CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND KARONESE.
CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS BETWEEN
ENGLISH AND KARONESE
A THESIS
Submitted as partical of the Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By :
BONIFACIA EMANELLA BR TARIGAN
Resgistration Number 2113220003
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
ABSTRACT
Tarigan, Bonifacia Emanella.Reg No.2113220003. Contrastive Analysis of
Relative Pronouns between English and Karonese. A Thesis. English
Department Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan.
This study deals with contrastive analysis of relative pronouns between English
and Karonese”. The objective of this study is analyzed the differences and the
similarities of relative pronouns in English and Karonese. For analyze this study,
the researcher used qualitative research by doing the documentary technique. The
data collected by reading some references which are related to the subject matters.
The data which has been collected, itcan be qualified to solve the problem of the
research. After analyzed, the researcher found the similarities in both languages:
Relative Pronouns in English and Karonesehas the same position in a sentence, it
can be: ‘after the subject or before the object’. Relative Pronouns in English and
Karonese have the same form, Si can be used as subject, object, prepositions and
possessive for People and Things. And there are no differences of Relative
Pronouns between English and Karonese as subject, object and possessive
functions based on the position and form.
Keywords: Contrastive Analysis, Relative Pronouns
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The greatest thanks to the Almighty God for all His blessing and guidence,
the writer gives the greatest thankfulness for everything that has been given along
her life, so the writer is able to complete this thesis. This thesis is aimed to fulfill
the requirements for S-1 Degree of SarjanaSastra at English and Literature
Department Faculty of Language and Arts of State University of Medan.
The writer would like to express her gratitude to those who helped her in
completing this thesis, because without the suggestions, guidence, pray and
support it could be not fulfilled. In this occasion, the writer would like to express
her special gratitude to :
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd, the Rector of State University of
Medan
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum, the Dean of Faculty Languages and
Arts, State University of Medan
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd, the Head of English Department and
her Thesis Examiner of this thesis, Dra. Meisuri, M.A, the Secretary
of English Department, Syamsul Bahri, S.S, M.Hum, the Head of
English Literature Department academic
Drs. Elia Masa Gintings, M.Hum, her Thesis Advisor thanks for his
guidance, advice, suggestion and comment and his time to supervising
this thesis until complete in making this thesis.
Dra. Masitowarni Siregar, M.Hum, Dr. I Wayan Dirgeyasa T,
M.Hum, her Examiner of this thesis who gave their suggestion,
comment and motivated to complete this thesis.
Her deepest love to her parents, Johan Piter Tarigan and
Rahmayani br Kemit for their prayers, love, spirit, motivation and
financial support during the writer’s whole life.
Her beloved uncle, aunty and grandmother,Mereksa B Ginting, S.P,
M.Agr, Renyasari Kemit, S.H, and Teken br Ginting for their
prayers, support, and motivation given to the writer as long as she did
this thesis.
Her friends in State University of Medan, Evi, Putri, Lisma, Melly,
Sri, Emi, Raja, Windi, Bimbi and Dewanta Putra thanks for the
support, help and prayers to the writer.
Her friends in Ikatan Mahasiswa Karo FBS and Ikatan Mahasiswa
Karo Rudang Mayang UNIMED, for their spirit, motivation and
prayers to the writer.
And everyone who has helped the writer.
Medan,
February 2016
The Writer,
Bonifacia Emanella br Tarigan
NIM. 2113220003
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................ ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLE .........................................................................................vi
LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................. vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of The Study ............................................................ 1
B. The Problem of the Study.................................................................... 4
C. The Scope of the Study ....................................................................... 4
D. The Objectives of the Study ................................................................ 4
E. The Significance of the Study ........................................................... 5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Framework ....................................................................... 6
1. Relative Pronouns in English ......................................................... 7
2. Types of Relative Pronouns in English .......................................... 8
a. Defining Relative Clause ............................................................ 8
b. Non Defining Relative Clause ................................................... 11
3. Relative Pronoun in Karonese ....................................................... 12
a. The Description of Relative Pronoun in Karonese .................... 12
b. The Use of Relative Pronoun in Karonese ................................ 13
4. Sentences ....................................................................................... 15
5. Contrastive Analysis ...................................................................... 18
B. Conceptual Framework ...................................................................... 21
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD
A. The Method of Research .................................................................... 23
B. The Source of Data ............................................................................. 23
C. Technique of Collecting Data ........................................................... 23
D. Instrument of Data .............................................................................. 24
E. Technique of Analyzing Data ........................................................... 24
CHAPTER IV.THE DATA AND THE DATA ANALYSIS
A. The Data ........................................................................................... 25
B. Data Analysis ..................................................................................... 25
1. The Function of Relative Pronouns ............................................... 25
2. The Position of Relative Pronouns ................................................ 30
C. The Findings ....................................................................................... 32
1. The Similarities of Relatif Pronouns in English and Karonese ..... 32
2. The Differences of Relative Pronoun in English and Karonese .... 35
D. Discussion .......................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions ........................................................................................ 39
B. Suggestions......................................................................................... 40
REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 41
LIST OF TABLE
Table 4.1 The Functions of Who ................................................................... 25
Table 4.2 The Functions of Whom ................................................................ 26
Table 4.3 The Function of Which .................................................................. 27
Table 4.4 The Function of Whose .................................................................. 28
Table 4.5 The Function of That ..................................................................... 29
Table 4.6 The Position of Relative Pronouns as Subject ............................... 30
Table 4.7 The Position of Relative Pronouns as Object................................. 30
Table 4.8 The Form of Relative Pronouns in English.................................... 33
Table 4.9 The Form of Relative Pronouns in Karonese ................................. 33
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A ................................................................................................. 43
Appendix B ................................................................................................. 45
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of The Study
The language has a very important role since first. The goal is to
communicate with each other, including in expressed particular objects, so they
are also encouraged to pronounce certain sounds. Language is expressed by a
word which we commonly translate temperance, but which might more properly
be translated good temper, or sobriety and moderation of mind (Smith 1984:269)
in his book The Theory of Moral Sentiments.
Language is like a tree. It can grow and die. It is also like the communities
that have come and gone with them their language. There are some 6000
languages in the world, but of these about half are going die out in the cause of
next century (Jakeman 2001:84) So, there are many kinds of languages in the
world and they are created by their own.
To studying the language, we need to knowledge about it. It is called
linguistic. Linguistics has something to do with language, it also implies that
linguistics relevant to the learning of language (Hartley1982: 3). So, linguistic is
scientific knowledge that can be applied to study many languages in this world.
One of linguistic aspects is concerned to the contrastive analysis.
Contrastive analysis means the comparison of two languages by paying attention
to differences and similarities between languages being compared; it was first
suggested by Whorf (1941) as contrastive linguistics, a comparative study which
emphasizes on linguistic differences. From the statement above, it means that the
main goal of contrastive linguistics is to find out what the differences and
similarities in analyzing languages.
So many languages spread across the world, especially in Indonesia.
Where, Indonesia is known for a wide variety of ethnic, cultural, and language.
From the diversity, the authors want to examine one of the tribes in Indonesia,
particularly in the area of North Sumatra, known as Karo tribe. Where, Karonese
is one of the languages used by the public or the Karo tribe in daily conversation,
at funerals, wedding ceremonies, organization or meetings involving about Karo.
In the grammar of Karonese, we can find on the use of the phrase, in
Karonese we have “gundari” and in English we have “now” and in Bahasa
Indonesia “sekarang”. From this fact we can find that language is different from
other. These variations of language appear as the impact of variety of cultures the
people have. Although we have so many languages as our medium of
communication, we can still find some similarities and differences in each of
them, and from these things encourage the researcher to find out the differences
and the similarities by contrasting English and Karonese especially in Relative
Pronouns.
Contrastive Analysis compares two or more languages with the aim of
describing their similarities and differences, providing better descriptions and
better teaching materials for language learners. When we use a foreign language,
we may make mistakes because of influence from our mother tongue, mistakes in
pronunciation, grammar, and other levels of language. Being aware of the
differences between the mother tongue (L1) and the target language (L2) is
needed in order to learn the correct use of the foreign language.
The reason of the writer to choose contrastive analysis of Relative
Pronouns between English and Karonese because Karonese is mother tongue of
the researcher, and has been daily communication with parent, and friends who
are Karo.
The previous researcher related to the Contrastive Analysis of Relative
Pronouns has been done by Rohmaita Fitriani Saragih (2012). In her research, she
analyzed contrastive analysis of Relative Pronouns in English and Simalungun
titled “Contrastive Analysis of Relative Pronouns between English and
Simalungun”. This research discovered the similarities and the differences in
English and Simalungun related from Relative Pronouns. She has been found that
English and Simalungun have similarities in class, meaning and the use of
Relative Pronouns. And she has been found the difference of both language is the
function of Relative Pronounsd in Simalungun language based on part while in
English in Relative Pronouns base on five kinds and both Relative Pronounsd
Function as subject , prosessive or object.
B. The Problem of The Study
There are two problems that need to be solved in this research. They are:
1) What are the similarities of Relative Pronouns between English and
Karonese as a subject, object and possessive functions based on the
positions and form?
2) What are the differences of Relative Pronouns between English and
Karonese as a subject, object and possessive functions based on the
positions and form?
C. The Scope of The Study
This research has limitation. In relation to this definition, the researcher
should limit this research. This research only focuses on contrastive analysis
between English and Karonese especially in Relative Pronouns as a subject, object,
and possessive functions based on the positions and form.
D. The Objective of The Study
There are two objectives that should be achieved in this research. They
are:
1. To find out the similarities of Relative Pronouns between English and
Karonese as a subject, object, and possessive functions based on the
positions and form.
2. To find the differences of Relative Pronouns between English and
Karonese as a subject, object, and possessive functions based on the
positions and form.
E. The Significance of The Study
The finding out of this study is expected to give both theoretical and
practical contribution in contrastive analysis studies.
Theoretically, the finding out of this research is expected to develop the
sources in contrastive analysis studies, particulary on the Relative Pronouns
between English and Karonese.
Practically, the research will be useful for students who are interested to
learning about contrastive analysis. And the research will be an addition material
in studying the contrastive analysis in Relative Pronouns for the others who want
to do similar field of the research as a previous.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analyzed the data, there are some similarities and differences of
Relative Pronouns between English and Karonese. They can be concluded as
below:
The Similarities:
1. Relative Pronouns in English and Karonese has the same class as Noun.
2. Relative Pronouns in English and Karonese has the same position in a
sentence, it can be: ‘after the subject or before the object’.
3. Relative Pronouns in English and Karonese have the same form, Si can be
used as subject, object, prepositions and possessive for People and Things.
4. It is possible to omit the Relative Pronouns in some certain sentences in
English and Karonese.
The Differences:
1. The use of comma in Relative Pronouns of English is important while in
Karonese the use of comma will not change the meaning of sentence.
2. Relative Pronouns in English are used based on their function. Who is
used as subject and refers into human beings, whom is used as the object
and refers into people, whose is used in reference to possession, which is
used as the object and refers to things and that is used as subject or object.
While Relative Pronouns in Karonese “si” can be used as subject, object,
and possession.
B. Suggestions
In relation the conclusion, suggestions are presented as the following:
1. By knowing the similarities and differences of Relative Pronouns between
English and Karonese for those who teach or learn English in Karonese
regency and it can make better learning strategy to overcome the problems
in teaching English Relative Pronouns.
2. It is suggest to the readers to know about contrastive analysis and Relative
Pronouns between two or more languages.
3. This study can used for the others who want to do similar field of the
research as a previous.
REFERENCES
Azar, Betty.1999.Understanding and Using English Grammar Third Edition.
Pearson Longman.Washington
Azar, Betty.2006.Fundamentals of English Grammar Third Edition. Whidbey
Island, Washington.
Bilal, Hafi Ahmad, Tariq, Abdur Rehman; Yaqub, Shabana; Kanwal,Sadia
(2013). Contrastive Analysis of Prepositional Errors. SAVAP International,
4, 562-570.
Clark & Clark. 1977. Psychology and Language.Cambridge University Press.
Stanford.
D’Arcy,Alexandra;Tangliamonte,Sali A (2010). Language in Society.Cambridge
University Press, 39,383-410.
Frank, Marcella.1972.Modern Guy, Gregory R. and Robert Bayley (1995). On the
Choice of Relative Pronouns in English.American Speech 70, 148-162.
Ginting, Sada Kata.2014.Ranan Adat.Kabanjahe:Yayasan Merga Silima.
James, C.1980.Contrastive Analysis. Logman.London.
Joosten, Leo.2007.Kamus Indonesia Karo.Medan: Penerbit Bina Media Perintis.
Naibaho, Jawasi.2006. Contrastive Linguistics – A Course Material. Medan :
Program Pasca Sarjana UNIMED.
Pardiyono.2007. Pasti Bisa Teaching Genre-Based Writing.Yogyakarta:ANDI.
English a Practical Reference Guide. New York
University.
Prints, Darwin.1997.Adat Karo.Medan: Penerbit Bina Media.
Prints, Darwin. 2004. Kamus Karo Indonesia. Medan : Penerbit Bina Media
Perintis.
Tarigan, Henry Guntur. 1992. Pengajaran Analisis Kontrastif Bahasa. Bandung:
Angkasa.
Woolams, Geoff.2004. Tata Bahasa Karo.Medan:Penerbit Bina Media Perintis.
(http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Karo) Accessed December 12nd, 2014
(http://speakout.palcomtech.com/) Accessed December 12nd, 2014
(http://word-dialect.blogspot.com/2011/08/bahasa-karo.html) Accessed January
11th, 2015
(https://www.englishclub.com/english-language-history.html) Accessed December
11th, 2015
(http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/writers-handbook/s24-05-using-relativepronouns-and-cl.html) Accessed January 11th, 2015
(http://www.amazon.co.uk/grammar-Batak-Sumatra-Pacific-linguistics/dp)
Accessed January 12th,2015
(https://www.academia.edu/3760179/Contrastive_Analysis_Error_Analysis_and_
Interlanguage_Three_Phases_of_One_Goal) Accessed April 12th,2015
ENGLISH AND KARONESE
A THESIS
Submitted as partical of the Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By :
BONIFACIA EMANELLA BR TARIGAN
Resgistration Number 2113220003
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
ABSTRACT
Tarigan, Bonifacia Emanella.Reg No.2113220003. Contrastive Analysis of
Relative Pronouns between English and Karonese. A Thesis. English
Department Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan.
This study deals with contrastive analysis of relative pronouns between English
and Karonese”. The objective of this study is analyzed the differences and the
similarities of relative pronouns in English and Karonese. For analyze this study,
the researcher used qualitative research by doing the documentary technique. The
data collected by reading some references which are related to the subject matters.
The data which has been collected, itcan be qualified to solve the problem of the
research. After analyzed, the researcher found the similarities in both languages:
Relative Pronouns in English and Karonesehas the same position in a sentence, it
can be: ‘after the subject or before the object’. Relative Pronouns in English and
Karonese have the same form, Si can be used as subject, object, prepositions and
possessive for People and Things. And there are no differences of Relative
Pronouns between English and Karonese as subject, object and possessive
functions based on the position and form.
Keywords: Contrastive Analysis, Relative Pronouns
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The greatest thanks to the Almighty God for all His blessing and guidence,
the writer gives the greatest thankfulness for everything that has been given along
her life, so the writer is able to complete this thesis. This thesis is aimed to fulfill
the requirements for S-1 Degree of SarjanaSastra at English and Literature
Department Faculty of Language and Arts of State University of Medan.
The writer would like to express her gratitude to those who helped her in
completing this thesis, because without the suggestions, guidence, pray and
support it could be not fulfilled. In this occasion, the writer would like to express
her special gratitude to :
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd, the Rector of State University of
Medan
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum, the Dean of Faculty Languages and
Arts, State University of Medan
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd, the Head of English Department and
her Thesis Examiner of this thesis, Dra. Meisuri, M.A, the Secretary
of English Department, Syamsul Bahri, S.S, M.Hum, the Head of
English Literature Department academic
Drs. Elia Masa Gintings, M.Hum, her Thesis Advisor thanks for his
guidance, advice, suggestion and comment and his time to supervising
this thesis until complete in making this thesis.
Dra. Masitowarni Siregar, M.Hum, Dr. I Wayan Dirgeyasa T,
M.Hum, her Examiner of this thesis who gave their suggestion,
comment and motivated to complete this thesis.
Her deepest love to her parents, Johan Piter Tarigan and
Rahmayani br Kemit for their prayers, love, spirit, motivation and
financial support during the writer’s whole life.
Her beloved uncle, aunty and grandmother,Mereksa B Ginting, S.P,
M.Agr, Renyasari Kemit, S.H, and Teken br Ginting for their
prayers, support, and motivation given to the writer as long as she did
this thesis.
Her friends in State University of Medan, Evi, Putri, Lisma, Melly,
Sri, Emi, Raja, Windi, Bimbi and Dewanta Putra thanks for the
support, help and prayers to the writer.
Her friends in Ikatan Mahasiswa Karo FBS and Ikatan Mahasiswa
Karo Rudang Mayang UNIMED, for their spirit, motivation and
prayers to the writer.
And everyone who has helped the writer.
Medan,
February 2016
The Writer,
Bonifacia Emanella br Tarigan
NIM. 2113220003
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................ ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLE .........................................................................................vi
LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................. vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of The Study ............................................................ 1
B. The Problem of the Study.................................................................... 4
C. The Scope of the Study ....................................................................... 4
D. The Objectives of the Study ................................................................ 4
E. The Significance of the Study ........................................................... 5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Framework ....................................................................... 6
1. Relative Pronouns in English ......................................................... 7
2. Types of Relative Pronouns in English .......................................... 8
a. Defining Relative Clause ............................................................ 8
b. Non Defining Relative Clause ................................................... 11
3. Relative Pronoun in Karonese ....................................................... 12
a. The Description of Relative Pronoun in Karonese .................... 12
b. The Use of Relative Pronoun in Karonese ................................ 13
4. Sentences ....................................................................................... 15
5. Contrastive Analysis ...................................................................... 18
B. Conceptual Framework ...................................................................... 21
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD
A. The Method of Research .................................................................... 23
B. The Source of Data ............................................................................. 23
C. Technique of Collecting Data ........................................................... 23
D. Instrument of Data .............................................................................. 24
E. Technique of Analyzing Data ........................................................... 24
CHAPTER IV.THE DATA AND THE DATA ANALYSIS
A. The Data ........................................................................................... 25
B. Data Analysis ..................................................................................... 25
1. The Function of Relative Pronouns ............................................... 25
2. The Position of Relative Pronouns ................................................ 30
C. The Findings ....................................................................................... 32
1. The Similarities of Relatif Pronouns in English and Karonese ..... 32
2. The Differences of Relative Pronoun in English and Karonese .... 35
D. Discussion .......................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions ........................................................................................ 39
B. Suggestions......................................................................................... 40
REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 41
LIST OF TABLE
Table 4.1 The Functions of Who ................................................................... 25
Table 4.2 The Functions of Whom ................................................................ 26
Table 4.3 The Function of Which .................................................................. 27
Table 4.4 The Function of Whose .................................................................. 28
Table 4.5 The Function of That ..................................................................... 29
Table 4.6 The Position of Relative Pronouns as Subject ............................... 30
Table 4.7 The Position of Relative Pronouns as Object................................. 30
Table 4.8 The Form of Relative Pronouns in English.................................... 33
Table 4.9 The Form of Relative Pronouns in Karonese ................................. 33
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A ................................................................................................. 43
Appendix B ................................................................................................. 45
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of The Study
The language has a very important role since first. The goal is to
communicate with each other, including in expressed particular objects, so they
are also encouraged to pronounce certain sounds. Language is expressed by a
word which we commonly translate temperance, but which might more properly
be translated good temper, or sobriety and moderation of mind (Smith 1984:269)
in his book The Theory of Moral Sentiments.
Language is like a tree. It can grow and die. It is also like the communities
that have come and gone with them their language. There are some 6000
languages in the world, but of these about half are going die out in the cause of
next century (Jakeman 2001:84) So, there are many kinds of languages in the
world and they are created by their own.
To studying the language, we need to knowledge about it. It is called
linguistic. Linguistics has something to do with language, it also implies that
linguistics relevant to the learning of language (Hartley1982: 3). So, linguistic is
scientific knowledge that can be applied to study many languages in this world.
One of linguistic aspects is concerned to the contrastive analysis.
Contrastive analysis means the comparison of two languages by paying attention
to differences and similarities between languages being compared; it was first
suggested by Whorf (1941) as contrastive linguistics, a comparative study which
emphasizes on linguistic differences. From the statement above, it means that the
main goal of contrastive linguistics is to find out what the differences and
similarities in analyzing languages.
So many languages spread across the world, especially in Indonesia.
Where, Indonesia is known for a wide variety of ethnic, cultural, and language.
From the diversity, the authors want to examine one of the tribes in Indonesia,
particularly in the area of North Sumatra, known as Karo tribe. Where, Karonese
is one of the languages used by the public or the Karo tribe in daily conversation,
at funerals, wedding ceremonies, organization or meetings involving about Karo.
In the grammar of Karonese, we can find on the use of the phrase, in
Karonese we have “gundari” and in English we have “now” and in Bahasa
Indonesia “sekarang”. From this fact we can find that language is different from
other. These variations of language appear as the impact of variety of cultures the
people have. Although we have so many languages as our medium of
communication, we can still find some similarities and differences in each of
them, and from these things encourage the researcher to find out the differences
and the similarities by contrasting English and Karonese especially in Relative
Pronouns.
Contrastive Analysis compares two or more languages with the aim of
describing their similarities and differences, providing better descriptions and
better teaching materials for language learners. When we use a foreign language,
we may make mistakes because of influence from our mother tongue, mistakes in
pronunciation, grammar, and other levels of language. Being aware of the
differences between the mother tongue (L1) and the target language (L2) is
needed in order to learn the correct use of the foreign language.
The reason of the writer to choose contrastive analysis of Relative
Pronouns between English and Karonese because Karonese is mother tongue of
the researcher, and has been daily communication with parent, and friends who
are Karo.
The previous researcher related to the Contrastive Analysis of Relative
Pronouns has been done by Rohmaita Fitriani Saragih (2012). In her research, she
analyzed contrastive analysis of Relative Pronouns in English and Simalungun
titled “Contrastive Analysis of Relative Pronouns between English and
Simalungun”. This research discovered the similarities and the differences in
English and Simalungun related from Relative Pronouns. She has been found that
English and Simalungun have similarities in class, meaning and the use of
Relative Pronouns. And she has been found the difference of both language is the
function of Relative Pronounsd in Simalungun language based on part while in
English in Relative Pronouns base on five kinds and both Relative Pronounsd
Function as subject , prosessive or object.
B. The Problem of The Study
There are two problems that need to be solved in this research. They are:
1) What are the similarities of Relative Pronouns between English and
Karonese as a subject, object and possessive functions based on the
positions and form?
2) What are the differences of Relative Pronouns between English and
Karonese as a subject, object and possessive functions based on the
positions and form?
C. The Scope of The Study
This research has limitation. In relation to this definition, the researcher
should limit this research. This research only focuses on contrastive analysis
between English and Karonese especially in Relative Pronouns as a subject, object,
and possessive functions based on the positions and form.
D. The Objective of The Study
There are two objectives that should be achieved in this research. They
are:
1. To find out the similarities of Relative Pronouns between English and
Karonese as a subject, object, and possessive functions based on the
positions and form.
2. To find the differences of Relative Pronouns between English and
Karonese as a subject, object, and possessive functions based on the
positions and form.
E. The Significance of The Study
The finding out of this study is expected to give both theoretical and
practical contribution in contrastive analysis studies.
Theoretically, the finding out of this research is expected to develop the
sources in contrastive analysis studies, particulary on the Relative Pronouns
between English and Karonese.
Practically, the research will be useful for students who are interested to
learning about contrastive analysis. And the research will be an addition material
in studying the contrastive analysis in Relative Pronouns for the others who want
to do similar field of the research as a previous.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analyzed the data, there are some similarities and differences of
Relative Pronouns between English and Karonese. They can be concluded as
below:
The Similarities:
1. Relative Pronouns in English and Karonese has the same class as Noun.
2. Relative Pronouns in English and Karonese has the same position in a
sentence, it can be: ‘after the subject or before the object’.
3. Relative Pronouns in English and Karonese have the same form, Si can be
used as subject, object, prepositions and possessive for People and Things.
4. It is possible to omit the Relative Pronouns in some certain sentences in
English and Karonese.
The Differences:
1. The use of comma in Relative Pronouns of English is important while in
Karonese the use of comma will not change the meaning of sentence.
2. Relative Pronouns in English are used based on their function. Who is
used as subject and refers into human beings, whom is used as the object
and refers into people, whose is used in reference to possession, which is
used as the object and refers to things and that is used as subject or object.
While Relative Pronouns in Karonese “si” can be used as subject, object,
and possession.
B. Suggestions
In relation the conclusion, suggestions are presented as the following:
1. By knowing the similarities and differences of Relative Pronouns between
English and Karonese for those who teach or learn English in Karonese
regency and it can make better learning strategy to overcome the problems
in teaching English Relative Pronouns.
2. It is suggest to the readers to know about contrastive analysis and Relative
Pronouns between two or more languages.
3. This study can used for the others who want to do similar field of the
research as a previous.
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