CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE PRONOUN BETWEEN ENGLISH AND SIMALUNGUN LANGUAGE.
ABSTRACT
Saragih, Rohmaita Fitriani. Contrastive Analysis of Relative Pronoun
between English and Simalungun Language. A thesis, Faculty of Languages
and Arts, State University of Medan, 2012.
This study deals with contrastive analysis of relative pronouns between English
and Simalungun Language. The objective of this study is to find the similarities
and the differences of Relative Pronouns between English and Simalungun
Language. This study is limited the list and the categorize the functions of relative
pronoun as subject, object and possessive functions based on the form and the
positions. The data were collected by Questionnaires technique. Questionnaires
technique was done by giving questions translation from Indonesian Language to
responders. They are a simalungunese and someone that knows English very well.
The writer concluded that there are the differences and the similarities of Relative
Pronouns in both Languages. The similarities of both languages are on the
position, form, and class as noun. While the differences of both languages are on
the functions and putting comma in a sentence. The result of this study can add
the information for the readers especially who wants to know about relative
pronouns.
CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE PRONOUN BETWEEN
ENGLISH AND SIMALUNGUN LANGUAGE
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State
University of Medan, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for
the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
BY:
ROHMAITA FITRIANI SARAGIH
Reg. Number: 082222810010
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2012
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This thesis is aimed at fulfilling one of the requirements for the degree of
Sarjana Sastra at the English Department , Faculty of Languages and Arts, State
University of Medan (UNIMED)
All praise and gratitude unto Allah Swt , the Almighty and Merciful who has
given her great affection and guidance in finishing her thesis “Contrastive Analysis of
Relative Pronoun between English and Simalungun Language.” His mercy and peace
are for the prophet Muhammad S.A.W who has brought us from the darkness to the
lightness that is Islamic values of the Holy Qur’an to people all over the world.
The writer also would like to say thanks for many special people around her who
supported within the process of working on this thesis. They are
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Prof.Dr. Ibnu Hazar Damanik, M.Si as the head of State University of Medan.
Dr.Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., as the dean of languages and arts faculty State
University of Medan.
Prof.Dr.H.Sumarsih,M.Pd. as the head of English Department,
Dra.Rahmah,M.Hum as the secretary of English Department and
Dr.Meisuri,M.A as the head of English Literature Department, thank you for
the wise and assistance in managing all the administrative process requirements.
Drs.Willem Saragih,Dipl.Appl.,M.Pd, as her thesis advisor
who has
consciously guided her in the entire process of the thesis writing with all of the
constructive comments, which helped her makes this thesis more perfect.
Her big family (Sijabat and Sitepu family) especially Her parents (S.Saragih
and R.Sitepu), her brothers and sister ( Doni Irawan Saragih, Erik Pranata
Saragih, Ike Novela Saragih), thank you very much for every prayer, financial
support, sacrifice, moral support, far apart contribution, that is tolerance and
understanding in completing this thesis.
Her special friend (Bang Manik) thank you for prayer, motivation, the time,
supports in prayer, love and suggestions.
Her organization HIMAPSI, especially DPC HIMAPSI MEDAN and DPK
HIMAPSI UNIMED, thank you for supports and the advice.
For her classmate, especially Mory Yana Gultom, Theresia Juntak, Wilda
Mahya Sari, Riahmawani Purba, Juli Damanik, and all Applied Linguistics
class A and B, Thank you for encouragement and motivation
Her boarding home Family (Rini Susanti, Malem Poerbz, Rona, Mamay, kak
Melise, Elis, kak Fani, Ewin, Roy, Andri and Dedi and Eva ) thank you for
the motivation and advice.
Her friends Kak Putri and Bang Jo thank you for support and all of we have
done.
•
For all of those who supported the writer during completing this thesis, thank
you for the participation.
Finally, the writer admits that this thesis is still far from being perfect. any
constructive comments from the readers will make this writing can provide a valuable
contribution and the writer invite all of the readers to give more suggestions.
The writer,
Rohmaita Fitriani Saragih
082222810010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Appendices
i
ii
iv
vi
vii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The Background of Study
The Problem of the Study
The Scope of the Study
The Objective of the study
The Significance of The Study
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B.
Theoretical Framework
Contrastive Analysis
Sentences
The description of Relative Pronoun in English
Types of Relative Pronoun
a. Defining Relative Clause
1) the form and functions of defining Relative
Clause
b. Non defining Relative Clause
1) The form and functions of non defining
Relative clause
Relative Pronoun in Simalungun Language
a. The Description of Relative Pronoun in
Simalungun Language
b. The use of Relative Pronoun in Simalungun
Language
Conceptual Framework
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD
A.
B.
C.
The Research Method
The Technique of Collecting Data
The Technique of Analyzing Data
1
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
8
10
10
12
16
17
18
18
20
21
23
23
23
24
CHAPTER IV : THE DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS
A. The Data
B. Data Analysis
1. The Function of Relative Pronoun
C. The Findings
1. The Similarities of Relative Pronoun between
English and Simalungun Language
2. The Differences of Relative Pronoun in English
and Simalungun Language
25
25
25
25
31
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
B. Suggestions
REFERENCES :
APPENDICES :
38
38
39
40
42
32
35
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Forms of Defining Relative Pronouns
12
Table 2.2 Forms of Non Defining Relative Pronouns
17
Table 4.1 The Function of Who
25
Table 4.2 The Function of Whom
26
Table 4.3 The Function of Which
27
Table 4.4 The Function of Whose
28
Table 4.5 The Function of That
29
Table 4.6 The Position of Relative Pronouns as Subject
30
Table 4.7 The Position of Relative Pronouns as Object
31
Table 4.8 The Form of Relative Pronouns in English
34
Table 4.9 The Form of Relative Pronoun in Simlungun Language
34
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX I :
List of Questions
43
APPENDIX II:
Answer of translation questions
45
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of study
Language is purely important as a tool of communication. We, as human
beings, need it as a medium of communication through which we express our
emotions, ideas, feelings and thoughts to our fellow people. We, as the member of
the society or social group, use language to convey our needs, desires, and
everything what we want to express to the society. And also, it indicates the
existence of human beings. It means that we, as human, cannot do our activities
without using language. Whatever we do in this world, we use language to
express our mind, for example: warning someone or requesting something, etc.
We can also express it by using gesture or body movement, action, signal, and
sound. Example: if we want to say “no” we can move our head from side to side.
So, it can be concluded that language is the means of communication or sounds,
signs, symbols that have meaning.
Comparing two languages is interesting to do because by that way we can
find the differences and the similarities of them, including the function and the
types. Language is one part of culture, which plays role in our lives. A language is
created by the agreement with creativity of the people who live in certain places.
Language is a system of sound used by human to communicate thoughts and
feelings. There are many types of language in this world, they can be classified as
international language, national language and local language based on their spread
and scope of uses. Simalungun Language is one of local languages in Indonesia,
especially around North Sumatera. Simalungunese use Simalungun Language in
11
their daily conversation besides the national language. They use their local
language in various ceremonies such as marriage, buried, and others.
Contrastive analysis is the systematic study of a pair of languages with a
view to identifying their structural differences and the similarities. English and
Simalungun Language are two different languages because they do not belong to
the same family background. English belongs to the great Indo-European family.
Whereas, Simalungun Language as a local language belongs to the Austronesian
which is of one ethnic group languages in Indonesia. But all languages are similar
in their basic structure. ( Wikipedia, 28 January 2012).
Nababan (2007) in her thesis A Contrastive Analysis Study Of Relative
Pronoun in English and Batak Toba Language, she concludes that there are
similarities and differences in some classification of Relative Pronoun Between
English and Toba Language. They have similarities in class, meaning and the use
of Relative Pronoun. The difference of both languages is the function of Relative
Pronoun in Batak Toba language based on one part while in English in relative
Pronoun based on five kinds and both Relative pronoun function as subject,
possessive or object.
The writer plans to discuss the comparison between Relative Pronoun in
English and Relative Pronoun in Simalungun Language. In this study, the writer
wants to find out the differences and the similarities of English and Simalungun
Language dealing with Relative Pronoun.
2
B. The Problem of The Study
The problem of this study are :
1) What are the similarities of Relative Pronoun in both Languages?
2) What are the differences or Relative Pronoun in both Languages?
3) What are the differences of Relative pronoun between English and
Simalungun Language as a subject, object and possessive functions based
on the positions and form?
C. The Scope of The Study
Macfadyen (2011:1) Pronoun in English can be divided into 8 subclass.
They are : personal pronouns, relative pronoun, indefinite pronoun, reciprocal
pronouns, demonstrative reflexive, intensive and interrogative pronouns. The
scope of this study is to limit, to list and to categorize the functions of Relative
Pronouns as subject, possessive and object in English and Simalungun language.
It aims to know whether there are significant differences or similarities of them”
who, whose, which, that, whom” and “na” based on the positions and form.
3
D. The Objective of The Study
1. To find out the differences of relative pronoun in both languages
2. To find out the similarities of relative pronoun in both languages
3. To find the similarities of relative pronoun in both languages as a
subject, object, and possessive functions based on the positions and form.
E. The Significance of the Study
The result of this research will provide some informations and give some
useful ideas for :
1. English Teachers or lecturer who wants to know Relative Pronoun deeply.
It is hoped that this research will provide useful information for them.
2. The readers, will adding their information about contrastive analysis and
Relative pronoun in the two languages.
3. The next researchers will enable them to conduct the further research.
4
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After the data were analyzed, there are some similarities and differences of
Relative Pronoun between English and Simalungun Language. they can be
concluded as below :
The Similarities:
1. Relative Pronoun in English and Simalungun Language has the same
Position in a sentence, can be after the subject or before the object.
2. Relative pronoun in English and Simalungun Language have the same
form, Na can be used as Subject, Object, Prepositions and Possessive
for people and Things.
3. It is possible to omit the Relative Pronoun in some certain sentences in
English and Simalungun Language.
4. Relative pronoun in English and Simalungun Language has the same
class as noun.
39
The Differences:
1. Relative Pronouns in English are used based on their function. Who is
used as subject and refers to human beings, whom is used as the object
and refers to people, whose is used in reference to possession, which is
used as the object and refers to things and that is used as subject or
object.
Meanwhile relative pronoun in Simalungun language na can be used
as subject, object and possession.
2. In English, the use of comma in Relative clause is important
meanwhile in Simalungun Language the use of comma will not change
the meaning of a sentence.
B. Suggestions
Related with the conclusions above, suggestions are presented below:
1. By knowing the differences and the similarities of Relative Pronoun
between English and Simalungun Language for those who teach
English in Simalungun regency, can make better learning strategy to
overcome the problems in teaching English Relative Pronouns.
2. It is suggest to the readers to know the contrastive analysis and
Relative pronoun between two or more languages.
3. This study can be a way of the other researchers to analyze their
language as the writer did.
REFERENCES
Beiske,B. 2002, Research methods: Uses and limitations of questionnaires,
interviews, and case studies. Munich, GRIN Publishing GmbH
Frank, M. 1972. Modern English a Practical Reference Guide. New York
University
Gulo,W. 2002. Metode Penelitian. Grasindo:Jakarta.
Hartono et al. 2003. Accurate, Brief and Clear English. Indah Surabaya Hewings,
M. 2005. Advanced Grammar in Use: a self study reference and practice
book. Cambridge University Press
James, C. 1980. Contrastive Analysis. Longman: London
Kumar G. Y. 2001. International Journal of Draidian Linguistics. Kerala
University
Nababan,R.2007. Contrastive Analysis of Relative Pronoun in English and Toba
Batak Language. Unpublished
Naibaho, J. 2006. Contrastive Linguistics. Program Pascasarjana : Universitas
Negeri Medan
Phytyn,A. 1990. Concise Dictionary of Correct English . Bribain Hudder and
Stougton
Review, P. 2001. Grammar Smart : a guide to perfect use. Princenton Review
Publishing : New York
Richards. 2006. Qualitative analysis. http://www.sagepub.com/upmdata/13172_Chapter4.pdf. ( accesed on wednesday 30 nov 2011).
Sugiono. 1997. Metode Penelitian Administrasi. Bandung:Alfadeta.
Thomson, A. J. dan A. V. 1986. A Practical English Grammar. Oxford University
Towell, R. et al. 1994. Approaches to Second Language Acquisition. British
Library Catalogizing in Publication Data.
WikipediaTheFreeEncyclopedia. 2011. Relative Pronoun
Http//www.google.co.id.en wikipedia.org/wiki/ Relative Pronoun. (
accesed on 27 nov 2011).
41
WikipediaTheFreeEncyclopedia. 2011.
Sentence.Http//google.co.id.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sentence_Linguistics.
(accesed on Sunday, 27 nov 2011).
Yarbrough, J. 1993. Modern Languages for Musician. Pendragon Press.
Saragih, Rohmaita Fitriani. Contrastive Analysis of Relative Pronoun
between English and Simalungun Language. A thesis, Faculty of Languages
and Arts, State University of Medan, 2012.
This study deals with contrastive analysis of relative pronouns between English
and Simalungun Language. The objective of this study is to find the similarities
and the differences of Relative Pronouns between English and Simalungun
Language. This study is limited the list and the categorize the functions of relative
pronoun as subject, object and possessive functions based on the form and the
positions. The data were collected by Questionnaires technique. Questionnaires
technique was done by giving questions translation from Indonesian Language to
responders. They are a simalungunese and someone that knows English very well.
The writer concluded that there are the differences and the similarities of Relative
Pronouns in both Languages. The similarities of both languages are on the
position, form, and class as noun. While the differences of both languages are on
the functions and putting comma in a sentence. The result of this study can add
the information for the readers especially who wants to know about relative
pronouns.
CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE PRONOUN BETWEEN
ENGLISH AND SIMALUNGUN LANGUAGE
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State
University of Medan, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for
the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
BY:
ROHMAITA FITRIANI SARAGIH
Reg. Number: 082222810010
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2012
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This thesis is aimed at fulfilling one of the requirements for the degree of
Sarjana Sastra at the English Department , Faculty of Languages and Arts, State
University of Medan (UNIMED)
All praise and gratitude unto Allah Swt , the Almighty and Merciful who has
given her great affection and guidance in finishing her thesis “Contrastive Analysis of
Relative Pronoun between English and Simalungun Language.” His mercy and peace
are for the prophet Muhammad S.A.W who has brought us from the darkness to the
lightness that is Islamic values of the Holy Qur’an to people all over the world.
The writer also would like to say thanks for many special people around her who
supported within the process of working on this thesis. They are
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Prof.Dr. Ibnu Hazar Damanik, M.Si as the head of State University of Medan.
Dr.Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., as the dean of languages and arts faculty State
University of Medan.
Prof.Dr.H.Sumarsih,M.Pd. as the head of English Department,
Dra.Rahmah,M.Hum as the secretary of English Department and
Dr.Meisuri,M.A as the head of English Literature Department, thank you for
the wise and assistance in managing all the administrative process requirements.
Drs.Willem Saragih,Dipl.Appl.,M.Pd, as her thesis advisor
who has
consciously guided her in the entire process of the thesis writing with all of the
constructive comments, which helped her makes this thesis more perfect.
Her big family (Sijabat and Sitepu family) especially Her parents (S.Saragih
and R.Sitepu), her brothers and sister ( Doni Irawan Saragih, Erik Pranata
Saragih, Ike Novela Saragih), thank you very much for every prayer, financial
support, sacrifice, moral support, far apart contribution, that is tolerance and
understanding in completing this thesis.
Her special friend (Bang Manik) thank you for prayer, motivation, the time,
supports in prayer, love and suggestions.
Her organization HIMAPSI, especially DPC HIMAPSI MEDAN and DPK
HIMAPSI UNIMED, thank you for supports and the advice.
For her classmate, especially Mory Yana Gultom, Theresia Juntak, Wilda
Mahya Sari, Riahmawani Purba, Juli Damanik, and all Applied Linguistics
class A and B, Thank you for encouragement and motivation
Her boarding home Family (Rini Susanti, Malem Poerbz, Rona, Mamay, kak
Melise, Elis, kak Fani, Ewin, Roy, Andri and Dedi and Eva ) thank you for
the motivation and advice.
Her friends Kak Putri and Bang Jo thank you for support and all of we have
done.
•
For all of those who supported the writer during completing this thesis, thank
you for the participation.
Finally, the writer admits that this thesis is still far from being perfect. any
constructive comments from the readers will make this writing can provide a valuable
contribution and the writer invite all of the readers to give more suggestions.
The writer,
Rohmaita Fitriani Saragih
082222810010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Appendices
i
ii
iv
vi
vii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The Background of Study
The Problem of the Study
The Scope of the Study
The Objective of the study
The Significance of The Study
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B.
Theoretical Framework
Contrastive Analysis
Sentences
The description of Relative Pronoun in English
Types of Relative Pronoun
a. Defining Relative Clause
1) the form and functions of defining Relative
Clause
b. Non defining Relative Clause
1) The form and functions of non defining
Relative clause
Relative Pronoun in Simalungun Language
a. The Description of Relative Pronoun in
Simalungun Language
b. The use of Relative Pronoun in Simalungun
Language
Conceptual Framework
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD
A.
B.
C.
The Research Method
The Technique of Collecting Data
The Technique of Analyzing Data
1
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
8
10
10
12
16
17
18
18
20
21
23
23
23
24
CHAPTER IV : THE DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS
A. The Data
B. Data Analysis
1. The Function of Relative Pronoun
C. The Findings
1. The Similarities of Relative Pronoun between
English and Simalungun Language
2. The Differences of Relative Pronoun in English
and Simalungun Language
25
25
25
25
31
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
B. Suggestions
REFERENCES :
APPENDICES :
38
38
39
40
42
32
35
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Forms of Defining Relative Pronouns
12
Table 2.2 Forms of Non Defining Relative Pronouns
17
Table 4.1 The Function of Who
25
Table 4.2 The Function of Whom
26
Table 4.3 The Function of Which
27
Table 4.4 The Function of Whose
28
Table 4.5 The Function of That
29
Table 4.6 The Position of Relative Pronouns as Subject
30
Table 4.7 The Position of Relative Pronouns as Object
31
Table 4.8 The Form of Relative Pronouns in English
34
Table 4.9 The Form of Relative Pronoun in Simlungun Language
34
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX I :
List of Questions
43
APPENDIX II:
Answer of translation questions
45
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of study
Language is purely important as a tool of communication. We, as human
beings, need it as a medium of communication through which we express our
emotions, ideas, feelings and thoughts to our fellow people. We, as the member of
the society or social group, use language to convey our needs, desires, and
everything what we want to express to the society. And also, it indicates the
existence of human beings. It means that we, as human, cannot do our activities
without using language. Whatever we do in this world, we use language to
express our mind, for example: warning someone or requesting something, etc.
We can also express it by using gesture or body movement, action, signal, and
sound. Example: if we want to say “no” we can move our head from side to side.
So, it can be concluded that language is the means of communication or sounds,
signs, symbols that have meaning.
Comparing two languages is interesting to do because by that way we can
find the differences and the similarities of them, including the function and the
types. Language is one part of culture, which plays role in our lives. A language is
created by the agreement with creativity of the people who live in certain places.
Language is a system of sound used by human to communicate thoughts and
feelings. There are many types of language in this world, they can be classified as
international language, national language and local language based on their spread
and scope of uses. Simalungun Language is one of local languages in Indonesia,
especially around North Sumatera. Simalungunese use Simalungun Language in
11
their daily conversation besides the national language. They use their local
language in various ceremonies such as marriage, buried, and others.
Contrastive analysis is the systematic study of a pair of languages with a
view to identifying their structural differences and the similarities. English and
Simalungun Language are two different languages because they do not belong to
the same family background. English belongs to the great Indo-European family.
Whereas, Simalungun Language as a local language belongs to the Austronesian
which is of one ethnic group languages in Indonesia. But all languages are similar
in their basic structure. ( Wikipedia, 28 January 2012).
Nababan (2007) in her thesis A Contrastive Analysis Study Of Relative
Pronoun in English and Batak Toba Language, she concludes that there are
similarities and differences in some classification of Relative Pronoun Between
English and Toba Language. They have similarities in class, meaning and the use
of Relative Pronoun. The difference of both languages is the function of Relative
Pronoun in Batak Toba language based on one part while in English in relative
Pronoun based on five kinds and both Relative pronoun function as subject,
possessive or object.
The writer plans to discuss the comparison between Relative Pronoun in
English and Relative Pronoun in Simalungun Language. In this study, the writer
wants to find out the differences and the similarities of English and Simalungun
Language dealing with Relative Pronoun.
2
B. The Problem of The Study
The problem of this study are :
1) What are the similarities of Relative Pronoun in both Languages?
2) What are the differences or Relative Pronoun in both Languages?
3) What are the differences of Relative pronoun between English and
Simalungun Language as a subject, object and possessive functions based
on the positions and form?
C. The Scope of The Study
Macfadyen (2011:1) Pronoun in English can be divided into 8 subclass.
They are : personal pronouns, relative pronoun, indefinite pronoun, reciprocal
pronouns, demonstrative reflexive, intensive and interrogative pronouns. The
scope of this study is to limit, to list and to categorize the functions of Relative
Pronouns as subject, possessive and object in English and Simalungun language.
It aims to know whether there are significant differences or similarities of them”
who, whose, which, that, whom” and “na” based on the positions and form.
3
D. The Objective of The Study
1. To find out the differences of relative pronoun in both languages
2. To find out the similarities of relative pronoun in both languages
3. To find the similarities of relative pronoun in both languages as a
subject, object, and possessive functions based on the positions and form.
E. The Significance of the Study
The result of this research will provide some informations and give some
useful ideas for :
1. English Teachers or lecturer who wants to know Relative Pronoun deeply.
It is hoped that this research will provide useful information for them.
2. The readers, will adding their information about contrastive analysis and
Relative pronoun in the two languages.
3. The next researchers will enable them to conduct the further research.
4
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After the data were analyzed, there are some similarities and differences of
Relative Pronoun between English and Simalungun Language. they can be
concluded as below :
The Similarities:
1. Relative Pronoun in English and Simalungun Language has the same
Position in a sentence, can be after the subject or before the object.
2. Relative pronoun in English and Simalungun Language have the same
form, Na can be used as Subject, Object, Prepositions and Possessive
for people and Things.
3. It is possible to omit the Relative Pronoun in some certain sentences in
English and Simalungun Language.
4. Relative pronoun in English and Simalungun Language has the same
class as noun.
39
The Differences:
1. Relative Pronouns in English are used based on their function. Who is
used as subject and refers to human beings, whom is used as the object
and refers to people, whose is used in reference to possession, which is
used as the object and refers to things and that is used as subject or
object.
Meanwhile relative pronoun in Simalungun language na can be used
as subject, object and possession.
2. In English, the use of comma in Relative clause is important
meanwhile in Simalungun Language the use of comma will not change
the meaning of a sentence.
B. Suggestions
Related with the conclusions above, suggestions are presented below:
1. By knowing the differences and the similarities of Relative Pronoun
between English and Simalungun Language for those who teach
English in Simalungun regency, can make better learning strategy to
overcome the problems in teaching English Relative Pronouns.
2. It is suggest to the readers to know the contrastive analysis and
Relative pronoun between two or more languages.
3. This study can be a way of the other researchers to analyze their
language as the writer did.
REFERENCES
Beiske,B. 2002, Research methods: Uses and limitations of questionnaires,
interviews, and case studies. Munich, GRIN Publishing GmbH
Frank, M. 1972. Modern English a Practical Reference Guide. New York
University
Gulo,W. 2002. Metode Penelitian. Grasindo:Jakarta.
Hartono et al. 2003. Accurate, Brief and Clear English. Indah Surabaya Hewings,
M. 2005. Advanced Grammar in Use: a self study reference and practice
book. Cambridge University Press
James, C. 1980. Contrastive Analysis. Longman: London
Kumar G. Y. 2001. International Journal of Draidian Linguistics. Kerala
University
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