Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub.
Vivi Rizqi Untari, 2015
Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
TURN TAKING ANALYSIS OF DEBATE FORUMS IN INDONESIA
LAWYER CLUB AND INDONESIA LAWAK KLUB
A Research Paper
Submitted to Department of English Education, Indonesia University of Education
as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree
By
Vivi Rizqi Untari
1005508
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
2015
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Vivi Rizqi Untari, 2015
Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
TURN TAKING ANALYSIS OF DEBATE FORUMS IN INDONESIA LAWYER CLUB AND INDONESIA LAWAK KLUB
Oleh Vivi Rizqi Untari
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Sastra pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra
© Vivi Rizqi Untari, 2015 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Juni 2015
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian,
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Vivi Rizqi Untari, 2015
Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
PAGE OF APPROVAL
TURN TAKING ANALYSIS OF DEBATE FORUMS IN INDONESIA LAWYER CLUB AND INDONESIA LAWAK KLUB
A Research Paper by:
Vivi Rizqi Untari
Approved by:
Supervisor
Dadang Sudana, MA., Ph.D NIP. 196009191990031001
Head of Department of English Education Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001
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Vivi Rizqi Untari, 2015
Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides general introduction of the study including Background, Research Questions, Aims of the study, Significance of the study, Methodology and Clarification of Key Terms.
1. Background
Debate can be understood as a forum in which people can present their idea by using language as the medium. According to International Debate Association Education, ‘debate is
a formal contest of argumentation between two teams or individuals’. Debate is seen as a tool
in developing a democracy and open society. People debate in order either to support their beliefs or oppose other’s. In debate, the aim of debaters is to win over their opponents. Therefore, in debate people are expected to share their idea in a very convincing way without purposing to insult other people. Wattles and Radić-Bojanić (2007) proposed eight characteristics of debate such as interaction of two or more people, face to face interaction and usually using formal speech. Based on these characteristics, debate can be considered as a form of conversation because it requires the interaction of two people or more, and the language used is mostly spoken language.
Conversation can be understood as a way in which people build their relationship by
talking in their daily life. Liddicoat (2007) states that conversation is ‘the way in which
people socialize and develop and sustain their relationship each other’. Conversation is one of the major area studies of discourse analysis which is called conversation analysis. Conversation analysis focuses on the analysis of ordinary spoken communication. Conversation analysis aims to understand how people manage their interaction (Paltridge, 2006). The analysis of conversation focuses on turn-taking, gaps and overlaps, adjacency and preference organization, expanding sequences, repair, and opening and closing conversation (Liddicoat, 2007). This study limits its scope on turn-taking of conversation analysis.
Repair refers to the process when people have problem with their talk and then they
correct it. Paltridge (2006) refers repair as ‘the way speakers correct things they or someone
else has said, and check what they understood in conversation’. In the same line Sack et al. (1974, cited in Liddicoat 2007:73) state that current speaker continues strategy in turn taking can be considered as repair devices. Schegloff et al (1977) proposed model of repair in the
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Vivi Rizqi Untari, 2015
Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
conversation based on who initiated it and who repair the talk. Repair can be initiated by the speaker (self-initiated repair) or by someone else (other-initiated repair), and repair can be made by the speaker of the repairable item (self-repair) or it may be made by the recipient (other-repair). However, often time in comedy repair is not pure repair but implicature which is intentionally made. It is because sometimes the repair which is made in this conversation is considered as the strategy in creating laughter.
In a conversation, often time one person speaks at a time and after that she/he probably nominates another person or another person may take up the turn without being nominated (Sacks et al, 1974; Sacks, 2004, cited in Paltridge, 2006). Most of the time people will instinctively know when they can speak although they are not aware of the sign of their turn. There are some signals which indicate the end of turn such as the use of falling intonation, pausing and also the speaker can use the word such as ‘mmm’ or ‘anyway’ to end his/her turn. There are three rules of turn taking which highly possible occur in a conversation; Current Speaker Selects (CSS), Self-Select (SS), Current Speaker Continuous (CSC). However, it is possible that those rules are violated in conversation. Overlaps and problematic are two common features of conversation. Overlaps and problematic are often
time considered as the way people’s attempt to take the ‘floor’.
Another feature in conversation is that we notice that many turn at talk occur as pairs. When someone says greeting then it will be followed by greeting, a farewell by a farewell, or a question by an answer. This pair can be understood as adjacency pairs. In a conversation people also may choose the way they develop their talk. The term of preference deals with the ways in which conversational action may be accomplished. For example, in order to state
their agreement people may say ‘that was good’ (Liddicoat, 2007).
There are some studies regarding the analysis of debate. One of these studies is conducted by Emmertsen in 2007 who conducted a study in some British Broadcast panel interview. The study tried to show that interviewers’ initial challenging questions polarized
interviewees’ positions and that confrontation between interviewees was an expected and
normative part of the interaction and also to show that the grammatical, lexical and sequential
design of interviewers’ initial challenges were constructed by the interviewers’ formal
neutrality as provided by the turn-taking system for the news interview. The results of this study found that the debate interview cannot be adequately understood as organized according to one turn-taking system, but rather as organized by the turn-taking system for news interviews as well as by a conversational turn-taking system. In the same vein, Ikeda (2008) studied how argument was set in many kind of interaction, one of it was debate. She
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Vivi Rizqi Untari, 2015
Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
stated that political debates were particularly set up so that it involved arguments. She reviewed some models of political debate in British and North America. It stated that those kinds of debates were a bit different with formal debate in which the debate was for the audience. The different structure of debate was also found in presidential or vice presidential debate where it was only moderator who could set a topic for the candidates.
Another study is conducted by Hossein Shokouhi & Neida Hamidi (2010). They analyzed a writing conversation in the internet chat. The study focused on 400 chat samples
from 100 university students. Eggins and Slade’s (1997) model of conversation was used in which they provided nine categories of opening speech function. The study found that the salient speech function that was found in the data was stating opinion which provided attitudinal and evaluative information. In the same year, Mustofa (2010) analyzed turn taking
in program ‘Debate TV One’. This study analyzed how conversation was managed and
distributed in the program and the purpose of interruption and overlaps which were made in the program. This study found that: first there were particular characteristics of speaker change in the program. The second was that question-answer pair was the most pair that was found in the data. And the last was that the purpose of the overlaps and interruption was to get more information from the current speaker, change questions, and agree or disagree to a particular argument.
In Indonesia there are many debate forums which are broadcast on television. Some of them are Indonesia Lawyer Club (ILC) which has been parodied by Indonesia Lawak Klub (ILK). Being the parody of ILC, ILK almost has the same structure and organization like ILC for instance in term of where the participants are seated. However, in terms of conversation structure, it seems that there are some differences between them. For example, in the opening of the forum the host of ILC, Karni Ilyas, will be introduced by a narrator, meanwhile in ILK the host introduces himself. The difference between them also can be seen in the way repair is made. In ILK, often time repairs are made by others because in this case the mistakes emerge not merely because the speakers have problem with their talk but it may be done on purpose. Meanwhile, in ILC the speaker usually makes the repair by him/her self in order to make people understand what he/she means. In light with this, this study will attempt discover the differences that may or may not occur between ILK and ILC by using the conversation analysis proposed by Liddicoat (2007).
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Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub
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2. Research Questions
Every study has to have a guidance that will help the researcher to conduct its research. In a conversation, every participant has the right to speak. However, the participant knows that they cannot just talk at the same time. Therefore in a conversation turn taking is an important part of a conversation. Without turn taking the conversation will probably become too monotonous or every participant will talk at the same time. This study tries to analyze the differences of conversation organization between ILK (Indonesia Lawak Klub) and ILC (Indonesia Lawyer Club) which focuses on turn taking. Therefore, this study uses four research questions below as the guidance:
1. What rules of turn taking occur in conversation among participants in ILK and ILC? 2. Between ILK and ILC, which one has the most overlaps?
3. How often does repair occur in ILK and ILC? 4. What is the purpose of repairs made in ILK and ILC?
3. Aims of the study
Both ILK and ILC are Indonesia Debate forums which have different style compared to other debate forums for instance presidential debate. Even though ILK is a parody program for ILC, in term of conversation analysis both of that debate forum have differences. By using research questions above, this present study aims to:
1. To discover what rules of turn taking which occur in ILK and ILC. 2. To compare which debate forum that has most overlaps.
3. To discover whether repair occurs in debate and how often it occurs, 4. To discover the purposes of repair made in the debate,
Through the analysis of the data, this study attempts to describe the different strategies and organization of talking that are used in managing the conversation in both forums.
4. Methodology
Largely, this present study uses descriptive qualitative methodology as the main research methodology. Research that uses descriptive qualitative methodology describes a phenomenon or a subject accurately and factually based on the data which are in the form of
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Vivi Rizqi Untari, 2015
Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
non-numerical data such as interviews, case studies, or participant observation (see Richard and Schmidt, 2002: 152 & 435).
The data for study are firstly in the form of video recorded which is downloaded via web http://www.youtube.com. The videos are two debate forums named Indonesia Lawak Klub and Indonesia Lawyer Club which are broadcast in two different television stations in Indonesia. The length of Indonesia Lawak Klub is approximately 41.52 minutes, meanwhile Indonesia Lawyer Club is about 60 minutes and later these videos are transcribed in order to make the analysis easier.
Furthermore, this study employs conversation analysis (CA) in order to describe how debate is built in spoken discourse. Conversation analysis focuses on the characteristics of spoken interaction. The data are analyzed according to Liddicoat (2007) theory of conversation analysis.
This analysis involves the analysis of turn-taking overlaps and interruption, and repair. Turn taking analysis have three rules which are proposed by Sack et al. (1974), those rules are Current Speaker Select (CSS), Self-Select (SS), Current Speaker Continuous (CSC). The second analysis is overlaps analysis which consist of unproblematic and problematic overlaps. The analysis of repair is divided into three categories based on the purpose of repairs which are found. The analysis will be presented in the form of table which shows the number of occurrences of the findings and then a conclusion can be made based on this analysis.
5. Significance of the study
The results of this study are expected to uncover the different strategies in building conversation between two debate forums, which are Indonesia Lawak Klub and Indonesia Lawyer Club, because although both programs are debate programs and those programs are identical each other but those programs have different purposes. Furthermore, this study expects give more information that in conversation there is some basic principles that are applied in order to build conversation whether the participants realize it or not.
6. Clarification of Key Terms
In order to make this present study more understandable, there are some terms that need to be clarified. These terms are:
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Vivi Rizqi Untari, 2015
Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
1. Discourse
Fairclough understands discourse as a tool which is used in various fields including meaning making and a way in construing aspects of the world which is associated with a
particular social perspective. Meanwhile, Leeuwen derives Foucault’s definition of
discourse as a way of knowing the aspect of reality which is constructed socially (Wodak & Meyer, 2009). Based on those definitions, discourse can be understood as a socially constructed ways of knowing reality which is used in various fields such as meaning making. And discourse analysis is a way in analyzing written and spoken text.
2. Conversation
The way people communicate and express their feeling in daily life in order to build and maintain relationship among them. Meanwhile according to Liddicoat (2007)
conversation analysis is ‘an approach to the study of talk in interaction’.
3. Turn taking
Turn taking refers to the process of changing speaker in a conversation. This changing can be because one speaker nominates other or another speaker may take up the turn without being nominated.
4. Turn Constructional Units.
Turn constructional units may be understood as the sign which is the speaker used in order to indicate they finish their turn. A variety of grammatical unit which is function as TCU are example words, phrases, clauses and sentences.
5. Turn Relevance Places.
In a conversation, there is the time when a speaker possibly completes his/her own talk and at that point another speaker may take turn and change speaker.
6. Unproblematic overlap
It refers to the small, short overlaps that are not being considered as overlaps by other participants and the current speaker.
7. Problematic overlaps
It refers to a longer overlap that the participants find it’s problematic and usually the current speaker may do something in order to deal with the problem. And this problematic interruption is often referred as interruption.
8. Repair
Repair refers to the processes when a speaker can deal with the problem which occurs in talk. This problem can be corrected by the speaker or another speaker.
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Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub
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7. Organization of The Research Paper
This paper will be organized as follows:
Chapter I : this chapter provides an overall introduction of the paper. It consists of Background, Research Questions, Aims of the study, Significance of the study, Methodology, significance of the study and Clarification of Key Terms.
Chapter II : this chapter will provide the explanation of the theory that is used as the framework for the data analysis
Chapter III : this chapter provides explanation of the methodology, and steps in conducting this study. This chapter consists of research methodology, data collection and data analysis.
Chapter IV : this chapter provides the analysis of the data and the result of analysis. Chapter V : this chapter is the conclusion of the study and suggestion for the next study.
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Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
This present study of turn taking analysis in Indonesia Lawyer Club and Indonesia Lawak Klub finds that conversation principle is applied in the data. The first turn taking element which is analyzed in this present study is the occurrence of turn taking rules in ILK and ILC. Turn taking rule as the most basic principle in conversation occurs in both data. Current Speaker Select the next Speaker rule, Self-Select rule and Current Speaker Continues rule are found in ILC and ILK. The result of turn taking analysis in ILC shows that Current Speaker Select the Next Speaker (CSTNS) rule is the most used rule and ILK mostly used SS rule. The act of select the next speaker and become the person who is selected occur 187 times in ILC and 257 times in ILK. In selecting the next speaker both in ILC and ILK use the same strategy which are using name-addressing, personal pronoun, question and other which is combination of more than one strategy such as name addressing and question.
The second element of turn taking that is analyzed in this present study is overlaps. Overlaps have two types which are divided based on the effect on the current speaker turn. The types are unproblematic and problematic overlaps. In both debate forum unproblematic overlap is found much more than problematic overlap. This result slightly violate the
conversation basic principle which is ‘one speaker speaks at a time’. Mostly the occurrences of unproblematic overlap are found in the end of the current speaker’s turn. The next speaker
starts talking even before the current speaker stops but not enough to interrupt the current
speaker’s turn. Problematic overlap which is well known as interruption is also found in the
debate programs but the number of problematic overlaps is less than unproblematic overlaps. The last turn taking element which is analyzed in this present study is repair. This present study finds that there are 111 repairs made in ILC and 126 repairs made in ILK. The most basic purpose of repair is to correct the mistake. However, it is found that in both debate programs that repair is used to reach different purpose. The analysis of repair in ILC and ILK finds that there three purposes. The first is to correct the mistakes. This mistakes can be in the form mispronounce word or problem at finding the suitable words. The second is to be a tool
to defend argument and at the same time repair can also be used to offend someone’s
argument. And the last is that repair is used as the tool to insult each other directly or indirectly that create laugh or short comment from the opposite side.
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Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub
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5.2 Suggestion
Conversation analysis has many element and principles that could not analyzed in this study. The turn taking analysis is merely a piece of conversation element. Further research of conversation analysis is necessary in order to complete the data and discover the variety of conversation structure such as how body gesture and intonation can be supporting the turn taking system. To put an end to this present study, the researcher hope that the present research may give some contribution to further research in future.
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Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
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Ãlvaro, R. N. (2011). The Role of Conversational Maxims, Implicature and Presupposition in
the Creation of Humor: An Analysis of Woody Allens’ Anything Else(Master’s Thesis). Universitas Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spanyol.
Bloomer, A., Griffiths, P., & Merrison, A. (2005). Introducing language in use a coursebook. London [u.a.]: Routledge.
Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design choosing among five
traditions. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Retrieved from
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Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods
approaches (3rd ed). Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.
Creswell, J.W. (2012). Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative
Research (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.
Debate Format. (n.d.). Retrieved January 30, 2014, from International Debate Association:
http://idebate.org/about/debate/formats
Drew, P., Chatwin, J., & Collins, S. (2000). Conversation analysis: a method for research into interactions between patients and health-care professionals. Health Expectations, 4, 58-70.
Emmertsen, S. (2007). Interviewers’ challenging questions in British debate interviews.
Journal of Pragmatics, 39, 570–591
Gardner, R., Fitzgerald, R., & Mushin, I. (2009). The underlying orderliness in turn-taking. Australian Journal of Communication, 36(3), 65-89.
Grice, H.P. (1975) Logic and Conversation. in Peter. Cole & Jerry Morgan (eds) Syntax and
Semantics . Vol 3. Speech Arts . New York: Academic. 41-58.
Have, P. ten. (2004). Understanding qualitative research and ethnomethodology. London ; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
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Vivi Rizqi Untari, 2015
Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Hörleinsberger, B. (2011). Of geeks and nerds (Doctoral dissertation). University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
Hsieh, F. (2009). Repetition in Social Interaction: A Case Study on Mandarin Conversations.
International Journal on Asian Language Processing , 19(4), 153-168.
Ikeda, K., & Ikeda Yoshiko. (2008). A Conversation Analytic Account of the Interactional Structure of "Arguments". Language and Culture Studies, 29(2), 289-304.
Kato, F. (2000). Discourse Approach to Turn-Taking from the Perspective of Tone Choice
between Speakers (Doctoral dissertation). University of Birmingham, United
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Kaufmann, D. (2014). Interruptive vs.Cooperative Speech Overlaps in All-Female Discourse of the Santa Barbara Corpus - a Qualitative Conversation Analysis. Introduction to
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Khosravizadeh, P., & Sadehvandi, N. (2011). Some Instances of Violation and Flouting of the Maxim of Quantity by the Main Characters (Barry & Tim) in Dinner for Schmucks. International Proceedings of Economics Development & Research, 26. 122-127.
Köhler, A. (2007). Repair in the Context of Theater Rehearsals: A Conversation Analytic
Approach (Master's Thesis). University of Postdam, Postdam, Germany.
Leeuwen, T. V. (2008). Discourse and practice new tools for critical discourse analysis. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
Liddicoat, A. J. (2007). An Introduction to Conversation Analysis. London: Continuum Markee, N. (2000). Conversation Analysis. Hoboken,: Taylor & Francis.
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Vivi Rizqi Untari, 2015
Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Mustofa, A. (2010). Analisis Wacana Percakapan ‘Debat TV One’ (A Paper submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Degree). Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta.
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Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub
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Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
This present study of turn taking analysis in Indonesia Lawyer Club and Indonesia Lawak Klub finds that conversation principle is applied in the data. The first turn taking element which is analyzed in this present study is the occurrence of turn taking rules in ILK and ILC. Turn taking rule as the most basic principle in conversation occurs in both data. Current Speaker Select the next Speaker rule, Self-Select rule and Current Speaker Continues rule are found in ILC and ILK. The result of turn taking analysis in ILC shows that Current Speaker Select the Next Speaker (CSTNS) rule is the most used rule and ILK mostly used SS rule. The act of select the next speaker and become the person who is selected occur 187 times in ILC and 257 times in ILK. In selecting the next speaker both in ILC and ILK use the same strategy which are using name-addressing, personal pronoun, question and other which is combination of more than one strategy such as name addressing and question.
The second element of turn taking that is analyzed in this present study is overlaps. Overlaps have two types which are divided based on the effect on the current speaker turn. The types are unproblematic and problematic overlaps. In both debate forum unproblematic overlap is found much more than problematic overlap. This result slightly violate the conversation basic principle which is ‘one speaker speaks at a time’. Mostly the occurrences of unproblematic overlap are found in the end of the current speaker’s turn. The next speaker starts talking even before the current speaker stops but not enough to interrupt the current speaker’s turn. Problematic overlap which is well known as interruption is also found in the debate programs but the number of problematic overlaps is less than unproblematic overlaps.
The last turn taking element which is analyzed in this present study is repair. This present study finds that there are 111 repairs made in ILC and 126 repairs made in ILK. The most basic purpose of repair is to correct the mistake. However, it is found that in both debate programs that repair is used to reach different purpose. The analysis of repair in ILC and ILK finds that there three purposes. The first is to correct the mistakes. This mistakes can be in the form mispronounce word or problem at finding the suitable words. The second is to be a tool to defend argument and at the same time repair can also be used to offend someone’s argument. And the last is that repair is used as the tool to insult each other directly or indirectly that create laugh or short comment from the opposite side.
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Vivi Rizqi Untari, 2015
Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
5.2 Suggestion
Conversation analysis has many element and principles that could not analyzed in this study. The turn taking analysis is merely a piece of conversation element. Further research of conversation analysis is necessary in order to complete the data and discover the variety of conversation structure such as how body gesture and intonation can be supporting the turn taking system. To put an end to this present study, the researcher hope that the present research may give some contribution to further research in future.
(3)
Vivi Rizqi Untari, 2015
Turn Taking Analysis Of Debate Forums In Indonesia Lawyer Club And Indonesia Lawak Klub Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
REFERENCES
Ãlvaro, R. N. (2011). The Role of Conversational Maxims, Implicature and Presupposition in
the Creation of Humor: An Analysis of Woody Allens’ Anything Else(Master’s
Thesis). Universitas Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spanyol.
Bloomer, A., Griffiths, P., & Merrison, A. (2005). Introducing language in use a coursebook. London [u.a.]: Routledge.
Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlab k&AN=63251
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed). Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.
Creswell, J.W. (2012). Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.
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