PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES AND RELATIVE CLAUSES AS NOUN POST-MODIFIERS IN DOYLE’S SILVER BLAZE AND THE ADVENTURE OF THE SUSSEX VAMPIRE: THEIR PATTERNS AND EFFECTS

  

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES AND RELATIVE CLAUSES

AS NOUN POST-MODIFIERS IN DOYLE’S SILVER BLAZE

AND THE ADVENTURE OF THE SUSSEX VAMPIRE:

THEIR PATTERNS AND EFFECTS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

SIEGFRIEDA ALBERTI SHINTA MURSITA PUTRI

  Student Number: 03 4214 011

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

  S omething is bad because we think it will be bad...

  I t is better to hear and think something bad...

  B ut success will fly away... S omething is great because we think it will be the greatest...

  I t is hard to hear and think something good...

  And success is in your hands...

  ( A paraphrase from D avid J . S chwartz)

Luck doesn t last for ever, because it doesn t depend on you.

  

W e cr eate our Good For tune, that s why it lasts f or ever .

  

M any people want Good For tune,

But only few who give effor t to achieve it.

  

(Alex Rovir a and Fer nando Tr ias de Bes)

L et your hope keep you joyful, B e pati ent i n your troubles, And pray at all ti mes. ( Romans 12:12)

  For the glory of my J esus in HI S kingdom, For my great parents, T atik & M ursito, For my beloved sisters, V ita & Olla,

For my lovely f riends and f or my boyf riend, Bayu,

  For my f avorite actor: Orlando Bloom A nd f or S anata Dharma University.

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank people who have been supporting me in doing this thesis.

  I am deeply thankful to JESUS CHRIST who has always been my Companion especially in hard times during my study and during my thesis writing, for HIS protection and light which has led my way into a wonderful one.

  I give thanks to my advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M. Pd., M. A., who has guided me in thesis writing since Writing VI class and been helpful in giving counsel for me in finishing this thesis, and to J. Harris H. Setiajid, S. S., M. Hum. as my co- advisor, who has given several essential inputs for this thesis.

  My deep grateful thanks go to my beloved dad and mom: Papa Brewok

  

Ignatius Mursito and Tacik eNdut Laurentia Hertatik, who are always being

  patient and praying for my success and giving their best effort for my future. To my sisters Elfrieda Ignatine YaninaVITA M. P. Jelitheng and KarOLLA

  Leonarda Maria M. P. Prego, who always care about me.

  I give special thanks to mbak Ninik and to English Letters Teaching Staff, who have been my friends and co-parents and give me guidance in developing my skills. And also to mbak Dewo, mas Nur, mas Paryo, mas Moko, mbak Alice,

  

Ika Ernawati and EEC Teaching Staff, who have been my friends in my part-

time job.

  My special thanks also goes to my best friends who are always a friend in need: Prita, Ajeng, Tyas, Renzzie, Widhy, Yeri, Jhony, Danang, Hana,

  

Ronald, Jonathan, Cindy, Toi-toi and friends in academic year of 2003;

  Tartuffified People in ‘TARTUFFE’: Gideon, Poppy, Lusi, mas Dhika, Tiara,

  

Danik, Ocha, Yabes and NitNot, mas Teguh, mas Sunu, mas Inyong, mas

Jody and mas Galang; Dahlia Girls in my boarding house: Adin, Devie, Emy,

Wina, Rika, mbak Ana and mbak Ncil; confused and puzzled friends in

  internship: Ika, Gracia and Putri; friends in YaPoRa: mas Kusen, mbak Sani,

  

Judith, Isabel, mas Yusup, mbak Ninol, mbak Tri, mas Muklas, mas Yosi,

mas item, mas Hersum and Boedi; String Movie Crews: Seny, Uke, Rizky,

Tony, Edward and Nanang; my basketball teammate: Oning, Evie, Tien, Pippi,

Astu, Astri, Ajenx, Topa, Ale, NyoNyo, Nyoman and Vicky; and my

  boyfriend’s friends: mas Heri Gondez, mas I’is, Simbah, and mas Tri J’ndol. They all have given me great memories, motivation, spirit and I learn a lot from our friendship.

  Thanks also to my favorite actors and musicians Orlando Bloom, Takuya

  

Kimura and Backstreet Boys, who always decorate my desktop background to

spirit me.

  Special thanks to Bayu Widhi Astono, who has been my friend, my support and motivation. May JESUS always be with him. Dangsinul saranghee yo. ^_^ Siegfrieda Alberti Shinta M. P.

  TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................ i

APPROVAL PAGE .................................................................................. ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ............................................................................ iii

MOTTO PAGE ......................................................................................... iv

DEDICATION PAGE .............................................................................. v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................... viii

ABSTRACT .............................................................................................. xi

ABSTRAK ................................................................................................. xii

  

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 1

A. Background of the Study .............................................................

  1 B. Problem Formulation ...................................................................

  5 C. Objectives of the Study ................................................................

  5 D. Benefit of the Study .....................................................................

  5 E. Definition of Terms ...................................................................... 6

  CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................ 8

  1. A Study of English Relative Clauses in Edgar Allan Poe’s

  The Murders in the Rue Morgue ........................................... 8 2. Conan Doyle’s Works Readability ........................................

  9 B. Review of Related Theories .........................................................

  13 1. Complex Noun Phrase ...........................................................

  13

  a. Head ................................................................................ 14

  b. The Pre-modifier ............................................................. 14 c. The Post-modifier ...........................................................

  15 2. The Explicitness of Post-modification ...................................

  16 3. Prepositional Phrase as Post-modifier...................................

  17

  4. Relative Clauses ..................................................................... 20

  a. Non-Finite Relative Clauses ............................................. 21 i) –ing Relative Clauses ................................................

  21 ii) –ed Relative Clauses .................................................

  22 iii) to- infinitive Relative Clauses ...................................

  22

  b. Finite Relative Clauses .................................................... 23 c. Restrictive Relative Clauses ............................................

  23

  d. Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses ..................................... 24

  5. The Effects of Prepositional Phrase and Relative Clauses as Post-modifier ......................................................................... 24 a. Giving more Distinctive Explanation about an Object ...

  25 b. Avoiding Discontinuity and Ambiguity ..........................

  25 c. Maximizing the Explicitness ...........................................

  26 d. Supplying Essential and or Additional Information ........

  27

  6. Patterns of the Formula and Rules in Writing Detective Stories .................................................................................... 27

  b. Finding the Effects by the use of Prepositional Phrases and Relative Clauses as Post-modifier …........................

  55

  54 a. Noun Phrase + relative clause .........................................

  2. Noun Phrase Post-modified by Relative Clause ....................

  f. Noun Phrase post-modified by coordinated prepositional phrases........................................................ 53

  52

  d. (Noun Phrase + preposition) modifying (noun phrase + prepositional phrase) ....................................................... 50 e. ((Noun Phrase + prepositional phrase) + preposition) modified by (noun phrase + prepositional phrase) ..........

  b. (Noun Phrase + prepositional phrase) modified by relative clause .................................................................. 44 c. (Noun Phrase + prepositional phrase) modified by relative clause with (noun phrase + prepositional phrase) in it ...................................................................... 47

  43

  42 a. Noun Phrase + prepositional phrase ................................

  Silver Blaze and The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire .............. 40 1. Noun Phrase Post-modified by Prepositional Phrase ............

  A. The Proportion of Prepositional Phrases and Relative Clauses in

  38 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS

  of the Sussex Vampire …........................................... 38

  a. Situation .......................................................................... 27 b. Pattern of Action .............................................................

  Relative Clauses in Silver Blaze and The Adventure

  a. Identifying the Prepositional Phrases and Relative Clauses 37 i) Analyze the Patterns ................................................... 37 ii) The Proportion of Prepositional Phrases and

  3. Data Analysis .......................................................................... 36

  2. Data Collection ....................................................................... 36

  1. Kind of Research .................................................................... 35

  35

  CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study ....................................................................... 33 B. Method of the Study .....................................................................

  30 D. Theoretical Framework ................................................................ 31

  1. Silver Blaze ............................................................................ 30 2. The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire ..................................

  C. Review of Silver Blaze and The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire 30

  d. Setting .............................................................................. 28

  28

  28 c. Characters and Relationships ..........................................

  b. Noun Phrase modified by relative clause with NP + PP in it ................................................................................... 56

  c. Noun Phrase + relative clause with another noun phrase + relative clause ...............................................................

  59

  3. The Proportion ....................................................................... 61

  B. The Effects Achieved by the use of Prepositional Phrases and Relative Clauses as Post-modifier ...............................................

  65

  1. Giving more distinctive or specific or descriptive explanation about an object so that it limits to certain extent 66 2. Avoiding discontinuity or ambiguity .....................................

  66 3. Maximizing the explicitness ..................................................

  67 4. Supplying essential and or additional information ................

  67 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …............................................................ 72

  BIBLIOGRAPHY ….................................................................................. 75 APPENDICES Appendix 1 Noun Phrases with Prepositional Phrases and Relative

  Clauses as Post-Modifier in Silver Blaze .............................................. 77

  Appendix 2 Noun Phrases with Prepositional Phrases and Relative

  Clauses as Post-Modifier in The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire ..... 94

  ABSTRACT

  SIEGFRIEDA ALBERTI SHINTA MURSITA PUTRI. Prepositional Phrases

  

and Relative Clauses as Noun Post-Modifiers in Doyle’s Silver Blaze and The

Adventure Of The Sussex Vampire: Their Patterns and Effects. Yogyakarta:

  Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2007.

  The noun phrase is one of the commonest phrases used in a writing. It is composed of three parts: head, pre-modifier and post-modifier. Noun phrase may have a minimal or complex form: the head itself can stand alone as the noun phrase or the head is modified by some modifiers. As a result, the sentence might be boring or too difficult to follow as it has simple or complex structure. Modifiers can give clearer object from the noun modified. Therefore, it is considered that if a noun phrase has more modifiers it will give clearer object. Two modifiers in noun phrases are: pre-modifier and post-modifier. Post-modifier occurs after the head. The major post-modifiers are relative clauses, non-finite clauses and prepositional phrases. Those modifiers can give descriptive explanation of the situation, crime and object, which is obligatory in creating a detective story. One author who writes a detective story is Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. In Silver Blaze and The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire Doyle showed his ability in creating stories using complex noun phrases.

  This thesis has two objectives. The first objective is to find out the proportion of prepositional phrases and relative clauses as post-modifier in the short stories. The second objective is to find out the effects achieved by the use of prepositional phrases and relative clauses as post-modifier in Doyle’s Silver Blaze and The

  Adventure of the Sussex Vampire .

  To achieve the two objectives, an empirical study has been conducted. First, the data were collected and then analyzed to find their patterns and effects achieved. There were more than 600 noun phrases with prepositional phrases and relative clauses as their post-modifier found in the two stories.

  The proportion of prepositional phrases as post-modifier is more frequent than relative clauses as post-modifier. Finite restrictive relatives clause also dominate the two short stories as they provide essential information and more explicit. The prepositional phrases and relative clauses as post-modifier that occurred showed the effects achieved by the use of such post-modifier in each pattern of action in detective stories. The effect most achieved by the use of a prepositional phrase and a relative clause as post-modifiers is to give more distinctive or specific explanation about an object so that it limits to certain extent. Besides, giving essential and additional information also dominates the stories. Those are indispensable in building detective stories because the author has to facilitate the other characters in the stories and the reader the detection process. The two other effects, avoiding discontinuity and ambiguity and maximizing the explicitness are needed in supporting the detection process in order to make the solution of the mystery is comprehensible.

  ABSTRAK

  SIEGFRIEDA ALBERTI SHINTA MURSITA PUTRI. Prepositional Phrases

  

and Relative Clauses as Noun Post-Modifiers in Doyle’s Silver Blaze and The

Adventure Of The Sussex Vampire: Their Patterns and Effects. Yogyakarta:

Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2007.

  Frasa nominal merupakan salah satu frasa yang paling sering digunakan dalam sebuah penulisan. Frasa nominal terdiri atas tiga bagian: kata utama, pre-modifier, dan post-modifier. Frasa nominal bisa mempunyai struktur yang sederhana atau kompleks: kata utama dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai frasa nominal itu sendiri atau kata utama yang dimodifikasi dengan beberapa atribut. Hasilnya, suatu kalimat bisa saja jadi membosankan atau terlalu sulit untuk dibaca karena mempunyai struktur kalimat yang sederhana atau kompleks. Atribut dapat memberikan gambaran dengan lebih jelas. Maka, dapat dikatakan bahwa jika suatu frasa nominal memiliki lebih banyak atribut akan memberikan gambaran yang lebih jelas. Dua atribut dalam frasa nominal adalah: pre-modifier dan post-modifier.

  

Post-modifier ada setelah kata utama frasa nominal. Post-modifier yang paling

  sering digunakan yaitu klausa adjektiva, klausa tidak terdefinisi dan frasa preposisi. Atribut-atribut tersebut dapat memberikan penjelasan yang deskriptif mengenai situasi, kriminal dan suatu objek, yang merupakan keharusan dalam membuat cerita detektif. Salah satu penulis yang menulis cerita detektif adalah Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Dalam karyanya Silver Blaze dan The Adventure of the

  

Sussex Vampire Doyle menunjukkan kemampuannya dalam membangun cerita

dengan frasa nominal yang kompleks.

  Skripsi ini memiliki dua tujuan. Tujuan yang pertama adalah mencari jumlah frasa preposisi dan klausa adjektiva sebagai post-modifier dalam kedua cerita pendek tersebut. Tujuan yang kedua adalah menemukan efek yang dicapai akibat penggunaan frasa preposisi dan klausa adjektiva sebagai post-modifier dalam karyanya Silver Blaze dan The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire.

  Untuk mencapai kedua tujuan tadi, penelitian ini menggunakan metoda empiris. Pertama, data dikumpulkan lalu dianalisa untuk menemukan pola-pola kalimatnya dan efek yang dicapai. Ada lebih dari 600 frasa nominal dengan frasa preposisi dan klausa adjektiva sebagai post-modifier dalam kedua cerita pendek tersebut.

  Jumlah frasa nominal dengan frasa preposisi sebagai post-modifier lebih banyak muncul dibandingkan dengan klausa adjektiva sebagai post-modifier. Klausa adjektiva terdefinisi dan bersifat membatasi mendominasi kedua cerita pendek tersebut karena klausa tersebut memberikan informasi yang diperlukan dan lebih eksplisit. Frasa preposisi dan klausa adjektiva sebagai post-modifier yang ada menunjukkan effek yang dicapai akibat penggunaan frasa preposisi dan klausa adjektiva sebagai post-modifier dalam setiap pola aksi dalam cerita-cerita detektif. Efek yang paling banyak dicapai dari penggunaan frasa preposisi dan klausa adjektiva sebagai post-modifier adalah memberi penjelasan yang khusus atau spesifik mengenai sebuah objek sehingga mengacu pada tingkat tertentu. mendominasi kedua cerita pendek tersebut. Kedua efek itu sangat diperlukan dalam menulis cerita detektif karena si penulis harus membantu karakter-karakter lain dalam cerita dan pembaca dalam proses deteksi. Dua efek lainnya, yaitu mencegah keambiguan dan memaksimalkan keeksplisitan dibutuhkan untuk mendukung proses deteksi sehingga penyelesaian misteri dalam cerita detektif tersebut dapat dipahami.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human

  communication. According to Aitchison (1978:29), the use of language began because men needed a greater degree of co-operation with each other in order to survive. People use language to communicate each other in a society, to express their feelings or emotions or interjection, to exchange information and to develop interpersonal relationship. People use language not only in spoken communication, but also in written forms, such as in newspapers, novels, poems and drama. Authors and poets use language to express their thought and transfer them in poems, dramas and novels.

  Syntax is one of linguistic branch studies. It studies the structure of phrases and sentences structured. Written language consists of paragraphs which are built by sentences. Here, the role of syntax is important, in helping to understand a text and in creating a good story. A text, whether it is easy to read or not, will be understood if the reader has a thorough knowledge about syntax by analyzing the structure of the elements in sentences. The understanding of syntax also will help in creating a good story or text by combining the elements of the sentences. In building up the good and correct sentences, phrases are significant. One phrase which is often used in a written language is noun phrase.

  A noun phrase is a phrase whose head is a noun. It may be composed of three parts: head, pre-modification, and post-modification. A noun phrase may have a minimal or complex form: the head itself can stand alone as the noun phrase or the head is modified by some modifiers. As a result, the sentence might be boring or too difficult to follow as it has simple or complex structure. According to The New

  

Oxford Dictionary of English , modifier is a word that restricts or adds to the sense

  of a head noun. Baker defines modifier as a word or construction that tells more about the thing modified (1989:233). In other words, modifiers can give clearer object from the noun modified. Therefore, if a noun phrase has more modifiers it will give clearer object.

  There are two modifications in noun phrases: pre-modification and post- modification. Post-modification occurs after the head. They are relative clauses, non-finite clauses and prepositional phrases. And if it is possible adjective phrase or an adverb phrase can occur as a post-modifier in a noun phrase (Jackson, 1982:69). The most common post-modifier used are prepositional phrase and relative clause. Prepositional phrases have several main grammatical functions: as adverbial, as verb complement, as complement of an adjective and as modifier in a noun phrase (Leech and Svartvik, 1994:351-352). Unlike prepositional phrase, relative clause has only one main grammatical function, it is to modify a noun phrase (Leech and Svartvik, 1994:367).

  Prepositional phrases and relative clauses as noun post-modifiers are commonly found in detective stories. According to Cawelti, detective stories need more descriptive information in order to create the situation, build the characters involved and elucidate its unsolved mystery. (Cawelti, 1976:80-97). Therefore, clear explanation of an object is obligatory in creating a detective story, as the reader has to imagine the object and the situation by themselves. It is to make the whole story is comprehensible. As a result, authors have to use many noun modifiers in giving vivid explanation of an object to avoid ambiguity. One author who writes detective stories is Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, whose creation is the eccentric Sherlock Holmes.

  Doyle’s short stories of Sherlock Holmes are collected into five volumes: The

  

Adventure of Sherlock Holmes, The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, The Return of

Sherlock Holmes, His Last Bow and The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes.

  (www.sherlockian.net – 12 March 2006). There are also novels about Sherlock Holmes excluded from those volumes, but stand as novels. They are A Study in Scarlet, The Sign of Four, The Hound of Baskervilles and The Valley of Fear.

  In Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Biography (http://www.sherlockholmesonline.org/ biography – 2 March 2006), it is revealed that Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle was born on 22 May 1859, in Edinburgh, Scotland, from Charles Altamont Doyle and Mary Foley. After seven years studying in a Jesuit boarding school, in 1876 Doyle decided to become a medical doctor and was enrolled at Edinburgh University.

  Doyle received his Bachelor of Medicine in 1881. In 1883 Doyle published his first story and in 1884 he began his first novel. The fact is that his medical degree was not successful enough, on the other hand his writing did much better and in 1891 he gave up medicine. Even, Sherlock Holmes, his creation, is more famous than its creator. At that year, the first stories of Adventure of Sherlock Holmes began to appear in Strand Magazine. After Doyle killed the main character, Sherlock Holmes, in The Final Problem – the last story of The Memoirs of

  

Sherlock Holmes , twenty thousand readers cancelled their subscription to The

Strand Magazine. Therefore Doyle resurrected Holmes in the next story. In 1929,

  Doyle was diagnosed with Angina pectoris and he died on 7 July 1930 surrounded by his family.

  Doyle has a certain characteristic in writing. He is able to combine compound and complex sentences in one sentence. It means that he used more than one phrases in a sentence. This complex structure of noun phrases might lead to difficulty in reading his works. The examples of his complex noun phrase can be found in Silver Blaze and The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire. Those two stories are chosen to see how prepositional phrase and relative clause as post-modifier influence the readability in those two stories. Silver Blaze is taken from volumes whose reading ease score is the lowest and The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire is taken from volumes whose reading ease score is the highest (Pasquale Accardo, as quoted by L. J. Hurst in “How Readable is Science Fiction”).

  This study aims to find the proportion of noun phrases with prepositional phrase and relative clause as post-modifier in those two stories and to find what effects achieved by the use of the prepositional phrase and relative clause as post- modifier in detective stories.

  B. Problem Formulation

  In discussing the use of noun phrases in the two short stories, this study tries to answer these questions:

  1. What is the proportion of prepositional phrase post-modification and that with relative clause in Doyle’s Silver Blaze and The Adventure of the Sussex

  Vampire ?

  2. What are the effects achieved by the use of those prepositional phrase and relative clause as post-modifier in the two stories?

  C. Objectives of the Study

  Based on the problems aforementioned, this study has two objectives. They are to identify the proportion of noun phrases with prepositional phrase and relative clause post-modification in Silver Blaze and in The Adventure of the

  

Sussex Vampire . After that, based on the findings, the writer will find out the

  effects achieved by the use of prepositional phrases and relative clauses as post modifier in Doyle’s work.

  D. Benefits of the Study

  This study is expected to have some benefits. The first is to help people reading Doyle’s works considering that Doyle’s style is difficult to follow. This leads to have an understanding why Doyle used such post-modifier in his works. The second is to help English learners in analyzing relative clauses and prepositional phrases as post-modifier and to find the effects from the use prepositional phrase and relative clause as post-modifier in detective stories. Besides, this study also shows the significance of language, in this case prepositional phrase and relative clause, in building detective stories.

E. Definition of Terms

  In discussing the problems, there are some terms used. They are as follows:

  1. Noun Phrase Jackson defined noun phrase as a phrase which has a noun as its head

  (1982:66). Leech and Svartvik stated that a noun phrase is called a noun phrase because the word which is its head (i.e. main part) is typically a noun (1994:315).

  Examples of noun phrases are that old CAR in the drive and the MAN whose car . Detailed definition of noun phrase will be discussed in the next

  was stolen chapter.

  2. Post-modifier Greenbaum and Quirk stated post-modifier is one element of three elements in noun phrase. Post-modification is defined as all modifiers placed after the head

  (1997:363-364). In that old CAR in the drive, CAR, which is the head, is modified by post-modifier in the drive. While in the MAN whose car was stolen, the post-modifier is whose car was stolen, it modifies MAN.

  3. Relative Clause Relative clause is a full clause, one of whose members consists of a relative pronoun as head, which refers back to the head noun of the noun phrases. This is when relative clause functions as a post-modifier. For example, in the noun phrase the MAN who came here yesterday, the relative clause is who came here

  

yesterday , who is the relative pronoun which refers back to MAN, which is the

head (Jackson, 1982:69).

  4. Prepositional Phrase Leech and Svartvik state that prepositional phrase consists of a preposition followed by a prepositional complement (1994:351). Example of prepositional phrase as post-modifier is the MAN in the queue on the boat, where in the queue on the boat is post-modifier of MAN, and on the boat is post-modifier of queue.

  5. Modifiers According to Baker in English Syntax modifier is a word or a construction that tells more about the thing modified (1989:233). Jackson in Grammar and mentioned that the class of items which realise meanings associated with

  Meaning the classification and description of participants is called modifiers (1990:125).

  One example is Gregory knows a pianist who lives in Boston, where a pianist denotes the entire sets and is restricted by modifier who lives in Boston. Therefore, modifier who lives in Boston gives more information about a pianist, furthermore, it restricts to a more specific thing.

  6. Classical Detective Story The classical detective story was first articulated by Edgar Allan Poe in the

  1840s and its popularity was initiated by the enormous success of Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes stories (Cawelti, 1976:80). The formula of this kind of detective story is different from hard-boiled detective story, which was emerged in the early 1920s.

  

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE Chapter II contains four parts, Review of Related Studies, Review of Related Theories, Review of Silver Blaze and The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire and Theoretical Framework. Review of Related Studies presents previous studies

  about relative clauses and readability on Doyle’s work. Review of Related Theories presents some theories which are applied in the analysis. Review of

  

Silver Blaze and The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire presents the information

  about the two stories. The last part is Theoretical Framework, which will cover the importance of the theories mentioned in answering the problem formulations. This study aims to find the effects achieved by the use of prepositional phrase and relative clause as a post-modifier in his works.

A. Review of Related Studies

1. A Study of English Relative Clauses in Edgar Allan Poe’s The Murders in

  the Rue Morgue

  Prasthiwi analyzed the use of relative clause in a detective story: The Murders

  

in the Rue Morgue by Edgar Allan Poe (thesis, 2006). The problems discussed

  are: (1) What types of relative clause are used in The Murders in the Rue Morgue? and (2) What are the functions of relative clauses in the story? The method she used was collecting data and analyzing them.

  Referring to the first problem, she mentioned the proportion of relative clauses in the story which are as shown in the table 2.1. And in table 2.2 she shows the proportion of restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses:

  

No. Relative Clause Occurrence Percentage

  1. Restrictive relative clauses 129 67.18%

  2. Non-restrictive relative clauses 63 32.82%

  3. Sentential relative clause

Table 2.1 Proportion of Relative Clause in Edgar Allan Poe’s The Murders

  in the Rue Morgue (Prasthiwi’s Thesis, 2006)

No. Relative Clause Occurrence Percentage

  4. Finite restrictive relative clauses 93 47.45%

  5. Non-finite restrictive relative clauses 36 18.37%

  6. Finite non-restrictive relative clauses 44 22.45%

  7. Non-finite non-restrictive relative clauses 19 9.69%

  8. Zero relative clauses 4 2.04%

Table 2.2 Proportion of Restrictive and non-Restrictive Relative Clauses in

  Edgar Allan Poe’s The Murders in the Rue Morgue (Prasthiwi’s Thesis, 2006)

  The second problem was about the functions of the relative clauses in the story. Edgar Allan Poe uses more restrictive relative clauses than non-restrictive relative clauses in the story. The occurrences of these types of relative clause are significant in building a detective story. It provides detailed information, serve additional information, and combine ideas.

2. Conan Doyle’s Works Readability

  Pasquale Accardo, as quoted by L. J. Hurst in “How Readable is Science Fiction” (http://www.rbd26.dial.pipex.com/readable.htm - 24 September 2006), gives an analysis of all the Sherlock Holmes stories and novels in his book

  

Diagnosis and Detection (1987, Associated University Press). The results of the

SL SYLL RE

  The Speckled Band 15.4 131.4 76 Silver Blaze 24.0 145.8 57 Wisteria Lodge 11.6 133.8 80 Hound of the Baskervilles 15.4 135.0

  74 average for the canon, 15.1 137.0 73.1

Table 2.3 Readability of Sherlock Holmes Stories

  Sourpipex.com/readable.htm Accardo also gives the readability averages for the five collections of Sherlock Holmes stories. The results are as seen in table 2.4:

SL SYLL RE

  Memoirs 17.1 137.3 70.8 Casebook 12.2 134.4 78.1

Table 2.4 Readability of Two Volumes of Sherlock Holmes Stories

  Sourpipex.com/readable.htm The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes , the second volume, has the lowest average.

  This means that this volume is quite difficult to read. While The Case-book of

  

Sherlock Holmes , the last volume, has the highest average. This means that the

  volume is quite easy to read. Therefore, if see the average of the canon as seen in table 2.4, it will be supposed that the stories of Sherlock Holmes by Conan Doyle are considered not very easy to read.

  In general, based on article “Caslon Analytics Profile: online readability” (http://www.caslon.com.au/ readabilityprofile1 - 5 October 2006), readability is the ability of a text to be read. There are three formulas to indicate the readability of a text. They are US FORCAST, Gunning Fox Index and Flesch & Flesch- Kincaid Measures. The writer will only cite about the Flesch formula. Two of the a. The more syllables in a word, the harder it is to read and understand that word.

  b. The more words in a sentence, the harder it is to read and understand.

  From those principles, it means the word establish is easier to understand than

  

antidisestablishmentarianism since establish has three syllables and the latter has

  twelve syllables. Then a sentence like I want to eat a salmon will be easier to understand than There was but one problem before the public which could

  

challenge his powers of analysis, and that was the singular disappearance of the

favourite for the Wessex Cup, and the tragic murder of its trainer since the first

  sentence has six words and the latter contains more than ten words.

  “Caslon Analytics Profile: online readability” (http://www.caslon.com.au/ readabilityprofile1 - 5 October 2006) explains about readability. Readability embraces four points, they are:

  a. Content Content covers interest and conceptual density. Keith Rayner & Alexander

  Pollatsek note in The Psychology of Reading that users will read at a higher level than normal if interested in the subject matter. Conceptual density means too many new concepts or excessive condensation tend to frighten readers. A text with too many new concepts or too much description will bore the reader. As a result, the readability of the text will be low.

  b. Expressions Plain English is easier to read than baroque expression. Sentence length and redundancy also influence the readability of a text. Long sentences in a text, will bore the reader. Short sentences and reinforcement of ideas help people to read at higher levels.

  c. Layout Crisp sentences, short paragraphs and subheadings are helpful in scanning. As a result, the readability will be high, which means easy to read.

  d. Typography Empirical studies suggest that some fonts are easier to read than others. There are some fonts which are difficult to read, this causes the reader will not interested to read the text.

  As aforementioned, the readability of a text can be easily calculated with a formula. Flesch calculated Ease of Reading with the formula as follows: RE = 206.835 – (SYLL x 0.846) – (SL x 1.015) SYLL = the number of syllables per 100 words of the text SL = the average sentence length (of words in the text divided by number of full stops) The result will give a number on the scale from 0 to 100. Less than 30 is considered difficult to read, and more than 90 is considered very easy to read. For example, the average Reading Ease score for comic strips is around 90 which means very easy to read. The score for non-specialist legal journals are around 30, which means they are difficult to read. Standard insurance policies and some of the wilder deconstructionist journals are considered very difficult to read since the Reading Ease score are 15 and 10.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Complex Noun Phrase

  A noun phrase is called a noun phrase because the word which is its main part is a noun (Leech and Svartvik, 1994:315). A sentence may be complex, and so may the noun phrase. Greenbaum and Quirk in A Student’s Grammar of the

  

English Language give an example a simple sentence with a very complex noun

  phrase as subject (1997:363) in (1): (1) That tall GIRL standing in the corner who became angry because you waved to her when you entered is Angela Hunt.

  The sentence is easy to understand if the subject is parsed as in (2a) – (2e): (2a) That girl is Angela Hunt.

  (2b) That girl is tall. (2c) That girl was standing in the corner. (2d) You waved to that girl when you entered. (2e) That girl became angry because you waved to her.

  (Greenbaum and Quirk, 1997:363) It is hard to understand the noun phrase subject of (1) unless we can recognize its component parts as set out in (2).

  In describing complex noun phrases, Greenbaum and Quirk (1997:363-364) distinguished three components: the head, the pre-modifier and the post-modifier.

  a. Head

  The head is around which the other components cluster and which dictates concord and other kinds of congruence with the rest of the sentence outside the noun phrase (Greenbaum and Quirk, 1997:363). According to Jackson in

  

Analyzing English , the head is obligatory. The head is the minimal requirement

  for the occurrence of a noun phrase. The head of a noun phrase is a noun, and may be a pronoun and personal pronoun. Because the other two parts, pre-modifier and post-modifier, are optionally occurring, it is possible that there is a minimal noun phrase, which consists of a noun itself as the head without any other elements (1982:66). For example, car, Sherlock Holmes and he are minimal noun phrases, because they consist of a noun as the head without any other modifiers.

  b. The pre-modifier

  Pre-modifiers are all items placed before the head (Greenbaum and Quirk, 1997:364). According to Jackson (1982:67), a pre-modification consists of a number of word classes or sub-classes in a specific order: identifier – numeral or quantifier – adjective – noun modifier. The identifiers include articles (a, the), demonstratives (this, that) and possessives (my, your, his, etc.). Numeral and quantifier that occurs in noun phrase are function as an attribute or as specifiers. Greenbaum and Quirk (1997:383) give some pre-modifying items, they are adjective, participle, -s genitive, noun, adverbial and sentence. Those are seen in order as below (3) I visited his delightful COTTAGE.

  (4) I visited his completed COTTAGE. (5) I visited his fisherman’s COTTAGE. (6) I visited his country COTTAGE. (7) I visited his far-away COTTAGE. (8) I visited his pop-down-for-the-weekend COTTAGE.

  (Greenbaum and Quirk, 1997:383)

c. The post-modifier

  The last element of noun phrase is post-modification. Post-modification are all items placed after the head. Greenbaum and Quirk (1997:364) mentioned three major post-modifiers. They are prepositional phrases, non-finite clauses and relative clauses. Prepositional phrase and relative clause will be explained further in points three and four of this chapter. There are also minor types of post- modification, they are adverb phrases, postposed adjectives and postposed ‘mode’ qualifiers (1997:379). Examples of minor types of post-modification are below (9) The ROAD back was dense with traffic.

  (10) SOMETHING strange happened last night. (11) LOBSTER Newburg is difficult to prepare.

  (Greenbaum and Quirk, 1997:379) Post-modification can be restrictive or non-restrictive. It is restrictive when the head can be viewed as a member of a class which is linguistically identified only through the modification. It is non-restrictive when the head can be viewed as a member of a class that has been independently identified. Thus it makes any modification given is additional information and not essential (Greenbaum and Quirk, 1997:364). The difference can be seen from the examples below: (12) The BOY who is playing the piano is Josh Groban.

  (13) He got lost on SNOWDON, which he was exploring. From the examples, (12) is restrictive whereas (13) is non-restrictive. Having seen the explanation about the elements of complex noun phrase, therefore in (14) (14) That tall GIRL standing in the corner It is obvious that that tall is pre-modifier, GIRL is the head and standing in the corner is post-modifier. Then the post-modifier in (14) is restrictive.

2. The Explicitness of Post-modification

  Quirk et al. in A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language stated that pre-modification is to be interpreted, and, most frequently, can only be interpreted in terms of post-modification and its greater explicitness. That is, some tall

  

college girls will be interpreted as some girls who are tall and who are (studying)

at a college (Quirk et al., 1985:1243). Generally, more distinction can be made in