MODALITY IN THE DISCOURSE OF FOOTBALL MANAGER 2007 GAME TEXTS (TEXT ANALYSIS USING MODALITY OF FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR).

TABLE OF CONTENT

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... i

ABSTRACT ... ii

PREFACE ... iii

DEDICATION ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ... ix

LIST OF APPENDICES ... x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1. Background of the Study ... 1

1.2. Research Questions ... 3

1.3. Aims of the Study ... 3

1.4. Limitation of the Study ... 3

1.5. Methodology ... 4

1.6. Organization of the Paper ... 4

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW ... 5

2.1 Introduction ... 5

2.2 Critical Discourse Analysis ... 5

2.3 Modality of Functional Grammar ... 7

2.4 Football Management ... 12

2.5 The Previous Studies ... 13

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 15

3.1 Introduction ... 15

3.2 Aims of the Present Study ... 15

3.4 Data Collection ... 16

3.5 Football Manager 2007 Game ... 16

3.6 Data Analysis ... 19

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 21

4.1 Types of Modality ... 21

4.1.1 Probability ... 21

4.1.2 Usuality ... 22

4.1.3 Obligation ... 24

4.1.4 Inclination ... 25

4.2 Pattern of Occurrences of Modality ... 29

4.3 Discussion ... 32

4.3.1 Types of Modality in the Game Texts ... 33

4.3.1.1 Probability ... 33

4.3.1.2 Usuality ... 36

4.3.1.3 Obligation ... 37

4.3.1.4 Inclination ... 39

4.3.2 Relation between Characters ... 41

4.3.2.1 Chairman ... 41

4.3.2.2 Physiotherapist ... 46

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 49

5.1 Introduction ... 49

5.2 Conclusions ... 49

5.3 Suggestions ... 50

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 51

APPENDICES

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Football develops into an industry. It can be seen from the role of manager that tends to be more than just coaching. Crust and Lawrence (2006) argues that the role of a manager in football management is being extended. Perry (in Crust and Lawrence, 2006) elaborates that manager has three category of task: core responsibility, prime task, and contributory task. He defines: core responsibility concerns: tactics and players selections and club’s managements. In addition, prime task concerns: club coaching policy; discipline, fitness, preparation, well-being and development of players; appointment of assistant staff; involvement at board meetings; and, media dealing. Furthermore, contributory task concerns: salary/ contract of players; club’s scouting and youth policy; preparing match program notes; general public relations/ sponsorship dealings.

The rapid shift in football management attracts many scholars to conduct research about football management. Crust and Lawrence (2006) investigates the leadership aspect in sport and its implication for the football management. A sport business group named Deloitte (2007) gives a thorough review on club’s revenue. Kellet (2002) conducts a research on the use of military analogy and metaphor in Football.

Football manager 2007 (FM’07) game adopts football manager discourse into the game. Thus, any texts which are produced within the game must imply football manager discourse. FM’07 game is a sequence of numbers of previous football management games which is released by Sport Interactive (SI) and Sega. The game is about managing a club. One of the game’s features is a news sub-screen, this sub-screen presents everything happens in the game in the form of texts. Modality, one of the linguistic features is used frequently in the bulletin of FM’07 game texts. The game will be discussed further in chapter 3.

Halliday (1994: 88) defines modality is the intermediate degree between the positive and negative poles. The modality use in the texts attracts many linguistics scholars to use it as a tool of analysis. Lillian (2008) suggests that the term of modality is not always used in the same ways or for the same purposes in different text with different context. The analysis of modality use is much more significant that just an occurrence of modal such as can, must, will, etc. The use of modalities implies many meanings and motives behind its use by the speaker in certain discourse. The present study attempts to analyze the occurrences of modality in the discourse of FM’07 game texts. The main aspect of this study is to understand the meaning of modality use in the discourse of FM’07 game texts.

1.2 Research Questions

The study will try to analyze the text within FM’07 game; those are formulated in the following questions:

1. What are the types of modality that occur in the FM’07 game text?

2. How does the use of modality reveal the relations between characters in the FM’07 game text?

1.3 Aims of the Study

The study aims to discover the answers to the questions in the previous part, those are:

1. To discover the types of modality that occurs in the FM’07 game text. 2. To discover the relations between characters in FM’07 game text.

1.4 Limitation of the Study

This study will investigate modality use in the news sub-screen of FM’07 game text using Halliday’s modality of functional grammar. This study is limited to the analysis of FM’07 game texts within the game’s period of June – August 2006. Moreover, two characters’ (i.e. chairman and physiotherapist) utterances are chosen to represent the game’s discourse.

1.5 Methodology

The present study uses Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA) as the basic framework to examine the use of modality in the discourse of (FM’07) game texts. Fairclough (1995) suggests that CDA is an approach that examines the use of language and asks why it has been used that way and what the implications are of this kind of use. Moreover, Hallidayan categories of modality are applied to describe the text. In order to interpret and explain the text, Hallidayan system of modality value and orientation are used along with the concept of modern football management.

1.6 Organization of the Paper

The paper is organized into five chapters as follow: Chapter 1 introduces the present study. Chapter 2 reviews some related literatures to serve as the basis for investigating the research problem, they are: critical discourse analysis, modality of functional grammar, and football management. Chapter 3 presents the methodology of the present study. Chapter 4 presents and discusses the findings of this study. Chapter 5 concludes the present study and offer suggestions.

Chapter 2

Theoretical Review

2.1. Introduction

This chapter reviews some literatures related to this paper. In addition, the chapter discusses, the concepts of critical discourse analysis (CDA), the concepts of modality of functional grammar, concepts of football management which is adopted by football manager 2007 (FM’07) game, as well as previous studies related to this paper.

2.2. Critical Discourse Analysis

Textual analysis should mean analysis of the texture of text, their form and organization, and not just commentaries on the ‘content’ of text which ignore texture. Textual analysis can often give excellent insights about what is ‘in’ text, but what is absent from a text is often just as significant from the perspective of sociocultural analysis (Fairclough, 1995: 4-5).

In analyzing texts there is a significance framework named critical discourse analysis (CDA). Fairclough (1995) states that (CDA) is a critical approach to discourse analysis might help to reveal the often ‘out of sight’ values that underlie texts. In other word, an approach that examines the use of language and asks why it has been used that way and what the implications are of this kind of use. Therefore, the concept of CDA is able to give an insight to perform the mean of texts analysis.

Furthermore, CDA is consolidated as a ‘three-dimensional’ framework where the aim is to map three separate forms of analysis onto one another: analysis of (spoken or written) language texts, analysis of discourse practice (process of text production, distribution and consumption) and analysis of discursive events as instances of sociocultural practice (Fairclough, 1995: 2).

CDA as a concept of textual analysis needs to select a tool of analysis. Fairclough (1995: 10) mentions that the tool has to be a functional theory of language orientated to the question of how language is structured to tackle its primary social functions.

Systemic functional grammar which is proposed by Halliday is able to work with the concept of CDA, as suggested by Halliday (1978) that it is able to work with the view of language as a social semiotic which incorporates an orientation to map relations between language (texts) and social structures and relations.

Halliday (1994) defines that functional grammar is conceptual framework on which it is based is a functional one rather than a formal one. It is functional in the sense that it is designed to account for how language is used. Everything that is written or spoken has shaped the system. Language has developed to fulfill human needs and it is organized by functions to these needs. Functional grammar is purely ‘natural’ grammar that everything can be explained with reference to how language is used.

Moreover, functional grammar applies three strands of meanings in every clause, they are: clause as a message, an exchange, and a representation. Clause has a meaning as a message, about what is going to say. Clause as an exchange

means that a clause is a transaction between speaker and listener. Clause is also a representation of some process in ongoing human experiences (Halliday, 1994: 34).

2.3. Modality of Functional Grammar

Modality is the intermediate degree between positive and negative poles (Halliday, 1994: 88). Modality is a resourceful linguistic device, and as I mentioned earlier (in the chapter 1) that the use of modality by any speakers is purposive and implies a consequence both for the utterance itself and the listeners or readers.

The implication of modality use will depends on some variables. Halliday proposes three variables: system of type, orientation, and value (1994: 356-358). These systems will be applied to analyze the use of modality in the FM’07 game texts as a framework of analysis (and will be explained further in the chapter 3). Halliday (1994: 88-91, 356-358) categorizes modality into modalization and modulation. If the clause is indicative clause, then it is modalization. If the clause is imperative, then it is modulation. Modalization expresses degree of probability and usuality. Modulation expresses degree of obligation and inclination. Degree of probability and usuality are expressed through the choice of finite modal operators, modal adjunct probability and usuality, by both finite modal operators and modal adjunct of probability and usuality.

To summarize Halliday’s categories of modality, we can look at the following table: M O D A L I T Y Commodity

exchanoed Speech Function Type of Indeterminacy Typical Realization

information proposition: statement,

question modalization

probability (possible /probable /certain)

finite modal operator modal adjunct (both the above) usuality

(sometimes /usually /always)

finite modal operator modal adjunct (both the above)

ooods,&,

services proposal:

command modulation /oblioation) (allowed /supposed /required)

finite modal operator passive verb predicator

offer

inclination (willino /keen /determined)

finite modal operator adjective predicator

Table 2.1 Modalization and Modulation (Halliday, 1994: 91)

In modalization, the speaker is making statement or question about information to the listener. In the statement, the modality is an expression of speaker’s opinion, whereas in the question it is a request for listener’s opinion (Halliday, 1994: 89). In modulation, the speaker is making command or offer to do something for the listener. Modalization is divided into probability and usuality, while

third person; it is a statement of obligation and inclination in respect of others. In this case they function as proposition, since to the person they addressed it conveys ‘information’ rather than ‘goods-&-services’. But they don’t thereby lose their rhetorical force to the third person (Halliday, 1994: 89).

As presented in the Halliday’s table of modalization and modulation above the typical realizations of modalization are through: finite modal operator, modal adjunct of probability and usuality, and by both of them. And, typical realizations of modulation are through finite modal operator and expansion of predicator. The choice of modality expression implies assertiveness which is collectively known as a value of modal. These typical realizations imply degree of assertiveness, which are high, medium, and low. The elaborations of typical realizations and its degree of assertiveness will be presented in the following tables below:

Finite Modal Operator

low median hioh positive can, may, could, mioht

(dare)

will, would, should, is/was to

must, ouoht to, need, has/ had to

neoative needn't, doesn't/ didn't + need to, have to

won't, wouldn't, shouldn't, (isn't/ wasn't to)

musn't, ouohtn't to, can't, couldn't, (mayn't, miohtn't, hasn't/ hadn't to)

Table 2.2 Finite Modal Operator (Halliday, 1994: 76)

Halliday (1994) elaborates four finite modal operators whose imply low value, they are: ‘can’, ‘may’, ‘could’, and ‘might’. In the form of the negative, those expressions become high value finite modal operators. However, finite modal operator ‘must’ and ‘ought to’ are high value finite modal operators whether they are positive or negative. In medium values, finite modal operators ‘will’, ‘would’, and ‘should’ are medium whether they are positive or negative.

The four types of modal operators can occur in all four modality types; however their use is more restricted in the inclination and usuality (Halliday, 1994: 357)

Modal adjunct of probability and usuality are included in the expression of modalization, since it expresses the speaker’s judgement regarding the relevance of the message (Halliday, 1994: 49)

Modal Adjunct

low median hioh probability possibly probably certainly usuality sometimes usually always

Table 2.3 Modal Adjunct (Halliday, 1994: 358)

As stated by Halliday (1994: 358) modal adjunct probability ‘certainly’ present high value, while ‘likely’, ‘perhaps’, and ‘maybe’ are medium value modal adjunct if probability. The only possible expression of low value modal adjunct probability is possibly. Modal adjunct usuality ‘sometimes’ is the only low value expression, while usually presents medium value. In the end, the three expressions of modal adjunct usuality ‘always’, ‘never’ or ever, and often are high value expression.

The other expression of modality is expansion of predicator, the table 2.4 shows an examples of expansion of predicator an its value of assertiveness.

Expansion of Predicator

low median hioh passive verb predicator allowed supposed required adjective predicator willino keen determined

Passive verb predicator ‘required to’ presents high value expression, ‘allowed to’ is the expression of passive verb predicator that represents low value. The two passive verb predicators ‘supposed to’ and ‘expected to’ are the medium value expression. There are three adjective predicators which are able to modulate the clause, they are: ‘determined’ that implies high value, ‘anxious’ that implies medium value, ‘keen’ that implies low value.

The third variable is orientation, the table 2.5 shows the

Typical Realization

Type Variants Modalization Modulation

Probability Usuality Oblioation Inclination Sub Exp

I think, I'm

certain ─ I want ─ Imp will, must will should will Obj

Exp it's likely, it's

certain it's usual it's expected ─ Imp probably,

certainly usually supposed keen

Example

Sub

Exp I think Mary

knows ─ I want John to oo ─ Imp Mary will

knows

Fred will sit quite

quite John should oo

Jane will help Obj

Exp It's likely that Mary knows

It's usual for Fred to sit quite quite

it's expected that

John ooes ─ Imp

Mary probably knows

Fred usually sit quite quite

John's supposed to oo

Jane's keen to help

Table 2.5 Modality Orientation (Halliday, 1994: 355 – 358)

The table 2.5 shows the system of orientation, the difference between subjective and objective modality, and between implicit and explicit variants. The speakers have various ways of expressing their opinion. Halliday (1994) state that in order to state explicitly that the probability is subjective or to claim explicitly that the probability is objective, the speaker construes the proposition as projection and encodes the subjectivity (I think), or the objectivity (it is likely), in projecting clause. Furthermore, Eggins (1994) suggests that this projection is masquerading as an

adjunct. We can see that these projecting clauses are in fact metaphorically as adjunct by applying the tad test. When we tag I think Henry James wrote the

Bostonian, we find we do NOT pick up “don’t I” (which would indicate that the subject

of the clause was I), but instead “didn’t he”, indicating that the grammatical subject is in fact Henry James.

2.4. Football Management

In this section I will review some literatures about modern football management. As I mentioned before that the object of analysis, FM’07 game is adopting the current football management. Hence in the production of its texts, its discourse mainly refers to the modern football management.

In brief, according to Scheunemann (2008: 17) modern football is indicated by 14 characteristics, those characteristics mainly refer to three major things: a professional and well-organized institution, a modern and systematic tactics and coaching, and football commercialization.

In short, modern football concerns on professional management on all elements, subsumes: business, education, psychology, and even politics and social role. As cited in course content of BA (Hons) International Football Business Management that it provides students with the core business expertise, which is demanded in today's sports industry, offering modules dealing, for example, with information analysis, sport and politics, and coach education. Complementing these are modules covering football club management and operations, football finance and administration.

The same argument about modern football is also implied in Warwick Business School’s education program. Warwick Business School argues that modern football management is about best practice in leadership, managing teams and individuals; a good handling on media, public speaking, image management and other aspects of marketing; a good understanding of football finance; a broader information technology in football.

2.5. The Previous Studies

There aresome previous studies related to the present study. Lillian (2008) analyzed the use of modality in the two political texts by applying the type of modality which is proposed by Fowler (1985). The result of her research showed that both of the texts used similarly numbers of epistemic of modality, but there is a huge gap of deontic modality use between them. Lillian argued that a big number of deontic modality may be a linguistic feature of manipulation and propaganda.

Chen (2006) applied deontic and epistemic modality to analyze George W. Bush inaugural address. George W. Bush inaugural address was analyzed in terms of epistemic modality expressing necessity and deontic modality conveying necessity to show how the two contribute in creating a mighty image of George W. Bush. The result showed that 74.36% of modal expressions, whether epistemic or deontic, evidently serve to convey his strong belief and firm obligation. In other word, epistemic modality expressing necessity and deontic modality conveying necessity are used to express his ideology as well as to make his speech forceful, convincing and persuasive.

Recksy (1996) applied modality in his cross-linguistic investigation between English and Portuguese spoken language. He applied epistemic modality on its occurrence on both spoken language. His research results show that numbers of epistemic modality is conveyed to achieve the establishment and maintenance of good social relations. Speakers rarely state simple facts or make naked assertions (Recsky, 1996:180). He also suggested that the use of epistemic modality is to convey the speakers’ attitude to the proposition being expressed, to express the speakers’ sensibility to the addressee, to negotiate sensitive topics, and in general to facilitate open discussion.

Chapter 3

Research Methodology

3.1. Introduction

This chapter presents the methodological aspect of the present study. It consists of the aims of the present study, research design, data collection, a brief introduction to the football manager 2007 (FM’07) game, and data analysis.

3.2. Aims of the Present Study

The study aims at finding the answers to the questions that are formulated as follows:

1. What are the types of modality that occur in the FM’07 game text?

2. How does the use of modality reveal the relations between characters in the FM’07 game text?

3.3. Research Design

The study employed Fairclough’s analytical framework, critical discourse analysis (CDA) to map the meaning of modality use in the discourse of football manager 2007 (FM’07) game texts. Fairclough (1995) suggests that a critical approach to discourse analysis might help reveal the often ‘out of sight’ values that underlie texts. CDA offers three dimensions or stages in conducting a textual analysis: Description, Interpretation, and Explanation. Description stages concerns with the formal

properties of text. Interpretation stages concerns with the relationship between text and production, and as a source in the process of interpretation. Explanation: concerned with the relationship between interaction and social context.

Hallidayan theory of modality is applied in these three stages of analysis. Hallidayan categories of modality, system of value, and system of orientation are the tools of analysis performed in describing, interpreting, and explaining the use modality in the discourse of FM’07 game texts.

3.4. Data Collection

The data for the present study include texts occur in the news screen of FM’07 game. The news screen was chosen because the texts were occurred most frequently in this screen. However, there were so many texts produced in this screen. Texts occurred during June – August 2006, were collected with regard to the diversity of texts occurrences. During this period, each type of news had occurred. Every text occurred during June – August 2006, was retyped. Moreover, due to the purposes of the present study (i.e. to reveal the social relation among participants) only the utterances of two characters (i.e. chairman and physiotherapist) were selected to be analyzed. A brief description of the game is presented in section 3.5.

3.5. Football Manager 2007 Game

It is important to give, at a very least, an insight about the game. However, it is rather difficult to give a comprehensive understanding about the game without playing the game. FM’07 game is a sequence of previous football management games released

by Sport Interactive and Sega. FM’07 is a PC game about daily experience of being manager of a club or a nation. The game’s large database enables us to choose most of all professional leagues in the world. The game starts at the 2006/2007 football season. There is no condition of ‘game over’ or win the game. As long as I concern the game still continues to play when the date within the game shows the season 2010/2011.

As mentioned earlier in the chapter 1, FM’07 adopts current football manager discourse into the game. Thus, characters in the game are based on the current football manager discourse. There are several characters within the game (i.e. members of club’s board, managers, club’s staffs, and players. Club’s board, at least consist of chairman and directors. Some of the clubs only consist of chairman. Some even have general managers, managing directors, and directors of football. Every club usually has numbers of staffs, they are: assistant managers, coaches, scouts and physiotherapists.

In general, the game is divided into three screens: manager screen, club screen, and football world screen. Club screen and football screen will not be discussed further, since their relation to this study is not significant. Figure 2.1 below shows the example of manager screen.

Figure 3.1 Manager Screen

The manager screen is a personal screen belongs to the manager or the player of the current game. This screen includes personal information about the manager, i.e. manager’s profile, nationality, favourite clubs, and achievements. This screen also provides the manager’s note book, shortlist for wanted players that are wanted to buy, a snapshot for the previous and upcoming matches. The manager screen consists of several others screens, they are: snapshot, news, jobs, notebook, board room, shortlist, profile, information and history. The news screen gives information about everything happen in the game in form of text, e.g. players injuries, staff reports regarding players, etc. There are various types of news appeared in the news screen from various characters, they are: messages, transfer, competition, injuries, and media. The other screen will not be discussed further as their significance to the study is less determined.

3.6. Data Analysis

The first step of data analysis is identification of modality within the utterances of two characters chosen (i.e. chairman and physiotherapist). In identifying the modality, Halliday’s modality theory (1994) is used as a basis. Halliday (1994) states that modality is realized typically by the choice of modal operators, modal adjunct, expansion of predicator.

[3a]. Jan Laporta has indicated that this year’s transfer budget will be £82M.

The theory of modality indicates will as an expression of modality. It makes the utterance less certain than (if) the utterances is “…this year’s transfer budget is £82M.

The second step is classification of modality occurrences by using Halliday’s category of modality and system of value. Halliday (1994) categorizes modality into modalization and modulation, furthermore modalization is divided into probability and usuality and modulation is divided into obligation and inclination. These categories are indicated based on the commodity being exchange within the utterances. Halliday’s (1994) elaborates three systems of value (i.e. high, medium, and low). This step is aiming to indicate the pattern of occurrences. In the example of utterance above [3a], modal operator ‘will’ is categorized into modalization expressing degree of probability. Since, the utterances exchange information, rather than goods-&-services. Furthermore, the speaker invites the reader to accept the

information. The speaker indicates his judgments about the content of the utterances.

The third step is interpreting the social relation. The speaker is chairman, the reader is the manager. Chairman state his opinion about the full backing of club’s board to the manager. Chairman is stating his opinion and use modal ‘will’ to express it. He doesn’t question manager’s opinion; neither commands the manager to do something nor offers manager something to be done by him.

From the system of value, modal ‘will’ expresses median value. It shows the speaker commitment to the utterances. To me, it implies the chairman believe on the manager. According to Halliday (1994) someone only uses modality, even the high value one, only when he/she is uncertain about something.

Chapter 4

Finding and Discussion

4.1 Types of Modality

Halliday’s theory of modality subsumes two types of modality based on the commodity exchanged within the utterance: modalization and modulation. Modalization expresses degree of probability and usuality, in the other hand modulation expresses degree of obligation and inclination (1994: 356).

4.1.1 Probability

The type of probability indicates the utterances is either ‘yes or no’, and attaches the degree of likeliness from the speaker. Within this type, the speaker exchanges his judgement to reader about how likely something is to happen. Probability can be expressed by three typical expressions: finite modal operator, modal adjunct of probability and by both finite modal operator and modal adjunct of probability at the same time (Halliday, 1994: 89). Example [4a] shows the modality that is included into this type.

The underlined word, i.e. modal operator ‘will’ is an expression of modality. The utterance exchanges information rather than ‘goods-&-services’. The utterance is process of exchanging information between the speaker and hearer. The speaker inserts his judgement within the utterance; the speaker neither command nor offer to do something for the reader. The modal operator ‘will’ represents the meaning of ‘either yes or no’ or degree of probability. The modal operator ‘will’ modalizes the utterance, signifies speaker’s judgement of probability. The occurrences of probability modality are presented in the table as follows:

Table 4.1 Probability

The table above shows probability occur 45 times. Modal operator ‘will’ is the only expression of probability which is used by the game. The chairman uses modal operator ‘will’ three times to express probability. The expression of probability is dominated by the physiotherapist, the physiotherapist uses modal operator ‘will’ 42 times.

4.1.2 Usuality

The type of usuality signifies the utterances is both ‘yes or no’, and attaches the degree of oftenness from the speaker. Within this type, the speaker exchanges his

expressed by three typical expressions: finite modal operator, modal adjunct of usuality and by both finite modal operator and modal adjunct of usuality at the same time (Halliday, 1994: 89). Example [4b] shows the modality that is included into this type.

[4b] Jan Laporta commented that it was always good to get a win over derby rivals and…

The underlined word, i.e. modal adjunct of usuality ‘always’ is an expression of modality. The utterance exchanges information rather than ‘goods-&-services’. The utterance is process of exchanging information between the speaker and hearer. The speaker inserts his judgement within the utterance; the speaker neither command nor offer to do something for the reader. The modal adjunct of usuality ‘always’ represents the meaning of ‘both yes and no’ or degree of usuality. The modal adjunct of usuality ‘always’ modalizes the utterance, indicates speaker’s judgement of usuality. The occurrences of usuality modality are presented in the table as follows:

The previous table demonstrates usuality occur 3 times. Modal adjunct of usuality ‘always’ is the only expression of usuality which is used by the game. The chairman uses modal operator ‘always’ three times to express usuality. Physiotherapist doesn’t use any expression of usuality in the utterance.

4.1.3 Obligation

The type of obligation indicates the utterance is in a form of command from the speaker to the hearer, and attaches the degree of obligation from the speaker. In other word, it represent whether something is allowed to or not allowed to do by the hearer. Obligation can be expressed by two typical expressions: finite modal operator and by expansion of predicator, i.e. passive verb (Halliday, 1994: 89). Example [4c] shows the modality that is included into this type.

[4c] The team is expected to win the First Division this season.

The underlined word, i.e. passive verb ‘expected’ is an expression of modality. The utterance exchanges ‘goods-&-services’ rather than information. The utterance is process of exchanging ‘goods-&-services’ between the speaker and hearer. The speaker requests the hearer to do something for him. The passive verb ‘expected’ represents the degree of obligation. According to (Halliday: 1994) expansion of predicator, i.e. passive verb and adjective verb represent the intermediate degree between positive and negative poles. Expansion of predicator, in this case passive verb ‘expected’ is neither ‘yes nor no’. It appears to represent

the nature of modality that is the intermediate degree between ‘yes and no’. The occurrences of obligation modality are presented in the table as follows:

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Table 4.3 Obligation

The table above shows obligation occur five times, the physiotherapist doesn’t express any obligation. The chairman uses passive verb predicator ‘expected’ twice and modal operator ‘may’ three times, to express the obligation.

4.1.4 Inclination

The type of inclination indicates the utterance is in a form of offer from the speaker to the hearer, and attaches the degree of inclination from the speaker. In other word, it represent whether something is allowed to or not allowed to do by the speaker. Inclination can be expressed by two typical expressions: finite modal operator and by expansion of predicator, i.e. adjective verb (Halliday, 1994: 89). Example [4d] shows the modality that is included into this type.

The underlined word, i.e. adjective verb ‘keen’ is an expression of modality. The utterance exchanges ‘goods-&-services’ rather than information. The utterance is process of exchanging ‘goods-&-services’ between the speaker and hearer. The speaker offers to do something for the hearer. The adjective verb ‘keen’ represents the degree of inclination. According to (Halliday: 1994) expansion of predicator, i.e. passive verb and adjective verb represent the intermediate degree between positive and negative poles. Expansion of predicator, in this case adjective verb ‘keen’ is neither ‘yes nor no’. It appears to represent the nature of modality that is the intermediate degree between ‘yes and no’. The occurrences of inclination modality are presented in the table as follows:

%

# & &

' (

) )

Table 4.4 Inclination

The previous table displays inclination is dominated by the chairman, despite the physiotherapist doesn’t express any inclination at all. The chairman uses various realizations to express inclination. The chairman uses negative modal operator ‘will not’ eight times and ‘should not’ are expressed twice. Halliday argues that the choice of modality expression is not only limited to positive expression; hence it is equally possible to modalize negative clauses, expressing degrees of negativeness instead

The expression of ‘will never’ are used twice by the chairman and it is included into inclination rather than usuality. Based on the typical realization of usuality, the expression of ‘will never’ should include into usuality. As mentioned earlier in the usuality section, that one of the typical realizations of usuality is the combination of modal operator (e.g. will, would, etc) and modal adjunct of usuality (e.g. never, always, etc). However, instead of exchanging information and expressing the degree of usuality, the utterances are exchanging ‘good-&-services’ and expressing degree of inclination as shown by the example [4d] below.

[4d] Jan Laporta feels he will never leave the club he loves.

The meaning of utterance tends to exchange the willingness of the speaker, i.e. Jan Laporta, which is the nature of meaning of inclination rather than exchanges Jan Laporta’s judgement of degree of oftenness, which is the nature of meaning of usuality. However, modal adjunct of usuality ‘never’ is not included into typical realization of inclination. Since, the meaning of utterance is the main identification behind the categorization, the utterance above should mean

[4e] Jan Laporta feels he will not leave the club he loves.

Or, if the utterance is exchanged into positive clauses it will become [4f] Jan Laporta feels he will stay in the club he loves.

Example [4e] and [4f] indicates that the utterance tends to be an inclination rather than usuality. The negative utterance [4e] shows the speaker expresses the degree of negativeness of inclination; in other word it shows the speaker’s unwillingness of doing something for the hearer. Furthermore, in positive utterance [4f] it shows the degree of positiveness of inclination, that of the speaker’s willingness of doing something for the hearer.

The table 4.4 also demonstrates the chairman uses modal operator ‘may’ twice in expressing inclination. Adjective predicator ‘keen’ is the only expression of expansion of predicator that is expressed by the chairman. Furthermore, the chairman uses inclination 16 times.

4.2 Pattern of Occurrences of Modality

The occurrences of modality in the text appear to have forms of pattern. The characters, i.e. the chairman and physiotherapist prefer certain type of modality in their utterances. The pattern of occurrences of modality is defined by type of modality and system of value of modality. Halliday (1994) suggests three values: high (H), medium (M), and low (L). The next table 4.5 demonstrates the occurrences of modality in the text and their type and system of value.

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,-Table 4.5 The Occurrences of Modality and System of Value of Modality

The table above displays the occurrences of modality and system of value of modality. The chairman uses modality in all four categories. In the other hand, the physiotherapist only uses modality in one type, i.e. probability. The chairman expresses modal operator ‘will’ three times, while the physiotherapist lavishly uses 42 times of medium value probability. Moreover, the occurrences of the physiotherapist’s use of obligation are the highest amount of occurrences of all. The

chairman’s expression of usuality signified by the realization of modal adjunct of usuality ‘always’ which is uttered three times. Nevertheless, there is no use of usuality expressed by the physiotherapist.

Within the type of obligation, the chairman prefers to use two types of expressions, i.e. passive verb ‘expected’ and modal operator ‘may. However, there is no obligation applied by the physiotherapist. The table also suggests that the chairman actively modalizes his utterance within the type of inclination, yet the physiotherapist’s utterances don’t indicate any occurrences of inclination. The chairman utters negative modal operator ‘will not’ eight times as an expression of inclination, which is the highest amount of chairman’s use of modality. Three expressions, i.e. negative modal operator ‘should not’, negative modal ‘will never’, and adjective verb ‘keen’ are expressed in the same amount. The chairman expresses these expressions twice.

Moreover, within the chairman’s use of modality imply the use of all three values of modality. In the other hand, the physiotherapist only uses medium value of modality. The previous table indicates there is no use of high value probability and also low value probability expressed by both the chairman and physiotherapist. They both choose to express medium value modality.

The chairman raises his assertiveness in expressing usuality by choosing to use high value modal adjunct of usuality ‘always’ and by indicating the absences of occurrences of medium and low value usuality. Furthermore, the table suggests the chairman’s degree of assertiveness in the obligation shifts depends on the context of the utterance. The chairman uses medium value twice, which is identified by the

occurrences of passive verb ‘expected’. On the other context, he uses modal operator ‘may’ three times, which initiate low value of commitment.

The chairman signifies his expression of inclination by the use of medium value expression. The chairman uses 14 times of medium value inclination, which is indicated by the use of several negative modals and adjective verbs. Several medium value negative modal are used by the chairman, they are: ‘will not’, ‘should not’, and ‘will never’. The occurrences of adjective verb which implies medium value of commitment is identified by the occurrences of ‘keen’ twice within the chairman’s utterance. As probability is the only use of type of modality that is used by the physiotherapist, there are no systems of value for the rest of the type of modality, i.e. usuality, obligation, and inclination, within the physiotherapist’s utterances.

4.3 Discussion

The use of modality in the two selected characters’ utterances, i.e. the chairman and physiotherapist implies several motives. Moreover, the use of modality indicates several implications. These motives and implications are closely related with the ideology underlie the text. The football manager 2007 (FM’07) game adopts modern football management discourse into the game, as well as any texts produced within the game are shaped based on real football management discourse.

The modern football management discourse indicates social status for the characters, i.e. club’s physiotherapist, chairman, manager, scout, player, etc. The social status is implied in the social interaction between the characters. Fairclough (1989) argues the social interaction among the people embodies common-sense which treats authority and hierarchy as natural. Furthermore, the social status sets out a form of relation between the characters inside the social interaction. As argued by Fairclough that language is the commonest form of social interaction, thus the relation between characters inside the social interaction is drawn upon the language use.

The occurrences of modality in the social interaction within the game are most likely functioning as a depiction of social relation between the characters. The following sections will describe how modality depicts the social relation between the characters. The first section, i.e. 4.3.1 Types of Modality in the Game Text will discuss the occurrences of modality in the game and motives that underlie their occurrences. The second section, i.e. 4.3.2 Relations between Characters will describe the implication of the occurrences of modality.

4.3.1 Types of Modality in the Game Text

As mentioned earlier in the previous sections, modality occur in several types. The chairman expresses four types of modality, i.e. probability, usuality, obligation and inclination. Nevertheless, the physiotherapist only expresses one type of modality, i.e. probability. The next sections will discuss each occurrence, i.e. probability, usuality, obligation and inclination.

4.3.1.1 Probability

Both characters, i.e. the chairman and physiotherapist express probability within their utterance. The chairman uses medium value probability three times in responding certain social events. The chairman uses medium value probability in indicating season’s transfer and wage budget for the club as shown in example [4g] and [4h] below.

[4g] Jan Laporta has indicated that this year’s transfer budget will be £82M. [4h] The wage budget for this season will be approximately £2M p/w.

Both utterances are made by the chairman, i.e. Jan Laporta for the manager. During an appointment of new manager, several utterances are made by the chairman as the head of club’s board to the new manager in charge. Two of them are, as shown by example [4g] and [4h], the utterances regarding financial status of the club. Those two utterances made by the chairman with regard to the manager, as there are several informations for manager to be acknowledged.

The chairman’s use of probability in indicating the transfer and wage budget, proposes his own judgement about the information exchanged within the utterance. Instead of stating the utterance in definite way, the chairman prefers to use modal operator ‘will’ in expressing his judgement about the probability of transfer and wage budget which is available for the manager. Another medium value probability made by the chairman is within the example [4i].

[4i] …and the manner of this performance against Espanyol will have meant a lot to the Barcelona fans.

The previous utterance, i.e. example [4i] is an utterance from the chairman in the time when the club, i.e. FC Barcelona win over the derby rival R.C.D Espanyol. A derby rival is a rival club that is located in the same city. The chairman comments to the press about his team’s performance over the previous match against the derby rival club. The chairman uses medium value probability ‘will’ in canvassing in his opinion about the possibility of fans’ feeling toward the last match.

The use of modality within the physiotherapist’s utterance is more restricted than within the chairman’s one. The physiotherapist doesn’t express any usuality, obligation, and inclination. The physiotherapist only uses obligation within his utterances. The physiotherapist expresses probability 42 times and it is signified by medium value modal operator ‘will’.

The physiotherapist uses medium value modal operator ‘will’ in assessing his medical report about an injured player. In detail, physiotherapist use modal ‘will’ to

estimate the time amount of medical treatment for the injured player and the type of medical treatment for the injured player as shown by example [4k] and [4l].

[4k] It’s likely that Toni Calvo will be out for around a week whilst he is treated.

[4l] Lluis Til advised you that Toni Calvo will be treated by the club’s physios.

The use of medium value modal operator ‘will’ modalizes the utterances. Both of the utterances become arguable, whether the injured player, i.e. Toni Calvo is or isn’t out for around a week; and whether Toni Calvo is or isn’t be treated by the club’s physiotherapists.

The expression of probability expression in the game texts functions as an exchange of information between the characters. The use of probability modalizes the information being exchanged. The use of probability by the speaker initiates an insertion of speaker’s judgement; furthermore probability in the game texts is applied to show that it is the speaker’s opinion which is exchanged.

The decline of assertiveness of the character’s utterances behaves as a balance of the utterances. Instead of saying the opinion in polarity, the speaker chooses to use modality to express the speaker’s opinion. Thus, if the information is proved to be incorrect in the future; the speakers will be avoided to be falsified. Even in the physiotherapist’s medical report and assessment which are the core responsibility of physiotherapist, probability is expressed.

4.3.1.2 Usuality

The chairman expresses high value usuality three times towards several social events. The chairman uses modal adjunct of usuality ‘always’, which is categorized into high value usuality to express his delight over the club’s win over the derby rival match. The chairman shows his utmost delight which is indicated by choosing to use the high value usuality as shown by the example [4j].

[4j] Jan Laporta commented that it was always good to get a win over derby rivals…

The previous example of utterance is made by the chairman, i.e. Jan Laporta in his statement to the press, after the club, i.e. FC Barcelona get a win over the derby rival, i.e. R.C.D. Espanyol in the first leg of Spanish Cup match. Within the utterance implies the third person subject, i.e. the manager. Beside, it functions as an indication of the chairman’s delight; it also exchanges information that the chairman is pleased with the manager’s performance in managing the last team’s performance.

Another example of the use of high value usuality is shown by the example [4h]. The utterance below signifies the chairman’s delight after the club win the trophy in the Spanish Cup Competition. Moreover, the utterance below indicates that winning the trophy is a must for such club, i.e. FC Barcelona which has remarkable reputation in the football history.

[4h]…they always expected the team to win the competition…

The expression of usuality in the game texts functions as an exchange of information between the characters. The use of usuality modalizes the information being exchanged. The use of usuality by the speaker initiates an insertion of speaker’s judgement; furthermore usuality in the game texts is applied to show that it is the speaker’s opinion which is exchanged.

The decline of assertiveness of the character’s utterances behaves as a balance of the utterances. Instead of saying the opinion in polarity, the speaker chooses to use modality to express the speaker’s opinion. Thus, if the information is proved to be incorrect in the future; the speakers will be avoided to be falsified. Even in stating the chairman’s delight, he carefully states it by using usuality expression.

4.3.1.3 Obligation

The chairman states medium value obligation twice with regard to several social event. The chairman uses expansion of predicator, i.e. passive verb ‘expected’ in indicating the board’s expectation for the current season club’s achievement. Halliday states three typical realizations of passive verb which signify three values system, i.e. high, medium, and value. Passive verb ‘required’ symbolizes high value of assertiveness, while passive verb ‘supposed’ indicates medium value of assertiveness, and low value of assertiveness is represented by passive verb ‘allowed’ (1994: 358).

Passive verb ‘expected’ doesn’t directly include into these there values system. However, lexically this passive verb tends to be more closely related to medium value passive verb ‘supposed’. Something which is supposed to happen is something which is expected to happen. Something which is required to happen is not an expectation, and something which is allowed to happen is less assertive than if someone expects something to be occur. Thus, passive verb ‘expected’ is more likely to represent medium value rather than high or low value.

The chairman’s use of obligation occur twice in the similar form of utterance as shown by example [4c] in the section 4.1.3 Obligation. As mentioned earlier in this section, the chairman uses medium value of obligation in indicating the board’s expectation for the current season club’s achievement. The board is a group of club’s stake holder that is led by the chairman. The board’s utterance is also the chairman utterance, but the chairman’s utterance is not always board’s utterance.

The expression of obligation in the game texts functions as an exchange of ‘goods-&-services’ between the characters. The use of obligation modalizes the utterances, whether something is or isn’t obliged. The use of obligation by the chairman initiates the necessity of some actions.

The decline of assertiveness of the character’s utterances behaves as a balance of the utterances. Instead of saying some actions is has to be accomplished, the speaker chooses to use modality to express the necessity of the action. Even in the high value modal the degree of assertiveness is declined.

4.3.1.4 Inclination

The chairman utters medium value inclination 14 times and low value inclination twice in some social events. The chairman chooses negative medium value inclination 12 times, i.e. negative modal operator ‘will not’ eight times, negative modal operator ‘should not’ twice, and negative modal ‘will’ never’ twice. The occurrences of negative expression of modality and negative modal ‘will never’ which semantically functions as negative modal operator ‘will not’ is had been discussed previously in section 4.1.4 Inclination.

Halliday argues that the median value is clearly set apart from the outer values by the system of polarity, i.e. high and low value. The median is that in which the negative form of the typical realizations of modality is freely transferable between the proposition and the modality. On the other hand, if the outer values are in the form negative, they are transferred the value. They switch either from high to low, or low to high (1994: 358). The complete elaboration of value system of modality is presented in the table 2.2 finite modal operator within the previous chapter 2, section 2.3 modality of functional grammar. The following example is the use negative medium value modal operator ‘will not’ and negative medium value modal operator ‘should not’, which is shown by the example [4i]. While the example of the use of negative medium value modal ‘will never’ is set out in the preceding section 4.1.4 Inclination.

[4i] The board feel that a club of our stature should not be a feeder club to another team and will not discuss the matter.

The example [4j] shows the use of negative medium inclination expressed by the chairman. The chairman uses this expression in stating the board’s unwillingness to do the request from the manager. The manager may request to the board for several improvements for the club to achieve. Several improvements available are: improvement of training and youth academy, improvement on club’s link with other team, improvement on manager’s contract length and salary, and augment of club’s transfer and wage budget.

The other occurrences of chairman’s use of inclination are expressed through medium value adjective verb ‘keen’. Medium value adjective verb ‘keen’ occur twice. Adjective verb ‘keen’ is used in two similar utterances. Example [4i] shows the sample of this utterance.

[4j] …the board are keen to impress on Fernando that celebrations are kept to a minimum…

The example above is an utterance which is uttered by the chairman in the press conference after the club’s win the trophy of Spanish Cup Competition. The chairman uses medium value adjective verb ‘keen’ in expressing his willingness to impress on the manager. The chairman’s use of adjective verb ‘keen’ modalizes the utterance. The utterance becomes arguable, whether he is willing or unwilling to impress on the manager.

The expression of inclination in the game texts functions as an exchange of ‘goods-&-services’ between the characters. The use of inclination modalizes the utterances, whether something is or isn’t willing to do something. The use of inclination by the chairman initiates his willingness in doing something.

The decline of assertiveness of the character’s utterances behaves as a balance of the utterances. Instead of saying the chairman is willing to accomplish some actions; the speaker chooses to use modality to express the necessity of the action. Even in the high value modal the degree of assertiveness is declined.

4.3.2 Relation between Characters

The use of modality by the characters initiates some implications to the social relation between characters in the discourse of Football Manager 2007 (FM’07) game texts. Hallidayan theory of modality (1994) and some literatures of football managements are used to investigate the implications of the occurrences of modality in the utterances of the characters (i.e. chairman and physiotherapist).

4.3.2.1 The Chairman

The chairman is the head of club’s board. The club’s board consists of a group of club’s stake holders, i.e. general manager and directors. The chairman uses various type of modality in stating his own utterances or posing as the head of club’s board and states the club’s board utterances.

The occurrences of all four types of modality in the chairman’s utterances imply the indication that in the discourse of FM’07 the chairman is placed as a speaker who able to state his judgement or utter his opinion which is indicated by the occurrences of probability and usuality. The occurrences of obligation indicate the chairman’s position as the character that able to command others characters to do something for him. Moreover, the occurrences of inclination signify the chairman is the character that is also has an ability to do something for others characters.

The chairman, i.e. Jan Laporta states his opinion regarding the performance of club during Spanish Cup encounter against Espanyol as shown by the example [4m]. The chairman uses modal operator ‘will’ in this utterance.

[4m] Jan Laporta commented that it was always good to get a win over derby rivals and the manner of this performance against Espanyol will have meant a lot to the Barcelona fans.

The use modal operator ‘will’ is categorized into probability category. In the probability category, the chairman expresses his delight about the previous match. The chairman is the head of board member, consists of club’s stakeholders (i.e. general manager and directors). In brief, the chairman is the owner the club. It is his decision and general happiness that have to be fulfilled. This fact leads to an assumption that the chairman is the powerful character in the game. Jones’ statement implies the chairman is in a position to state several requirements for the manager to achieve (2007).

The medium value of modal operator ‘will’ implies medium commitment to the utterance. The utterance become arguable, whether the manner of club’s performance will or will not meant a lot. This might implies, that the chairman actually says, that the chairman is pleased if the club win in the match as shown by the use of high value modal adjunct ‘always’ in the previous sentence. However, the chairman delight on the performance depends not only by such performance. The other utterances suggest this.

[4n] In a further announcement, the board are keen to impress on Fernando that celebrations are kept to a minimum in order that the club may focus on future challenges.

The use of adjective verb ‘keen’ is showing that the chairman is willing to impress on Fernando, the manager, if the club may focus on the future challenges. Here, the chairman states a condition need to be fulfilled for his delight. The chairman also states another condition of his delight, as shown by the example [4p]

[4o] The team is expected to win the First Division this season.

That utterance above is the chairman’s statement about his expectation for the team is obliged to win the First Division. The chairman use of medium value on the chairman’s expectation is implied chairman’s trust on the manager. The manager

is newly signed, and the chairman needs the time to put his trust on the manager based on the manager’s performance.

The high amount of the occurrences of inclination by the chairman supposed to mean his willingness to do something for the recipient of the message, i.e. the manager. However, in general the use of inclination by the chairman is mainly to express the action that the chairman will not do.

[4p] The board already consider the club to have one of the best youth academies in the world and will not consider any requests to upgrade the youth facilities.

[4q] The board feel that a club of our stature should not be a feeder club to another team and will not discuss the matter.

[4r] The board will not enter into talks regarding a new contract as there is still a significant amount of time until your current deal expires.

[4s] Jan Laporta feels he will never leave the club he loves.

Actually, the use of inclination in these occurrences are to state the matter that is not available for the manager to request. In modern football, the chairman also acts out as the provider of the team demands. The manager is able to request some requirements he needs to manage the club. Such requests are: extra transfer and wage budget, improvements on facilities, talent scouting policies, etc.

There is another interesting topic within the utterance example [4n]. It is the use of modal operator ‘may’. The modal operator ‘may’ is included into the category

of obligation and it attaches low value. In fact, the modal operator ‘may’ is the only low value modality occurrences used by the chairman. The interesting part is why the chairman making statement about the team’s obligation in the low value modality? It is because the matter of club’s focus is not included into chairman’s responsibility. It is the manager job to make sure the team always focus on the future challenge. The manager is responsible to keep the team’s atmosphere well.

Crust and Lawrence suggest that the manager’s role subsumes multi-dimensional roles, which mainly includes a planned, coordinated, and integrated program of athlete preparation (2006). The chairman’s use of low value modal operator ‘may’ in his utterance about club’s focus implies the position and role of manager which is implied in Crust and Lawrence’s statement. The low value attached to this modal operator, indicates chairman’s respect to the manager’s roles. While at the same time, the chairman indicates his attention and love for the club’s success.

It can further be said that the modern football management convent an ideology for the characters involved within football management. Modern football management initiates higher social status for the chairman. As the leader in the structure of club’s management, the chairman poses a great deal of power as shown by the highest amount of occurrences of inclination; which indicates his numbers of ability to do something for others characters. The occurrences of obligation initiate his power to request others characters to perform some action. The occurrences of probability and usuality show the chairman actively state his opinion.

4.3.2.2 Physiotherapist

The physiotherapist uses only category of probability. The implication is that the physiotherapist use modality in making statement and exchanging information only. The physiotherapist doesn’t make any exchange of ’goods-&-services’; he neither makes any command nor offer.

The physiotherapist use probability in making report about an injured player. The physiotherapist is a club’s medical staff; his job is making medical report and treatment to the injured player. In the modern football management, every staff works for the club has a licence. Physiotherapist usually is a doctor who has qualification in assessing medical report and treatment. Thus, medical report and assessment are physiotherapist’s expertise. However, the way the physiotherapist delivers his medical report and assessment by using modality is reducing his assertiveness. All medical report and assessment is using modal operator ‘will’.

The use of modal operator ‘will’, though it’s not attaches low value, still makes the medical report and assessment uncertain. The example of physiotherapist’s medical report and assessment is shown below:

[4t] It’s likely that Toni Calvo will be out for around a week whilst he is treated.

In the view of Halliday’s theory of modality (1994) the physiotherapist within that utterance is exchanging information to the reader, which is the manager. The physiotherapist expresses his opinion, as if he makes opinion about weather. However, the important point is not to clarify that the use of modality made by the

physiotherapist makes his medical report and assessment are not reliable. In fact, his assessment is correct. As long as I concern, all the injured players is recovering at the exact time as predicted by the physiotherapist. The similar pattern is also shown by the use of modal operator ‘will’ in another physiotherapist’s utterance.

[4u] Lluis Til advised you that Toni Calvo will be treated by the club’s physios.

This is the utterance made by physiotherapist regarding medical treatment for the injured player. The use of modal operator ‘will’ also makes the utterances becomes less certain, whether the injured player will or will not be treated by the club’s physiotherapists. This might also implies whether the injured player has or has not to be treated by other medical staffs.

Thus, that must be a motive behind this choice of modality. One point that needs to take into account is the social status. It is suggested within the game, there is hierarchy social status within the game. Physiotherapist is positioned below the manager. The manager even has privilege to hire and terminate the contract of the medical staff such as physiotherapists. Physiotherapists work for the clubs under the management of the manager. In the real world, some managers have their own team consist of assistant managers, coaches, and physiotherapists to work with and give advices to him. Thus, this social status is implied in every physiotherapist’s utterance as shown by the example [4m]. Even it is a physiotherapist’s job to give medical treatment, the physiotherapists still needs to make report before he assess the

treatment. And, the report itself is in the form of advice as the physiotherapist uses the word ‘advised’.

However, the medium value of modal operator ‘will’ makes the physiotherapist’s status is slightly risen. This fact, might indicates physiotherapist’s expertise and valid assessment. The use of medium value expression indicates physiotherapist’s assessment still has a valid code, that his assessment is based on the valid prejudice. The absence of the use of high value expression signifies physiotherapist is showing his respect to the manager and act accordingly towards the social status believed in the discourse. It can further be said that the absence of low value on the physiotherapist’s medical reports and assessments indicates the physiotherapist’s commitment is strong.

Chapter 5

Conclusion and Suggestion

5.1 Introduction

This chapter is divided into two sections. Section 5.1 provides the conclusions of the present research on the basis of the formulated research questions in Chapter One. Section 5.2 presents some suggestions for further research.

5.2 Conclusion

The present study is carried out to investigate the modality in the discourse of football manager 2007 (FM’07) game texts. The data is collected from the news screen within the game. The study examines (1) the types of modality used in the text and the social relation between characters.

With regard to the first research question, it is found that the category of probability is expressed three times by the chairman and 42 times by the physiotherapist. The category of usuality is expressed three times only by the chairman. The category of obligation is expressed five times only by the chairman. Finally, the category of inclination is expressed 14 times only by the chairman.

The second research question is inquiring the social relation between the characters in the game. It is evidenced that the use of certain modality types and values implies unequal social relation. The physiotherapist only uses category of probability in medium value, indicating his status which is lower than that of the

chairman and the manager. The chairman only uses one low value modality, the rest are modality of medium and high value. This implies that the chairman has higher social status than the manager and the physiotherapist.

The occurrences of all four types of modality with the values attached within them by the chairman signify the chairman has the ability to state and modalize his opinion by the use of probability and usuality. The chairman also in a position that is able to request others characters to perform some actions through the use of obligation. Furthermore, the occurrences of inclination expressed in the chairman’s utterances indicate the chairman’s social status as the character that has the ability to perform some action for other’s characters. The limited use of type of modality within the physiotherapist initiates the physiotherapist is placed as the characters that only able to give opinion. It can further be said that there is a hierarchy in the world including in a relatively egalitarian society such as Western world. We are expected to behave accordingly.

5.3 Suggestion

The present study examines the discourse of the news screen in the football manager 2007 (FM’07) game texts. Further research may include other screens which also contain text. Finally, this study only examines the use of modality of Functional Grammar. However, it will be more challenging if further studies include other aspects of Mood elements, e.g. Subject and Polarity and Residue elements. Yet, the FM’07 game texts are still manageable to be investigated in the view of clause as message and clause as representation.

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Text produced during 29th June 2006 – 31st August 2006 Appendix 2 Identification of Modality in Chairman’s Utterances Appendix 3 Identification of Modality on Physiotherapist’s Utterances Appendix 4 Chairman’s Utterances

chairman and the manager. The chairman only uses one low value modality, the rest are modality of medium and high value. This implies that the chairman has higher social status than the manager and the physiotherapist.

The occurrences of all four types of modality with the values attached within them by the chairman signify the chairman has the ability to state and modalize his opinion by the use of probability and usuality. The chairman also in a position that is able to request others characters to perform some actions through the use of obligation. Furthermore, the occurrences of inclination expressed in the chairman’s utterances indicate the chairman’s social status as the character that has the ability to perform some action for other’s characters. The limited use of type of modality within the physiotherapist initiates the physiotherapist is placed as the characters that only able to give opinion. It can further be said that there is a hierarchy in the world including in a relatively egalitarian society such as Western world. We are expected to behave accordingly.

5.3 Suggestion

The present study examines the discourse of the news screen in the football manager 2007 (FM’07) game texts. Further research may include other screens which also contain text. Finally, this study only examines the use of modality of Functional Grammar. However, it will be more challenging if further studies include other aspects of Mood elements, e.g. Subject and Polarity and Residue elements. Yet, the FM’07 game texts are still manageable to be investigated in the view of clause as message and clause as representation.

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Text produced during 29th June 2006 – 31st August 2006

Appendix 2 Identification of Modality in Chairman’s Utterances

Appendix 3 Identification of Modality on Physiotherapist’s Utterances

Appendix 4 Chairman’s Utterances