AN ANALYSIS OF CONJUNCTION IN THE SHORT STORY "LITTLE ANNIE'S RAMBLE" BY NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.

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An Analysis of Conjunction in the Short Story

“Little Annie’s Ramble By Nathaniel Hawthorne

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities

State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Fitria Dewi

Reg. Number A33212077

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL

SURABAYA 2016

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ABSTRACT

Dewi, Fitria. 2016. An Analysis of Conjunction in the Short Story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne. English Department, Faculty of Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The Advisor : Dr. H. A. Dzo’ul Milal, M. Pd.

This thesis discusses an analysis of the types of conjunction and the functions of conjunction in the short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne. In this thesis, the writer proposes two research questions as follows: (1) What are the types of conjunction which appear in the short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2) What are the functions of conjunction used in the short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne.

The writer uses descriptive qualitative research because the data collected are in the form of words. The procedure in data collection are identifying the conjunctions by giving underline, making a list the conjunctions which appear in short story, giving codes and classification in every conjunctions which consist of the types and the functions of conjunction, then analyzing each conjunction of the types and the functions of conjunction which found and used in short story.

Having analyzed the data, the writer found four types of conjunction which propose by Halliday and Hasan (1976) namely additive, adversative, causal, and temporal which found in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story. This research also indicative the four functions of conjunction which propose by Stern (2003) namely conjunction joins one word to another, conjunction joins one phrase to another, conjunction joins one clause to another, and conjunction joins one sentence to another are used in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story.

The types and the functions of conjunction are important in organizing discourse and in the social sciences. The types of conjunction can help the people understanding the logic meaning of conjunction and the functions of conjunctions can help the people comprehend the whole text. The writer suggests for the other researcher who wants to analyze the types and the functions of conjunction can gives more attention in other types and functions of conjunction such as coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions.

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ABSTRAK

Thesis ini mendiskusikan tentang analisis dari jenis-jenis dari kunjungsi dan fungsi-fungsi dari konjungsi di dalam cerita pendek berjudul “Little Annie’s

Ramble” oleh Nathaniel Hawthorne. Di dalam thesis ini penulis mengemukakan

dua pertanyaan yaitu: (1) apa saja jenis-jenis dari konjungsi yang muncul di dalam

cerita pendek “Little Annie’s Ramble” oleh Nathaniel Hawthorne (2) apa saja

fungsi-fungsi yang digunakan di dalam cerita pendek “Little Annie’s Ramble” oleh Nathaniel Hawthorne.

Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif qualitative karena data yang di kumpulkan berbentuk kata-kata. Prosedur dari pengumpulan data adalah mengidentifikasi konjungsi dengan memberi garis bawah, membuat daftar konjungsi yang muncul di dalam cerita pendek, memberikan kode dan klasifikasi pada setiap konjungsi yang terdiri dari jenis-jenis dan fungsi-fungsi dari konjungsi kemudian menganalisis setiap konjungsi dari jenis-jenis dan fungsi-fungsi dari konjungsi yang ditemukan dan digunakan di dalam cerita pendek. Setelah selesai menganalisis data, penulis menemukan empat jenis dari konjungsi yang diusulkan oleh Halliday dan Hasan yaitu additive, adversative, causal, dan temporal yang ditemukan di dalam cerita pendek “Little Annie’s Ramble”. Penelitian ini juga menunjukan empat fungsi dari konjungsi yang diusulkan oleh Stern yaitu konjungsi bergabung dari satu kata dengan kata yang lain, konjungsi bergabung dari satu phrase dengan phrase yang lain, konjungsi bergabung dari satu clause dengan clause yang lain, dan konjungsi bergabung dari satu kalimat dengan

kalimat yang lain adalah digunakan di dalam cerita pendek “Little Annie’s

Ramble”.

Jenis-jenis dan fungsi-fungsi dari konjungsi adalah sangat penting di dalam mengorganisir wacana dan di dalam ilmu pengetahuan sosial. Jenis-jenis dari konjungsi dapat membantu orang-orang memahami arti yg logika dari konjungsi dan fungsi-fungsi dari konjungsi dapat membantu orang-orang mengerti keseluruhan dari teks. Penulis menyarankan kepada peneliti lain yang ingin menganalisa jenis-jenis dan fungsi-fungsi dari konjungsi dapat memberikan banyak perhatian pada jenis-jenis dan fungsi-fungsi yang lain seperti konjungsi koordinasi, kata penghubung konjungsi, dan konjungsi korelative.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Inside Cover Page...i

Inside Title Page...ii

Motto...iii

Declaration Page...iv

Dedication Page...v

Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page...vi

Thesis Examiner’s Approval Page...vii

Acknowledgment...………..viii

Table of Contents...x

Abstract...xii

Abstrak...xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study...1

1.2 Statement of the Problems...6

1.3 Objectives of the Study...6

1.4 Significance of the Study...7

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study...7

1.6 Definition of Key Terms...7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Theoretical Framework...9

2.1.1 The Framework of Cohesion...9

2.1.2 Cohesion...11

2.1.3 Conjunction...11

2.1.4 The Function of Conjunction...17

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Approach...21

3.2 Data and Data Sources...22

3.3 Data Collection...22

3.4 Data Analysis...23

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Findings...…25 4.1.1 The Types of Conjunction...25

4.1.1.1 Additive Relation...26

4.1.1.2 Adversative Relation...35

4.1.1.3 Causal Relation...40

4.1.1.4 Temporal Relation...44

4.1.2 The Function of Conjunction Found in Short Story...48

4.1.2.1 Conjunction Joins One Word to Another...49

4.1.2.2 Conjunction Joins One Phrase to Another...53

4.1.2.3 Conjunction Joins One Clause to Another...56

4.1.2.4 Conjunction Joins One Sentence to Another...59

4.2 Discussion...64

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion...68

5.2 Suggestion...69

BIBLIOGRAPHY...70 APPENDIX

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the writer explains six parts of introduction which are background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, and definition of key terms.

1.1Background of the Study

Language is a human special skills to communicate and used as device to communicate each other. Language is divided into two forms based on the point of view of production, it is clear that spoken and written language makes somewhat different demands on language (Brown and Yule, 1983:4). It clearly describes that language is important role to create communication either spoken or written.

Brown and Yule argued, the speaker has available to him the full range of voice quality effects (as well as facial expression, postural, and gestural systems) (1983:4). Whereas the speaker is under considerable pressure to keep on talking during the period allotted to him, the writer is characteristically under no such pressure (Brown and Yule, 1983:5). It clearly mention that people use correct and different grammar to deliver message through the written language, while people use utterance to deliver their intention through the spoken language.

In communication, Mahendra also thinks there is a horde of information whether it is spoken or written. The written text exhibits how the language is

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exploited or manipulated in order to success the intended goal of the writer (2013:2). It means people also uses the written text and spoken in their communication. Through this study, the writer uses written text and written language to deliver purpose of this study and also to deliver an understanding of cohesive devices.

Cohesive devices divisible become some the relation of cohesion. Cohesion is a part of the system of a language (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:5). It means in scope of language which grammar and discourse are mostly integrated is in types of cohesion in texts. The main patterns of cohesion are reference, lexical cohesion, conjunction, substitution and ellipsis (Paltridge, 2006:130) . It means there are five types of cohesion that has relation between some items in the text such as words, phrases and clauses, and the other items such as pronouns, nouns, and conjunction.

Cohesive device which is used in this study is conjunction. While Mahendra argues, a conjunction is a way of linking different parts of text to create cohesiveness. Cohesiveness is demanding to learn to use conjunctions correctly in a foreign language (2013:2). It means conjunctions refer to the way uses to create cohesiveness in different parts of text become correctly language. It clearly that conjunctive elements are cohesive not inside of the text but indirectly, by virtue of the conjunctions specific meanings conjunctive elements are not the primary devices for reaching out into the preceding or following text, but the conjunctions express certain meanings which presuppose the presence of other components in the discourse.

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Conjunction as described by Bloor and Bloor (1995:98) in Hameed (2008:92) acts as “a cohesive tie between clauses or sections of text in such a way as to demonstrate a meaningful pattern between them”. While Halliday and Hasan in forethought indicate that “conjunctive relations are not tied to any particular sequence in the expression" (1976:227). It shows some theories that connect the conjunction between two clauses which is meaningful in one sentence and there are no relation of any particular sequences in the expression in conjunctive relation.

Therefore, among the cohesion forming devices within text, conjunction is the least directly identifiable relation. Halliday and Hasan argued there are four types of conjunction namely additive, adversative, causal, and temporal (1976:238). While Christariana argues, the different types of conjunctive relations that enter into cohesion are not the same as the elementary logical relations that are expressed through the structural medium of coordination (2013:4). It is clear from some statements above that the phenomena or form of conjunctive relations can be grouped into four categories that may occur in either internal or external context.

The internal and external relations also has been explained by Martin, he said “ what have been characterized as rhetorical relations here as internal, these relations obtain in the organization of the text itself rather than the organization of the world the text describes. The experiential relations are referred to as external, oriented to what is going on outside the text” (1992:180). It means the internal relation describes to what is going inside of the text and the external relation

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describes to what is going on outside of the text. Therefore, most of conjunctions have several different functions and these may correspond to several different conjunctions in another language.

Stern argues, the function of conjunction is to join any of the following language units such as word, clause, sentence, and phrase to another (2003:101). It means the function of conjunction can be distinguishable become some categories which have a meaning if the conjunction join with words, sentences, clauses, and phrases.

In fact, conjunctions always appear either in spoken or written text. Word that appears in written text is a conscious manipulation based on the experience of the author (as cited in Head, 2009:13). Short story is one example of written text which function of the conjunctions have relation between some word, phrase, clause, and sentence. In this opportunity the writer found an interested of the short story which indispensable for data to be analyzed in this study.

The short story is entitled "Little Annie's Ramble" by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 2015. "Little Annie's Ramble" marks the beginning of Hawthorne's career as a writer of juvenile literature, a career that spanned more than twenty years. Alba argues, that the short story "Little Annie's Ramble" is Hawthorne’s first story which is portraying a female child character, his schoolmate and intimate friend (2000:237). It means, “Little Annie's Ramble” is a story about the day of a little girl wandering around town. This short story is telling about a five years old girl that enjoyed her life by describing her life in town with wonderful

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toys, delicious pastries and exotic animals. “Little Annie's Ramble” is short story depictions of the imagination of a little girl that want to see her around world.

In his 1840 review of Hawthorne's Twice-Told Tales. Poe argues, these effusions of Mr. Hawthorne are the product of a truly imaginative intellect, restrained, and in some measure repressed by fastidiousness of taste, by constitutional melancholy, and by indolence" (1847:134). It means the short story entitled "Little Annie's Ramble" by Nathaniel Hawthorne only detailed study of Hawthorne's tale which is paradigmatic.

Meanwhile, Paul argues, "Little Annie's Ramble," is not the "pure essay" that Poe dismisses it as; it's a complexly crafted psychological tale of narrative repression and suggestion neither an essay nor pure (2005:4). It clearly mention that the short story entitled "Little Annie's Ramble" by Nathaniel Hawthorne is the imagination from the little girl which uses psychological language which is told by Hawthorne.

The main point of this story is about the imagination from the little girl with psychological language. Hawthorne (2015) uses conjunctions words to help him to delivers his messages and to describes his intentions. The writer interested in analyzing this short story because the short story had intended meaning in every sentences if conjoined with conjunctions and this short story was different from the other story where the little girl told about her condition by describing her imaginations.

By explaining above, the writer separated every utterances to classify the types of conjunction and the functions of conjunction because understanding

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English was not an easy task, even for those who educated in English. The difficulties occur when using their English, especially in understanding conjunctions, because every conjunction has different meaning in different sentences.

The writer purposes to show the types of conjunction and the functions of conjunction in “Little Annie’s Ramble” through the research.

1.2Statement of the Problems

Based on the topic above, there are problems related to the study, which the writer formulates the following research question:

1. What are the types of conjunction which appear in the short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne?

2.What are the functions of conjunction used in the short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne?

1.3Objectives of the Study

This study concern of presenting a brief explanation for the readers about the problems specified previously. Through this study, the writer presented the following aims:

1.To describe and find out the types of conjunction in short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne.

2.To explain the functions of conjunction used in short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne.

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1.4Significance of the Study

This study was concerned in cohesion device especially in the conjunction. For readers, this study have purposes to explore the conjunction in specific area. The writer can gives the additional information to reader about cohesion, especially in types and functions of conjunction.

Moreover, the writer hopes the readers get better understanding to the types and functions of conjunction in words, clauses, phrases, and sentences and also the writer hopes that this study can give benefit to lot of people.

Another reason, the writer hopes this study become useful reference especially for linguistic students to learn about discourse especially in cohesive device that is the conjunction.

1.5Scope and Limitation of the Study

The writer focus on the types of conjunction which appear in short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2015) and the functions of conjunction used in short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2015). The conjunction has functions which can make a complete sentence which has a meaning. Moreover, the writer commit this research based on the short story and does not have interview with the writer directly.

1.6 Definition of Key Terms

In this study, definitions of key terms are given to avoid misunderstanding between the researcher’s perception and the reader’s perception. It is important to define some terms used in this study.

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1. Cohesion:

Cohesion is a part of the system of a language (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:5). Cohesion which is in scope of language in which grammar and discourse are mostly integrated is in types of cohesion in texts.

2. Conjunction:

Conjunction is a way of linking different parts of text to create cohesiveness (Mahendra, 2013:2). The conjunction which is used to create cohesiveness in different parts of text become correct language.

3. “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story

The original short story was first published by Nathaniel Hawthorne in late 1834 in America. “Little Annie's Ramble” is a story about the day of a little girl wandering around town. This short story is telling about a five years old girl that enjoyed her life by describing her life in town with wonderful toys, delicious pastries and exotic animals.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, the writer explains and includes the discussion of some theories of the previous study. Related theories which have links with the study, namely cohesion, conjunction, and the functions of conjunction. The writer give brief explanation some resources that will support this study.

2.1 Theoretical Framework

2.1.1 The Framework of Cohesion

Cohesion Types of Cohesion

Substitution Ellipsis Reference Conjunction Lexical Cohesion

Types of Conjunction The Function of

Conjunction Conjunction

Conjunction Join One Conjunction Join Word to Another One Sentence

to Another

Additive Causal

Conjunction Join One Conjunction Join One Adversative Temporal Phrase to Another Clause to Another

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The scheme 2.11 the framework of cohesion took under consideration in Halliday and Hasan’s book entitled “Cohesion in English” in 1976 and took under consideration in Stern’s book entitled “An Outline of English Grammar with Exercises and Answer Key” in 2003.

The scheme of cohesion give some point to get easy the readers to understand about what the content in this study. Cohesion was a part of the system of a language (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:5). It means that in scope of language in which grammar and discourse are mostly integrated is in types of cohesion in texts.

The main patterns of cohesion were reference, lexical cohesion, conjunction, substitution and ellipsis (Paltridge, 2006:130) . It means there are five types of cohesion has relation between some items in the text such as words, phrases and clauses, and other items such as pronouns, nouns, and conjunction.

The next way in which language also contributes to the expressed of text was through the use of conjunction. The conjunction was divisible into four types those were additive, adversative, causal, and temporal (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:238). It means those are different acts and have different meanings so, there are some categories for expressed those acts.

The writer also explains the functions of conjunction that is appropriate with the types of conjunction which has been explained before. Stern argued, the function of conjunction is to join any of the following language units such as word, clause, sentence, and phrase to another (2003:101). It means the function of

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conjunction can distinguishable become some categories have a meaning if the conjunction join with words, sentences, clauses, and phrases.

2.1.2 Cohesion

The concept of cohesion was a semantic, it refers to relations of meaning that existed within the text, and that defined it was a text (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:4). It means relation of meaning that exists within the text and that defined it as a text. Cohesion consider as semantic relations between clauses and the ways this expressed through the use of conjunctions.

A further aspect of cohesion was the ways in which words such as “one” and “do” were use to substitute for other words in a text (substitution) and the ways in which words or phrases were left out, or ellipsed, from a text (ellipsis) (Paltridge, 2006:131). It means that cohesion is shows the ways in other aspect of words in text of substitution and words in text of ellipsis.

2.1.3 Conjunction

McCarthy argued, a conjunction does not set off a search backward or forward for its referent, but it does presuppose a textual sequence, and signals a relationship between segments of the discourse (1991:46). It means a conjunction includes relationship between words, sentences, clauses, and phrases that join with a textual sequence and signals and also have a meaning as conjunctive in a sentence.

Mahendra thought, a conjunction is a way of linking different parts of text to create cohesiveness. Cohesiveness was demanding to learn and use

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conjunctions correctly in a foreign language (2013:2). It means conjunctions refer to the way used to create cohesiveness in different parts of text become correctly language.

Conjunction as described by Bloor and Bloor (1995:98) in Hameed (2008:92) acts as a cohesive tie between clauses or sections of text in such a way as to demonstrate a meaningful pattern between them, though Halliday and Hasan (1976:227) indicate that conjunctive relations are not tied to any particular sequence in the expression. It clearly shows that conjunctive relations has a meaningful pattern in some situation for expressed of conjunction act in clear context.

By explanation above show the relation of conjunction between two clauses have meaning in one sentence and there are no relation of any particular sequence in the expression in conjunctive relation.

Christariana argued, the different types of conjunctive relations that enter into cohesion are not the same as the elementary logical relations that are expressed through the structural medium of coordination (2013:4). It means represent the generalized types of connection that its recognize as holding between sentences. It means that is the phenomena of conjunctive relations which can be grouped into four categories that may occur in either internal or external context. Through Halliday and Hasan, there were four types of conjunction: additive, adversative, causal, and temporal (1974:238).

The first type of conjunction is additive. The additive conjunction acts to structurally coordinate or link by adding to the presupposed item. The additive

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relation was somewhat which was different from coordination appropriate, although it was no doubt derivable from coordination appropriate which could be seen from (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:244). Although additive indicates something rather looser and less structural than what it meant by coordinate. The reason was a coordinate pair function as a single unit. It means additive relation is expression as link by adding to the proper item with purpose to get understanding to a sentence.

Examples for additive relation included, and, or, more ever, likewise, furthermore, beside that, on the other hand, for example, thus,etc. (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:242). There are some words, sentence, clause, and phrase that join with conjunction which classified as additive in short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2015) one other thing is:

“The town crier has rung his bell, at a distant corner, and little Annie stands on her father's doorsteps, trying to hear what the man with the loud voice is talking about” (Hawthorne, 2015:1).

the data above, the conjunction and was simple form of additive relation, because and used alone as a cohesive item. In the additive relation and used cohesively as conjunction and it was not main point to purpose of textual cohesion, it also explained by Halliday and Hasan, when we were considering cohesion relation, we can group together under the heading additive both of the two types that appeared structurally in the form of coordination the and type and the or type. The distinction between these two was not of primary significance of purpose of textual cohesion, and in any case it was not the same distinction as that which was

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find between them in coordination (1976:244). It clearly shows the additive relation and as conjunction but is not the main item as purpose of textual cohesion.

The second type is adversative. The adversative was contrary to expectation as the basic meaning of the adversative relation derived from the content of what is being said or from the communication process, and the speaker-hearer situation. The adversative conjunction acts to indicated“contrary to expectation” (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:250). It means, the adversative has word as adversative relation to used for give contrary meaning in the sentences or clauses or phrases or words in any situation that doing by speaker and hearer.

Examples for adversative type was characterize by such conjunctions as yet, through, only, but, however, nevertheless, in fact, actually, instead, rather, anyhow, etc (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:242). There are some words, sentences, clauses, and phrases that join with conjunction which classified as adversative in short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2015) one other thing is:

“Is not little Annie afraid of such a tumult? No; she does not even shrink closer to my side, but passes on with fearless confidence, a happy child a midst a great throng of grown people, who pay the same reverence to her infancy, that they would to extreme old age” (Hawthorne, 2015:1).

the data above, the adversative relation can visible from but as conjunction that join in the sentence above. The conjunction but above shows contrary with her feeling of fact situation and but included as simple form of adversative, while Halliday and Hasan argued, wheres yet and but are normally spoken as "reduced"

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syllables and become tonal only for purposes of contrast (1976:230). It means but which can used as shorthand in the logical meaning that show the appropriate purpose.

The third type of conjunction is causal. The distinction between the external and internal types of cohesion tended to be a little less in the context of causal relations than in the other contexts, because the idea of cause already involved some degrees of interpretation by the speaker. The causal conjunction expressed “result, reason and purpose” (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:256). It means, the causal relation has meaning result, reason and purpose if join with sentences, clauses, phrases, and words. So, interpretation of the speaker and hearer become proper.

Examples for causal relation expressed by conjunction such as so, then, for, because, as a result, therefor, in that case, otherwise, for this reason, in this end, etc (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:243). There are some words, sentence, clause, and phrase that join with conjunction which classified as causal in short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2015) one other thing is:

“But where would Annie find a partner? Some have the gout in their toes, or the rheumatism in their joints; some are stiff with age; some feeble with disease; some are so lean that their bones would rattle, and others of such ponderous size that their agility would crack the flag-stones; but many, many have leaden feet, because their hearts are far heavier than lead” (Hawthorne, 2015:2)

the data above show the result and reason of the sentence above. The conjunction so and because become signal that is deciphrable as result and reason if so and because join in sentences, phrases, clauses, and words.

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The last conjunction type is temporal. The temporal and links which expressed signaling sequence or time (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:261). It means the temporal relations are the relations between two successive sentences and these relation in external terms as content may be simply one of the sequences in time and the one is subsequent to the other.

Examples for temporal included the sense of conclusiveness by such items as next, after that, finally, before that, at least, secondly, at once, up to now, at this point, to resume, etc (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:243). There are some words, sentence, clause, and phrase that join with conjunction which classified as temporal in short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2015) one other thing is:

“See how he uplifts the bell in his right hand, and shakes it slowly at first, then with a hurried motion, till the clapper seems to strike both sides at once, and the sounds are scattered forth in quick succession, far and near” (Hawthorne, 2015:5).

the data above show then as simple form of temporal relation and at once as complex form of temporal relation. The conjunction then has a meaning sequential and at once has a meaning immediate.

Through Halliday and Hasan, the temporal relation may be made specific by the presence of an additional component in the meaning, as well as that of succession in time. So, for example, we may have then + immediately (at once, thereupon, on which) (1976:261). It means, if then and at once in one sentence can coherent because both have a contrast meaning of in time and become a

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proper sentence if join with words, clauses, phrases and sentences that appropriate.

2.1.4 The Functions of Conjunction

The conjunctions is often used to choose between putting the conjoined clause of headed by the conjunction first and putting it second in ending of a sentence, because the beginning of the sentence is clearly to know the purpose of a sentence. So, the writer made choice to explain the functions of conjunction that is appropriate with the types of conjunction which has been explained before.

Based on Stern, the functions of conjunction is to join any of the following language units such as word, clause, sentence, and phrase to another (2003:101). It means the functions of conjunction can distinguishable become some categories which have a meaning if a conjunction join with words, sentences, clauses, and phrases. The categories from the functions of conjunctions explainable like the examples as follow:

a) Conjunction joins one word to another

From data source: Red and blue (Hawthorne, 2015:3) b) Conjunction joins one clause to another

From data source: Which many children feel, and which I felt in my

childhood (Hawthorne, 2015:1)

c) Conjunction joins one sentence to another

From data source: He is thinking of his voyages on an iceberg, and of his comfortable home in the vicinity of the north

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pole, and of the little cubs whom he left rolling in the eternal snows (Hawthorne, 2015:5)

d) Conjunction joins one phrase to another

From data source: Oh! he is telling the people that an elephant, and a lion, and a royal tiger, and a horse with horns, and other strange beasts from foreign countries

(Hawthorne, 2015:1)

the data above show the examples of each categories from the functions of conjunction. Besides, the functions of conjunction has different meaning if the conjunction join with words, sentences, clauses, and phrases because every conjunction has different meaning in the respect of the functions of the conjunction itself.

2.2 Review of Previous Studies

To enrich our knowledge about linguistic field, the writer reviewed the previous study who conducted a research about the cohesive device especially the conjunction. The first study entitled “A Noncombinatorial Approach for Efficient Conjunction Analysis” which is made by Michael Mercurio (2014). The study of Michael Mercurio focused on reducing the number of object pairs to be researched. Michael Mercurio used conjunction analysis as his research method.

The second study was “The Effect of Language of Instruction on Comprehension Conjunction” conducted by Amy L. Moore (2012). This research focused on the effect of comprehension conjunction of bilingual explanation. The aimed to determine of a bilingual explanation of conjunctions results in better

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comprehension that an explanation in English only for dual language learners reading an English language text. Four bilingual third grade students on the communities of Longmont and Boulder it was an object of this research.

Next study entitled “Conjunctions and The Grammatical Agreement” conducted by Heidi Lorimor (2008). The research focused on the factors of producing agreement that using proof from conjoined subjects in English and Lebanese Arabic. The researcher used object of American English sentences from World Wide Web explained that speakers often produce singular verbs with conjoined subject in his research.

Another study has been created by M. Teresa Solias i Aris (1991) entitled “The Category of The Conjunction in Categorial Grammar”. The research focused on the categorial types for conjunction inside of categorial grammar formalism. The aimed of this study is to find a category for conjunction that allows the grammar formalism to account for natural language phenomena and explore the categorial type for conjunctions is proposed which can account for those characteristic.

The different study between this study and previous research is this study focused to find out the types of conjunctions which appears in little Annie’s ramble short story and the functions of conjunction used in little Annie’s ramble short story which is purposes to know various of conjunction and to know the functions of conjunction if the conjunction to join with words, clauses, phrases, and sentences in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2015).

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The writer only used a short story as object in her research, it was different with the previous study which used a novel, four bilingual third grade students on the communities of Longmont and Boulder, and used object of American English sentences from World Wide Web in their research. Another differentiation, this study focused on the conjunction especially the types and the functions of conjunction. Meanwhile, the previous study focused on the effect of comprehension conjunction of bilingual explanation, the factors of producing agreement that using, and conjunction analysis.

The significance of those differences in this study was to readers a better understanding of various types of the conjunction and the functions of conjunction and also the writer hopes this research can give benefit to lot of people.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

In this chapter, the writer describes and explains the approach used in this study, data and data sources, data collection and data analysis.

3.1 Research Approach

The writer applied descriptive qualitative research for completing this study because this study is intended to find out the conjunctions in the short story “Little Annie’s Ramble by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2015). Mcleod (2010:571) in Tavallaei and Talib argued, qualitative research does not intend to “test” a hypothesis but this method has a deep tendency to “describe, analyze, and interpret the constructive aspects of social world”. While Neuman in Suswati (2014:17) argues, when data in the form of words, sentences, and paragraphs rather than number, it means qualitative research. It clearly that basically qualitative researches are to describe, to analyze, and to interpret utterances in the form of words, sentences, and paragraphs and it does not the numeric data.

The writer used descriptive qualitative research because in the analysis the writer did not put any numeric data. The writer used primary data of utterances in the short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2015). The conjunctions joined with words, phrases, clauses, and sentences rather than used numeric data in this study.

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The writer described the types of conjunction in short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” and explained the functions of conjunction used in short story

“Little Annie’s Ramble” in the data analysis. The writer used descriptive

explanation as the methods to show the descriptive information in her research. Descriptive explanation is used to explain some information that contained in the conjunctions which have relation with other words or sentences. Descriptive explanation is also used to give clear explanation of the functions of conjunction which is used in short story.

3.2 Data and Data Sources

The data were taken from all utterances using conjunction is contained in

short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2015). The data

were taken from the short story which is consisted of the conjunctions, where some conjunctions appear in the short story. However, there are two sources of data; those are primary data and secondary data. The writer took the primary data from Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story entitled “Little Annie’s Ramble”, also to collected the secondary data from journals, books, and articles to approve her analysis.

3.3 Data Collection

The process of collected the data is involving take a notes and classification. To collect the data, the first step was searched and downloaded the text of short story entitled “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne in Google book. The second step, the writer read the short story from her laptop

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because the writer has the short story in the soft copy, then the writer printed out the short story to made it easier in analysis. The third step, the writer identified the data by giving underline in every conjunction which appear in short story. The fourth step, the writer made a list the conjunctions which appear in short story. The last step, the writer gave codes in every conjunctions which consist of additive, adversative, causal and temporal.

3.4 Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the writer did some steps in analyzing the conjunctions which appeared in short story entitled “Little Annie’s Ramble”. The first step, the writer classified every conjunction which consists of additive, adversative, causal and temporal. The second step, the writer described and explained the types of conjunction which consist of additive, adversative, causal and temporal in conjunction relation. Then, the writer used Halliday and Hasan (1976) theory to analyze the types of conjunction which appear in the short story. The next step, the writer classified the categories from the functions of conjunction that join some of the following language units such as word, phrase, clause, and sentence which found in the short story.

Then, the writer described and explained each of categories from the functions of conjunction which appear in short story. After that, the writer used Stern (2003) theory to analyze the functions of conjunction used in the short story and intended to divide in some categories which are includes what the relation between conjunctions with nouns, adjectives, adverb and verb in the short story.

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conjunctions in the short story “Little Annie’s Ramble”. Then, the writer drew the

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CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the writer presents the findings and discussion. The writer focuses on the types and function of conjunction which appear in the “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story. This research focusing on the conjunctions, it makes the writer able to answers the statement of problems in this study which consist of two issues. The first is to answer the types of conjunction which appear in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story. The second is to answer the functions of the conjunction are used in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story.

4.1 Findings

The writer showed types of conjunction which appear in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The writer also showed the functions of conjunction used in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne.

4.1.1 The Types of Conjunction

There are 27 the conjunctions that consists in the short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne, 8 additive, 6 adversative, 6 causal, and 7 temporal as apparent in the appendix. The conjunctions of additive expression are dominated in the short story, because there are 8 additive expressions that occur in the short story.

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In this part, the writer found the types of conjunction that occur in the “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne. As stated in the scope and limitation that all the data is found out by the writer itself. The writer provides interpretation based on the findings in relation of the types of conjunction which appear in short story.

The writer analyze based on the types of conjunction relation proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1976) in page 242-243. It explains the relation from the types of conjunction is the expression has meaning in proper situations and proper conditions. It means in relation from the types of conjunction is defines language appropriate within situation and condition certain of the conjunction expression.

The writer also analyzes the data of conjunction relation according to description of what the relation in the types of conjunction to give brief understanding about the short story.

4.1.1.1 Additive Relation

The additive relation was somewhat which was different from coordination appropriate, although it was not doubt derivable from coordination appropriate which could be seen from (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:244). It means the additive relation is expression as link by adding to the proper item with purpose to get understanding to a sentence. The explanation to additive relation which appear in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne is below:

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The conjunction and was simple form of additive relation as explained previously by Halliday and Hasan, the and relation as it is embodied in the form of coordination, and suggested that the cohesive relation expressed by and at a beginning of new sentence (1976:244). It means the conjunction and as expression to add in the form of coordination which appear in beginning of new sentence can help a narrative flows smoothly and can draw attention to the sentence. But, the other sentence, and often uses in end of sentence to complete of understanding from the sentence before. It can be seen clearly in the following sentences:

Data 1

The town crier has rung his bell, at a distant corner, and little Annie stands on her father's doorsteps, trying to hear what the man with the loud voice is talking about. (Hawthorne, 2015:1)

The data above show and as conjunction relation to connect one clause to join with another clause to get a proper sentence. The conjunction and in data above show one idea contrast with another clause because the first clause show the town crier is doing the job in different situation than little Annie. The second clause show little Annie is doing her activities in different situation than the town crier but both of clauses in the same times.

Data 2

O, he is telling the people that an elephant, and a lion, and royal tiger, and a horse with horns, and other strange beasts from foreign countries, have come to town, and will receive all visitors who choose to wait upon them! (Hawthorne, 2015:1)

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The data 2, it shows “an elephant”, “a lion”, “royal tiger”, and “a horse”, their have same meaning as animals. The conjunction and in data above as additional of expression from simple additive relation to correlate one phrase which has same meaning as animals with another phrase.

2. Or (Simple Alternative Additive)

The conjunction or was simple alternative form of additive relation as explained previously by Haliday and Hasan, the basic meaning of the conjunctive or relation is alternative (1976:246). It was external sense, the offering of a range of objective alternatives, or together with its expansion or else was largely confined to questions, requests, permissions and predictions (realized in the grammar as interrogative, imperative and modalized clauses) (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:246). It clarifies the conjunction or as expression of simple alternative from additive relation to show some other choices or possibilities to get a proper correlation sentence. It can be seen clearly in the following sentences:

Data 3

Some have the gout in their toes, or the rheumatism in their joints; some are stiff with age; some feeble with disease; some are so lean that their bones would rattle, and others of such ponderous size that their agility would crack the flagstones; but many, many have leaden feet, because their hearts are far heavier than lead. (Hawthorne, 2015:2)

The conjunction or in data above show the possibility of two phrases and both of phrases have different possibility. In first phrase has possibility that the gout in their toes while in the second phrase has possibility that the rheumatism in

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their joints. So, in data above the conjunction or is as an alternatively of their illness.

Data 4

It is a question with me, whether this giddy child, or my sage self, have most pleasure in looking at the shop-windows. (Hawthorne, 2015:2)

The data 4, it shows two possibilities are use or as expression of conjunction relation. The first phrase “this giddy child” has meaning the ball is up child and the second phrase “my sage self” has meaning wisdom of myself. Because the data above use or as to connect both of phrases to show as possibility and choices.

3. Neither...nor (Simple Negative Additive)

The conjunction neither....nor as negative form of simple additive as expression with more or less the same meaning. Previously, Halliday and Hasan argued, the negative form of additive relation is expressed simply as nor (1976:245). The correlation pair both...and, either...or, neither...nor do not in general occur with cohesive function, they are restricted to structural coordination within the sentence (1976:244-245). It clearly mentioned that the conjunction neither...nor is negative form of additive relation has more or less same meaning to be structural coordination within the sentence. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 5

But what cares Annie for soldiers? No conquering queen is she, neither a Semiramis nor a Catharine, her whole heart is set upon that doll, who gazes at us

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The data 5, it shows the conjunction neither....nor as negative expression to clarify set seal to answer of question above, because the data above there is “No” as explanation in the beginning answers of sentence and neither....nor which can relate as answer amplifier of the sentence. So, the sentence above has a meaning as negative sentence.

Data 6

But they are choosing neither a king nor a president; else we should hear a most horrible snarling! They have come from the deep woods, and the wild mountains, and the desert sands, and the polar snows, only to do homage to my little Annie. (Hawthorne, 2015:4)

The data above show neither....nor as negative possibility. It means the conjunction neither....nor as negative meaning in data above. The conjunction neither....nor in data above has a meaning to show negative possibility as a suggestion “they did not choose between a king or a president” because neither....nor above as negative form to give more meaning which both of them have same position in their meaning as leader and master of a country or certain area.

4. And...not (Simple Negative Additive)

The conjunction and...not included in negative form of simple additive as explained previously by Halliday and Hasan, beside nor there are various composite expression with more or less the same meaning (of: or else as expansion of or, and...not, not...either, and...not...either; and the form neither, and...neither (1976:245). Because a coordinate pair has function as a

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single unit, in some higher structure and so can be delineated as a constituent (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:244). It clearly mentioned the conjunction and....not as negative form of simple additive because has function as single unit in coordination of sentence. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 7

His golden feathers are all tarnished in this smoky sunshine; he would have glistened twice as brightly among the summer islands; but still he has become a citizen in all his tastes and habits, and would not sing half so well without the uproar that drowns his music. (Hawthorne, 2015:4)

The data above show the conjunction and....not as negative expression which correlates with modal “would” because and....not in sentence above as the complement of conjunction which has negative meaning. The negative meaning appears in the data above. It can be seen from the functions of the conjunction and....not above has more same meaning to get correct purpose of the sentence above.

Data 8

Well, let us hasten homeward; and as we go, forget not to thank Heaven, my Annie, that, after wandering a little way into the world, you may return at the first summons, with an untainted and unwearied heart, and be a happy child again. (Hawthorne, 2015:6)

The conjunction and....not above as correlation between words or phrases or clauses, it has more same meanings but if both of them joined with and...not so, they have negative meaning.

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5. That is (Apposition Expository Additive)

That is was the conjunction as expository form of apposition additive, as explained previously by Halliday and Hasan, the exposition is corresponds, structurally, not to coordination but to apposition (1976:248). It clearly mentioned that the conjunction That is as expository as conclusion in end of sentence before that has been explained some problems or declaration that appear in sentence before. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 9

All that is bright and gay attracts us both. (Hawthorne, 2015:2)

The data 9, it shows the conjunction that is as expository to the sentence before. So, the message of writer can be understood. The relation the conjunction that is above is to explain “bright and gay” are attractive. It means that is as connective to explain the sentence before and after which has correlation in meaning. So, it became a proper coordination.

6. I mean (Apposition Expository Additive)

Previously has been explained about the conjunction that is as expository was form of apposition additive. Conjunction I mean also sense being function as expository form of apposition same like explanation by Halliday and Hasan said, the items which occur frequently in this function are, in the expository sense, I mean, that is, that is to say, (or) in other words, (or) to put it another way (1976:248). It clearly mentioned that the conjunction I mean has meaning as expository in a sentence but, more specific expository like to give clarification to

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someone about the other people thinking. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 10

What would Annie think, if, in the book which I mean to send her, on New Year's day, she should find her sweet little self, bound up in silk or morocco with gilt edges, there to remain till she become a woman grown with children of her own to read about their mother's childhood! That would be very queer. (Hawthorne, 2015:3)

The data above show the conjunction I mean as expository about the thinking of Annie. The conjunction I mean has a relation to give clarify about something which someone thinking. The sentence above, I mean as to connected some words to combine become one sentence. It has a meaning as expository of Annie’s think.

7. I guess (Apposition Expository Additive)

The conjunction I guess was the other alternative name of the conjunction from I mean so, the conjunction I guess has same definition meaning and function like the conjunction I mean as explained previously by Halliday and Hasan said, the items which occur frequently in this function are, in the expository sense, I mean, (or) I guess, that is, that is to say, (or) in other words, (or) to put it another way.

The word (or) also occurred alone as a marker of structural apposition, the sense being by another alternative name (1976:248). It clearly mentioned that the conjunction I guess is also part of expository form of apposition additive,

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because I guess has function as expository, but I guess has more specific as supposition of someone. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 11

Will he tell us of an auction, or of a lost pocketbook, or a show of beautiful wax figures, or of some monstrous beast more horrible than any in the caravan? I guess the latter. (Hawthorne, 2015:5)

The data above show the conjunction I guess as supposition. The conjunction I guess as expository about a supposition of people to the other people. The conjunction I guess to connected with some possibilities become a supposition in end of the data above.

8. On the other hand (Comparison Dissimilar Additive)

On the other hand was the conjunction as dissimilar form of comparison additive. Previously, it also explained by Halliday and Hasan, corresponding to similarity is the negative comparison where the meaning is dissimilarity in contradistinction. This is frequently expressed by the phrase on the other hand; there are other forms such as by contrast, as opposed to this, and so on (1976:247). It is clear that On the other hand as the conjunction has meaning is dissimilarity in contradistinction with previous statement. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 12

If I pride myself on anything, it is because I have a smile that children love; and, on the other hand, there are few grown ladies that could entice me from the side of little Annie; for I delight to let my mind go hand in hand with the mind of a sinless child. (Hawthorne, 2015:1)

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The data 12, it shows On the other hand as conjunction to connect one statement to join with another statement which has different meaning. On the other hand above clarifies that there are some statements to join with the conjunction On the other hand. So, the data above has meaning as dissimilarity statement but in the same contexts.

4.1.1.2 Adversative Relation

Previously, It had been explained by Halliday and Hasan, the basic meaning of the adversative relation is contrary to expectation (1976:250). It means the adversative relation is opposite to expectation. The expectation derives from the context of what is being said or from the communication process of the speaker and hearer situation. The explanation to adversative relation which appears in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne is below:

1. Yet (Proper Simple Adversative)

The conjunction yet was simple form of adversative proper. It was also explained by Halliday and Hasan, an external adversative relation is expressed in its simple form by the word “yet” (1976:250). It clearly mentioned that yet is simple form of adversative proper and yet similar with but, but different in context of meaning. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 13

Yet there is sympathy between us.(Hawthorne, 2015:1)

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no reason from explanation above that the conjunction yet has the same meaning with the conjunction but.

2. Though (Proper Simple Adversative)

Though was the conjunction simple form of adversative proper as explained previously by Halliday and Hasan, though as a conjunctive is always phonologically reduced (1976:250). It means the conjunction though in normal position as a part at the end of the clause. But, often though as subordination in a sentence has meaning as although but is not the right meaning. The conjunction though if has meaning like although when the conjunction though in a sentence after full stop. It can be seen clearly in the following sentences:

Data 14

Is Annie a literary lady? Yes; she is deeply read in Peter Parley's tomes, and has an increasing love for fairy-tales, though seldom met with nowadays, and she will subscribe, next year, to the Juvenile Miscellany. (Hawthorne, 2015:2-3)

The data above show though as subordination in the sentence above and the conjunction though has meaning as although but, it is not the right meaning. So, in the data above though as relation to give a meaning is being a comparison in same context. The conjunction though always to reduce a phonology in a sentence but, though will give equivalence position in the sentence above.

Data 15

This is the little girl's true plaything. Though made of wood, a doll is a visionary and ethereal personage, endowed by childish fancy with a peculiar life; the mimic lady is a heroine of romance, an actor and a sufferer in a thousand shadowy scenes, the chief inhabitant of that wild world with which children ape the real one. (Hawthorne, 2015:3)

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The conjunction though in the data 15, it is cohesive only because, though is occurring in a sentence after a full stop so, though has same meaning with although and has a correct meaning like although too.

3. Only (Proper Simple Adversative)

The conjunction only was simple form of adversative proper. only has same positions like however but different in meaning as explained previously by Halliday and Hasan, the word only occurs frequently in this sense in spoken English and always in initial position and phonologically reduced, like however (1976:251). It clarifies the conjunction only is simple form of adversative and it has same position and phonologically reduced like however. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 16

So, come, Annie; but if I moralize as we go, do not listen to me; only look about you, and be merry! (Hawthorne, 2015:1)

The conjunction only above show the clarification of the statement before. So, the reader can understand what is the message sent by writer in end of the sentence. The conjunction only has meaning as adversative relation and it has an alternative name is “if only” or “in the event that”.

4. But (Contrastive Simple Adversative)

but was the conjunction as simple form of contrastive adversative. Whereas yet and but are normally spoken as reduced syllables and become tonal

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conjunction but uses to clarify some differences of statement in one sentence as a purpose of contrast. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 17

Is not little Annie afraid of such a tumult? No; she does not even shrink closer to my side, but passes on with fearless confidence, a happy child a midst a great throng of grown people, who pay the same reverence to her infancy that they would to extreme old age. (Hawthorne, 2015:1)

The data above show but as contrastive relation between one statement with the other statement. The conjunction but in data above also uses to clarify some difference of statements. The differences of statement clearly mention in data above to show but is correlation with some statement to explain some different statement to be one unit of a proper sentence.

5. In fact (Contrastive Avowal Adversative)

There was another form of the adversative relation in internal. It means that the conjunction internal if combined with the contrastive sense can we called against. This expressed by a number of very frequent items such as in fact, as a matter of fact, actually, to tell (you) the truth (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:253). It means the conjunction In fact is conjunction as avowal form of contrastive adversative but, in adversative relation in fact is often equivalents of the contrastive sense as against. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 18

Here sits a great white bear, whom common observers would call a very stupid beast, though I perceive him to be only absorbed in contemplation; he is thinking of his voyages on an iceberg, and of his comfortable home in the vicinity of the north pole, and of the little cubs whom he left rolling in the eternal snows. In fact, he is a bear of sentiment. (Hawthorne, 2015:4)

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The data above show In fact is the conjunction expression of contrastive relation which has definition as against because In fact above has been put into words. The distinction of the avowal type, such as In fact, the latter is an assertion of the facts in the form of a real or imaginary resistance as against. The conjunction In fact in data above gives a meaning as against because in previous sentence is explained that he is a great white bear, but in the real or In fact is in contrastive relation that he is a bear of sentiment.

6. At least (Correction of Wording Adversative)

The characteristic expression of correction adversative relation were instead (of that), rather, on the contrary, at least, I mean (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:254). It means the conjunction at least is phrase of wording form of correction adversative. The conjunction at least has a meaning as against of correction adversative. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 19

Their influence on us is at least reciprocal with ours on them.(Hawthorne, 2015:6) The data above show at least as against of wording because at least is the influence should has been become reciprocal to someone of the other people. The conjunction at least has a meaning as of wording to correction adversative of the wording before.

4.1.1.3 Causal Relation

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and purpose (1976:256). It means the causal relation is to show the specific of result, reason and purpose. The explanation to causal relation which appear in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne is below:

1. So (General Simple Causal)

This study had been explained by Halliday and Hasan, the simple form of causal relation is expressed by so, thus, hence, therefore, consequently, accordingly (1976:256). It means the conjunction so is simple form of the general causal and so for example it means as a result of this, for this reason and for this purpose. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 20

O, my mouth waters, little Annie, and so doth yours; but we will not be tempted, except to an imaginary feast; so let us hasten onward, devouring the vision of a plum-cake. (Hawthorne, 2015:2)

The data above show so as result of this statement before. The conjunction so shows a result like a solution of data above where some statements have been stated to take a conclusion is result like a solution for the problem happened in data above.

2. Therefore (General Simple Causal)

The conjunction therefore was the simple form of the general causal. Halliday and Hasan argued, the simple forms thus, hence and therefore all occur regularly in an internal sense, implying some kinds of reasoning or argument from a premise (1976:257). It means the conjunction therefore has a meaning as

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implying the reasoning or argument and also therefore has the same potentialities as however. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 21

What a company of dancers should we be! For I, too, am a gentleman of sober footsteps, and therefore, little Annie, let us walk sedately on. (Hawthorne, 2015:2)

The data above show therefore as relation of a reason. In data above therefore has a meaning as because. The conjunction therefore as relation to connect some words. So, getting conclusion is the explanation of someone reason doing something.

3. With the mind (Specific Purpose Causal)

The specific form of the purpose causal in mainly external were include for this purpose, with the mind (or) view with this intention (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:260). It means with the mind is the conjunction expression includes in specific form of the purpose causal and with the mind has a meaning as a purpose. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 12

If I pride myself on anything, it is because I have a smile that children love; and, on the other hand, there are few grown ladies that could entice me from the side of little Annie; for I delight to let my mind go hand in hand with the mind of a sinless child. (Hawthorne, 2015:1)

The data 12, it shows with the mind is meaning as a purpose. The conjunction with the mind has a meaning to describe a mind of someone as a purpose. The purpose of with the mind in data above is he wants Annie becomes a

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4. Because (Reversed Simple Causal)

The reversed form of the causal relation, in which the presupposing sentence expressed because was less usual as a form of cohesion (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:257). It means the conjunction because is the reversed form of the simple causal. The conjunction because has a meaning as the presupposing a reason. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 22

Their ugliness shocks her pure, instinctive delicacy of taste, and makes her mind unquiet, because it bears a wild and dark resemblance to humanity. (Hawthorne, 2015:5)

The data 22, it shows because is presupposing a reason of the sentence above. To show of presupposing a reason in data above is visible in the end of the sentence. So, because in data above has a meaning as result of presupposing a reason that is “the bears is a wild and dark resemblance to humanity”.

5. For (Reversed Simple Causal)

The conjunction for was the simple form of reversed causal. While by Halliday and Hasan, there is one simple conjunction with this meaning namely for (1976:258). It means for as the simple conjunction has a meaning is reversed. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 23

We love the silks of sunny hue, that glow within the darkened premises of the spruce dry goods' men; we are pleasantly dazzled by the burnished silver, and the chased gold, the rings of wedlock and the costly love-ornaments, glistening at the window of the jeweler; but Annie, more than I, seeks for a glimpse of her passing figure in the dusty looking-glasses at the hardware stores. (Hawthorne, 2015:2)

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The conjunction for in the data above uses in an internal definition meaning. The internal definition meaning of for is for the sake of because in data above for uses as conjunction expression to connect some reasons to get the result of a purpose.

6. Then (General Simple Causal)

The conjunction then was the simple causal as explained previously by Halliday and Hasan, the simple form of expression of the conditional relation, meaning under these circumstances was the word then (1976:258). It means then is the simple form of the general causal and also then has a meaning as so in certain condition. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 24

Then the mighty treasures of sugar-plums, white and crimson and yellow, in large glass vases; and candy of all varieties; and those little cockles, or whatever they are called, much prized by children for their sweetness, and more for the mottoes which they enclose, by love-sick maids and bachelors! (Hawthorne, 2015:2)

The conjunction then above shows as a purpose of the result of data above. The conjunction then above has a meaning as so because to show the result. The result of the data above is a purpose to give a brief explanation about statement before then. And then is as conjunction relation to connect some statements of result becomes a purpose of a sentence.

4.1.1.4 Temporal Relation

The temporal and links which expressed signaling sequence or time (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:261). It means the temporal relation is the relation

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may be simply one of the sequences in time and the one is subsequent to the other. The explanation to temporal relations which appears in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne is below:

1. Next (Simple Sequential Temporal)

In this sequential sense the readers had not only then and then but also next, afterwards, after that, subsequently and a number of other expressions (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:261). It means the conjunction next as sequential form of simple temporal and next often has a meaning as then. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 25

Here stands a turbaned Turk, threatening us with his Sabre, like an ugly heathen as he is. And next a Chinese mandarin, who nods his head at Annie and myself. (Hawthorne, 2015:3)

The conjunction next in the data above has a meaning as then because next in data above to join with and in one sentence. The conjunction next in data above has a meaning as then as to clarify another statement still has correlation with previous statement.

2. At first...then (Correlative Sequential Temporal)

It previously had been explained by Halliday and Hasan, in one respect temporal conjunction differs from all types, namely in that it does occur in a correlative form, the typical cataphoric temporal is first; also at first, at first...then, first of all, to begin with, etc (1976:263). It means at first...then is

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sequential form of correlative temporal and also at first...then as relation to sequential for statement before. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 26

See how he uplifts the bell in his right hand, and shakes it slowly at first, then with a hurried motion, till the clapper seems to strike both sides at once, and the sounds are scattered forth in quick succession, far and near (Hawthorne, 2015:5)

The data above show at first....then as sequential in begin and then it is doing in appropriate of the sequential before. The conjunction at first....then in data above, gives explanation and example before where someone to do something. So, in the end, people get the result.

3. At once (Complex immediate Temporal)

The temporal relation had a meaning as more specific of succession in time, for example then + immediately (at once, thereupon, on which) (Halliday and Hasan:1976:261). It means at once is the conjunction includes in immediate form of the complex temporal and often has a meaning as immediate. The temporal relation makes more specific by presence of an additional component in the meaning, as well as the of succession in time. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 26

See how he uplifts the bell in his right hand, and shakes it slowly at first, then with a hurried motion, till the clapper seems to strike both sides at once, and the sounds are scattered forth in quick succession, far and near. (Hawthorne, 2015:5)

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in time, because they make the temporal relation more specific by presence of an additional component in the meaning.

4. Next year (Complex Specific Temporal)

The temporal relation then + a specific time interval (next day, next year, five minutes later) included in specific temporal (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:262). It means the clause next year is the conjunctions include in the specific time interval of the complex temporal. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 14

Is Annie a literary lady? Yes; she is deeply read in Peter Parley's tomes, and has an increasing love for fairy-tales, though seldom met with nowadays, and she will subscribe, next year, to the Juvenile Miscellany. (Hawthorne, 2015:3)

The data 14, it shows conjunction next year above a means a specific time, because next year above to show a specific time in sequence of the time which is to show when Annie will subscribe Juvenile Miscellany and also to show a time where Annie will subscribe to Juvenile Miscellany.

5. An hour (Complex Specific Temporal)

It previously had been explained by Halliday and Hasan, an hour include in the specific form of the complex temporal (1976:266). It means an hour is the specific time includes the complex temporal especially in time. an hour as the conjunction has a meaning like at once but different meaning when it is joined with then in one sentence. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

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Data 27

When our infancy is almost forgotten, and our boyhood long departed, though it seems but as yesterday; when life settles darkly down upon us, and we doubt whether to call ourselves young any more, then it is good to steal away from the society of bearded men, and even of gentler woman, and spend an hour or two with children. (Hawthorne, 2015:6)

The conjunction an hour above shows the specific time which is about how long they will spend time with children. The conjunction an hour is also as one of choices or possibility for them to determine how long they will spend time with children.

6. Meantime (Complex Durative Temporal)

The temporal relation as explained previously by Halliday and Hasan, the simple time relation might be accompanied by some other component, example then + in the interval (meanwhile, meantime, all this time) (1976:262). It means meantime is as durative form of the complex temporal. The conjunction meantime is the specific duration in a time and include as the simple time relation if it is joined with then. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:

Data 28

We will invite her home with us as we return. Meantime, good by, Dame Doll! A toy yourself, you look forth from your window upon many ladies that are also toys, though they walk and speak, and upon a crowd in pursuit of toys, though they wear grave visages. (Hawthorne, 2015:3)

The data 28, it shows meantime as specific a time in durative of the complex temporal. It is include as complex temporal because meantime is the external relation is paralleled by the sequence of the sentences. The second

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

The data analysis reveals that the short story entitled “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne share about the day of a little girl wandering around town. This short story telling about a five years old girl that enjoyed her life with to describes the life of the town, the wonderful toys, the delicious pastries and the exotic animals. Based on data analysis, the writer discovered the conjunction expressions are used by author which contains of the types of conjunction and the functions of conjunction. The types of conjunction which appeared are additive, adversative, causal and temporal that describes meaning of every expressions of the conjunction which they related the conjunction with some words, phrases, clause, and sentences. The conjunction expressions which appeared in the short story also employed to create positive and negative depiction or meaning that help the reader to sense atmospheres in the short story.

The expressions from the types of conjunction has different meaning based on internal or external situation. External conjunctions are concerned with construing a sequence of activities in a text. Meanwhile, internal conjunctions deals with organizing the text itself. Therefore, when the conjunctions used in the personal essay, should be connected the activities that are occurring in the actual text. Conjunctions should not be utilized to connect the discourse in and of itself.

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All of the types and the functions of conjunction are interpreted based on the explanations by the writer and some theories is used by the writer to describe and clarify this study. The most important role of the types and functions of conjunction for people was make an to understanding in organizing discourse and in the social sciences. Moreover, the types of conjunction could help the people understood the logic meaning and the functions of conjunctions can help the people comprehend the whole text.

5.2 Suggestion

The writer suggests for the other researcher who wants to analyze the types and the functions of conjunction can gives more attention in other types and functions of conjunction such as coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions. This study can help the readers to understand more about the types and functions of conjunction and this study would be beneficial for those who wants to conduct research in the same field.

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AN ANALYSIS OF CONJUNCTION IN THE SHORT STORY "LITTLE ANNIE'S RAMBLE" BY NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.