their courage helps them to be brave in making mistake, so they can always make an improvement in doing their task and activity. They are also flexible and able to adjust if the condition changed.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

  The theories that are explained in the previous part are useful to analyze the problem formulated in the problem formulation, and to help me understand the

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  whole story in the novel. The analysis section, I use some theories: theories of critical approach and theories of motivation.

  The theory of psychological approach is used as a tool to analyze the main character. The theory of psychology that I employ to analyze the motivation of Hope Donahue is motivation theory developed by Abraham Maslow. This theory is also called theory of hierarchy needs. This theory will help me to analyze all the needs of Hope Donahue that motivate her to do plastic surgery then divide them into each level in the hierarchy needs.

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CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY This chapter is divided into three parts. They are object of the study,

  approaches, and procedures. The first part, where I explain the focus of the study, is called object of the study. The second part explains the approach that I use in conducting and analyzing this study. The last part is procedures which discusses the steps in analyzing problem formulation.

3.1 Object of the Study

  This research uses a literary work as the subject of the study. This thesis deals with one kind of literary work, a novel, as the object of the study. The novel that is analyzed in this thesis is entitled Beautiful Stranger. Beautiful Stranger was published by Gotham on August 18, 2005. It consists of 304 pages in 28 chapters.

  This is the first and the only novel written by Hope Donahue.

  Beautiful Stranger is a gloomy and disturbing novel, and a true story about

  how society and environment can shape the suffering of a person. The story is about how a dysfunctional family and society push Donahue to do a plastic surgery at an early age.

  This novel is about a woman named Hope Donahue. She is the only child of a rich bank chairman and a granddaughter of a famous doctor of international acclaim. She grows up and lives in a tiny enclave of Los Angeles called Hancock

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  families. She is intelligent, witty, and well traveled. She studies in the best private schools. She can buy anything she wants without working hard to get it. She is quite pretty with her five-feet-eight-inches tall, model’s built that is slim and tall, blonde hair, and green eyes. Many people think that she is a lucky woman. In fact she is not happy and satisfied with her life. She wants something in her life, but she cannot get it. Some of her needs cannot be fulfilled. Then she does some plastic surgery to make herself more beautiful than before, even though she is pretty enough.

  3.2 Approach of the Study

  I use the psychological approach presented by Rohrberger and Woods for analyzing this novel. I choose the psychological approach because I need this approach to make an analysis of the human motivation in carrying out some actions.

  Rohrberger and Woods said that the psychological approach involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain current patterns. This approach is used to explain human’s motivation, personality, behavior, and needs patterns written in literary works (1971:13).

  3.3 Procedures of the Study

  The method of this study was library research. It means the data and information that I used in the analysis were taken from books on literature that

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  I analyzed this novel using two sources. They were a primary source and secondary sources. The primary source was the novel itself, Hope Donahue’s

  

Beautiful Stranger. The secondary sources were several books used to support the

  study, such as literary books, psychology books, and motivation books. I also used electronic sources to support and complete the information that I could not get from the books.

  I carried out several steps in analyzing this novel. The first step was reading this novel several times in order to understand the story more and to find out some interesting points that I can use as the main topic in this study. The second step was deciding the problem formulation. The third step was trying to find out a suitable approach to help me analyzing the novel. The fourth step was analyzing the novel based on the problem formulated. And the last step was making a conclusion and suggestions for teachers and future researchers.

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CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS This chapter discusses the motivation of Hope Donahue in doing plastic

  surgery. Motivation is sum of the intentions, desires, goals, and needs that influence human beings’ behavior. People perform an action with motives (Bootzin et al 367). Motivation also influences the direction, persistence, and vigor of goal directed behavior (Smith 282). In other words, motivation creates motivated behavior (Murray 20).

  Specifically, the discussion of Hope Donahue’s motivation in doing plastic surgery is based on Maslow’s theory of motivation. Maslow defines seven basic needs, which are connected to each other and motivate human beings to do their actions (69-77). These needs are the physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, the needs to know and understand, aesthetic needs, and self actualization needs. Therefore, the discussion is also divided into seven parts. Each part describes the fulfillment of each particular need in Hope Donahue’s life and how it motivates Hope Donahue to do plastic surgery.

4.1 Physiological Needs as the only Fulfilled Needs

  Physiological needs refer to the needs to defend their life physically, such as the need to eat, drink, get a place for staying, sleep, breathe, and have sex (Maslow 69). These needs are completely fulfilled in Hope Donahue’s life.