WOMAN LANGUAGE FEATURES IN MICHELLE OBAMA’S SPEECH AS AN AFRICAN AMERICAN FIRST LADY.

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THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English DepartmentFaculty of Letters and Humanities State Islamic

University Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

RIZA SHOLIKHA Reg. Number A03212062

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA

2016

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id ABSTRACT

Sholikha, Riza. 2016. Woman Language Features In Michelle Obama’s Speech As An African American First Lady. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Advisor : Dr. A. Dzo'ul Milal, M.Pd

Key words : Women Language, Women’s Speech Features, Speech

The way how the women in delivering their utterances showed the special linguistics style which are evoked by them. Because of it, this research focused on the way how Michelle Obama acquired the women’s speech features in delivering the speeches as an African American First Lady. Therefore, the aim of this research was to answer three problems of the study. They are what types of

women’s speech features are used by Michelle Obama, what types of women’s

speech features occur most frequently and how the purposes those features are used by her. Besides, this research was conducted using descriptive method. The data were taken from the scripts that are the words, phrases, clauses, and sentences that used by Michelle Obama. Then the data were analyzed by identifying and classifying the ten types of women’s speech features defined by Lakoff.

The findings shown that there were only seven features are classified as

women’s speech features used by Michelle Obama. They are lexical hedges, rising intonation on declarative, empty adjective, intensifier, hypercorrect grammar, superpolite form, and empathic stress. While the other speech features were not found such as tag question, precise color terms, and avoidance of strong swear words. Besides, the emergence of every features had been found is different. The total emergence of lexical hedges is twenty nine. Rising intonation appears in total five and empty adjective appears in total two. Next, there are eighty four occurring in intensifier, twenty occurring in hypercorrect grammar, and two in super polite form and the last feature is empathic stress is eight. The most frequently feature is intensifier. Then, the purposes of using women’s speech features are: lexical hedges is for mitigating the statement to her audiences and to show a doubt or confidence, rising intonation is for being strengthen, empty adjective is for being admiration something, intensifier is for persuade their addressee to take them seriously and strengthen the meaning, hypercorrect grammar is for rising woman social status as a behave, superpolite form is for leaving strengthen, and the last empathic stress is for emphasizing certain words.

In this study the writer gives suggestions to next researchers who want to analyze about women language features: use other theory about women’s speech features and use directly research such as woman language in traditional market. It will make different and can be enrich our knowledge.

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id INTISARI

Sholikha, Riza. 2016. Woman Language Features In Michelle Obama’s Speech As An African American First Lady. Skripsi. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Pembimbing : Dr. A. Dzo'ul Milal, M.Pd

Kata Kunci : Bahasa perempuan, fitur bahasa perempuan, pidato

Cara bagaimana perempuan dalam memberikan ucapan-ucapan mereka menunjukkan gaya linguistik khusus yang diutarakan oleh mereka. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini focus pada cara bagaimana gaya bahasa Michelle Obama dalam memberikan pidato sebagai seorang Ibu Negara dari Africa Amerika. Sehingga tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menjawab tiga masalah penelitian. Yang pertama adalah jenis fitur bahasa perempuan apa yang digunakan oleh Michelle Obama, jenis fitur bahasa perempuan yang sering digunakan, dan apa tujuan fitur-fitur bahasa yang digunakan olehnya. Selain itu, penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif. Sedangkan data berupa kata, frasa, klausa, dan kalimat yang digunakan oleh Michel Obama. Kemudian data tersebut diidentifikasi serta diklasifikasi berdasarkan sepuluh fitur yang yang ditetapkan oleh Lakoff.

Dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hanya ada tujuh fitur yang diklasifikasikan sebagai fitur bahasa perempuan oleh Michelle Obama, seperti penggunaan lexical hedges, rising intonation on declarative, empty adjective, intensifier, hypercorrect grammar, superpolite form, dan empathic stress. Sementara fitur bahasa lainnya tidak ditemukan seperti tag question, precise color terms, dan avoidance of strong swear words. Selain itu, kemunculan pada setiap fitur bahasa perempuan dalam penelitian ini berbeda. Total kemunculan pada lexical hedges adalah dua puluh sembilan. Rising intonation muncul dengan total hanya dua. Kemudian ada delapan puluh empat pada intensifier, dua puluh pada hypercorrect grammar, dan dua pada superpolite form, dan yang terakhir empathic stress dengan total delapan. Sehingga fitur bahasa yang muncul terbanyak adalah intensifier. Kemudian tujuan dalam penggunaan fitur bahasa perempuan adalah: lexical hedges untuk merendahkan pernyataan dan menunjukkan keraguan atau kepercayaan diri, rising intonation untuk membuat ketegasan, empty adjective untuk menunjukkan kekaguman pada sesuatu, intensifier untuk mempengaruhi lawan bicara dan memperkuat makna, hypercorrect grammar untuk meningkatkan status sosial sebagai suatu kebiasaan, superpolite form untuk mengurangi ketegasan, dan yang terakhir empathic stress untuk menekankan pada kata-kata tertentu.

Didalam skripsi, penulis memberikan saran untuk peneliti selanjutnya yang ingin menganalisa tentang fitur bahasa perempuan: gunakan teori lain dan gunakan peneletian lapangan seperti fitur bahasa pada perempuan di pasar-pasar tradisional. Ini akan membuat berbeda dan memperkaya pengetahuan.

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Inside Cover Page ... i

Inside Title Page ... ii

Declaration Page ... iii

Motto ... iv

Dedication Page ... v

Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page ... vi

Thesis Examiner’s Approval Page ... vii

Acknowledgements ... viii

Table of Contents ... .x

Abstract ... xiii

Intisari. ... xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of Study ... 1

1.2Statement of Problems ... 6

1.3Objective of Study... 6

1.4Significance of Study ... 7

1.5Scope and Limitation ... 7

1.6Definition of Key Terms ... 8

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1Theoretical Bases ... 9

2.1.1 Women Language ... 9

2.1.2 Lakoff’s Theory of Women’s Speech Features ………... 11

2.1.2.1Lexical Hedges or Fillers ... 11

2.1.2.2Tag Questions ... 12

2.1.2.3Rising Intonation on Declaratives ... 13

2.1.2.4Empty Adjective... 14

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2.1.2.6Intensifier ... 15

2.1.2.7Hypercorrect Grammar ... 16

2.1.2.8Superpolite Form ... 17

2.1.2.9Avoidance of Strong Swear Word ... 18

2.1.2.10 Empathic Stress ... 19

2.2 Previous Studies ... 19

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1Research Design ... 24

3.2Data Source ... 24

3.3Data ... 25

3.4Research Instrument ... 25

3.5Technique of Data Collection ... 26

3.6Technique of Data Analysis ... 28

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1Findings: Women’s Speech Features ... 30

4.1.1 Lexical Hedges or Fillers ... 32

4.1.1.1 You Know ... 33

4.1.1.2 You See, See ... 34

4.1.1.3 Like ... 35

4.1.1.4 I Think ... 36

4.1.2 Tag Question ... 36

4.1.3 Rising Intonation ... 37

4.1.4. Empty Adjective... 38

4.1.4.1 Wonderful ... 40

4.1.4.2 Pretty ... 40

4.1.5 Precise Color Term ... 41

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4.1.6.1 So ... 43

4.1.4.2 Just ... 44

4.1.4.3 Really ... 44

4.1.4.4 Very ... 45

4.1.4.5 Too ... 45

4.1.7 Hypercorrect Grammar ... 46

4.1.8 Superpolite Form ... 47

4.1.8.1 Please ... 48

4.1.8.2 Pleasure ... 49

4.1.9 Avoidance of Strong Swear Word ... 49

4.1.10 Empathic Stress ... 50

4.2 Discussion ... 52

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1Conclusion ... 54

5.2Suggestion ... 55

REFERENCES ... 57

APPENDIX ... 60

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter covers background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of key terms.

1.1 Background of Study

Gender is one feature that divides the human race into two categories which creates characteristics that are common with man and woman. The characteristics of man and woman use of language has been researched from a different perspective that two genders operate like two cultures that are made easily through two different conversational styles (Tannen, 1985 cited in Mayo, 2015:3). Understanding social norms is the foundation to competently socializing in any culture. Mayo (2015) states that the paramount to any culture, gender roles profoundly impact the social hierarchy of power, moreover the power of speech in speaking. Speaking is an important thing for every people in delivering the intentions. It means that this aspect must be concerned by each person on their speech performance.

Basically, men and women have the different way of speaking. It causes two types of language, men’s language and women’s language. Voegeli (2005:1)

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id argued that the representation of the genders in fiction also have influence to the

category of how the genders are represented in language. It can be showed by how the women and men express their languages. Besides, Coates’ research (1989, 1991, 1993, 1996 cited in Guendauzi, 2001: 29) has rightly shown that women’s talk is stylistically cooperative, further, in opposition of this, men are seen as competitive. Those can be found in social life, women’s talk shown to be cooperative in their social relationship and men, as competitive, can also be appeared from their social interactions. Yet, in this research the researcher only

concerns on women’s language as a part of linguistic behavior.

Women tend to use the special speech features in communicating to

others. It is applied for achieving the special categorization as women’s language

which is different from neutral language. In 1975, Lakoff has published the first

edition of her book entitled „Language and Women’s Place’. In her theory, she

claimed that there are a number of linguistic features used more by women than men; that shows uncertainty and less confidence. In 2004, Lakoff published the revised edition of her book strengthened by 25 commentaries written by several feminist linguists. In her revised theory. In the nine points, she mentions ten features of women’s language. These ten features are lexical hedges or fillers, tag questions, rising intonation on declaratives, empty adjectives, precise color terms, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, superpolite forms, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic stress. Those things are needed to know the impact of using those linguistics behaviors in a certain event towards the social value through the

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women’s language. Here, ten woman’s features proposed by Lakoff as in her book, „Language and Woman’s Place’.

Let me summarize here for convenience the form that I see as comparising "women's language," most of which have already been discussed at length.

1. Women have a large stock of word" related to their specific interest generally relegated to them as "woman's work": magenta, shirr, dart (in sewing), and so on. If men use these words at all, it tends to be tongue-in-cheek.

2. "Empty" adjectives like divine, charming. cute . ...

3. Question intonation where we might expect declaratives: for instance tag questions ("It's so hot, isn't it?") and rising intonation in statement contexts ("What’s your name, dear?" "Mary Smith?").

4. The use of hedges of various kinds. Women's speech seems in general to contain more instances of ''well," ''y'know," "kinda," and so forth …

5. Related to this is the use of the intensive "so." …

6. Hypercorrect grammar: women are not supposed to talk rough. It has been found that, from a very young age, little boys "drop" their g's much more than do little girls: boys say "singin'," ·'goin'," and so on, while girls are less apt to …

7. Superpolite forms. This is the point alluded to earlier: women are suposed to speak more politely than men …

8. Women don’t tell jokes. As we shall see in a while, this point is just an elaboration of the two immediately preceding …

9. Women speak in italics, and the more ladylike and feminine you are, the more in italics you are supposed to speak.

(Robin Lakoff, 2004:78)

Furthermore, based on Lakoff (2004:43), with analysis women’s language, it will find some differences such as in the choice and frequency of lexical item, in the situation of certain syntactic rule are performed, and in intonation and other supersegmental pattern. It makes this research overall about women’s language as a topic.

In this opportunity, this research concerns in Michelle Obama, American first lady, the wife of Barack Obama, 44th president of United State. Here, the researcher takes her way of speech as the first African American first lady to prove the real practice of women’s language in speech activity. Actually, the

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id focus is the words, phrases, utterances and clauses which contain the women’s

speech features.

The researcher decides to choose Michelle Obama in this research because she holds the key position as a woman who brings the influence toward the

American’s life which white race dominant although she was the first African American first lady. She shows strong traits of the her action to the American society. It can be seen from the obvious fact on her activities and the speech to decrease the various cases, notably for children, such as ending childhood obesity, bullying, and others. Even though, based on BBC news, for the first speech on the campaign of her husband candidacy, on February 2008 in Wisconcin, became an issue with her comment that appeared bad image to her. Because of that the

Obama’s advisor insisted to ameliorative her image. By the time, she can make awe inspiring all of the people, especially American society. Moreover, it can be ace in the hole for second cycle of Barack Obama as a president in 2012. Therefore, this present research attest that African American first lady also

perform the case of women’s speech features in the way she is speaking.

This topic of research has been conducted by some previous researchers which had different results. Fadhila Nur Kartika (2015) investigated about woman linguistics feature used by Oprah Winfrey in same-sex and cross-sex

communication using Lakoff theory. She found six woman’s language features in

the dialog and some features did not find such as precise color term,

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id Isni Al Rafi’ (2014) analyzed about women’s speech features used by the

main characters in “The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The

Wardrobe” movie. She found only nine types of women’s speech features used by

the main characters of this movie. One feature which did not occur in the dialogues is precise color terms. Moreover, the most frequently by the main

character’s speech feature of this movie are lexical hedges or fillers and intensifier.

The next previous researcher is Didin Fitria Andhira (2014) conducted research under the title A Study of Woman’s Speech Features of A Main Character in Iron Lady Movie Used By Phyllida Lloyd. Through the analysis, she found nine

types of woman’s speech features that used by the main character while

vocabulary (precise colors terms) was not found.

Then, Wahyu Dwi Yuiniarti (2014) held An Analysis of Hillary Clinton’s Speech Features on International Speeches In 2013. Using Lakoff theory, she only

found seven features are classified as woman’s speech feature used by Hillary

Clinton. While precise color term and absence of humor are not found.

Meanwhile, this present research is different with some previous

researchers about women’s language. It can be proven from the different object of

research. Some of the previous studies used woman daily speech to support their research and mostly used fiction as a data, such as the dialogues on the movie. Yet, the researcher focuses on real section to prove the woman’s speech feature to support the data, especially the speech of African American first lady.

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 1.2 Statement of Problems

In relation to the background of the study, there are two problems as follows:

1. What are the types and the most frequently type of Michelle Obama’s speech features as the first African American first lady on her speech section?

2. What are the purposes of using each of the features in Michelle Obama’s speech?

1.3 Objective of Study

Concerning on the problem of the study, there are two research purposes made in this study as follows:

1. To describe the types and the most frequently type of Michelle Obama’s speech features as the first African American first lady on her speech section. 2. To describe the purposes of using each of the features in Michelle Obama’s

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 1.4 Significance of Study

Basically this research is aimed to find out how the language used by the women that women have the special linguistic features in speaking. Theoretically, this research show the real proof that women have special linguistic features which must be known by everyone in order to reach the purpose of language in a good communication. Furthermore, through this study, the researcher hopes that the finding can be used to enrich our knowledge and the reader of this research

have a better understanding in linguistic field especially woman’s speech features.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

The scope in this research is about sociolinguistics research which will concern on women speech features used by Michelle Obama as the first African American first lady. This research just concerns on how the women’s speech features which are proposed by Lakoff is truly applied or not. Then, it will prove how the linguistic features perform on those cases. This research is conducted

based on the theory of women’s speech features proposed by Lakoff. These ten features are lexical hedges or fillers, tag questions, rising intonation on declaratives, empty adjectives, precise color terms, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, superpolite forms, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic stress. Therefore, the researcher just focused on words, phrases, clauses which contain language features on Michelle Obama speeches are performed use ten

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 1.6 Definition of Key Terms

Woman’s speech feature, several aspects of speech which indicate the

characteristic of woman’s speech which include lexical hedges or fillers, tag questions, rising intonation on declaratives, empty adjectives, precise color terms, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, superpolite forms, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic stress.

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter consists of many important aspects. They are women’s language, Lakoff’s theory of women’s speech features, and previous study.

2.1Theoretical Bases 2.1.1 Women Language

In terms of physics, male and female are different. It will influence the diverse of language styles of them. This situation is caused by the social condition where the individual lived. It can be seen on how the society views the value of words meaning. This is because of each particular society has their own parameter in seeing whether the word has an important meaning or not, Yuniarti (2014:12). Based on Lakoff, woman’s language is language bounded in use to woman and

language descriptive of woman itself. It makes woman’s personal identity by

denying the expression herself strongly and encouraging expression that make triviality and uncertainty, Lakoff (2004:42). Of course, it has correlation with woman behavior because a lot of differences in each woman depend on social status, background education, etcetera.

Eckert and McConnell-Ginet, (1992:90 cited in Yuniarti 2014) women’s language can be said to reflect their conservatism, prestige consciousness, upward

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connectedness, sensitivity to others, solidarity. Besides, men’s language is heard as evincing their toughness, lack of affect, competitiveness, independence, competence hierarchy, control. It means that the women want to be valued as the special ones on linguistics behaviour, while the men tend to see anything unworldly topics. This condition influences the way of them in describing things.

The study about women’s language has been basically developed by Lakoff through her book entitled „Language and Women’s Place’ in 1975.

Lakoff’s writing has become the basis for many researchers who conduct the research about women’s language as subject. She published ten basic assumptions about what she felt as special women’s language in 1975.

In her approach, Lakoff divides men and women into two discrete groups and measures the degree of linguistic differences that are found in their speech features. As a result, she found that there are several characteristics that are likely to be used by women more than men do in their social daily interaction. In language, women's language shows up in all levels of the grammar of English such as the differences in the choice and frequency of lexical items; in the situations in which certain syntactic rules are performed; in intonation and other super-segmental patterns (Lakoff: 1975). Therefore, women tend to use more intensifiers (so, very, quiet), more tag question (I think, you know, well), more empty adjectives, and so on.

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 2.1.2 Lakoff’s Theory of Women’s Speech Features

Robin Tolmach Lakoff is a professor of linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. She becomes the first linguist who began the research for

definitive features of women’s speech. She introduced the terms women’s language. Her book Language and Woman’s place (1975) has been enormously influential and cited by a lot of linguists who study the search of sex differences in language use.

Lakoff’s writings have become the basis for many researches to conduct the research by using women’s language as subject. She published ten basic

assumptions about what she felt as special women’s language in 1975. Women’s

speech features proposed by Lakoff (1975) are lexical hedges or fillers, tag questions, rising intonation on declaratives, empty adjectives, precise color terms, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, superpolite forms, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic stress.

2.1.2.1Lexical Hedges or Fillers

One of the elements of women’s speech features proposed by Lakoff

(2004:79) is lexical hedges. Basically the function of hedging is to show a doubt or a confidence of what has been said. Some examples of hedging in women’s language is like the words well, you see, sorta/sort of, like, you know, kinda/kind of, like, I guess, I think, and it seems like.

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id a. I guess the advisor will come this afternoon

b. Farrell is sorta tall

By looking at the example above, it can be seen that the sentence a indicates that the speaker feels uncertain and lack of confidence in uttering her intention. The speaker does not know exactly if the advisor will really come in the

afternoon or not thus she uses the word „I guess’ to hedge her statement. Then, what the speaker means in sentence b is that Farrell looks neither really tall nor actually short. In the case of sentence b, hedges can be used to mitigate the

possible unfriendliness or unkindness of the speaker’s statement which is

inconvenient to tell about someone’s physical weakness. For the sake of politeness, hedges are used by the speaker to blunt the force of a rather painful assertion.

2.1.2.2Tag Questions

The other women’s speech feature proposed by Lakoff is tag question. Tag question is midway between an outright statement and a yes-no question. It is less assertive than the former one, but more confident than the latter (Lakoff, 2004:48). Tag question is a kind of polite statement that does not force the agreement or belief on the addressee.

In the following, Lakoff’s theory about tag question is then developed by

Holmes (1992: 318) in which she said that tags are not always used to express uncertainty. It may function as facilitative devices. It is usually used by the

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id teacher, interviewers or those who have leadership role as their facilitative way to

succeed their interaction. Besides, it may also be used to soften the directives or criticism.

For examples:

a. Farrell is here, isn’t he?

b. Are you waiting for your friend, aren’t you?

These examples above can be seen that both sentence a and b show for having more confident than latter. In sentence a, the speaker believes that Farrell really is in the place that the speaker means. Then, in sentence b have convinced on the addressee.

2.1.2.3Rising Intonation on Declaratives

This is also one of the other women speech features in Lakoff’s theory. This feature is found in a form of declarative sentence used to answer question but typically has a rising intonation similar to yes-no question intonation. As stated by Lakoff (2004:50), the use of rising intonation indicates that there is unwillingness to be very assertive in carrying an opinion. Through this feature, the speaker provides a confirmation since she is unsure if her opinion will be agreed by the addressee so that rising intonation in declaratives is used to show that the speaker leaves the decision open to the addressee in a non-forceful way.

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Oh… it has already six o’clock?

Question intonation found in the sentence above is example of declarative sentence that has a rising intonation which is usually used by someone who want deliver a question. The example above means that the speaker gives the addressee the chance to negotiate the decision and find the agreement.

2.1.2.4Empty Adjectives

The use of empty adjectives in women’s language indicates that the

speaker wants to show the relationship of her emotional expression with her addressee. Besides, it is also used to indicate the speaker’s approbation or admiration for something (Lakoff, 2004:25). Some of these adjectives are neutral in which both men and women can use them while some of these adjectives are largely used more by women. The representatives of both types are as follows:

Neutral Women Only

Great Adorable

Terrific Charming

Cool Sweet

Neat Lovely

Divine

In this case, women can freely use both neutral or women’s adjectives while men are more risky to use women’s adjective because it can damage their

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id show something different related to their personalities or opinion of the subject

matter. Look at the examples below: a. What a great idea!

b. What a divine idea!

Women may use sentence a under the appropriate condition while the sentence b is more restricted and may be used properly when it feels that the idea referred is seen as something unimportant and only an amusement for the female speaker (Lakoff, 2004: 46). In short, the women are freely in using both of them.

2.1.2.5Precise Color Terms

In precise color term, for naming the color, women have the different interpretation with the men. They have an ability to mention clearer discriminations of color terms than men do, such as beige, ecru, aquamarine, lavender, or mauve. These vocabularies are often well identified by women. Meanwhile, men commonly do not concern about being precise in naming colors as well as what women do since it does not involves their egos (Lakoff, 2004:43). Arguing whether a particular color is mauve or lavender for men is seen only as a trivial matter.

2.1.2.6Intensifiers

The other feature that is found in women’s speech is intensifiers such as

so, just, very, such, or quite. According to Lakoff (2004:48), using intensifiers seems to be a way of backing out of committing oneself strongly to an opinion, rather like tag questions. If women use hedging to express uncertainty, the use of

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id intensifiers in women’s speech is to persuade their addressee to take them

seriously and to strengthen the meaning.

Besides, Holmes (1992: 316) stated that intensifiers as boosting devices reflect the speaker anticipation that the addressee may remain unconvinced so that he or she uses intensifier to supply extra reassurance. Women boost the force of their utterances because they think that otherwise they will not be heard or paid the attention.

Here are some of the examples:

a. We feel really enjoy!

b. Your performance is so beautiful!

When we look at the examples above, in sentence a, using the word

„really’ as the function for strengthen the meaning of the enjoyable. It means that in the utterance has extra enjoy in their feeling. Then, in sentence b, the word „so’ helped the utterance to making convince which she really nuts about the performance.

2.1.2.7Hypercorrect Grammar

Women should behave politely and does not talk roughly. One of the examples that is brought up by Lakoff (2004:80) is the use of g’ in the word singin’ which is dropped more by men than what women do. As a further explanation, Holmes (1992:167) said that in every social class, women tend to use more grammatical standard form than men do, while men use more vernacular

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id form than women do. It is said that women use more –ing pronunciations and

fewer –in pronunciations than men do in words like planning and doing.

Come after Lakoff’s theory, there are several reasons stated by Holmes (1992:171) that explain why women use more standard form than men. Firstly, women generally lack status in the society. In this way, standard speech form is associated with high social status so that women use more standard speech as way of claiming such status. Secondly, there is an expectation from the society to see women as behavior model. Little boys are generally allowed more freedom than little girls. Misbehavior from boys is tolerated while girls are more quickly corrected.

2.1.2.8Superpolite Forms

The eighth feature of women’s language is super polite form. This is related to the fact that women are supposed to behave and communicate politely and carefully. Women shows their use of super polite form in their speech through several ways, some of them are by having less assertive, making an indirect request, using euphemism, using hypercorrect grammar, and so on. Women’s

speech differs from men’s in that women are more polite, which is precisely as it

should be since women are the preservers of morality and civility, (Lakoff, 2004:77)

Examples:

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id b. Could you give me the example?

The examples above show that women try to be polite by making their request indirectly, which is delivered in a form of question. Through this way, they leave the decision to receive the request depend on the addressee without an attempt to impose what they want or appear in their mind. The more particles in a sentence that reinforce the notion, that it is a request rather than an order, the politer the result (Lakoff, 2004: 50).

2.1.2.9Avoidance of Strong Swear Words

Swearing is kinds of interjection that can express extreme intensify. It has been widely considered as an expression of very strong emotion. Women usually use softer forms such us ‘Oh, Dear!’ or ‘Darn!’ while the men use stronger ones such as ‘Dammit!’ or ‘Shit!’, (Rafi’, 2014:19)

Lakoff (2014:44), stated that as children, women are encouraged to be 'little ladies'. Little ladies do not scream as vociferously as little boys, are chastised more severely for throwing tantrums or showing temper: 'high spirits' are expected and therefore tolerated in little boys; docility and resignation are the corresponding traits expected of little girls.

For examples:

a. Oh Dear, you broke my glasses b. Shit, you broke my glasses

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id From the examples above, we can see the different between the sentence

a and sentence b. We can classify the sentence a as part of 'women's language', then b as 'men's language.

2.1.2.10 Emphatic Stress

The last feature of women’s language is empathic stress, known as speaks in italics. It refers to the way of expressing uncertainty with our own self-expression. The speaker uses tone to emphasize certain words such as great, so, really, very, or quite. Lakoff (2004:81) defined that speaking in italics is a form of direction to tell someone how to react since what is said by the speaker is less convincing therefore he or she would better use double force to ensure that the addressee can understand what the speaker wants to say.

Examples:

a. It is great performance!

b. Did you know my score? Really?

The word great in sentence a and really in sentence b are some of the examples of an emphatic stress. These words can be used to strengthen the meaning of the utterances.

2.2Previous Studies

This topic of research has been conducted by some previous researchers which had the different result. Fadhila Nur Kartika (2015) from Airlangga

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id University investigated about woman linguistics feature used by Oprah Winfrey

in same-sex and cross-sex communication using Lakoff theory. She found six

woman’s language features in the conversation. Yet, some features did not find

such as precise color term, „hypercorrect’ grammar, and „superpolite’ form.

Isni Al Rafi’ (2014) from State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya analyzed about women’s speech features used by the main characters in

“The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe” movie. Based on Lakoff theory, she found nine types of women’s speech features used by the main characters of this movie. One feature which did not occur in the dialogues is precise color terms. Moreover, the most frequently by the main

character’s speech feature of this movie are lexical hedges or fillers and intensifier.

Then, Didin Fitria Andhira (2014) from State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya conducted research under the title A Study of Woman’s Speech Features of A Main Character in Iron Lady Movie Used By Phyllida Lloyd. Through the analysis used Lakoff theory, she found nine types of woman’s speech features that used by the main character while vocabulary (precise colors terms) is not found.

The next previous researcher is Wahyu Dwi Yuiniarti (2014) from State Islamic University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang. Her research title is An Analysis of Hillary Clinton’s Speech Features on International Speeches In 2013. She used Lakoff theory in her research. Based on that theory, she found seven

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id features are classified as woman’s speech feature used by Hillary Clinton. While

the other speech features are not found, such as precise color term and absence of humor (avoidance of strong words).

Other previous study such as, J. Camille Hall, Joyce E. Everett, and Johnnie Hamilton-Mason (2012) conducted a journal entitled Black Women Talk About Workplace Stress and How They Cope. The purpose of this study was to explore work-related stressors that affect the lives of Black women and how they cope with them. Using an exploratory design with grounded-theory methods, five basic themes emerged that identify when racism and sexism are experienced as stressors for African American women in the workplace. The results from this study indicate African American women use emotion and problem focused coping responses to manage stress (e.g., racism and sexism) in the workplace.

Maria Cheng (2006) explored in her article under title Constructing a new political spectacle: tactics of Chen Shui-bian’s 2000 and 2004 Inaugural Speeches. She examined how the Taiwan President Chen Shui-bian uses political language rhetoric as a powerful tool to defuse dangerously tense relations with China, repair relations with the US government and gain public support in the

country. She focused on Chen’s inaugural speeches delivered on 20 May 2000

and 2004, which present the rationale for his new administration and his socio-political ideologies, and she reviewed his socio-political spectacle for Taiwan.

Mark Dyreson (2003) established a journal of contemporary history with the title Icons of Liberty or Objects of Desire? American Women Olympians and

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id the Politics of Consumption. He explained that American women were

increasingly enmeshed in the process of making national identity through sport.

America’s women Olympians had risen to compete with movie stars as the idols of the new consumer culture that was reshaping American political and social life. In many ways, women athletes were caught in the middle of these changes. They were both symbols of new rights and powers, and sexual commodities who ranked alongside movie stars in American popular culture. A sizeable contingent of the

American press celebrated the women’s track and field team as icons of liberty that had helped the USA to Olympic glory.

Occasionally, this present research is different with the previous researches. Here, the researcher tries to find the woman’s language theories applied on Michelle’s way of speech as the first African American first lady. According to Collins (1986, cited in Bass, 2009) explained that African American women have an outsider-within status that makes this group aware of what must be done to liberate other oppressed people within their sphere of influence. Outsider within refers to the disempowerment of African American women within interactive systems of power, race, gender, and social class.

Moreover, in Bass’ research about how African American women leaders do their experiences with intersectionality. She said that “African American women educators respond with a righteous indignation to social injustices against vulnerable disenfranchised students. Perhaps it is a personal awareness of race, gender, and social class (intersectionality) and the relentless pursuit for social

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id justice that promotes a call to action within African American women when they

witness injustices” (Bass, 2009: 620). It means that African American women have a fierce desire to achieve something because they always feel injustices in their intersectionality.

Here, Michelle Obama as the object of this research will show how she uses the women’s language in giving the speech since this activity as the first African American first lady. The researcher used Lakoff’s theory to answer her research problems. The purposes of this research are to find the women’s speech features that used by Michelle Obama as the first African American first lady, to

find out the type of women’s speech features which occurs most frequently by

Michelle Obama in her speeches and to know the purpose of women’s speech features used by her.

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter tells about the method which is used in this research. It consists of research design, data source, data, research instrument, technique of data collection, and technique of data analysis.

3.1Research Design

This research designed into descriptive qualitative because it describes all things happen in the process of research without any reduction. Sugiyono (2014:7-8) said that qualitative research is interpretive method because the result of the research more concern in interpretation toward the data in field collecting. Here, it has correlation with this research which has social sight that has interpretation to suppose the real contribution towards the result of this research.

3.2Data Source

This is actually about the data is taken from. The researcher takes four

speeches because those speeches have represented Michelle’s characteristics. Two of them are about politic democratic and others are about Michelle in action. The data is gotten from the YouTube videos of Michelle Obama Democratic National Convention Speech In Denver published on 25th August 2008, Let’s Move! Launch Anniversary Speech posted on 9th February 2011, White House

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id Conference on Bullying Prevention Speech uploaded on 10th March 2011 and

Democratic National Convention Speech In Charlotte published on 4th September 2012 and the script in the same events. The script has already existed on Michelle

Obama’s interview scripts on Google search. The researcher takes online script of videos as the data was published in YouTube on Google search.

3.3Data

This research focused on woman’s language features used by Michelle

Obama in her speeches, Democratic National Convention Speech In Denver, Let’s Move! Launch Anniversary Speech, White House Conference on Bullying Prevention Speech and Democratic National Convention Speech In Charlotte. The reason of researcher chosen these speeches are in four speeches include two

politic democratic speeches that describe Michelle’s view in politics and two speeches in Michelle’s action that also describe her personality in speech.

Meanwhile, the data is words, phrases, clauses which contain the woman’s

feature on Michelle Obama’s speech which reflect some types of women’s language features proposed by Lakoff.

3.4Research Instrument

Research instrument is a tool used by the researcher to collect the data and analyze the data to be the research. The key instrument of the study is the researcher herself. The researcher collected and analized the data by herself, so the researcher finally got the descriptive findings.

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 3.5Technique of Data Collection

Collecting the data is about the steps were conducted by the researcher to get the data. To collect the sufficient data, as the first step, the researcher searched and downloaded some speeches, here the researcher was downloading four speeches of Michelle Obama from YouTube videos (www.youtube.com). Democratic National Convention Speech In Denver was taken on 23rd October

2015 at 9.17 a.m., Let’s Move! Launch Anniversary Speech was taken on 23rd October 2015 at 10.15 p.m., White House Conference on Bullying Prevention Speech was taken on 23rd October 2015 at 9.31p.m. and Democratic National Convention Speech In Charlotte was taken on 23rd October 2015 at 9.18 a.m..

Secondly, after getting the video, the researcher was downloading the same script with the video before in the same events, the first speech script was on 24th October 2015 at 2.52 p.m. in The New York Times web (www.nytimes.com), second speech script was on 24th October 2015 at 10.15 p.m. in The White House President Barack Obama web (www.whitehouse.gov), next speech script was on 24th October 2015 at 3.03 p.m. in NPR Hourly Newscast web (www.npr.org), and the last was on 24th October 2015 at 3.09 p.m. in The White House President Barack Obama web (www.whitehouse.gov). Then, correcting the script had been downloaded with the video.

The last, the researcher made coding of sentence to make easier the process of analysis. The researcher collected the utterances, words, clause or

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id the researcher looked for the utterances, words, phrases which express in

woman’s speech feature, gave underlining and numbering each woman’s speech feature datum with different number in order to make easier in analysis, and also gave some abbreviations to show the purposes of each features, as follows:

Numbering

Number One (1) Lexical Hedges Or Fillers

Number Two (2) Tag Questions

Number Three (3) Rising Intonation On Declaratives

Number Four (4) Empty Adjectives

Number Five (5) Precise Color Terms

Number Six (6) Intensifiers

Number Seven (7) Hypercorrect Grammar

Number Eight (8) Superpolite Forms

Number Nine (9) Avoidance Of Strong Swear Words

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id Abbreviations

Mit Mitigate

Los Looseness

Str Strengthen

Adm Admiration

Prec Precise

Psd Persuade

Org Organize

Plt Polite

Sft Softness

Emph Emphasize

3.6Technique of Data Analysis

This session discussed about the way of the researcher analyze the data in answering the research questions. After collecting and selecting the data, there were some steps to analyze the data.

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id For answering the first research question, the researcher must identify the

speech texts carefully. Then, the researcher did tabulating each of the women’s speech features in table. There was one woman’s feature in one table. From those could be concluded how many kinds and what types of Michelle Obama’s speech feature. Then, the researcher described of the words, utterances, phrases, and clauses one by one which expressed in women’s speech feature based on Lakoff theory. After the women’s speech features had been identified into same categories, next was quantifying the features to discover the frequency and the percentage of each feature. It was aimed to know the dominant features used by Michelle Obama in her speech sections.

For answering the next research question, in this step, the researcher was carefully interpreting the words, utterances, phrases, and clauses in order to know how the purpose of the Michelle’s speech features. Then, at the final stage, this research drew conclusion and propose some suggestions for future studies.

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the findings and discussion of the investigation steps that has described before, which consist of three issues. First is to answer the the types of Michelle Obama’s speech features on her speech section. Afterwards, the researcher would like to present the most frequently of types of Michelle

Obama’s speech features. Another is the purposes of using each of the features in

Michelle Obama’s speech.

4.1. Findings: Woman’s Speech Features

In analyzing woman’s speech features, the researcher categorizes ten features based on Lakoff theory. These ten features are lexical hedges or fillers, tag questions, rising intonation on declaratives, empty adjectives, precise color terms, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, superpolite forms, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic stress. After analyzing the data, the writer finds some of features in Michelle Obama’s speeches but after counting the data, the emergence of every feature is different, it can be seen in this table 4.1.

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id Table 4.1 Chart of Total Emergence Woman’s Speech Feature In Michelle

Obama’s Speeches

Based on total emergence of each features in woman’s speech features, the emergence is different. The total emergence of lexical hedges is twenty nine, while total emergence of tag question is zero. Rising intonation appears in total five and empty adjective appears in total two. Next, there are eighty four occurring in intensifier, twenty occurring in hypercorrect grammar, and two in super polite form, but zero in avoiding of strong word. Then, the total emergence of empathic stress is eight and the last feature is precise color term with total

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Total Emergence

Lexical Hedges Or Fillers

Tag Questions

Rising Intonation On Declaratives Empty Adjectives

Precise Color Terms

Intensifiers

Hypercorrect Grammar

Superpolite Forms

Avoidance Of Strong Swear Words

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id number zero. Finally, the total emergences of all features are one hundred and

fifty.

4.1.1. Lexical Hedges or Fillers

Lexical hedges are form such as well, you see/see, sorta/sort of, like, you know, kinda/kind of, like, I guess, I think, and it seems like (Lakoff, 2004). The purposes of lexical hedges are to show a doubt or confidence of what has been said, to mitigate the possible unfriendliness or unkindness of the speaker’s statement, and to blunt the force of a rather painful assertion. In this research, the

researcher found four kinds of lexical hedges in Michelle’s speech. Michelle’s

lexical hedges are You Know, You See/See, Like, and I Think. Besides, the total emergences are different.

Table 4.1.1 Chart Emergences Lexical Hedges or Filler in Michelle Obama’s Speech

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Lexical Hedges

You Know

You See/See

Like

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id Based on this analyze, the researcher can conclude that there are four

words that including lexical hedges, they are you know, you see/see, like and I think. The total emergence among them is different, you know is twice, you see/see is twenty times, like is six times and I think is once. The highest emergence is you see/see. The total all of lexical hedges in Michelle Obama’s speeches are twenty nine times. The researcher also concludes that among four words lexical hedges have same purpose. It is to mitigate the statement to her audiences and to show a doubt or confidence of what has been said. The explanation of table 4.1.1 can be explained below.

4.1.1.1. You Know

The first word is you know, this is one of lexical hedges that found in the speech. Michelle Obama used you know when speech going. There are two emergences of you know in Michelle’s speeches.

Excerpt 1:

And, you know, what struck me when I first met Barack was that, even though he had this funny name, and even though he had grown up all the way across the continent in Hawaii, his family was so much like mine.

Michelle talked about her feeling when she met Barack Obama. She felt struck, even though Barack and his family had different culture and behave but they understand each other moreover she said like her mine. Here, lexical hedges not only to show a doubt but also a confidence of what has been said. She started with you know to to show a confidence in her statement. It means that her

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id sentence can be valued to the audiences as the things which must be believed by

them. Here, Michelle showed the fact in the reality about her relationship.

4.1.1.2. You See, See

The second lexical hedges that found by the researcher are you see/see. You see occurs in this conversation thirteen times and See occurs seven times. Total occurring between them is twenty times.

Excerpt 2:

You see, Barack and I were both raised by families who didn't have much in the way of money or material possessions but who had given us something far more valuable – their unconditional love, their unflinching sacrifice, and the chance to go places they had never imagined for themselves. (APPLAUSE)

Michelle told about their life, Barack and her, in the past time. Both of them grew up in families who did not have some money or material, but had given them something far more valuable, such as unconditional love, unflinching sacrifice and others. Here, same as before in you know, Michelle used you see for mitigating a confidence in her statement. It also means that her sentence can be valued to the audiences as the things which must be believed by them about their reality but in mitigating.

Excerpt 3:

In my own life, in my own small way, I have tried to give back to this country that has given me so much. See, that's why I left a job at a big law firm for a career in public service, working to empower young people to volunteer in their communities, because I believe that each of us -- no matter what our age or our background or our walk of life -- each of us has something to contribute to the life of this nation.

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id Here, Michelle also told about her real story in the past time which is she

ever left a job at a big law. She talked about her own life that she will always give something to contribute to the life of the nation. She used see for mitigating a confidence in her statement. In this case, the meaning of see same as you see so that it has same purpose.

4.1.1.3. Like

The third word of lexical hedges that found by the researcher is like. Different with before, emergence of like is six times.

Excerpt 4:

He was so proud to be sending his kids to college...and he made sure we never missed a registration deadline because his check was late.

You see, for my dad, that's what it meant to be a man. (APPLAUSE).

Like so many of us, that was the measure of his success in life – being able to earn a decent living that allowed him to support his family.

And as I got to know Barack, I realized that even though he'd grown up all the way across the country, he'd been brought up just like me.

Michelle talked about her father. He always kept spirit to measure of his success in life, to earn a decent living to support his family to be successful person. And she knew about Barack also which had same story in his family with her. Michelle used like to show a doubt of what has been said. It means that maybe her father same as others people or maybe not. So, she felt doubt toward her own statement.

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 4.1.1.4. I Think

The forth word that including lexical hedges is I think, it occurs once in

Michelle’s speech.

Excerpt 5:

And as I tuck that little girl in -- as I tuck that little girl in and her little sister into bed at night, you see, I think about how, one day, they'll have families of their own and how, one day, they -- and your sons and daughters -- will tell their own children about what we did together in this election. (APPLAUSE)

Michelle talked about the experiences from the election. She used I think to expect which is one day her little sister or all of the sons and daughters will tell the experiences to their family in the future. Michelle said I think, it shows that she expected based on her opinion and she was not confidence enough with her statement. It can conclude that I think of hedges for giving support with own argument.

As conclusion, Michelle used four forms of lexical hedges. The emergence total is different but the purposes are same. Yet, in a form I think have purpose to show unconfidence.

4.1.2. Tag Questions

Tag question is a kind of polite statement that does not force the agreement or belief on the addressee. The purposes of tag question are to express uncertainty and to soften the directives or criticism (Holmes, 1992). Here the

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 4.1.3. Rising Intonation on Declaratives

Rising intonation is found in a form of declarative sentence used to answer question but typically has a rising intonation similar to yes-no question intonation. The purposes are to indicate that there is unwillingness to be very assertive in carrying an opinion and to show that the speaker leaves the decision open to the addressee in a non-forceful way (Lakoff, 2004).

Based on the Michelle Obama’s speeches, the researcher found five statements of rising intonation. Besides, the researcher concludes that five statements of rising intonation to show decision. The explanations will be explained below:

Excerpt 1:

Because all of us desperately want to keep our kids healthy. But often, we just

don’t know how. Especially, kids don’t come with an instruction manual. And while we all get plenty of advice to make sure our kids eat well and stay active what does that really mean? How do we actually do that? Where do we find the time, where do we find the money?

Michelle talked about her ambition to keep many kids healthy but the parents did not how the god way because most of kids do not know with an instruction manual. She uttered the question to the addressee in using rising intonation. The reason is since the way how she uttered the question is different with the prior statements. In this utterance she heightened the voice in order to give a stressing towards her speech. It means that what is appeared by her is

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id something important to be heard. In short, the use of rising intonation is for

showing the prominent message that she want to perform.

Excerpt 2:

And if our parents and grandparents could toil and struggle for us...if they could raise beams of steel to the sky, send a man to the moon, and connect the world with the touch of a button...then surely we can keep on sacrificing and building for our own kids and grandkids, right?

Same as before, Michelle talked about her ambition. Yet, she believed that if their parents and grandmothers could keep toil and struggle then surely they can keep on sacrificing and building for their kids and grandkids. She surely asked to the addressee or her audiences that it will be happened in the nation. Once, the rising intonation in this statement had same purpose with the priorexcerpt above.

4.1.4. Empty Adjectives

Empty adjective is the special adjectives used by the women in order to show their gender as the different person in terms of using the language. Empty adjective is used to indicate the speaker’s approbation or admiration for something (Lakoff, 2004:25). Some of the forms of empty adjective are as follows:

Neutral Women Only

Great Adorable

Terrific Pretty

Cool Sweet

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id

Wonderful Divine

In this case, the researcher just found two kinds of empty adjective in

Michelle’s speeches, wonderful and pretty, and those have different emergence total.

Table 4.1.4 Chart Emergences Empty Adjective in Michelle Obama’s Speech

As shown from the chart, the word wonderful and pretty appear only once

in Michelle Obama’s speeches. Besides, in this analyze, the researcher concludes between two words have same purpose that is for admiration something. It will be explained below.

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Empty Adjective

Wonderful

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 4.1.4.1. Wonderful

Wonderful is including empty adjective; it is one of woman’s speech features. During the speech, wonderful only appears once in Michelle Obama’s speech.

Excerpt 1:

Thanks also to Georgia’s wonderful First Lady, Mrs. Sandra Deal and to all the elected officials here for joining us today. Thank you so much. And of course, I want to thank all the musicians, singers, and everyone else who graced us with their talent earlier this afternoon, let’s give them all another round of applause. Thank you so much. (APPLAUSE)

In that occasion, Michelle held Launch Anniversary of “Let’s Move!” and she said many thanks to all of people who came and joined at that event. One of the people who got big thanks from Michelle is Georgia’s First Lady. Michelle

called Georgia’s First Lady with added by wonderful to admiration toward her. Michelle tried to show her closeness towards the people who listen her speech. By using wonderful in the statement of the speech is one way from the speaker in getting the closeness towards the listener as the target of the speech.

4.1.4.2. Pretty

The word pretty is also including empty adjective that had been found by the researcher. It just appears once during the speech of Michelle Obama was going.

Excerpt 2:

Back then, we ate meals around the table as a family and that was pretty much the only time you ate, is mealtime. I didn’t know a single child in my

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id neighborhood who was allowed to eat whatever they wanted whenever they

wanted. If you wanted a snack, you’d have to ask permission and whatever you got was limited.

Michelle told about at that time most of children easily to ate something different with the past time. She confused why her neighborhood always allowed their children to eat whatever they wanted and whenever they wanted. Besides, there is only little time to eat together around the table as a family. Michelle was very regret because in her opinion the real mealtime is the time for creating quality in ate. By using pretty in her statement it means that she wanted to attract

the audience’s intention. She hoped what was said by her would be received by them. Not only received, but also it created the actions for the movement.

In empty adjective, Michelle just appeared two forms, they are Wonderful and Pretty. Both occurred in once and have same purpose. The purpose is for admiration something.

4.1.5. Precise Color Terms

Woman have an ability to mention clearer discriminations of color terms than men do, such as beige, ecru, aquamarine, lavender, or mauve (Lakoff, 2004). Unfortunately, the researcher did not find the precise color terms in woman’s speech features of Michelle Obama through her speeches.

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 4.1.6. Intensifiers

There are some forms of intensifiers are including in woman’s speech features such as so, just, very, such, or quite. Besides, there are also some purpose of intensifiers like to be a way of backing out of committing oneself strongly to an opinion, to persuade their addressee to take them seriously and to strengthen the meaning (Lakoff, 2004). In this occasion, the intensifiers that used by Michelle are so, just, really, very, and too. And some of those have different emergence total.

Table 4.1.6 Chart Emergences Intensifiers in Michelle Obama’s Speech

Based on the chart above, it can be seen there are some intensifiers words that research has been found, they are so, just, really, very, and too. Yet, the emergences of each of intensifiers words are different. The emergence total of so is thirty four times, just is thirty nine times. Then, there are seven times occurring

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Intensifiers

So

Just

Really

Very

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id in really, twice in very and too. So that total emergence of intensifiers is eighty

four times in speeches of Michelle Obama.

Besides, from this analyze, the researcher concludes there is same purpose for appearing intensifiers in these speeches. It is for persuade their addressee to take them seriously and strengthen the meaning. The explanation will be explained below.

4.1.6.1. So

The first intensifier that found by the researcher is so. The emergence of so is thirty four times.

Excerpt 1:

He's the same man who drove me and our new baby daughter home from the hospital 10 years ago this summer, inching along at a snail's pace, peering at us anxiously at -- through the rearview mirror, feeling the whole weight of her future in his hands, determined to give her everything he'd struggled so hard for himself, determined to give her something he never had, the affirming embrace of a father's love. (APPLAUSE)

Michelle talked about her story with Barack when she was pregnancy phase. She told how many big struggles facing her and Barack at the time. In such a way that she said through the difficult experiences proven an affection of the father. She used so for showing the strong emotions or making the strong assertions of the speaker. It means that Michelle drawn her emotion how big struggle for Barack.

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 4.1.6.2. Just

The second word is just. Different with before, the word just appears thirty nine times.

Excerpt 2:

Now, we’re not just here today to celebrate the first anniversary of a campaign to solve the problem of childhood obesity in a generation. We’re here to celebrate a new conversation in this country about the health and well-being of our children. It’s a conversation about what our kids eat and how they move. It’s about how they feel and how they feel about themselves. And it’s about what that means, not just for their physical and emotional health, but for their success in school and in life.

In her speech, Michelle talked to to celebrate the first anniversary of a campaign to solve the problem of childhood obesity in a generation. It was about what their kids eat and how they move. It was also about how they feel and how they feel about themselves. She also explained that not only for their physical and emotional health, but for their success in school and in life. By using just will persuade the addressee to take them seriously and to strengthen the meaning that not only that but also there is another.

4.1.6.3. Really

Really is the third word of intensifier that has been found. It occurs seven

times in Michelle’s speeches.

Excerpt 3:

And as parents, Barack and I also know that sometimes, maybe even a lot of the

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id Michelle said about her and Barack admission that sometime will be

difficult as parents to know what’s going on in their kids’ lives. By using really, Michelle shown it seriously and strengthen the meaning that it will be hard.

4.1.6.4. Very

The forth word that including intensifier is very. The emergence of intensifier very is twice in speeches of Michelle Obama.

Excerpt 4:

And everywhere I've gone, in the people I've met, and the stories I've heard, I have seen the very best of the American spirit.

Again, Michelle told about her experiences at the previous time. Everywhere she has gone, in the people she has met, and the stories she has heard, she has seen the very best of the American spirit. By using very, she was strengthening the meaning. She explained that there was a big spirit in the America.

4.1.6.5. Too

The last word including intensifier during Michelle Obama’s speeches is too. Same as very, too is also appears twice in speeches of Michelle Obama.

Excerpt 5:

And the consequences go far beyond our kids’ health. For example, believe it or not, right now, today, nearly 27 percent of 17-24 year-olds are too overweight to serve in our military. I recently visited Fort Jackson down in South Carolina,

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id Michelle gave the example of the obesity. She said nearly 27 percent of

17-24 year-olds are too overweight to serve in the American military. It was proven in Fort Jackson down in South Carolina, one of the largest facilities in the country for training Army recruits. She used too to persuade their addressee to take it seriously and to strengthen the meaning. It means that she shown seriously and need a movement.

As a conclusion, Michelle’s uses of intensifier are so, just, really, very, and too. Those intensifiers have different emergence total but have same purpose.

4.1.7. Hypercorrect Grammar

Women tend to use more grammatical standard form than men do, while men use more vernacular form than women do (Holmes, 1992). The purposes of woman using hypercorrect grammar are to rise social status in the society so that women use more standard speech as way of claiming such status and to see women as behavior model as an expectation from the society.

In this analyze, the researcher found twenty times of hypercorrect grammar occurring in Michelle Obama’s speeches. From those, the researcher concludes that Michelle has same purpose in occur some forms of hypercorrect grammar. It is for rising woman social status in the society as behavior model. The explanations will be explained below:

Excerpt 1:

He was raised by grandparents who were working-class folks just like my parents and by a single mother who struggled to pay the bills just like we did.

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id And like my family, they scrimped and saved so that he could have

opportunities that they never had for themselves.

Michelle talked about the child of Barack which is live with his grandmother and had same story that difficult to earn the life and to make a living. Here, she shown her story with using hypercorrect grammar to show the way of first lady uttered each sentences was suitable with the cultural background of her as the woman who are obligated to speak grammatically based in order to not judge as a rough speaker. In this event how she used the language is really concerned by the other people because her position as one of the influenced person in America.

4.1.8. Superpolite Forms

Super polite form is some forms to show the politeness, such as Would You, Please, and Pleasure. The purposes for using super polite form are to behave and communicate politely, to leave the decision to receive the request depend on the addressee without an attempt to impose what they want or appear in their mind (Lakoff, 2004). Michelle’s uses of superpolite form are Please and Pleasure. In this case, the emergence totals are same.

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

After presenting the result of analysis in the previous chapter, the conclusion and suggestions are taken in this part. The conclusion is drawn based on the formulated statement of problems, while suggestion is intended to give information to the next researchers who are in doing further research in this area.

5.1. Conclusion

In this research, the researcher can conclude that she finds only seven features of women’s speech features used by Michelle Obama in her speech section but after counting the data, the emergence is different each other. The total emergence of lexical hedges is twenty nine. Rising intonation appears in total five and empty adjective appears in total two. Next, there are eighty four occurring in intensifier, twenty occurring in hypercorrect grammar, and two in super polite form and the last feature is empathic stress is eight. Finally, the total emergences of all features are one hundred and fifty.

The most frequently women’s speech features are used by Michelle Obama is intensifier with the total number eighty four. Besides, some features that did not find in speeches of Michelle Obama are tag question, avoidance of strong word, and empathic stress.

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id The researcher also concludes that every feature has different purposes.

The first feature is lexical hedges; the purposes are to mitigate the statement to her audiences and to show a doubt or confidence of what has been said. The second feature that had been found is rising intonation and the purpose is for being strengthened. The next feature is empty adjective; the purpose is for admiration something. The fourth feature is intensifier, the purposes of intensifiers are for persuade their addressee to take them seriously and strengthen the meaning.

The other feature is hypercorrect grammar; it is for rising woman social status in the society as behavior model. The sixth feature is super polite forms; the words of super polite forms appear to leave strengthen, to attract the audience’s attentions towards her speech and to make soften the request. The last feature that has been found in this research is empathic stress. The purposes of appearing empathic stress are for emphasizing certain words and for expressing something with own self-expression as purpose.

5.2. Suggestion

Women’s speech feature is one of the interesting things as a topic to conduct the research because there are many features that we can more understand woman languages which is as woman sometimes we do not know there are many special language for woman which have different purpose or function of each. Therefore, after studying this research, we can know the types

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id of women’s speech features and their functions so that we know what is the

purpose of the speaker uses word that including women’s speech features.

Besides, the researcher also gives some suggestions for the readers and the next researchers. Firstly, in order to enrich our knowledge about women’s speech features and their purposes or functions. The researcher suggests making the different research with the researcher using different theory as possible and if using speech, try to find different speeches that has different way, like the speeches come from President, ministry, entrepreneur, till a detainee. Second, taking the data from other source such as analyze women’s speech features that used people around you, it is more interesting way than analyze indirectly such as woman language in traditional market.

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