The influence of the minor characters on Santiagoâ€™s motivation in realizing his dream as seen in Paulo Coelhoâ€™s The Alchemist.

(1)

vii ABSTRACT

Ningrum, Lia Kristi. (2010). The Influence of The Minor Characters on Santiago’s Motivation in Realizing His Dream as Seen in Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist. Yogyakarta: Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Department of Language and Arts Education, English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.

This study discusses the influence of the minor characters on Santiago’s motivation in realizing his dream in Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist. This novel tells about Santiago, a shepherd, who has a recurrent dream about treasure in the Pyramids, Egypt. Realizing his calling to travel around the world, Santiago decides to have a journey to find the treasure. During his journey to the Pyramids, Egypt, Santiago meets people who influence his motivation in realizing his dream to find the treasure.

There are two problems formulated in this study. The first problem is how Santiago and the minor characters are described in The Alchemist novel. The second problem is finding out how the minor characters influence Santiago’s motivation in realizing his dream.

In solving the two problems above, the writer applied the psychological approach, theory of character and characterization, Staw’s theory of motivation, and Rotter’s theory of influence. The method of this study was library research. There were two sources used in this study, namely, the primary data, which was The Alchemist novel itself, and the secondary data taken from the books of psychology, character and characterization, and human motivation.

Based on the analysis, Santiago is the main character and he is described as intelligent, critical, religious, independent, and determined. In this study, there are four minor characters who influence Santiago’s motivation in realizing his dream. The first is Melchizedek. He is a wise king, generous, intelligent, and a person who is able to read people’s mind. The second is the crystal merchant. He is conservative man, religious man, generous man, wise man, and a dreamer. The third is Fatima. She is a beautiful supportive and sincere desert girl. The last is the Alchemist. He is wise man, brave man, and cautious desert man. Melchizedek influences Santiago’s motivation through his intelligence and wise advice. He is the first person who convinces Santiago to believe in his personal calling to travel around the world to find the treasure. Since Melchizedek in the novel shares the same characteristics as the one in the Holy Bible, Santiago gains back his motivation easily as he remembers Melchizedek and his advices during his journey in finding the treasure. Since Santiago’s motivation in realizing his dream changes after he hears and understands the wise advice from Melchizedek, his motivation is categorized as extrinsic motivation. A person who has an extrinsic motivation like Santiago is called a pawn person. The next character who influences Santiago’s motivation is the crystal merchant, who hires Santiago in his shop, influences Santiago through his conservative way of thinking that it is impossible for Santiago to go to Egypt. Since Santiago has no experience in living

(2)

viii

in Africa, he believes the crystal merchant easily. The crystal merchant and Santiago share a mutual interaction which influences Santiago’s motivation in realizing his dream. Santiago’s motivation is included to extrinsic one. Fatima, the desert girl, influences Santiago by her beauty and her sincerity. Santiago falls in love with her and decides to stay with her in the oasis. Since Fatima is used to being left, she supports Santiago to continue his journey. They have a mutual interaction, which easily influences Santiago’s motivation. His behaviour shows that he is extrinsically motivated to find the treasure by Fatima. The last person who gives influence toward Santiago’s motivation in realizing his dream is the Alchemist. As a desert man, the Alchemist knows this place a lot. With this skill, he influences Santiago who is a new comer in the desert. His wise advice also encourages Santiago to go on in pursuing his dream. Since the Alchemist is a brave man, he shows his leadership when Santiago loses his motivation. The Alchemist’s mastery in some subjects, like Personal Legend, influences Santiago’s motivation who is hopeless because he always thinks about Fatima. This kind of motivation is associated with extrinsically motivated behaviour.

In the last part of this thesis, there are two suggestions. The first suggestion is for future researcher(s) on The Alchemist.The second suggestion is to implement The Alchemist in teaching English, especially in teaching Public Speaking I.

(3)

ix ABSTRAK

Ningrum, Lia Kristi. (2010). The Influence of The Minor Characters on Santiago’s Motivation in Realizing His Dream as Seen in Paulo Coelho’s The Alcthemist. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Kependidikan, Jurusan Bahasa dan Seni, Program Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Studi ini membahas tentang pengaruh karakter pembantu terhadap motivasi Santiago untuk mewujudkan mimpinya dalam novel The Alchemist oleh Paulo Coelho. Novel ini bercerita tentang Santiago yang seorang gembala. Ia mengalami sebuah mimpi yang sama dalam waktu yang berurutan. Mimpi itu tentang harta karun di Piramida, Mesir. Santiago memutuskan untuk mencari harta karun itu karena ia sendiri sangat suka mengelilingi dunia.

Ada dua permasalahan yang dirumuskan dalam skripsi ini. Pertama ialah bagaimana Santiago dan para karakter pembantu digambarkan dalam novel The Alchemist. Kedua ialah menemukan bagaimana para karakter pembantu mempengaruhi motivasi Santiago dalam mewujudkan impiannya.

Untuk memecahkan dua permasalahan diatas, penulis menerapkan pendekatan psikologi, teori karakter dan penokohan, toeri motivasi oleh Staw, dan teori pengaruh oleh Rotter. Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah sutdi pustaka. Ada dua sumber yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini yaitu data utama yang merupakan novel The Alchemist sendiri, dan data pendukung yang diambil dari beberapa buku mengenai psikoligi, karakter dan penokohan, dan motivasi manusia.

Kesimpulan menyatakan bahwa Santiago memiliki karakter cerdas, kritis, percaya pada Tuhan, bebas, dan memiliki pendirian. Sedangkan Melkisedek, sebagai karakter pembantu pertama, digambarkan sebagai seorang raja yang bijaksana, murah hati, cerdas, dan mampu membaca pikiran orang lain. Pedagang kristal, yang sebagai karakter pembantu kedua, adalah seorang yang berpikiran kuno, percaya pada Tuhan, murah hati, bijaksana, dan pemimpi. Fatima yang merupakan karakter pembantu ketiga digambarkan sebagai gadis gurun yang jelita. Ia juga seorang penyemangat dan jujur apa adanya. Dan karakter pembantu yang terakhir yaitu sang Alkemis, digambarkan sebagai seorang lelaki gurun yang bijaksana, berani, dan sangat hati-hati. Melkisedek mempengaruhi Santiago lewat kecerdasan dan nasihat bijaknya. Ia adalah orang pertama yang meyakinkan Santiago agar percaya pada panggilan hidupnya, Panggilan Jiwa, yaitu mengelilingi dunia untuk menemukan harta karun. Melkisedek mempunyai persamaan karakter dengan Melkisedek yang terdapat di Kitab Suci. Hal inilah yang membuat Santiago mudah mengingatnya dan nasihat-nasihatnya ketika ia mendapatkan kembali motivasinya. Motivasi yang dimiliki Santiago termasuk dalam motivasi ekstrinsik karena motivasinya berubah setelah ia mendengar dan memahami nasihat-nasihat dari Melchizedek. Pedagang kristal yang memperkerjakan Santiago di tokonya, mempengaruhi Santiago lewat cara berpikirnya yang kuno. Ia mengatakan pada Santiago bahwa ia tidak akan

(4)

mungkin mampu pergi ke Piramida di Mesir. Santiago dengan mudah percaya padanya karena ia belum pernah tinggal di Afrika. Hubungan yang saling menguntungkan ini mempengaruhi motivasi Santiago untuk mengejar mimpinya. Dalam jangka waktu tersebut, sang pedagang menunjukkan sifat kempemimpinannya pada Santiago yang kala itu kehilangan kontrol diri akan motivasi. Santiago juga mendapat pengaruh dari sang pedagang kristal lewat nasihat bijaksananya mengenai seorang pemimpi seperti dirinya ketika Santiago memohon restu sebelum meninggalkan toko kristal tersebut. Fatima sang gadis gurun mempengaruhi Santiago lewat kecantikan dan kejujurannya. Santiago yang jatuh hati ada Fatima, memutuskan untuk tetap tinggal di oase bersamanya. Namun Fatima yang terbiasa ditinggalkan, mendukung Santiago agar tetap meneruskan perjalanannya. Dan Santiago pun terpengaruh oleh Fatima. Perilaku Santiago menunjukkan bahwa Fatima memotivasinya dari luar agar ia menemukan harta karun tersebut. Hubungan mutualisme antara Santiago dan Fatima sangat mudah mempengaruhi motivasi Santiago. Orang terakhir yang memberikan pengaruh pada motivasi Santiago ialah sang Alkemis. Sebagai lelaki yang terbiasa hidup di gurun, tentunya ia hafal betul mengenai gurun. Sang Alkemis mempengaruhi Santiago yang merupakan pendatang di padang gurun dengan keahliannya ini. Banyak nasihat bijaksananya juga yang menyemangati Santiago untuk tetap mengejar mimpinya. Sebagai seorang pemberani, sang Alkemis menunjukkan sifat kepemimpinannya pada Santiago yang kehilangan motivasi. Keahlian sang Alkemis dalam beberapa hal, seperti Panggilan Hidup, mempengaruhi motivasi Santiago yang lemah. Motivasi seperti ini erat kaitannya dengan perilaku yang mudah terpengaruh lingkungan.

Pada bagian terakhir skripsi ini, terdapat dua saran. Saran pertama diperuntukkan bagi (para) peneliti The Alchemist selanjutnya. Saran kedua untuk penerapan The Alchemist dalam pengajaran bahasa Inggris, terutama untuk mengajar Public Speaking I.

(5)

THE INFLUENCE OF THE MINOR CHARACTERS ON SANTIAGO’S MOTIVATION IN REALIZING HIS DREAM

AS SEEN IN PAULO COELHO’STHE ALCHEMIST

A THESIS

Presented as Partial of Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain theSarjana PendidikanDegree

in English Language Education

Lia Kristi Ningrum Student Number: 031214105

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

DEDICATION PAGE

This thesis is dedicated to:

My mother, father, twin brother, soul mate, and

late Grandma ‘Emih’

My Father! All things are possible for you. Take this cup of

suffering away from me. Yet, not what I want, but what you want.

(Mark 14: 36)

And so I say to you: Ask, and you will receive; seek and you will find;

knock, and the door will be opened to anyone who knocks.

(11)

vii ABSTRACT

(12)

viii

(13)

ix ABSTRAK

(14)

(15)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First, I would like to thank Jesus Christ, my Lord and my Saviour, for His blessing and guidance to me so I can finish this thesis. I thank Him for always being beside me in every breath I have. He always gives what I really need at the right time and in the right place.

My biggest gratitude goes to my parents, my beloved father Wardi Winarno, and my loving mother Yustina Ismularti. I thank them for their loving, prayer, patience, and support. I really appreciate their time, their patience, their love, and everything they have given to me. I thank the biggest trust that they give to me. They are the reason for me to make the best in my life so I can make them proud of me. I would also like to thank my twin brother, Thomi Pribadi, for his love, attention, and trust.

My next gratitude goes to my major sponsor, Drs. Bambang Hendarto Y., M.Hum, and my co-sponsor, Christina Lhaksmita Anandari, S.Pd., M.Ed.for their time, patience, suggestions, and encouragement so I can finally finish my thesis. I also would like to thank Agustinus Hardi Prasetyo S.Pd, M.A. for supporting and encouraging me. My special thanks are also addressed to all lecturers of the English Language Education Study Program. I also thank Henny Herawati, S. Pd, M.Humfor being my examiner and wiling to give me suggestions to improve my thesis. I thank to MbakDanik,MbakTari, and the librarians for their assistance during my study.

I would thank God for sending me kind and great friends like Mamik Sundari who is willing to be a great advisor for me and to share the sweet and sour moments during our wonderful friendship, and Dwi Agustinawhose kindness that I will always

(16)

xii

remember. Maria Fitri Wijayasih, thank for inspiring me to read The Alchemist. Patricia E. Vanny, Fitrianingsih,Suryo Agung Nugroho, and Agustina Widya for our friendship.Datu, Ema, Betha, Dono, Uri, Vendi,and all 2003 PBI students.

I thank Arhiza Rizki Fitriantoro, for his sleepless nights to help me finish this thesis. Aditya Kusuma Putra, Anton Budi, Ricky Kurniawan, Lusia Anggie Eka, Mia Olivia, Bertha Dwi, Maya Sarifor their prayers, advice and support. I am grateful to for my lovely family: Si Mbah Putri, Pak Trie, Mamah Yuli, Pak Wardi, Buk Puji, Mamah Tutik, Papah Gio, Mamah Wik, and Papah Roni for everything they have given to me.

My sincere appreciation goes to the big family in My Little World Children Development Center, Kindergarten, Play Group, and Day Care. Mr. Daniel Pambudi, Mrs. Wendy Pambudi, Ms. Vita, Ms. Enno, Ms. Dian, Ms. Pinkan, Ms. Tuti, Ms. Anti, Ms. Yovie, Ms. Rika andthe excellent students, I thank them for the cute, funny, and memorable ‘angels’ who always cheer up and lighten my days. Then my special thank goes to my ‘tora’ AD 5639 RJ for our fast and furious days and for Leofor being my soul mate.

Furthermore, I thank everybody who has been giving me the support in the process of writing this thesis who I cannot who mention here.

God bless them!

(17)

xiii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE OF PAGE ... i

PAGES OF APPROVAL ... ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... v

DEDICATION PAGE ... vi

ABSRACT ... vii

ABSTRAK... ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xiii

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Objectives of the Study ... 4

1.3 Problem Formulation ... 4

1.4 Benefits of the Study ... 4

1.5 Definition of Terms ... 4

CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Review of Related Theories ... 7

2.1.1 Character ... 7

2.1.1.1 Definitions of Character ... 7

2.1.1.2 Types of Character ... 8

2.1.2 Characterization ... 9

(18)

xiv

2.1.2.2 Methods of Characterization ... ... 10

2.1.3 Critical Approach ... 11

2.1.4 Human Motivation ... 12

2.1.4.1 The Causes ... 12

2.1.4.2 Kinds of Motivation ... 14

2.1.5 Influence ... 15

2.1.5.1 Person and Person Interaction ... 16

2.1.5.2 The Influence of Person and Person Interaction ... 16

2.2 Theoritical Framework ... 17

CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Objectives of the Study ... 19

3.2 Approach of the Study ... 20

3.3 Method of the Study ... 21

CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS 4.1 The Characterization of Santiago ... 22

4.1.1 Intelligent ... 23

4.1.2 Critical ... 26

4.1.3 Religious ... 28

4.1.4 Independent ... 30

4.1.5 Determined ... 31

4.2 The Characterization of the Minor Characters ... 34

4.2.1 Melchizedek ... 34

(19)

4.2.3 Fatima ... 45

4.2.4 The Alchemist ... 49

4.3 The Influence of the Minor Characters on Santiago’s Motivation in Realizing His Dream ... 53

4.3.1 The Influence of the Old Man Known as Melchizedek .... 54

4.3.2 The Influence of the Crystal Merchant ... 61

4.3.3 The Influence of Fatima ... 64

4.3.4 The Influence of th Alchemist ... 67

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ... 74

5.2 Suggestions ... 78

5.2.1 Suggestions for the Future Researcher(s)... 78

5.2.2 Suggestions for Teaching Public Speaking I... 79

REFERENCES ... 81

APPENDIXES... 83

Appendix 1 Summary of the Story... 84

Appendix 2 The Biography of the Author ... 87

Appendix 3 Pictures of Paulo Coelho ... 92

Appendix 4 The Syllabus of Public Speaking I (KPE 232) ... 93

Appendix 5 Lesson Plan of Public Speaking I ... 95

Appendix 6 Teaching Materials of Public Speaking I... 98

(20)

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of five parts. They are background of the study, objectives of the study, problem formulation, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. Background of the study covers reasons of choosing the novel and the topic. The problem formulation gives general description of the problem that will be analyzed in this literary study. Objectives of the study mention the aims of the study. Benefits of the study state the advantages of the study for the readers, English Language Education students and other researchers. Definition of terms discuss the important terms used in this study.

1.1 Background of the Study

People want to achieve many things in this life. They have dreams. People should have motivation to realize their dreams. Different people have different motivation in life, especially when it concerns with dreams. Some people are motivated to realize their dreams. Some people may just ignore their dreams and keep them as dreams for the entire life. When people do an action, there must be a reason why they do so. There is a reason for example why one decides to leave his family to travel.

Petri (3) states that motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behaviour. The concept of motivation is used to explain differences in the intensity of behaviour and to indicate intensity of behaviour and to indicate behaviour direction. More intent behaviour means the motivation is in a higher level. Thus, one decides to travel and leave his family because he likes travelling much and it becomes his hobby. Meanwhile, Jung (4) says

(21)

that motivation includes terms that refer to such diverse states as desire, wishes, plans, goals, intent, impulses, and purposes. Some of them imply a deliberate and calculated process involving reason. When people do actions, they must have their own reasons. Some of them may behave after being influenced by others, but some people may behave because they really want to do.

As quoted by Weiner in Human Motivation, de Charms classifies people into two main groups based on their behaviours (254). They are a pawn and an origin. He says that someone who feels powerless, he will be easily influenced by his environment and people around. This kind of person is called a pawn. In addition, an origin is a determined person. His environment does not easily influence this kind of person. Because he perceives all what he does is by his own choice. Then, this concept is linked with intrinsically and extrinsically motivated behaviours.

This condition can be portrayed in a literary work, like a novel. Abrams (130) says that a novel is as a fiction that reflects the reality of human life by presenting complex characters with their motives, based on their social class and their interaction with other characters. The readers can learn many subjects by reading a novel such as the problems, conditions, motivation, struggles, and also efforts of human beings in realizing dreams. Therefore, literature is believed as a reflection of human life.

The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho is one of the novels which represented someone’s motivation. The novel tells a story of a boy who pursues his dream. His name is Santiago and he is a shepherd. Since he likes to travel and his family cannot afford him, the only way to travel is to be a shepherd. In the middle of his travelling, Santiago dreams about treasure. This is the interesting part to discuss because his motivation in finding the treasure is influenced by people he meets. At first, he decides to see a fortune-teller to interpret his dream. However, all what she says make him

(22)

disappointed. Then, Santiago meets an old man whose advice encourages him to believe his dream because this is what actually he wants. He likes to travel a lot and finding the treasure means travel farther than he used to. Because of this reason, finally he decides to find the treasure in Egypt.

After he arrives in Egypt, something happens and he has to stay there. There, he spends a year to work with a crystal merchant before then he decides to find the treasure. This crystal merchant also influences him because he has a dream like Santiago but he never tries to achieve it. Santiago’s struggles in finding the treasure have not finished yet. When he gets closer to what he looks for, he is tempted to have things that he also wants too by the people in the desert; being the counsellors of the oasis and stays with the desert woman he loves, Fatima. He loves Fatima and does not want to leave her. Santiago faces a big dilemma until meets the alchemist. He tells him everything. The alchemist tells Santiago what if he stays and never finds his treasure. Hearing and thinking about it makes him sure to reach his dream. Fatima supports him to find the treasure because she will wait for him.

The things that happen to Santiago are interesting to analyze. His main motivation is travelling. When he decides to find the treasure, it means he has to travel farther. Finding the treasure is not easy because many things happen during the travel. He meets some people, the minor characters, who influence his motivation until he finds the treasure.

After knowing all those facts, it would be interesting to reveal the influence of the minor characters in story on Santiago’s motivation. The focuses on this study are analyzing Santiago’s personalities and the minor characters’ personalities, and also how they influence his motivation.

(23)

1.2 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this study are related to the questions stated in the problem formulation. The first objective is to find out how Santiago and the minor characters are portrayed in the novel. The second objective is to find out how the minor characters influence Santiago’s motivation in pursuit his dream.

1.3 Problem Formulation

There are two problems presented in this study. They are:

1. How are Santiago and the minor characters portrayed in the novel?

2. How do the minor characters influence Santiago’s motivation to realize his dream?

1.4 Benefits of the Study

This literary study is expected to give some benefits to the readers. First, for the readers especially the students of English Language Education Program who will study Paulo Coelho’sThe Alchemist. This study will give them some additional information in understanding The Alchemist especially in analyzing the main character and how the minor characters influence his motivation from a psychological point of view.

Second, this study is also useful for those who are interested in literary study. They can get more understanding about the idea, the characterization, the messages of the novel, and also the knowledge of motivation fromThe Alchemist.

1.5 Definition of Terms

To avoid misunderstanding and to help the readers understand the important terms, several terms have to be clarified in this study.

(24)

1.5.1 Character

A character is a person presented a dramatic or narrative work who is interpreted by the readers as being endowed with the novel and dispositional quality that are explicit in what they say — the dialogue — and what they do — the action (Abrams 20). Moreover, according to Stanton in An Introduction to Fiction, character refers to the individuals who appear in the story (17). In this study, the researcher will deal with Santiago as the major character and other minor characters.

1.5.2 Influence

As citied by Schultz (415), Rotter says that if people perceive themselves as conscious beings, they are able to influence their experiences. This means our behaviour is influenced by several factors. In this study, the word influence means advices and ideas to affect one’s motivation to do something.

1.5.3 Motivation

In this study, the term motivation means the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behaviour which are stimulated from internal and external condition.

1.5.4 Dream

(25)

mental product that can be understood and interpret. He also states that dream is a disguised attempt at wish fulfilment. It means that the dream touches on wishes or needs that the individual finds unacceptable and represses from consciousness (173). In this study, dream means a mental image that comes in one’s sleeping or something that one wants to achieve and its meaning is clearly linked to the context.

(26)

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of two parts. The first part consists of review of related theories. They are theory of character, characterization, critical approach, and psychology.

2.1 Review of Related Theories

In this section, there will be some theories that are relevant and support this study. The first theory is theory of character that explains about characters in the literary work. The second theory is theory of characterization. The third theory is theory of critical approach that contains the approaches that are used in this study. The fourth theory is theory of motivation from psychology point of view.

2.1.1 Character

2.1.1.1 Definitions of Character

According to Abrams, there are two definitions of character (23). First, a character is the name of a literary genre; a short, and usually witty; sketch in prose of distinctive type of person.” Second, he states a character is a person presented in dramatic or narrative work, who is interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say—the dialogue—and by what they do—the action.

Stanton also states two interpretations on the meaning of character (17). First, character refers to the individuals appear in the story. Second, character refers to the mixture of interests, desire, emotions, and moral principles of these individuals that

(27)

(28)

character takes important role in story. He or she appears more often and becomes the focus during the progress of the story. If he or she fails in convincing dramatizations on the human issues of the story, then the story will essentially fail. A major character is almost the same as a round character in term of their complexity in the novel. He or she presence makes the story more interesting. On the other hand, secondary characters or minor characters appear more limited. Even though minor characters do not take important role in the story, their presences influence major characters. They are generally less complex because they do not play a central role in the story. Minor characters are used to bring out into the open crucial elements when they interact or clash with the major characters.

Milligan (195) adds that the major character is the focus of the story. He gets more attention from the reader because he appears more often than other characters from the beginning until the end of the story. The minor characters are not too dominant. They appear in the story only to strengthen the minor character.

2.1.2 Characterization

2.1.2.1 Definitions of Characterization

Characters are very important in a literary work. Since literary works are the life reflection, many authors take some characters from the reality. In order to make the story interesting, an author needs to develop certain character’s traits such as the creation of imaginary persons so that they exist for the readers as lifelike (Holman 81).

A novel is an imaginative work. Many readers may meet with many kinds of unfamiliar people. And when they read a novel, they will become more familiar with them. Therefore, the author gives much effort in showing the readers what the characters are like—their qualities, their likes, and dislikes, how they live, and what

(29)

they do (Blair and Gerber 52). These traits are what we call characters, while the technique used by the author to make these qualities is known as characterization.

2.1.2.2 Methods of Characterization

Barnet, Burto, and Cain state that there are four points to be considered when we want to describe some persons in the story or novel (229). They are what the character says, what the character does, what the other characters say about the character, and what others do. The first two points are the inner factors and the other points are the outer factors.

Murphy (161-173) points out nine ways of how an author may reveal the characters’ personality and traits to the readers. First is personal description. It means the author describes the characters’ physical appearances directly. Second is character as seen by others which means the author uses other characters’ opinion to describe. We can know the main character by understanding other characters’ saying or thought about him or her. Third is speech. From what a character says the author can give the reader some clues to his or her character. Fourth is past life which means the author gives a clue to the character’s past events. It helps the readers in having picture about his past lives and relating what the character did with his future life.

Fifth is conversation of others. The author gives a clue to a character from the conversation of other characters and what they say about him describe to the reader about the character’s personality. Sixth is reaction which means the author lets the reader recognize the character through his behaviour in various situation and events. Seventh is direct comment from the author to the character. Eighth is thought. The author gives his direct knowledge to the readers of what the character is thinking about in his story. Last one is mannerism. The reader can understand the character’s

(30)

(31)

interest in the mythopoeic approach attempt to find particular recurrent patterns of human thought, which are considered sharing the same universal belief to certain community mind. Those recurrent patterns are found expressed in ancient myths and folk rites and are so basic to human through that they have meaning for all men. Last is the psychological approach. This approach involves effort to locate and demonstrate a certain recurrent pattern. The theory of human psychology is used in this study as the references to analyze the character’s behaviour that could be referred to the psychological as the references of human beings. Through this approach, the character’s thought and behaviour can be analyzed more profoundly.

Those five approaches have their own values, limitation, strengths, and weaknesses. The readers may choose the most suitable approach in order to gain better understanding of literary works because not all approaches are suitable to be applied in every study.

2.1.4 Human Motivation.

Petri states motivation as the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behaviour (3). Bootzin et. al. say that motivation can be stimulated either from external condition, which is called incentives or from internal condition, which is called drives (368). Meanwhile, Jung (4) says that motivation includes terms that refer to such diverse states as desire, wishes, plans, goals, intents, impulses, and purposes. Some of these states imply a deliberate and calculated process involving reason.

2.1.4.1 The Causes

(32)

(33)

sources. If a person lacks of this needs, he will feel anxious and tense.

The fourth needs are esteem needs which are one-step above belongingness and love. There are two categories of the esteem needs; self-respect and esteem from other people. Self-respect from others includes such concept as prestige, recognition, acceptance, attention, status, reputation, and appreciation. Self-esteem includes such needs such as desire for confidence, competence, mastery, adequacy, achievement, independence, and freedom.

Self-actualization needs are on the top level. They are important aspects in human motivation. Self-actualization needs include concerns not only with one’s selfish interests but also with issues that affect the well-being of others, and even of all humanity. Malsow describes that a person with this need tends to show his or her abilities to others.

2.1.4.2 Kinds of Motivation

According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy (401) there are two forms of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation means the desire to perform an act for its own sake. While extrinsic motivation means the desire to perform an action because of external rewards or avoidance of punishment.

As cited by Petri (315), Hunt points out that the organisms are still motivated even though when major needs are absent. Under conditions of low need, organisms still display exploratory behaviour, curiosity, and manipulative behaviours. In addition, these behaviours are intrinsically motivated. He says that the concept of intrinsic motivation suggests that we may often be motivated in a task, not because of some external reward associated with the task, but because the behaviour itself is rewarding. Meanwhile, Staw as cited by Petri (315) also defines intrinsic motivation as the value or

(34)

pleasure associated with an activity as opposed to the goal toward which the activity is directed. By contrast, extrinsic motivation emphasizes the external goals toward which the activity is directed.

These intrinsic and extrinsic motivations are linked with de Charms’ terms; origin and pawn (Weiner 254). An origin person perceives his behaviour as determined by his own choice. This is what we call a determined person. On the other side, a pawn person perceives his behaviour as determined by external forces beyond his control. The concept of origin is associated with intrinsically motivated behaviour (own forces), freedom, of movement, and the perception of situations as challenging. Conversely, the concept of pawn is linked with extrinsically motivated behaviour (induced forces), restriction of movement, and the perception of situations as threatening.

An experiment by de Charms is as an example (Weiner 254). Children were given a task of building models. In the origin condition, they proceeded in any manner they desired. In contrast with the pawn condition, they were told exactly what to do. And the subsequent questionnaire data revealed that origins enjoyed the task more and were more interested in continuing the activity than were the pawns.

2.1.5 Influence

As cited by Schultz (415), Rotter says that if people perceive themselves as conscious beings, they are able to influence their experiences. It means our behaviour is influenced by several factors. Mischel (530 – 531) states that there is a mutual influence between persons and conditions. And as human beings, people continuously influence their environment as well as being affected by them in a mutual interaction.

(35)

interpersonal context in which it is evoked, maintained, and modified.

2.1.5.1 Person and Person Interaction

Young (164) says that in the contact of human beings, people do not only have action and reaction, but also interaction. In other words, not only one’s act influences other persons, but their acts in turn further affect one’s subsequent behaviour. Meanwhile, Mischel (455) says that people have the ability to control their environment. He adds explanation in such diverse concepts as “will power,” “mastery,” and “competence,” and in their psychological opposites “helplessness,” and “hopelessness.” Therefore, many aspects can be influenced through interpersonal interaction.

2.1.5.2 The Influence of Person and Person Interaction

One’s self-control, responsibility and leadership are some of the aspects that can be influenced by other person’s act. People believe that they have different self-control and personal responsibility (Mischel 479). As cited by Mischel (479), Rotter states that such perceptions involve a dimension of “perceived locus of control.” It is also called “internal-external control of reinforcement.” Rotter proposes (Schultz 423) the concept of locus of control in order to explain personality differences in our beliefs toward the source of our reinforcement. Meanwhile, perceived locus of control means to influence the specific goal expectancy in any given situation (Weiner 248).

Rotter in Introduction to Personality Third Edition (Mischel 479) defines internal and external control of reinforcements. Internal control means “the perception of positive and/or negative events as being a consequence of one’s own actions and thereby under personal control.” Conversely, external control means “perception of positive and./or negative events as being unrelated to one’s behaviours and hence

(36)

beyond personal control”. There are two types of control, too (Schultz 423). First is internal locus of control. People with internal locus of control receive reinforcement under their own behaviours and attributes. In other words, they are responsible for what they do; everything that happens in their lives. Second is external locus of control. Those who have this type of control think that reinforcement is controlled by other people, fate, or luck. They are convinced that they are powerless with respect to these outside factors.

Weiner (254) says that Rooter’s differentiation of internal and external locus of control is similar with de Charms’ origin and pawn. An origin person perceives his behaviour as determined by his own choice. People with internal locus of control receive reinforcement under their own behaviours and attributes. Meanwhile, a pawn person perceives his behaviour as determined by external forces beyond his control. Thus, people who have external locus of control think that other people, fate, or luck controls reinforcement. They are convinced that they are powerless with respect to these outside factors.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

Two problems will be analyzed in this study. First is how Santiago, the main character, and the minor characters are described in the novel. The second problem is how the minor characters influence Santiago’s motivation in pursuing of his dream. Some theories are used in order to analyze these two problems. Those theories will be explained in this section.

The first theories that are used are character and characterization. These theories are needed to explore how Santiago and the minor characters are described in The Alchemist. The types of character by Holman, Abrams, Henkle, Fosters, and Milligan

(37)

(38)

19 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

This chapter consists of three sections. They are object of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. Object of the study is the novel used in this study. Approach presents the approaches that are used in analyzing the novel. Method of the study describes the steps taken in analyzing the novel.

3.1 Object of the Study

The object of the study is a novel entitled The Alchemist, written by Paulo Coelho. It was published in New York, in 2006, translated by Alan R. Clarke, and illustrated by Rodica Prato. Harper Torch published this novel. It consists of 195 pages and is divided in 2 parts. There are also a prologue and an epilogue in the novel. Since Coelho is a Brazilian,The Alchemist firstly published in Brazil in 1988 with the titleO Alquimista. This novel has been translated into 63 languages, published in 150 countries, and has appealed to a large reading audience, regardless of their age, cultural or religious background.

The Alchemist has received several international awards among them: the Nielsen Gold Book Award 2004 for its outstanding sales in the UK retail market; the Corine International Award 2002 for the best fiction in Germany; the Golden Book Award 1995 and 1996 in Yugoslavia; the Super Grinzane Cavour Book Award and Flaiano International Award 1996 in Italy; the Grand Prix Litteraire of Elle 1995 in France (SantJordi-Associados). In October 2003, Paulo Coelho also achieved a Guinness World Record for putting his signature in 53 different editions of The Alchemist in the Frankfurt Book Fair. In 1996, Warner Brothers acquired movie rights

(39)

toThe Alchemist.

This novel tells about a shepherd, Santiago, who tries to make his dream come true. Santiago loves to travel around the world. Some days he dreams about the treasure in Pyramids, Egypt. This dream interrupts him so because it comes twice and unfinished. Santiago meets an old man who knows about his dream. He gives him advice. Then, Santiago decides to leave everything he has to realize his dream. During his journey to find the treasure, he meets some people who influence his motivation. Santiago works for a crystal merchant in Egypt almost a year. This crystal merchant also has a dream like him, but he never tries to realize it. When Santiago is about too sure to leave his dream, he remembers with what the old man has said to him and the lesson he learns from the crystal merchant. And he decides to make his dream come true. Getting closer to the treasure, he faces a big dilemma. He meets Fatima, the desert woman he loves. His meeting with the alchemist in the desert makes him very sure that he has to find the treasure. Fatima also supports him. After facing all the troubles, difficulties, and obstacles of life, Santiago finally finds his treasure.

3.2 Approach of the Study

The approach that is used in the study is the psychological approach proposed by Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (6-15). This approach involves effort to locate and demonstrate a certain recurrent pattern, but from a different body language.

The psychological approach enables the researcher to look deeply into Santiago’s and the minor characters personalities. Getting better understanding about the major character’s personality helps the researcher in understanding his motivation; what kind of motivation he has. The researcher also tries to find out about the minor characters’ personalities in the novel. After knowing their personalities, knowing how

(40)

the minor characters influence the major character’s motivation can be easily done. The researcher finds out that the psychological approach is appropriate to answer the questions in problem formulation. Psychological approach applies the theory of psychology. In the theory of psychology, there are explanation about human motivation, its causes, and kinds of human motivation. Since the focus of this study is human motivation which is included in the theory of psychology, psychological approach is chosen in this study.

3.3 Method of the Study

Some steps were undertaken in this study. Many supporting sources come from library. The primary source is the novel The Alchemist and the secondary sources are several reference books and articles which support this study.

Some methods are used in this study. The first step was reading the novel. Reading the novel carefully was very important. Understanding the main character’s actions and reactions, and pointed out the important details helped the researcher to know his nature personalities and characteristics. The minor characters behaviours and react to the main character were the focus in this step. In this step, the researcher got understanding about their personalities and how they influence Santiago’s motivation.

The second step was collecting supporting data and articles related to the topic of analysis. This is the step when the secondary sources were gained. The researcher read some books related to psychology theory to support the analysis of motivation. Then, beginning to analyze the topic discussed on the problem formulation was the third step. Many supporting sources were used during this step. Finally, after having completed in this study, making the conclusion based on the answers to the problems was conducted.

(41)

CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS

This chapter consists of three major parts. The first part concerns Santiago’s portrayal, as the main character in the story. The second part concerns the minor characters’ portrayals as portrayed in the story of The Alchemist. The third part concerns about the influence of the minor characters on Santiago’s motivation in realizing his dream.

4.1 The Characterization of Santiago

A character is the key in the story. It becomes essential because from a character’s role in the story, the reader can obtain the messages behind the story. A character is the person who is life-like presented in a literary work and interpretable by the readers from his or her dialogues and actions (Abrams 23).

According to Milligan (195), major or main character is the focus of the story. He appears more often than other characters from the beginning until the end of the story. In The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, Santiago is the major character. The readers’ attention is focused on him. Since the story is about his journey to find the treasure in Egypt, he appears from the beginning until the end of the story.

Forster as quoted by Abrams (24) says that round character is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularly. Therefore, he or she is capable of surprising the readers, just like a real person.

(42)

Santiago is portrayed as a round character. For example, in the beginning of the story he is a seminarian who studies theology as well as learns Spanish and Latin languages. Then, he quits and becomes a shepherd because he likes to travel around the world. However, after he gets a recurrent dream about treasure in Egypt, he abandons shepherding and starts travelling to Egypt to find it.

There are nine methods to reveal the personalities and traits of a character used by the author for the readers (Murphy 161-173). Those are personal description, character as seen by others, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thought, and mannerism. Some of nine methods are applied to convey Santiago’s personalities and traits inThe Alchemist. Santiago is portrayed as:

4.1.1 Intelligent

Santiago is an intelligent person. His schooling at seminary shows this. To be a seminarian is not an easy thing for a farmer family like Santiago’s except that he is really smart. At the seminary, Santiago learns Latin, Spanish, and theology. Unfortunately, he has no interest in learning God and man’s sins. Then he decides to quit. Santiago interests are more in travelling around the world.

That he had attended a seminary until he was sixteen. His parents had wanted him to become a priest, and thereby a source of pride for a simple farm family. They worked hard just to have food and water, like the sheep. He had studied Lain, Spanish, and theology. But ever since he had been a child, he had wanted to know the world, and this was much more important to him than knowing God and man’s sins. (Coelho 8)

(43)

During his time at the seminary, Santiago learns a lot. His experiences give him benefits. He becomes a good interpreter. When Melchizedek, the King of Salem, tells him about the story of a person who searches for the secret happiness (Coelho 31-32), he understands it very well. Santiago does not ask any question, and so he just keeps silent. Santiago realizes that he has to take care of his responsibilities while he travels. He reflects it to his life as a shepherd. “The shepherd said nothing. He had understood the story the old king told him. A shepherd may like to travel, but he should never

forget about his sheep.” (Coelho 32)

As an intelligent person, Santiago learns fast. When Melchizedek tells him to pay attention in omens on his way of finding the treasure, he has the skills of reading the omens. He learns from his experiences in life as a shepherd. Santiago has careful thoughts and observation in order to learn from his sheep.

The old man had spoken about the signs and omens, and, as the boy was crossing the strait, he had thought about omens. Yes, the old man had known what he was talking about: during the time the boy had spent in the fields of Andalusia, he had become used to learning which path he should take by observing the ground and the sky. He had discovered that the presence of a certain bird meant that a snake was nearby, and that a certain shrub was a sign that there was water in the area. The sheep had taught him that. (Coelho 34-35)

When he arrives at Tangier, Africa, he helps a candy seller to open his stall. Both of them speak with their own languages but they can understand each other well. Santiago speaks in Spanish and the candy seller speaks in Arabic (Coelho 43).

(44)

When Santiago meets Fatima, he does not say a word. He feels that life stands still when he sees into her dark eyes and her lips. He thinks that he does not need to understand any words because his heart is already known. Love is something that people cannot explain. It is the Pure Language of the World (Coelho 93).

His intelligence in understanding omens, then, save many people in the oasis of a desert from a war. When Santiago walks alone in the desert, he sees two hawks fly above him. Suddenly one of them flies attack another one. As he notices their movements, he has a vision, an army is coming, riding to the oasis, completing with its swords. He sees it as an omen for the oasis where he lives because there is a war near the oasis (Coelho 99-113).

An intelligent person is a creative person, too. Santiago knows that his knowledge of omens can improve his life. When he works at a crystal shop, he makes some improvements, for example by installing a display shelves to attract customers. He also learns Arabic well while working there, so that he can do the business in Arabic very well. With his intelligence, Santiago realizes that he can get back to Spain soon. He plans to buy many sheep and to enlarge his business in Africa (Coelho 56).

Thus, from his thoughts and actions, it can be concluded that Santiago is an intelligent person. His action of studying in seminary shows that he is brilliance. He can speak some languages, can understand advice, and omens during his journey to find treasure.

(45)

4.1.2 Critical

Santiago is a critical person. He likes to think about something that is interested or awkward for him. He thinks and draws his conclusion based on what he sees and observes. As a shepherd, Santiago always pays attention to his flock’s habit and sometimes he reflects it to his habit.

He arose and, taking up his crook, began to awaken the sheep that still slept. He had noticed that, as soon as he awoke, most of his animals also began to stir. It was as if mysterious energy bound his life to that of the sheep, with whom he had spent the past two years, leading them through the countryside in search of food and water. “They are so used to me that they know my schedule,” he muttered. Thinking for that for a moment, he realized that is could be the other way around: that it was he who had become accustomed to their schedule.. (Coelho 4)

He has been critical since he was a child. He is a young seminarian when he is sixteen but then he decides to quit. As a child, he wants to know about the world. In addition, this is much more important than knowing God and learning about men’s sins

(Coelho 8). This is the reason why he likes travelling.

Santiago also likes to read books. His critical thinking can be seen when he reads books. He starts to criticize something when he feels annoyed with it. One day, he feels annoyed with a book in which the characters’ names are difficult to remember and to pronounce. He thinks that he will not do that if one day he writes a book. He wants the readers enjoy his book (Coelho 16).

A critical person usually likes to ask many questions when he does not understand about the things. The old man or Melchizedek talks about the things that unfamiliar to Santiago when they have a conversation in the market. It raises Santiago’s critical thinking. He always asks many questions to him.

(46)

“It’s a book that says the same thing almost all the other books in the world say,” continued the old man. “It describes people’s inability to choose their own Personal Legend. And it ends up saying that everyone believes the world’s greatest lie.” “What’s the world’s greatest lie?” the boy asked, completely surprised. “It’s this: that at a certain point in our lives, we lose control of what’s happening to us, and our lives become controlled by fate. That’s the world’s greatest lie.” “That’s never happened to me,” the boy said. “They wanted me to be a priest, but I decided to become a shepherd.” (Coelho 18)

Santiago keeps asking questions when he cannot accept what people think. Since he is an intelligent person, Santiago is smart of arranging his questions when he really does not know anything about the topic in the conversation. It can be seen while he talks to Melchizedek about where Melchizedek comes from and what he does

(Coelho 18-19).

People say strange things, the boy thought. Sometimes it’s better to be with the sheep, who don’t say anything. And better still to be alone withy one’s books. They tell their incredible stories at the time when you want to hear. But when you’re talking to people, they say some things that are so strange that you don’t know how to continue the conversation. (Coelho 19) Remembering a story about the baker told by Melchizedek, Santiago sometime reflects it to his life (Coelho 22-23). Actually, the baker wants to travel around the world. Santiago thinks that it would be better for the baker if he were a shepherd like him, so that he can travel around the world. Then Melchizedek relates what Santiago thinks with what he calls Personal Legend. Again, Santiago’s curiosity arises his critical thinking. He asks many questions to Melchizedek for unusual things for him.

Then the story of the baker really interrupts Santiago. He has to decide whether to continue his journey to search treasure or to keep being a shepherd. He

(47)

thinks that one day he may feel regretted if he does not follow his Personal Legend as what happens to the baker.

He buys a loaf of bread in the baker’s shop. He plays with his minds about some possibilities if he tells the baker the story told by Melchizedek. Then his mind comes into a decision that sometimes it is better to leave things as they are. He decides to say nothing to the baker (Coelho 25-26).

He uses his critical thinking to reflect with his own life. Santiago thinks about it then takes lesson from them. He contemplates to what happens towards him and draws a conclusion from it, just as when he has some doubts about his decision to travel and to find the treasure. He still cannot understand that making a decision is only a beginning of things. Then he finds that when a person makes a decision, he really dives into a strong current which brings him too many places that he never imagines when he makes his first decision. This is what happens in his life. He never imagines joining a caravan when he decides to search the treasure. And where the caravan brings him is still a mystery for him (Coelho 68).

Thus, Santiago’s habit of thinking, asking, and reflecting things show that he is a critical person. He always shows these habits when he finds something interesting or awkward for him. He tries to get clear understanding based on his knowledge so that he can accept what people think about something.

4.1.3 Religious

Santiago is a religious person. In spite of his quitting his study from a seminary and of becoming a priest, Santiago really believes in God. He has his own opinion about expressing his belief in God. Santiago feels that he cannot find

(48)

God at the seminary. However, he surely believes in God every morning when the sun rises. “I couldn’t have found God in the seminary, he thought, as he looked at the sunrise.” (Coelho 10)

Santiago’s religious side can also be seen when he consults to the Gypsy woman in order to have his dream interpreted. Santiago is afraid to her because he has heard a bad story about a Gypsy woman from his family. When the Gypsy woman examines his hand, he feels scared. “But she has the Sacred Heart of Jesus there, he thought, trying to reassure himself. He didn’t want his hand to begin trembling. Showing the old woman that he was fearful. He recited an Our Father silently.” (Coelho 12).

He believes that God has a great power to control this imperfect world. In addition, he is sure that he has a purpose in his life. For long time, God always shows him the way to be a good shepherd and now he still believes in it. He believes that God will help him during his journey by giving some signs to be seen, listened, and followed. During his life as a shepherd, he finds that God always helps his flock. And he believes God helps him, too. “If God leads the sheep so well, he will also lead a man, he thought, and that made him feel better.” (Coelho 35)

Santiago has to cross the desert in Africa in order to find treasure. He joins a caravan that heads him to Egypt. His religious trait in God can be seen when a caravan leader asks the caravan members to swear in the name of God they believe to obey his order during the journey in the desert. Santiago swears in the name of Jesus Christ.

(49)

“But I want each and every one of you to swear by the God you believe in that you will follow my order no matter what. In the desert, disobedience means death.” There was a murmur from the crowd. Each was swearing quietly to his or her own God. The boy swore to Jesus Christ. (Coelho 71-72)

From his actions above, it is clear that Santiago is a religious person. Even he decides to quit from the seminary, it does not mean that he does not believe in God. Santiago still believes in God and it can be seen from his actions.

4.1.4 Independent

Santiago is an independent person. This characteristic can be seen when he studies at seminary. By the age of sixteen, he lives in the seminary (Coelho 8). It means he leaves his parents and lives in the dormitory. A dormitory is surely has rules for its members. Because of it, Santiago has to take care of himself.

When he decides to be a shepherd, he has to leave his parents farther than before. He also has to take care of himself and his flock, to lead them to food and water. Besides, Santiago must look after himself and them from something that dangerous. Because when he travels with his flock, there will be none available to protect them.

In two years he had learned everything about shepherding: he knew how to shear sheep, how to care for pregnant ewes, and how to protect the sheep from wolves. He knew all the fields and pastures of Andalusia. And he what was the fair price for every one of his animals. (Coelho 26)

When Melchizedek gives him two stones, the Urim and Thumim, to help him making a decision, Santiago does not depend on them at all. He tries to solve his problems and to make his own decision, even though the two stones will help him to make a decision easily and more accurate.

(50)

“Take these,” said the old man, holding out a white stone and a black stone that embedded at the center of the breastplate. “They are called Urim and Thummim. The black signifies ‘yes’ and the white ‘no’. When you are unable to read the omens, they will help you to do so. Always ask an objective question. “But, if you can, try to make your own decision”. The boy put the stones in his pouch. From then on, he would make his own decisions. (Coelho 30)

During his journey to find treasure, Santiago meets people who then become his friends. However, when he faces problems, he tries to solve by himself. He does not depend on the people to make a decision. When he gets closer to his treasure, he decides to find it alone. The Alchemist tells him that it just takes 3 hours journey. Santiago just says thanks to him without asking any help (Coelho 153).

From his actions, joining the seminarian and being shepherd, Santiago is described as an independent person. His decision to be a shepherd shows that he is free. Even though he can get help from the two stones, he always makes his own decision. He tries to solve his problems by himself until he finds the treasure.

4.1.5 Determined

Santiago’s father wants him to become a priest. Actually, he does not want to. What he wants is to travel around the world and he has to tell this to his father. He has to be brave to tell his father about his decision. In this case, Santiago shows that he is a determined person. “One afternoon, on his visit to his family, he had summoned up the courage to tell his father that he didn’t want to become a priest. That he wanted to travel.” (Coelho 8)

(51)

Since his family cannot afford his travelling, he decides to be a shepherd. He argues with his father and expresses his idea with strong arguments. His father says that people who travel around the world are actually just search for new things. They are just the same people when they leave their homes and they come back again. Just as the people in his town. But Santiago persists that he wants to see those people’s towns and how they live. His father still stands with his arguments. He says that he cannot afford Santiago if he persists to travel. Their family does not have enough money. Only shepherd can travel without cost. And Santiago is willing to be a shepherd to travel. Finally, his father understands his son’s passion. He lets him to pursue his dream to travel (Coelho 9).

When he has already decided to become a shepherd, he again has to decide one thing, realizing his dream by searching the treasure or keeping being a shepherd. Santiago becomes confused on those two choices. He likes travelling a lot. On the other hand, he is accustomed with his flock. Santiago thinks hard to get his best decision. He has to choose between his flock or his dream (Coelho 27). Finally, he is sure about his decision. He wants to make his dream comes true. He thinks about what he has already left behind when he decides to become a shepherd. He thinks about his family and his sheep. He is very sure that his family are accustomed to his being away. They understand that his dream is to travel around the world. And his sheep will get used to with his absence. They are just sheep, like other sheep in his town (Coelho 28).

Santiago sticks to what he has decided. It can be seen when he has thought to come back to Spain and to start all from the beginning. He thinks about that

(52)

because he has good experiences about shepherding, but then he ignores his thought and decides to continue his journey to realize his dream .

He notices that he always wants to come back to his flock because he stays with them for years. It creates a strong feeling in his life. They become good friends and understand each other. In contrast, he wants to search his treasure but he has no idea if he has to go through the desert. The two hours time between him and the Pyramids does not seem as a big matter. He puts this situation inside-out; he is two hours closer to his treasure. Even if he cannot find it, he can go back to his flock anytime he wants because he has enough money. Santiago comes to his decision that at least he has to try to find his treasure (Coelho 65).

The same thing also happens in the desert when he decides to tell the chieftain of the oasis about his vision. Santiago sees the hawks flying and attacks the other. He gets the message and it means that the tribe will attack the oasis. He decides to tell this to the chieftain. Moreover, he knows that his decision may involve him into danger. If nothing he says happen in the future, the tribesmen hang him. However, Santiago states in his mind that he will remain on his decision to tell everything to the chieftain what he sees.

Walking long in the silence, he had no regrets. If he died tomorrow, it would be because God was not willing to change the future. He would at least have died after having crossed the strait, after having work in the crystal shop, and after having known the silence of the desert and Fatima’s eyes. He had lived every one of his days intensely since he had left home so long ago. If he died tomorrow, he would already have seen more than other shepherds, and he was proud of that. (Coelho 108-109)

From his arguments, thoughts, and actions, it is clear that Santiago is a determined person. He has his own freedom and values to believe. What people

(53)

say toward his decision does not affect him much. He is determined to continue his journey finding the treasure.

4.2 The Characterization of The Minor Characters

According to Milligan (195), minor characters appear more limited than major character. Their function in the story is only to strengthen the major character. In this study, five minor characters influence Santiago’s motivation to realize his dream. They are the old man, known as Melchizedek, the crystal merchant, the English man, the desert woman, named Fatima, and the Alchemist.

According to Murphy, there are nine methods to reveal the personalities and traits of a character used by the author for the readers (161-173). Those are personal description, character as seen by others, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thought, and mannerism. Some of nine methods are also applied in this analysis to convey those minor characters personalities and traits. Moreover, they are portrayed in the story as follows:

4.2.1 Melchizedek Known as The Old Man

Melchizedek is first known as an old man. The author calls Melchizedek as an old man very often during the story. In the beginning of the story, the author calls Melchizedek as an old man many times. The readers can find it when Melchizedek has a conversation with Santiago at their first meeting (Coelho 16-17). In addition, Santiago is surprised when he knows that Melchizedek is able to read.

(54)

“Hmm…” said the old man, looking at all sides of the book, as if it were strange object. “This is an important book, but it’s really irritating.” The boy was shocked. The old man knew how to read and had already the book. (Coelho 17)

Although Melchizedek is an old man, yet he is an intelligent person. When Santiago reads a book, Melchizedek gives his opinion about the book. It means he is able to read and has already read the book. He tells Santiago that the book tells about Personal Legends (Coelho 18).

Melchizedek’s intelligence also can be seen when he tells Santiago about the world’s greatest lie. This topic is related with the book that Santiago reads. “’It’s this: that at a certain point in our lives, we lose control of what’s happening to us, and our lives become controlled by fate. That’s the world’s greatest lie.’” (Coelho 18) There are not many people know about this topic. The person who really understands about world’s greatest lie is only the one who understands the meaning of life.

As an intelligent person, Melchizedek has many ways to convince Santiago that his Personal Legend is travelling to find the treasure. Melchizedek offers him a lesson about the treasure with a fee one-tenth of his flock. Melchizedek knows that Santiago has to be separated with them to make him focus with the treasure.

Melchizedek is a king of Salem. Being a king should be an intelligent person because a king should think about his kingdom and think how to protect his people.

(55)

“And what do you do in Salem?” he insisted.

“What do I do in Salem?” The old man laughed. “Well, I’m king of Salem!”

People say strange things, the boy thought. (Coelho 19)

The author uses the main character’s opinion to describe about how Melchizedek dresses. He dresses like an Arab. It seems very strange for Santiago in the first time. Then he realizes that there are many Arabs in the city because Africa is only two - hour - trip from Tarifa. They can go and come easily (Coelho 18).

Melchizedek knows many things very well, including the things that only a few people know. He is also able to read what a person thinks in his mind. He shows this ability when he has a conversation with Santiago about the world’s greatest lie. It is when people lose control of their own lives, of what happen to them. And fate starts controlling people’s lives. It reminds Santiago to what happens in his life when his parents want him to become a priest but he decides to become a shepherd. Santiago is surprised because the old man knows what he thinks about (Coelho 18).

Melchizedek shows that he knows many things in people’s lives, in this case is Santiago’s life. In the first time meeting with him, Santiago never tells Melchizedek about his family, his experience, or even his secret. However, Melchizedek knows it all. He writes them down in the sand of the plaza where they converse. He writes the names of Santiago’s parents, the name of the seminary he has attended, and the name of the merchant’s daughter. Again, Santiago is surprised because he himself does not know her name. He tells none about the girl (Coelho 21).

(56)

The third time when Melchizedek shows that he is able to read what a person thinks is when they converse about omens and the treasure that Santiago wants to find. While they are talking about how Santiago will find the treasure, suddenly a butterfly flutters between them. Santiago remembers what his grandfather has told him. Butterflies are good omen, like crickets, grasshopper, lizards, and four-leaf clovers. Melchizedek says that his grandfather is right about the good omens (Coelho 29).

As a king, Melchizedek is a wise person. He is willing to have conversation with a shepherd like Santiago. Moreover, he likes to share with him about Personal Legend which topic is never heard by Santiago.

“I’m the king of Salem,” the old man said. “Why would a king be talking with a shepherd?” the boy asked, awed and embarrassed. “For several reasons. But let’s say that the most important is that you have succeeded in discovering your Personal Legend.” The boy didn’t know what a person’s “Personal Legend” was. “It’s what you always wanted to accomplish. Everyone, when they are young, knows what their Personal Legend is.” (Coelho 21)

Melchizedek likes to give his wise advice to Santiago. He knows that Santiago needs something that can make him sure about his later decision. Melchizedek tries to convince him that when he wants something in his life, all the universe conspires of helping him to achieve it. It is because the Soul of the World is nourished by people’s happiness, unhappiness, envy, and jealousy (Coelho 22).

When Santiago is ready to search the treasure, Melchizedek tells him another story about the secret of happiness from the wisest man in the world. By telling him this story, Melchizedek hopes that Santiago will always remember

(57)

about his sheep. The message of the story is always remembering the drops of oil on the spoon while enjoying all the marvels of the world. That is the secret of happiness. Santiago understands the story. He realizes that as a shepherd he may not forget to his flock while he travelling around the world (Coelho 32).

Since Melchizedek is a wise person, he tells a story to Santiago that can convince him to follow his Personal Legend. Melchizedek tells him that it is more important to think about our own Personal Legend than to think what people think about us. His story compares between bakers and shepherds. He says that people think bakers are more important than shepherds. Parents are happy if their children marry with bakers than shepherds. It is because bakers have homes but shepherds always travel and live outside. It hurts Santiago. The old man says that in the end, what people think about shepherds and bakers becomes more important than their own Personal Legend (Coelho 23).

Melchizedek is a generous person. When he is success in convincing Santiago to follow his Personal Legend that is finding the treasure, he gives his two precious stones to him. Melchizedek says that the two stones will help him to read the omens during his journey in finding the treasure.

“Take these,” said the old man. Holding out a white stone and a black stone that had been embedded at the center of the breastplate. “They are called Urrim and Thummim. The black signifies ‘yes’ and the white ‘no’. whne you are unable to read the omens, they will help you to do so. Always ask an objective question. (Coelho 30)

Melchizedek is a king of Salem. The reader can find the story about him in the Holy Bible (Hebrew 7: 1–14). Melchizedek is also known as the priest of the Most High God. His first name means King of Righteousness. Since he is a king

(1)

Read the following quotations from

The Alchemist

novel!

1. This quotation below is a conversation between Santiago and the old man, a king of Salem. Santiago is a shepherd whose a dream and the old man appears to convince him about his dream.

“Why would a king be talking with a shepherd?” the boy asked, awed and embarrassed.

“For several reasons. But let’s say that the most important is that you have succeeded in discovering your Personal Legend.”

The boy didn’t know what a person’s “Personal Legend” was.

“It’s what you have always wanted to accomplish. Everyone, when they are young, knows their Personal Legend is.

“At that point in their lives, everything is clear and everything is possible. They are not afraid to dream, and to yearn for everything they like to see happen to them in their lives. But, as time passes, a mysterious force begins to convince them that it will be impossible for them to realize their Personal Legend.” (21)

(2)

2. This quotation below is still a conversation between Santiago and the old man.

“It’s a force that appears to be negative, but actually shows you how to realize your Personal Legend. It prepares your spirit and your will, because there is one great truth on this planet: whoever you are, or whatever it is that you do, when you really want something, it’s because that desire originated in the soul of the universe. It’s your mission on earth.”

“Even when all you want to do is travel? Or marry the daughter of a textile merchant?”

“Yes, or even search for treasure. The Soul of the World is nourished by people’s happiness. And also by unhappiness, envy, and jealousy. Top realize one’s destiny is a person’s only real obligation. All things are one.

“And, when you want something, all the universe conspires in helping you to achieve it.” (22)

 What is your opinion?

 Do you agree that when we really want something, the entire universe conspires in helping us to achieve it?

(3)

3. This quotation below is a conversation between Santiago and the crystal merchant. They have different way to live with their dreams.

“Well, why don’t you go to Mecca now?” asked the boy.

“Because it’s the thought of Mecca that keeps me alive. That’s what helps me face these days that are all the same, these mute crystals on the shelves, and lunch and dinner at the same horrible café. I’m afraid that if my dream is realized, I’ll have no reason to go on living. “You dream about your sheep and the Pyramids, but you’re different from me, because you want to realize your dreams. I just want to dream about Mecca. I’ve already imagined a thousands times crossing the desert, arriving at the Plaza of the Sacred Stone, the seven times I walked around it before allowing myself to touch it. I’ve already imagined the people who would be at my side, and those in front of me, and the conversations and prayers we would share. But I’m afraid that it would all be a disappointment, so I prefer just to dream about it.” (54)

 What is your opinion?

(4)

4. This below quotation is a Santiago’s reflection after he decides to search the treasure.

“That’s strange,” said the boy, as he tried once again to read the burial scene that began the book. “I’ve been trying for two years to read this book, and I never get past these first few pages.” Even without a king to provide an interruption, he was unable to concentrate.

He still had some doubts about the decisions he had made. But was able to understand one thing: making a decision was only the beginning of things. When someone makes a decision, he is really diving into a strong current that will carry him to places he had never dreamed of when he first made the decision.

When I decided to seek out my treasure, I never imagined that I’d wind up working in a crystal shop, he thought. And joining this caravan may have been my decision, but where it goes to be a mystery to me. (68)

(5)

5. This below quotation is a conversation between Santiago and the Alchemist. The Alchemist tells Santiago a story about dreams before he goes to find the treasure.

“’And this is what your son said,’ the angel told the man. ‘These are the word he said to the rabbi at the point, and they never been forgotten: “My Lord, I am not worthy that you should come under my roof. But only speak a word and my servant will be healed.””’

The alchemist said,”No matter what he does, every person on earth plays a central role in the history of the world. And normally he doesn’t know it.”

The boy smiled. He had never imagined that questions about life would be of such importance to a shepherd.

“Good-bye,” the alchemist said. “Good-bye,” said the boy. (158-159)

 What is your opinion?

 Do you agree that everyone plays a central role in the history of world even s/he does not know about it?

(6)

Books by Paulo Coelho

Novels

1. The Witch of Portobello (2006) 2. Like the Flowing River (2006) 3. The Zahir (2005)

4. Eleven Minutes (2003)

5. The Devil and Miss Prym (2000) 6. Veronika Decides to Die (1998)

7. Manual of the Warrior of Light (1997) 8. Love Letters from a Prophet (1997) 9. The Fifth Mountain (1996)

10. By the River Piedra I Sat Down and Wept (1994) 11. Maktub (1994

12. The Alchemist (1988) 13. The Pilgrimage (1987) 14. The Valkyries (1992)

15. O Dom Supremo: The Greatest Gift (1991) 16. Brida (1990)

Biography Books

1. Paulo Coelho: The Confessions of a Pilgrim (1999) 2. The Survivor – The Story of Paulo Coelho (2006)

School and Special Editions

1. The Alchemist (2003)

2. Veronica Decides to Die (2004) 3. On the Seventh day (2004)

Children Books

1. The Genie and the Roses (2004) 2. Fathers, Sons, and Grandsons (2001)

The influence of the minor characters on Santiagoâ€™s motivation in realizing his dream as seen in Paulo Coelhoâ€™s The Alchemist.

This thesis is dedicated to:

My mother, father, twin brother, soul mate, and

late Grandma ‘Emih’

My Father! All things are possible for you. Take this cup of

suffering away from me. Yet, not what I want, but what you want.

(Mark 14: 36)

And so I say to you: Ask, and you will receive; seek and you will find;

knock, and the door will be opened to anyone who knocks.

Read the following quotations from

The Alchemist

novel!

Books by Paulo Coelho

Parts

Dokumen yang terkait

Santiago`s intrapersonal conflicts in pursuing his dream as seen in Coelho`s The Alchemist.

The influence of grant`s personality on his football team`s motivation as seen in Eric Wilson`s facing the giants

The revelation of the philosophical teachings of alchemy tradition as seen in Paulo Coelho`s The Alchemist.

Paulo`s motivation to seek his guardian angel as seen in Coelho`s The Valkyries.

The influence of the minor characters on Santiagoâ€™s motivation in realizing his dream as seen in Paulo Coelhoâ€™s The Alchemist

The Influence of Setting toward Santiago’s Characteristics as seen in Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist

The motivation of the main characterâ€™s homosexual relationship as seen in Alice Walkerâ€™s The Color Purple - USD Repository

The influence of the major characters toward biggerâ€™s personality development in Wrightâ€™s Native Son - USD Repository

The contribution of Mariaâ€™s characterization and past sexual experiences to her female orgasmic disorder as seen in Paulo Coelhoâ€™s Eleven Minutes - USD Repository

PAULO’S MOTIVATION TO SEEK HIS GUARDIAN ANGEL AS SEEN IN COELHO’S THE VALKYRIES

Dukungan

Links

The influence of the minor characters on Santiagoâ€™s motivation in realizing his dream as seen in Paulo Coelhoâ€™s The Alchemist.

This thesis is dedicated to:

My mother, father, twin brother, soul mate, and

late Grandma ‘Emih’

My Father! All things are possible for you. Take this cup of

suffering away from me. Yet, not what I want, but what you want.

(Mark 14: 36)

And so I say to you: Ask, and you will receive; seek and you will find;

knock, and the door will be opened to anyone who knocks.

Read the following quotations from

The Alchemist

novel!

Books by Paulo Coelho

Parts

Dokumen yang terkait

Santiago`s intrapersonal conflicts in pursuing his dream as seen in Coelho`s The Alchemist.

The influence of grant`s personality on his football team`s motivation as seen in Eric Wilson`s facing the giants

The revelation of the philosophical teachings of alchemy tradition as seen in Paulo Coelho`s The Alchemist.

Paulo`s motivation to seek his guardian angel as seen in Coelho`s The Valkyries.

The influence of the minor characters on Santiagoâ€™s motivation in realizing his dream as seen in Paulo Coelhoâ€™s The Alchemist

The Influence of Setting toward Santiago’s Characteristics as seen in Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist

The motivation of the main characterâ€™s homosexual relationship as seen in Alice Walkerâ€™s The Color Purple - USD Repository

The influence of the major characters toward biggerâ€™s personality development in Wrightâ€™s Native Son - USD Repository

The contribution of Mariaâ€™s characterization and past sexual experiences to her female orgasmic disorder as seen in Paulo Coelhoâ€™s Eleven Minutes - USD Repository

PAULO’S MOTIVATION TO SEEK HIS GUARDIAN ANGEL AS SEEN IN COELHO’S THE VALKYRIES

Dokumen yang Anda mencari sudah siap untuk unduhkan