METAPHOR OF MODALITY IN “THE WINDOWS” NOVEL BY FIRA BASUKI.
METAPHOR OF MODALITY IN “THE WINDOWS” NOVEL
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
by :
SYUHADA MUTIA
Registration Number : 8146111065
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
ABSTRACT
SYUHADA MUTIA. Registration Number: 8146111065. METAPHOR OF
MODALITY IN “THE WINDOWS” NOVEL BY FIRA BASUKI. A Thesis.
English Applied Linguistic Study Program. Postgraduate School. State
University of Medan, 2016.
The aim of the study were to analyze the types of metaphor of modality in novel,
to describe the realization metaphor of modality in novel and to explain the
context of metaphor of modality in novel. The research was conducted by
applying descriptive qualitative design. The data for this study were the sentences
in novel. The data analyzed using Halliday’s Theory. The findings of the study
showed that there were three types of the metaphorof modality used in novel such
as probability was 69.28% with 97 occurences, usuality was 2.86% with 4
occurences, and obligation 27.86% with 39 occurences, the realization of
metaphor of modality in novel were think, will, probably, usually, want, should,
and expected, and the context of metaphor of modality was the social context. We
did many interaction with other people in the social context and this interaction
related to the metaphor of modality’s patterns.
i
ABSTRAK
SYUHADA MUTIA. NOMOR REGISTRASI: 8146111065. METAPHOR
OF MODALITY DI NOVEL BERJUDUL “THE WINDOWS” KARANGAN
FIRA BASUKI. Thesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris.
Sekolah PascaSarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan, 2016.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis penggunaan jenis-jenis dari
metaphor of modality di novel, untuk menggambarkan penggunaan metaphor of
modality di novel dan untuk menjelaskan konteks dari metaphor of modality di
novel. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan kualitatif deskriptif desain. Data dari
penelitian ini adalah kalimat-kalimat di novel. Data dianalisis dengan
menggunakan teori Halliday. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada tiga jenis
dari metaphor of modality digunakan di novel seperti probability sebanyak
69.28% dengan 97 kalimat, usuality sebanyak 2.86% dengan 4 kalimat, dan
obligation sebanyak 27.86% dengan 39 kalimat, penggunaan dari metaphor of
modality di novel adalah think, will, probably, usually, want, should, dan
expected, dan konteks dari metaphor of modality adalah kontek sosial. Kita
banyak melakukan interaksi dengan orang lain dalam konteks sosial and interaksi
ini berhubungan dengan pola-pola metaphor of modality.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, in the name of Almighty ALLAH, the most Gracious and
the most Merciful, first of all, the writer would like to thank God for His blessing
in the completion of this Thesis. Praises are also addressed to our prophet
Muhammad SAW who guided us to the better life.
The writer would like to express her deepest thanks and endless
appreciation to her parents, Hamdani and Rozananur, thanks for their praying to
him, their supports and endless loves. Their praying will bring her into the best
future. They will be in her heart whenever and wherever her is.
The highest appreciation goes to his two advisors, Prof. Amrin Saragih,
MA., Ph.D. as his first advisor and Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed, TESP as her second
advisor for their patience with me during the production of drafts and revisions,
their thoughtful guidance along the way, their encouragementand support of my
research efforts.
Then, her appreciation also goes to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. as the
Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Dr. Sri Minda Murni,
SS., MS. as the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program who
have assisted his in processing the administration requirements during the process
of his studies in the postgraduate School of the State University of Medan.
The writer’s profuse appreciation is also addressed to all of lecturers of
the English Applied Linguistics Program of the Graduate Program of State
University of Medan for their assistances and in valuable helps and knowledge
when they was teaching in the class.
iii
I am grateful for the strong support, shown in so many ways of friends of
LTBI A3 XXIV for all the fun and valuable times have spent together during their
study. Then, last but not least, hergratitude goes to herlover (her soldier) Serda
Dedy Saputra who always give motivated and supported to conduct this Thesis.
Medan, …………… 2016
The Writer,
Syuhada Mutia
Reg. No. 8146111065
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................
i
ABSTRAK........................................................................................................
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................. v
LIST OF TABLE.............................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1
1.1 TheBackground of the Study .................................................................. 1
1.2 The Problems of the Study ...................................................................... 10
1.3 The Objectives of the Study .................................................................... 10
1.4 The Scope of the Study..........................................................................
10
1.5 The Significance of the Study................................................................
10
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE................................................ 12
2.1 Functional Grammar............................................................................... 12
2.2 Interpersonal Metafunction....................................................................
13
2.3 Metaphor of Modality ............................................................................ 14
2.4 Types of Metahor of Modality ............................................................... 20
2.5 Novel .....................................................................................................
30
2.6 The Relevant Studies............................................................................... 32
2.7 Conceptual Framework .......................................................................... 37
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ......................................................... 39
3.1 Research Design ...................................................................................... 39
3.2 The Data and Source of Data .................................................................. 40
3.3 The Technique of Collecting the Data .................................................... 40
3.4 The Techniques of Data Analysis ........................................................... 41
3.5 Trustworthiness ....................................................................................... 42
v
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION ..... .. 44
4.1 The Data and Data Analysis ........................................................... 44
4.1.1 Types of Metaphor of Modality ................................................. 44
4.1.2 Realization Metaphor of Modality .............................................. 47
4.1.3 Context of Metaphor of Modality ............................................... 56
4.2 Findings .......................................................................................... 57
4.3 Discussion ..................................................................................... 59
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS......................... 63
5.1 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 63
5.2 Suggestions ..................................................................................... 64
REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 66
APPENDIX .............................................................................................. 69
vi
LIST OF TABLE
Page
1.1
Table of Orientation
16
1.2
Table Types Metaphor of Modality
20
1.3
Table Types of Modality
22
1.4
Table System of Types of Metaphor of Modality
23
1.5
Modality: examples of ‘type’ and orientation combined (realization
of modality in bold)
24
1.6
Three ‘values’ of metaphor of modality
26
1.7
The Proportion of Metaphor of Modality
45
1.8
Realization of Metaphor of Modality in Novel
47
vii
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
The user of language is representing experience by using a clause. The
clause itself represents experience in various aspects in order to be easily
understood by the reader or listener. One of the aspects commonly used by the
writer or speaker in the clause was the use of metaphor of modality. The purpose
was to give flavour or stress to the sentence. This case is always found in the
written or spoken text especially in the speech.
Language was the means of self-expression. It was through language the
humans express their thougts, desires, emotions and feeling. It was through store
knowledge, transmit message, transfer knowledge and experience from one
person to another. Most of the activities in the world are carried by language. It
was through it the humans interact or relate to each other.
Interaction can be done with oral and written. In this case focus on written
language. Many people get some problems when they analyze English written
text. They found difficulties in comprehending many texts such as: newspaper,
magazines, books, tabloids, novel, letters, etc. The difficulties will be clear for the
readers when they try to understand the content of the English text. Many
structure of functional grammar in English Written text, one of them is metaphor
of modality.
The reader or listener always have some problems in understanding a text
on metaphor of modality. This occurs because they do not know the meaning
behind the statement.Consequently, they do not get the idea of the statement
1
2
delivered. Writing was the way to express the ideas or opinions. Writing was a
means to convey one‟s idea to other; it should be simple and unambiguous. The
readers must comprehend the meaning readily and precisely. To comprehend the
English language especially in written text, readers should prepare their
knowledge and definitely be direct so that they will not waste their time trying to
guess the meaning of the English written text.
This study addresses to the use of metaphor of modality in a novel entittle
“The Windows” by Fira Basuki. This topic was selected as the subject matter
because three reasons. The first, the phenomenon that happen in the story on the
novel. Fira basuki told about her education experiences from Jakarta until in the
overseas. There was the positive education in her story and it is very good for the
reader.
Second, Fira Basuki‟s novel was choosen because Fira Basuki has written
achievement such as magazine and novel. She has been a very talented writer
since she was in high school. She won out many writing contests held by Gadis
and Tempo, also by Department Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, LIPI, and FISIP-UI.
She worked in Dewi magazine and became a contributor in some foreign media,
such as Sunflower, Collegio, and Morning Sun (Kansas, USA). She also tried to
be an anchor/host in CAPS-3 TV, Pittsburg, Kansas, and became a
producer/presenter of Radio Singapore International.
The last, this novel was choosen because after I read the previous research
I found that the dominant analysis of metaphor of modality is in speech or orally.
So, I think I want to analyze in written text as novel. Because I have not found
3
analysis of metaphor of modality in novel. From the reasons above, this research
need to be conducted.
The result of previous research if compared with my research is different.
It can be seen from the result of previous research which metaphor of modality
was not conducted from novel. In the previous research, the researcher have found
some international journal to compare with this research. The researcher look for
the finding of the previous research as the guidance to data analysis. The first
journal by Jian Xu (2009), in his thesis analyzed Interpreting Metaphor of
Modality in Advertising English. He found that Based on an introduction to
Halliday‟s theory of modality system and with a focuses on metaphor of modality
and its functions in advertising English, this paper has reached the conclusion that
metaphor of modality can be employed in English advertising to foreground
subjectivity and objectivity, to express politeness and to unite discourse into
cohesion. With the help of this advanced liguistic device, advertisers can arrange
information according to desired modal responsibility in order to avoid relevant
legal responsibility and restriction while establish interpersonal relationshipswith
consumers to exert influences on their attitudes as well as behaviors so as to
correctly convey their communicative intentions and achieve their commercial
purposes.
FENG Cai-yan (2011), in his thesis examined Functions of Metaphors of
Modality in President‟s Radio Addresses. He found that In radio addresses, a large
number of explicit subjective metaphors of modality are adopted to emphasize
Obama‟s strong beliefs so as to present the President‟s good image of being
confident and willing to take responsibility. By contrast, explicit objective
4
metaphors of modality and nominalization are adopted to disguise the source of
the modality, so that Obama can shirk the responsibility for his personal
judgment. At the same time, Obama uses many explicit subjective metaphors of
modality to express his uncertainty in an attempt to show his caution and
carefulness.
Saragih (2004), He examined “Interpersonal metaphor in Mata Najwa‟S
talk show”. Specifically, dealt with interpersonal metaphor, in this study consist of
two types, namely, metaphor of mood and metaphor of modaly. The total
calculations are the metaphor of mood in Sang Penantang is about 94.85% and
metaphor of modality is about 5.14%. The metaphor of mood in Sengatan Dahlan
is about 95.34% and metaphor of modality is about 4.65%. In the investigating
metaphor of mood is the dominant because the message of the sentences in
political interaction used the patterns of mood which are seen as carrying the
burden for making the different interpretation in the contextual occurences.
Dong (2012), in his thesis he examined “Interpersonal Metaphor in Legal
Discourse: Modality in Cross-examinations”. He found that According to the
analysis of the four samples, we can find that there is great difference between the
lawyer's modality and the witness'. For succeeding in taking the three tactics of
examining, the lawyers are very careful in choosing their words and questions. By
comparison, the lawyers tend to employ more high and median modalities such as
never, would, will, usually and so on, but no subjective modalities come into their
utterances. That means the lawyers speak objectively and with great certain and
less personal engagement.
5
However, the witnesses are more likely to use more low value modalities,
such as maybe, perhaps, could and so on and they are quite liberal with the
employment of subjective metaphorical modalities with low such as "I think", "I
guess", "I am not sure" and so on. Besides, the witnesses employ the objective
metaphorical modalities with low value like “that's possible”. This shows that the
witnesses like to speak subjectively, with less certainty and more personal
engagement. In the courtroom, being objective and certain means being more
powerful in the linguistic position and more persuasive for the jury. Otherwise,
you will seem less convincing.
Aritonang (2014), in his thesis analyzed “Impacts of Interpersonal
Metaphor on Grammatical Intricacy and Lexical Density in the Text of
Presidential Debate Between Barrack Obama and Mitt Romney”. Based on the
research findings, conclusions are drawn as the following. 1. Two types of
interpersonal metaphor namely metaphor of modality, which comprises high,
medium and low values, and metaphor of mood, namely question and command
are found out. 2. The ratio of GJ is higher in all of the interpersonal metaphor
utterances than that of the congruent codings while the ratio of LD is various in
the sense that in one side the interpersonal metaphor utterances have higher ratio
of LD than that of the congruent codings and on the other side, the interpersonal
metaphor utterances have lower ratio ofLD than that of the congruent cod.ings. 3.
The presidential debate carries with it more features of spoken languages and
fewer features of written languages with reference to LD and GI.
6
Valipour and Aidinlou (2014), they examined “An Investigation of
Metaphorical Modality in Barack Obama' Speeches from Systemic Functional
Perspective”. They found that metaphors of modality can be used in public
speeches due to subjectivity and objectivity, directly or indirectly. With the help
of interpersonal metafunction, public speakers can arrange information according
to desired information responsibility in order to establish interpersonal
relationships with listeners to impress their attitudes as well as their thoughts to
convey correctly their communicative intentions and achieve their main purposes
of their speeches.
Those previous studies are relevant to this study the theories and the
finding can give contributions to lead the better understanding on the metaphor of
modality used by the researcher in discourse and pragmatic field. It is expected
that this study will get the original data and metaphor and modality is not only
about the use of modalization and modulation but it can be researched from the
function of metaphor of modality itself. This research different of the previous
study above because different the object of study between the previous study and
this study. So, the result of the research also different from the previous study.
In this case, the researcher not search the metaphor or modality in the
novel, but the researcher is only focus on the metaphor of modality in the novel.
Metaphor of modality are explicit realizations of modal meanings, Martin,
(2003:10). Speakers can express their opinions in separate clauses in various
ways. In metaphor of modality, the grammatical variation which occurs is based
on the logico-semantic relationship of projection. According to Jian Xu (2009:26)
metaphor of modality is regarded as congruent form which is recessive and
7
unmarked; the latter is incongruent form which is dominant and marked. The
following metaphorical variant is :
-
I think it‟s going to rain. Isn‟t it?
In other words as the variant of it‟s probably going to rain, isn‟t it? And
can be represent by other variants of Jhon think it‟s going to rain, doesn‟t he?
Not all language has metaphor of modality. The example of metaphor of
modality in our daily live as “you must go now”. In this case, the metaphor of
modality of “must” used to indicate the metaphorical that means you are required
to go now or you have a requirement to go now. It means that every modality has
special meaning behind a statement.
The example metaphor of modality in novel such as in pages 4 the first
line: “yet I think I have already done more than enough”. This kind include in
probability and subjective (explicit meaning). If seen from subjective (implicit
meaning) it can be “she’ll she have already done more than enough. If seen from
Objective (explicit meaning) it can be “she probably have already done more than
enough”. If seen from objective (implicit meaning)it can be “it isn’t likely she
have already done more than enough”.
In sentence page 6 line 16 “if I start talking about my times at Pittstate I‟ll
never know when to stop!”. It is include in probability and subjective (implicit
meaning). If seen from subjective (explicit meaning) it can be “if I talking my
times at Pittstate I think I never know when to stop!”. If seen from objective
(explicit meaning) it can be “if I talking about my times at Pittstate I probably
never know when I stop!”. And if seen from objective (implicit meaning) it can be
“if I talking about my times at Pittsstate it isn’t know when to stop!”.
8
In metaphor of modality was very related to the pragmatic. The reader
must know the meaning behind his/her statement based on the situation. With
modality, it was very clear that certain grammatical environments constitute
metaphorical realizations of modality. An example of metaphor in modality from
Halliday (2014:686) I don’t believe that pudding ever will be cooked, where it was
pointed out that I don’t believe isfunctioning as an expression of modality, as can
be shown by the tag, which would be will it?, not do I?. The example was brought
in at that point in order to explain the thematic structure.
The explanation above bring us to some important functions of the
language; firstly, language used as the purposes of communication and social
cooperation. In this function language enables us to influence people‟s behavior in
detail, thereby makes communication and social cooperation pessible. Secondly,
language can also function as an instrument of thought. A philosopher, for
example, uses language to clarify and develop his/her ideas on subject. So, here
language was used as an instrument of thought. Thirdly, language can also be
used for an expressive purpose. As an outcome of human social activities,
language plays a variety function in human communication.
Halliday and Matthiesen state there are three basic values for modality;
high, medium, and low (2004:148). With these values a writer can signal their
degree of certainty about the validity of proposition. They will be used to
investigate the writer‟s commitment to the validity of what they are saying. In
other words, different modals express different degree of commitment by the user
of those modal verbs. In other words, modality was a sign that the writer is
representing a personal view rather than objectives facts.
9
There are many kinds of written texts, on of them is novel. Many people
who like read the novel from the children, tenageers and adult. In the novel, there
is an interaction between the writer and the reader. In this kind of interaction it
would be quite natural that the writer encoder of the message attempt to anticipate
how the reader is likely to respond to what she/he has to say and employ
accordingly all the language resources available to help the reader interpret the
message as successfully as possible.
Novel tells us the story of the writer. The writer effort in writing to help
the readers decode and interpret the message successfully. Harpercollins (2012:
29) says that “novel is a story with the prose form in long shape, this long shape
means the story including the complex plot, many character and various setting”.
A novel was a totality, a comprehensiveness that is artistic. As a totality, the novel
has passages elements, most related to one another in close and mutually
dependent. Novel is narrative text informing of prose with a long shape that
including some figures and fiction event. The intrinsic elements of novel are plot,
setting characterization, point of view, and theme.
Every story in plot, setting characterization, point of view and theme have
so many the use of functional grammar. One of them was metaphor of modality.
The researcher only focus on the used of metaphor of modality. In this novel used
metaphor of modality, therefore the researcher take novel as the object of the
research. Metaphor of modality has four types such as: probability, usuality,
obligation and inclination. All of types divided into subjective (explicit and
implict), objective (explicit and implicit).
10
So, in this case, the novel entittle “The Windows” by Fira Basuki was
choosen as the object of this research because the reasons explained above. In this
study, the researcher selected sentence by sentence in novel to know types of
metaphor of modality, the dominant types of metaphor of modality, and the
context of metaphor of modality used in novel.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study above, the problems are as in the
following.
1. What types of metaphor of modality used in the novel?
2. How is metaphor of modality realized in the novel?
3. In what context the metaphor of modality used in the novel?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are.
1) to investigate types of metaphor of modality used in novel,
2) to describe linguistic realization of metaphor of modality used in novel,
and
3) to reason the context of metaphor of modality used in novel.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
The study is focused on finding out and analyzing metaphor of modality
sentences in „The Windows‟ novel.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
The findings of the study are expected to give some relevant contribution to
the following.
11
1. Theoretically, the findings potentially add up more horizons to the readers
on the use of metaphor of modality in writing and oral English, and to add
information to the reader that metaphor of modality also related to the
pragmatic.
2. Practically, the findings are expected to be useful for students and
linguists. By reading the findings of this research, they are expected to
know how to analyze of metaphor of modality in writing and oral English
and this study can be guidance for the further research who wants to
research metaphor of modality in another English written text.
66
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Eggins, S. 1994. An Itroduction to Systemic Functional Linguistic. London:
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Gold. P. 1987. Advertising, Politics, and American Culture: From Salesmanship
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A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
by :
SYUHADA MUTIA
Registration Number : 8146111065
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
ABSTRACT
SYUHADA MUTIA. Registration Number: 8146111065. METAPHOR OF
MODALITY IN “THE WINDOWS” NOVEL BY FIRA BASUKI. A Thesis.
English Applied Linguistic Study Program. Postgraduate School. State
University of Medan, 2016.
The aim of the study were to analyze the types of metaphor of modality in novel,
to describe the realization metaphor of modality in novel and to explain the
context of metaphor of modality in novel. The research was conducted by
applying descriptive qualitative design. The data for this study were the sentences
in novel. The data analyzed using Halliday’s Theory. The findings of the study
showed that there were three types of the metaphorof modality used in novel such
as probability was 69.28% with 97 occurences, usuality was 2.86% with 4
occurences, and obligation 27.86% with 39 occurences, the realization of
metaphor of modality in novel were think, will, probably, usually, want, should,
and expected, and the context of metaphor of modality was the social context. We
did many interaction with other people in the social context and this interaction
related to the metaphor of modality’s patterns.
i
ABSTRAK
SYUHADA MUTIA. NOMOR REGISTRASI: 8146111065. METAPHOR
OF MODALITY DI NOVEL BERJUDUL “THE WINDOWS” KARANGAN
FIRA BASUKI. Thesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris.
Sekolah PascaSarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan, 2016.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis penggunaan jenis-jenis dari
metaphor of modality di novel, untuk menggambarkan penggunaan metaphor of
modality di novel dan untuk menjelaskan konteks dari metaphor of modality di
novel. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan kualitatif deskriptif desain. Data dari
penelitian ini adalah kalimat-kalimat di novel. Data dianalisis dengan
menggunakan teori Halliday. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada tiga jenis
dari metaphor of modality digunakan di novel seperti probability sebanyak
69.28% dengan 97 kalimat, usuality sebanyak 2.86% dengan 4 kalimat, dan
obligation sebanyak 27.86% dengan 39 kalimat, penggunaan dari metaphor of
modality di novel adalah think, will, probably, usually, want, should, dan
expected, dan konteks dari metaphor of modality adalah kontek sosial. Kita
banyak melakukan interaksi dengan orang lain dalam konteks sosial and interaksi
ini berhubungan dengan pola-pola metaphor of modality.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, in the name of Almighty ALLAH, the most Gracious and
the most Merciful, first of all, the writer would like to thank God for His blessing
in the completion of this Thesis. Praises are also addressed to our prophet
Muhammad SAW who guided us to the better life.
The writer would like to express her deepest thanks and endless
appreciation to her parents, Hamdani and Rozananur, thanks for their praying to
him, their supports and endless loves. Their praying will bring her into the best
future. They will be in her heart whenever and wherever her is.
The highest appreciation goes to his two advisors, Prof. Amrin Saragih,
MA., Ph.D. as his first advisor and Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed, TESP as her second
advisor for their patience with me during the production of drafts and revisions,
their thoughtful guidance along the way, their encouragementand support of my
research efforts.
Then, her appreciation also goes to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. as the
Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Dr. Sri Minda Murni,
SS., MS. as the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program who
have assisted his in processing the administration requirements during the process
of his studies in the postgraduate School of the State University of Medan.
The writer’s profuse appreciation is also addressed to all of lecturers of
the English Applied Linguistics Program of the Graduate Program of State
University of Medan for their assistances and in valuable helps and knowledge
when they was teaching in the class.
iii
I am grateful for the strong support, shown in so many ways of friends of
LTBI A3 XXIV for all the fun and valuable times have spent together during their
study. Then, last but not least, hergratitude goes to herlover (her soldier) Serda
Dedy Saputra who always give motivated and supported to conduct this Thesis.
Medan, …………… 2016
The Writer,
Syuhada Mutia
Reg. No. 8146111065
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................
i
ABSTRAK........................................................................................................
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................. v
LIST OF TABLE.............................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1
1.1 TheBackground of the Study .................................................................. 1
1.2 The Problems of the Study ...................................................................... 10
1.3 The Objectives of the Study .................................................................... 10
1.4 The Scope of the Study..........................................................................
10
1.5 The Significance of the Study................................................................
10
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE................................................ 12
2.1 Functional Grammar............................................................................... 12
2.2 Interpersonal Metafunction....................................................................
13
2.3 Metaphor of Modality ............................................................................ 14
2.4 Types of Metahor of Modality ............................................................... 20
2.5 Novel .....................................................................................................
30
2.6 The Relevant Studies............................................................................... 32
2.7 Conceptual Framework .......................................................................... 37
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ......................................................... 39
3.1 Research Design ...................................................................................... 39
3.2 The Data and Source of Data .................................................................. 40
3.3 The Technique of Collecting the Data .................................................... 40
3.4 The Techniques of Data Analysis ........................................................... 41
3.5 Trustworthiness ....................................................................................... 42
v
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION ..... .. 44
4.1 The Data and Data Analysis ........................................................... 44
4.1.1 Types of Metaphor of Modality ................................................. 44
4.1.2 Realization Metaphor of Modality .............................................. 47
4.1.3 Context of Metaphor of Modality ............................................... 56
4.2 Findings .......................................................................................... 57
4.3 Discussion ..................................................................................... 59
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS......................... 63
5.1 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 63
5.2 Suggestions ..................................................................................... 64
REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 66
APPENDIX .............................................................................................. 69
vi
LIST OF TABLE
Page
1.1
Table of Orientation
16
1.2
Table Types Metaphor of Modality
20
1.3
Table Types of Modality
22
1.4
Table System of Types of Metaphor of Modality
23
1.5
Modality: examples of ‘type’ and orientation combined (realization
of modality in bold)
24
1.6
Three ‘values’ of metaphor of modality
26
1.7
The Proportion of Metaphor of Modality
45
1.8
Realization of Metaphor of Modality in Novel
47
vii
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
The user of language is representing experience by using a clause. The
clause itself represents experience in various aspects in order to be easily
understood by the reader or listener. One of the aspects commonly used by the
writer or speaker in the clause was the use of metaphor of modality. The purpose
was to give flavour or stress to the sentence. This case is always found in the
written or spoken text especially in the speech.
Language was the means of self-expression. It was through language the
humans express their thougts, desires, emotions and feeling. It was through store
knowledge, transmit message, transfer knowledge and experience from one
person to another. Most of the activities in the world are carried by language. It
was through it the humans interact or relate to each other.
Interaction can be done with oral and written. In this case focus on written
language. Many people get some problems when they analyze English written
text. They found difficulties in comprehending many texts such as: newspaper,
magazines, books, tabloids, novel, letters, etc. The difficulties will be clear for the
readers when they try to understand the content of the English text. Many
structure of functional grammar in English Written text, one of them is metaphor
of modality.
The reader or listener always have some problems in understanding a text
on metaphor of modality. This occurs because they do not know the meaning
behind the statement.Consequently, they do not get the idea of the statement
1
2
delivered. Writing was the way to express the ideas or opinions. Writing was a
means to convey one‟s idea to other; it should be simple and unambiguous. The
readers must comprehend the meaning readily and precisely. To comprehend the
English language especially in written text, readers should prepare their
knowledge and definitely be direct so that they will not waste their time trying to
guess the meaning of the English written text.
This study addresses to the use of metaphor of modality in a novel entittle
“The Windows” by Fira Basuki. This topic was selected as the subject matter
because three reasons. The first, the phenomenon that happen in the story on the
novel. Fira basuki told about her education experiences from Jakarta until in the
overseas. There was the positive education in her story and it is very good for the
reader.
Second, Fira Basuki‟s novel was choosen because Fira Basuki has written
achievement such as magazine and novel. She has been a very talented writer
since she was in high school. She won out many writing contests held by Gadis
and Tempo, also by Department Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, LIPI, and FISIP-UI.
She worked in Dewi magazine and became a contributor in some foreign media,
such as Sunflower, Collegio, and Morning Sun (Kansas, USA). She also tried to
be an anchor/host in CAPS-3 TV, Pittsburg, Kansas, and became a
producer/presenter of Radio Singapore International.
The last, this novel was choosen because after I read the previous research
I found that the dominant analysis of metaphor of modality is in speech or orally.
So, I think I want to analyze in written text as novel. Because I have not found
3
analysis of metaphor of modality in novel. From the reasons above, this research
need to be conducted.
The result of previous research if compared with my research is different.
It can be seen from the result of previous research which metaphor of modality
was not conducted from novel. In the previous research, the researcher have found
some international journal to compare with this research. The researcher look for
the finding of the previous research as the guidance to data analysis. The first
journal by Jian Xu (2009), in his thesis analyzed Interpreting Metaphor of
Modality in Advertising English. He found that Based on an introduction to
Halliday‟s theory of modality system and with a focuses on metaphor of modality
and its functions in advertising English, this paper has reached the conclusion that
metaphor of modality can be employed in English advertising to foreground
subjectivity and objectivity, to express politeness and to unite discourse into
cohesion. With the help of this advanced liguistic device, advertisers can arrange
information according to desired modal responsibility in order to avoid relevant
legal responsibility and restriction while establish interpersonal relationshipswith
consumers to exert influences on their attitudes as well as behaviors so as to
correctly convey their communicative intentions and achieve their commercial
purposes.
FENG Cai-yan (2011), in his thesis examined Functions of Metaphors of
Modality in President‟s Radio Addresses. He found that In radio addresses, a large
number of explicit subjective metaphors of modality are adopted to emphasize
Obama‟s strong beliefs so as to present the President‟s good image of being
confident and willing to take responsibility. By contrast, explicit objective
4
metaphors of modality and nominalization are adopted to disguise the source of
the modality, so that Obama can shirk the responsibility for his personal
judgment. At the same time, Obama uses many explicit subjective metaphors of
modality to express his uncertainty in an attempt to show his caution and
carefulness.
Saragih (2004), He examined “Interpersonal metaphor in Mata Najwa‟S
talk show”. Specifically, dealt with interpersonal metaphor, in this study consist of
two types, namely, metaphor of mood and metaphor of modaly. The total
calculations are the metaphor of mood in Sang Penantang is about 94.85% and
metaphor of modality is about 5.14%. The metaphor of mood in Sengatan Dahlan
is about 95.34% and metaphor of modality is about 4.65%. In the investigating
metaphor of mood is the dominant because the message of the sentences in
political interaction used the patterns of mood which are seen as carrying the
burden for making the different interpretation in the contextual occurences.
Dong (2012), in his thesis he examined “Interpersonal Metaphor in Legal
Discourse: Modality in Cross-examinations”. He found that According to the
analysis of the four samples, we can find that there is great difference between the
lawyer's modality and the witness'. For succeeding in taking the three tactics of
examining, the lawyers are very careful in choosing their words and questions. By
comparison, the lawyers tend to employ more high and median modalities such as
never, would, will, usually and so on, but no subjective modalities come into their
utterances. That means the lawyers speak objectively and with great certain and
less personal engagement.
5
However, the witnesses are more likely to use more low value modalities,
such as maybe, perhaps, could and so on and they are quite liberal with the
employment of subjective metaphorical modalities with low such as "I think", "I
guess", "I am not sure" and so on. Besides, the witnesses employ the objective
metaphorical modalities with low value like “that's possible”. This shows that the
witnesses like to speak subjectively, with less certainty and more personal
engagement. In the courtroom, being objective and certain means being more
powerful in the linguistic position and more persuasive for the jury. Otherwise,
you will seem less convincing.
Aritonang (2014), in his thesis analyzed “Impacts of Interpersonal
Metaphor on Grammatical Intricacy and Lexical Density in the Text of
Presidential Debate Between Barrack Obama and Mitt Romney”. Based on the
research findings, conclusions are drawn as the following. 1. Two types of
interpersonal metaphor namely metaphor of modality, which comprises high,
medium and low values, and metaphor of mood, namely question and command
are found out. 2. The ratio of GJ is higher in all of the interpersonal metaphor
utterances than that of the congruent codings while the ratio of LD is various in
the sense that in one side the interpersonal metaphor utterances have higher ratio
of LD than that of the congruent codings and on the other side, the interpersonal
metaphor utterances have lower ratio ofLD than that of the congruent cod.ings. 3.
The presidential debate carries with it more features of spoken languages and
fewer features of written languages with reference to LD and GI.
6
Valipour and Aidinlou (2014), they examined “An Investigation of
Metaphorical Modality in Barack Obama' Speeches from Systemic Functional
Perspective”. They found that metaphors of modality can be used in public
speeches due to subjectivity and objectivity, directly or indirectly. With the help
of interpersonal metafunction, public speakers can arrange information according
to desired information responsibility in order to establish interpersonal
relationships with listeners to impress their attitudes as well as their thoughts to
convey correctly their communicative intentions and achieve their main purposes
of their speeches.
Those previous studies are relevant to this study the theories and the
finding can give contributions to lead the better understanding on the metaphor of
modality used by the researcher in discourse and pragmatic field. It is expected
that this study will get the original data and metaphor and modality is not only
about the use of modalization and modulation but it can be researched from the
function of metaphor of modality itself. This research different of the previous
study above because different the object of study between the previous study and
this study. So, the result of the research also different from the previous study.
In this case, the researcher not search the metaphor or modality in the
novel, but the researcher is only focus on the metaphor of modality in the novel.
Metaphor of modality are explicit realizations of modal meanings, Martin,
(2003:10). Speakers can express their opinions in separate clauses in various
ways. In metaphor of modality, the grammatical variation which occurs is based
on the logico-semantic relationship of projection. According to Jian Xu (2009:26)
metaphor of modality is regarded as congruent form which is recessive and
7
unmarked; the latter is incongruent form which is dominant and marked. The
following metaphorical variant is :
-
I think it‟s going to rain. Isn‟t it?
In other words as the variant of it‟s probably going to rain, isn‟t it? And
can be represent by other variants of Jhon think it‟s going to rain, doesn‟t he?
Not all language has metaphor of modality. The example of metaphor of
modality in our daily live as “you must go now”. In this case, the metaphor of
modality of “must” used to indicate the metaphorical that means you are required
to go now or you have a requirement to go now. It means that every modality has
special meaning behind a statement.
The example metaphor of modality in novel such as in pages 4 the first
line: “yet I think I have already done more than enough”. This kind include in
probability and subjective (explicit meaning). If seen from subjective (implicit
meaning) it can be “she’ll she have already done more than enough. If seen from
Objective (explicit meaning) it can be “she probably have already done more than
enough”. If seen from objective (implicit meaning)it can be “it isn’t likely she
have already done more than enough”.
In sentence page 6 line 16 “if I start talking about my times at Pittstate I‟ll
never know when to stop!”. It is include in probability and subjective (implicit
meaning). If seen from subjective (explicit meaning) it can be “if I talking my
times at Pittstate I think I never know when to stop!”. If seen from objective
(explicit meaning) it can be “if I talking about my times at Pittstate I probably
never know when I stop!”. And if seen from objective (implicit meaning) it can be
“if I talking about my times at Pittsstate it isn’t know when to stop!”.
8
In metaphor of modality was very related to the pragmatic. The reader
must know the meaning behind his/her statement based on the situation. With
modality, it was very clear that certain grammatical environments constitute
metaphorical realizations of modality. An example of metaphor in modality from
Halliday (2014:686) I don’t believe that pudding ever will be cooked, where it was
pointed out that I don’t believe isfunctioning as an expression of modality, as can
be shown by the tag, which would be will it?, not do I?. The example was brought
in at that point in order to explain the thematic structure.
The explanation above bring us to some important functions of the
language; firstly, language used as the purposes of communication and social
cooperation. In this function language enables us to influence people‟s behavior in
detail, thereby makes communication and social cooperation pessible. Secondly,
language can also function as an instrument of thought. A philosopher, for
example, uses language to clarify and develop his/her ideas on subject. So, here
language was used as an instrument of thought. Thirdly, language can also be
used for an expressive purpose. As an outcome of human social activities,
language plays a variety function in human communication.
Halliday and Matthiesen state there are three basic values for modality;
high, medium, and low (2004:148). With these values a writer can signal their
degree of certainty about the validity of proposition. They will be used to
investigate the writer‟s commitment to the validity of what they are saying. In
other words, different modals express different degree of commitment by the user
of those modal verbs. In other words, modality was a sign that the writer is
representing a personal view rather than objectives facts.
9
There are many kinds of written texts, on of them is novel. Many people
who like read the novel from the children, tenageers and adult. In the novel, there
is an interaction between the writer and the reader. In this kind of interaction it
would be quite natural that the writer encoder of the message attempt to anticipate
how the reader is likely to respond to what she/he has to say and employ
accordingly all the language resources available to help the reader interpret the
message as successfully as possible.
Novel tells us the story of the writer. The writer effort in writing to help
the readers decode and interpret the message successfully. Harpercollins (2012:
29) says that “novel is a story with the prose form in long shape, this long shape
means the story including the complex plot, many character and various setting”.
A novel was a totality, a comprehensiveness that is artistic. As a totality, the novel
has passages elements, most related to one another in close and mutually
dependent. Novel is narrative text informing of prose with a long shape that
including some figures and fiction event. The intrinsic elements of novel are plot,
setting characterization, point of view, and theme.
Every story in plot, setting characterization, point of view and theme have
so many the use of functional grammar. One of them was metaphor of modality.
The researcher only focus on the used of metaphor of modality. In this novel used
metaphor of modality, therefore the researcher take novel as the object of the
research. Metaphor of modality has four types such as: probability, usuality,
obligation and inclination. All of types divided into subjective (explicit and
implict), objective (explicit and implicit).
10
So, in this case, the novel entittle “The Windows” by Fira Basuki was
choosen as the object of this research because the reasons explained above. In this
study, the researcher selected sentence by sentence in novel to know types of
metaphor of modality, the dominant types of metaphor of modality, and the
context of metaphor of modality used in novel.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study above, the problems are as in the
following.
1. What types of metaphor of modality used in the novel?
2. How is metaphor of modality realized in the novel?
3. In what context the metaphor of modality used in the novel?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are.
1) to investigate types of metaphor of modality used in novel,
2) to describe linguistic realization of metaphor of modality used in novel,
and
3) to reason the context of metaphor of modality used in novel.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
The study is focused on finding out and analyzing metaphor of modality
sentences in „The Windows‟ novel.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
The findings of the study are expected to give some relevant contribution to
the following.
11
1. Theoretically, the findings potentially add up more horizons to the readers
on the use of metaphor of modality in writing and oral English, and to add
information to the reader that metaphor of modality also related to the
pragmatic.
2. Practically, the findings are expected to be useful for students and
linguists. By reading the findings of this research, they are expected to
know how to analyze of metaphor of modality in writing and oral English
and this study can be guidance for the further research who wants to
research metaphor of modality in another English written text.
66
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