The accuracy of the translation of Indonesian post-modifier into English finite post-modifier and the translation strategy applied in Tempo Magazine of Januari 21-27, 2013.

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THE ACCURACY OF THE TRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN
POST-MODIFIER INTO ENGLISH FINITE POST-MODIFIER
AND THE TRANSLATION STRATEGY APPLIED IN TEMPO
MAGAZINE OF JANUARY 21-27, 2013

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters

By
Vhrizca Magha Reginna
Student Number: 084214005

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013

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THE ACCURACY OF THE TRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN
POST-MODIFIER INTO ENGLISH FINITE POST-MODIFIER
AND THE TRANSLATION STRATEGY APPLIED IN TEMPO
MAGAZINE OF JANUARY 21-27, 2013

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters

By
Vhrizca Magha Reginna
Student Number: 084214005

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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TIDAKTERPUJI
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you’ll never know what sweet
is before you taste bitter
(unknown)

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for my beloved
babe - mami

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama

: Vhrizca Magha Reginna

Nomor Mahasiswa

: 084214005

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

THE ACCURACY OF THE TRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN POSTMODIFIERS INTO ENGLISH FINITE POST-MODIFIERS AND THE
TRANSLATION STRATEGY APPLIED IN TEMPO MAGAZINE OF
JANUARY 21-27, 2013
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian sayan
memberikan kepada Perpustakaan universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk
menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk
pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di
internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akasemis tanpa perlu meminta izin dari
saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama
saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 31 Juli 2013
Yang menyatakan,

Vhrizca Magha Reginna

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the
ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands the full
consequences including degree cancellation if he took somebody else’s ideas,
phrases, or sentences without proper references.

Yogyakarta, July 31, 2013

VHRIZCA MAGHA REGINNA

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to give my deepest gratitude to God for the great
blessing, spirit, and motivation during my thesis writing. I thank Him for giving
me this beautiful life. Nothing can replace those graces.
I sincerely thank and appreciate my advisor Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum.,
for her guidance, advice, and support so that I could finally finish my thesis. I am
so thankful for her patience, suggestion during my thesis writing, and willingness
to provide her valuable time. I would like to thank Adventina Putranti, S.S.,
M.Hum., as my co-advisor, for her invaluable advises in giving corrections for my
thesis. Besides, I would also give my special thanks to Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka
M.Hum., Dr. Francis Borgias Alip, M.Pd., M.A., and Harris Setiajid, S.S.,
M.Hum., for their support.
I would like to thank all lecturers and staff of English Letters Department

who are very patient and caring in guiding me during my period of learning in this
department. I learn so many things from them. I would like to thank them for the
greatest contribution in my learning process.
My deepest thanks go to my beloved parents, Drs. Idang Prayitno, S.Pd.,
and Novrida Purbasari, S.Pd., for their loving care, support, and greatest patience
since the first time I saw this world until I started to build my own life. I am very
grateful to have such wonderful parents like them. I also want to thank to my
beloved sister Gabriella Kevias Kusuma Wardhani for being a good sister to me

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and also my beloved family members Embah Er, Embah Pendopo, Pak Dhe Heru,
Bu Dhe Lies, Aldo, and Vio.

My heartfelt thanks are also addressed to Sebastianus Bay Dhae for his
love, support, and presence during my thesis writing. I thank him for being patient
with me whenever I felt upset and for his love which is never ended to me. Lots of
thanks go to him and also his sister, Maria Delfina Dhae, for encouraging me in
writing my thesis.
My special thanks also go to my best friends ever, Tyul and Pitul for their
support, laughter, and happiness. I thank them for being nice friends who always
help me when I am in trouble. I am very grateful for our friendship.
I would also like to thank Pringgodani 8 Ganks, my friends at KKN, my
house mates, my friends at Sentex and Sekber, Gandroeng Choir, Beauty and the
Beast the committee, and all of my friends at English Letters Department who
cannot be mentioned here. I am very thankful for the greatest moments that we
have been through.
Last but not least, I would like to thank all people whom I cannot mention
here, who always give their supports and helps to me.

Vhrizca Magha Reginna

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………….. .. i
APPROVAL PAGE ……………………………………………………..
ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ………………………………………………….
iii
MOTTO PAGE ……………………………………………………….....
iv
DEDICATION PAGE ……………………………………………………
v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUANPUBLIKASI KARYA
ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ……………………
vi
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY........................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………..
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………….
x
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………
xi
ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………...
xi i
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………
A. Background of the Study ………………………………………..
B. Problem Formulation …………………………………………….
C. Objectives of the Study ………………………………………….
D. Definition of Terms ……………………………………………...

1
1
5
5
6

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW …………………………...
A. Review of Related Studies ……………………………………….
B. Review of Related Theories………………………………………
C. Theoretical Framework…………………………………………...

8
8
9
39

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………
A. Object of the Study ………………………………………………
B. Approach of the Study …………………………………………...
C. Method of the Study ……………………………………………..

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40
41
42

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS
A. The Accuracy of the Translation of Indonesian Finite PostModifier into English …………………………………………….
B. The Accuracy of Translation Strategy Applied in Finite PostModifier …………………………………………………………..

47

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………………

87

BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………….....

92

APPENDICES …………………………………………………………...

94

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ABSTRACT
VHRIZCA MAGHA REGINNA. The Accuracy of the Translation of
Indonesian Post-modifier into English Finite Post-modifier and the
Translation Strategy Applied in Tempo Magazine of January 21-27, 2013.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma
University, 2013.
This study discusses the translation accuracy of Indonesian finite postmodifier into English and the accuracy of the translation strategies that are applied
in Tempo Magazine of January 21-27, 2013. The differences of grammar between
Indonesian and English languages sometimes cause misunderstanding especially
when translating the Finite Post-modifier. Therefore, the accurate translation and
the strategy are needed to be a perfect translation.
There are two problems formulated in this study. The first problem is
aimed to identify the finite post-modification which is found in the magazine and
to find out the accuracy of the translation grammatically. The second problem is
aimed to find out the accuracy of the meaning which is transferred from
Indonesian language into English language which is seen from the translation
strategy used by the translator. Those problems are analyzed based on the error
analysis, so that the accuracy can be observed.
To come to the analysis, the writer takes some steps to analyze the data
based on the research problem. First, the writer lists the SL and TL data in the
table. Second, the writer analyzes the errors of each case to obtain the accuracy of
the translation by comparing each phrase based on the theory of noun phrase.
Third, the data is categorized based on Nababan’s score and category. Beneath the
table, the writer also gives the reason why the score is given and the further
analysis. This analysis is simplified by making an analysis table. Those steps are
applied to both the first and the second problems.
From the assessment in the analysis, the score of this translation is 74 it
signifies that the translation is a Good Translation. A good translation is indicated
by the numbers of errors in grammar which are not more than 15% from the entire
text. This analysis proves that there are some grammatical errors found in the
translation. The errors found such as the translation from restrictive clause into
non-restrictive clause, the translation from finite post-modifier into non-finite
post-modifier, or the relative clause into sentence. From the second problem, the
score of the translation is 78.3. It is categorized as a Very Good Translation.
Therefore, from the analysis, it can be concluded that the translation of the
Indonesian post-modifier into the English post-modifier is lexically accurate.
However, the analysis of the two problems formulated in this study proves that the
accuracy of the grammar cannot assure the accuracy of the meaning and the
strategy applied.

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ABSTRAK
VHRIZCA MAGHA REGINNA. The Accuracy of the Translation of
Indonesian Post-modifier into English Finite Post-modifier and the
Translation Strategy Applied in Tempo Magazine of January 21-27, 2013.
Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma,
2013.
Studi ini membahas tentang keakuratan penerjemahan finite post-modifier
Bahasa Indonesia ke dalam finite post-modifier Bahasa Inggris dan keakuratan
strategi penerjemahan yang digunakan dalam proses penerjemahan dalam Majalah
Tempo edisi 21-27 Januari, 2013. Perbedaan tata bahasa antara Bahasa Indonesia
dan Bahasa Inggris seringkali menyebabkan kesalahpahaman ketika
menerjemahkan finite post-modifier. Oleh karena itu, terjemahan dan strategi yang
akurat sangat diperlukan agar meanjadi penerjemahaan yang sempurna.
Terdapat dua masalah yang dirumuskan dalam studi ini. Masalah pertama
bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengategorikan tipe finite post-modifier
dalam majalah Tempo edisi 21-27 Januari 2013. Masalah kedua bertujuan untuk
menentukan keakuratan makna yang dilihat melalui strategi terjemahan. Masalahmasalah tersebut dianalisis dengan menggunakan error analysis, dengan itu
tingkat keakuratan dapat ditinjau.
Untuk sampai pada tahap analisis, penulis mengambil beberapa langkah
untuk menganalisis data berdasarkan rumusan masalah. Pertama penulis
mengambil beberapa klausa nomina bahasa Indonesia yang mengandung finite
post-modifier. Kemudian, penulis membandingkan klausa tersebut dengan
terjemahannya dalam bahasa Inggis, lalu membuat daftar klausa-klausa tersebut
dalam bentuk tabel. Kedua, penulis menganalisa keakurasian terjemahan
berdasarkan error analysis dan membandingkan masing-masing klausa
berdasarkan teori Machali. Ketiga, data akan diberi nilai dan indikatornya.
Terakhir, penulis juga memberikan analisis lengkap di bawah tabel. Langkah –
langkah tersebut berlaku untuk kedua rumusan masalah.
Berdasarkan penilaian dalam analisis masalah pertama, nilai yang
didapatkan dari terjemahan ini adalah 74. Nalai ini membuktikan bahwa
terjemahan ini merupakan terjemahan yang baik. Terjemahan yang baik diindikasi
dari jumlah kesalahan dalam tata bahasa yang tidak lebih dari 15% dari
keseluruhan teks. Dari nilai tersebut terbukti bahwa masih ada beberapa keselahan
tata bahasa yang dilakukan oleh penerjemah. Keselahan yang ditemukan antara
lain terjemahan dari restrictive clause ke non-restrictive clause, dari finite postmodifier ke non-finite post-modifier, atau dari relative clause ke dalam kalimat.
Dari masalah kedua, nilai yang diperoleh adalah 78,3. Nilai ini dikategorikan
sebagai terjemahan yang sangat baik. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa
terjemahan dari post-modifier bahasa Indoenesia ke dalam post-modifier bahasa
Inggris tersebut akurat. Namun, dari analisis kedua masalah tersebut terbukti
bahwa keakuratan tata bahasa tidak dapat menjamin keakuratan dalam arti dan
strategi penerjemahan.

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study
People live in their society. In daily life, a human interacts with other
people and communicate with each other. They use language as an instrument of
communication. The communication can be either one way communication or two
ways communication. However, people live in a heterogeneous society so that the
languages that are used are also different.
There are many languages which come from different cultures around the
world. The differences of culture influence not only the vocabulary but also the
structure, semantics, and syntax of the languages. Those differences can become a
difficulty to understand and transfer the idea from a source language to a target
language so that the people need a device to convey the ideas.
Translation, as a device of communication, has an important role in
human’s life. Human use it in both spoken and written language in order to
transfer the ideas, feeling, mind, and thoughts so that translation has become
significant. However, many of theorists have some different points of view to
define translation. As people generally understand that translation is transferring
the idea of the text from one language to another language, Catford has his own
definition,
“Translation is an operation performed on languages: a
process of substituting a text in one language for a text in
another. Clearly then, any theory of translation must draw

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upon a theory of language—a general linguistic theory”
(Catford, 1965: 1).
In his statement, translation is a branch of linguistic theory which has many
generalizations. The generalizations are taken from the observation of language
happening in human’s life. The observation is closely related to human social
situations and behavior. Moreover, in the process of translating, translation is
related to the textual material which leads to some classification of language, so
that the language is operationally equivalent to the text (Catford, 1965: 20).
Different from Catford, according to Bell in his Translation and
Translating: Theory and Practice translation is the replacement of a
representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent in a
second language text (Bell, 1997:6). Therefore, a translation should be similar or
has an equivalent meaning from both languages. On the other hand, Nida and
Taber state another different point of view that translation does not make a
problem out of the use of language, as follows:
“Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the
closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first
in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” (Nida and
Taber, 1969:12).
Translation deals with meaning and style to give the closest natural equivalent in
the target language. Regardless the grammatical and structural levels, it
reproduces message with any style of language and significance of the source
language to be meaningful and comprehensible. In transferring the language,
especially Indonesian language into English, the problems that may occur are both
lexical and syntactical. To find the equivalence of the target language becomes the

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main problem of translation activity so that it needs knowledge or theory about
how languages work and an observation of the language as the following
quotation indicates:
“Since the language has to do with language, the analysis and
description of translation process must make considerable use of
categories set up the description of language” (Catford, 1965:
vii).
This study generally discusses about the accuracy of translation of
Indonesian into English language. A good translation cannot be apart from the
accuracy of grammar and meaning in both source and target languages. Therefore,
to get an excellent translation, the accuracy of both grammar and meaning is
important to be maintained. However, there are always errors in translating the
language grammatically and also errors in transferring the message from the
source language to the target language. In fact, by analyzing the errors, the
accuracy of both grammar and lexis can be evaluated, so that, in this study, the
accuracy is analyzed using error analysis.
The data of this study is collected from the article entitled “Berebut
Warisan Pelukis Magis” in Tempo Magazine of January 21-27, 2013 edition. The
article is originally in Indonesian language and it is translated into English
language entitled “Stolen Inheritance”. Although the data of the study is a
translation text, the acceptance of the message is not a part of the research. This
study intents the accuracy of the translation syntactically and lexically. Therefore,
the writer does not need to employ the respondents.

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The example of problem that commonly rises in translating Indonesian
into English is to transfer the finite post-modification of noun phrase, especially to
translate the relative pronoun which is used to connect the noun head with the
relative clause. For instance, Pria yang berdiri di pojok itu adalah kakak saya is
translated into The boy who is standing in the corner is my brother. In order to
translate the Indonesian relative pronoun ‘yang’, the translator should deal with
the choice of English relative pronouns such as who, which, whom, whose, that.
The use of those English relative pronouns depends on the noun head it
connected. The pronoun is ‘who’ is used if the noun head indicates person
whereas ‘which’ is used if the noun head indicates the non-personal (thing). The
same case occurs in the sentence rumah yang kerampokan itu sedang di bawah
penyelidikan which is translated into the house which is robbed is under
investigation. The relative pronoun ‘yang’ that indicated the non-personal
pronoun is translated into which.
Indonesian grammar has a different structural position of the head and the
modifiers from the English grammar. In Indonesian, the noun head position is
majority in front of the modifier. However, English grammar requires the opposite
position. One of the examples is in the noun phrase ‘museum Haji Widayat’. The
noun head of this phrase is ‘museum’ whereas ‘Haji Widayat” is the modifiers.
Here, the noun head ‘museum’ is placed in front of the modifiers whereas in the
English grammar the noun head ‘museum’ is set at the back of the modifier.
Therefore, to translate this phrase into English, the translator should exchange the
position become ‘Haji Widayat museum’.

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The examples above are some cases which will be discussed in this
research. Based on the example above, this study is primarily intended to analyze
the accuracy of translating the finite post-modifier and the strategy applied in the
Tempo Magazine of January 21-27, 2013 edition. This object is chosen because
there are some articles which contain some finite post-modifiers. The writer wants
to know the accuracy of the translation of Indonesian finite post-modifier into
English and also the translation strategy applied in the translation.

B. Problem Formulation
Based on the description stated in the background, some problems will be
formulated as follows:
1.

How is the accuracy of the translation of Indonesian post-modifications into
English post-modification based on the error analysis in the magazine?

2.

How is the translation strategy applied related to the accuracy of meaning in
the translation?

C. Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem formulation above, the aims of this study are
revealed in this part. The first aim is to find the English and Indonesian types of
post-modification found in the Tempo Magazine of January 21-27, 2013 edition.
By conducting the first problem, the writer can identify and categorize the type of
finite post-modification found in the magazine and find out the accuracy of the
translation of Indonesian post-modification to English based on the error analysis.

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The second aim is to find out the strategy applied in the translation and the
accuracy of the meaning delivery. This problem also employs the error analysis to
find out the accuracy of the data.

D. Definition of Terms
In this part, the writer states the meaning of the important terms to avoid
misunderstanding in the title or problem formulation and help the readers to get
into the discussion.
Accuracy
Jeremi Munday (2001:30) in his Introducing Translation Studies: Theories
and Application states that accuracy is the correct transfer of information and
evidence of complete comprehension.
Translation
Based on J. C. Catford, translation is a process of substituting a text in one
language for a text in another language (Catford, 1965:20).
Noun Phrase
Noun Phrase is defined as a phrase whose head is noun and can also act as
subject, object or complement of a clause (Leech and Svartvic, 1975:251).
Post-modification
In his University Grammar of English, Randolph Quirk defines postmodification as all items placed after the head which modify the noun head
(Quirk, 2002:376).

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Translation Strategy
Zuchridin Suryawinata and Sugeng Hariyanto (2003:67) define translation
strategy as the tactic that is used to translate word, phrase, clause, or a whole
sentence if the sentence cannot be separated into smaller unit to be translated.
Error Analysis
Rod Ellis and Gary Barkhuizen define an error analysis as a set of
procedure for identifying, describing and explaining error systematically (Ellis,
2005:51).

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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies
Yosika Sintawati in her study entitled A Study on the Translation of
Indonesian Relative Clauses into English (2003) analyzed the pattern of
Indonesian and English relative clause and identified the problem which may arise
in the translation of Indonesian relative clause into English. She used translation
strategies to formulate the rule to translate the text from Indonesian into English.
She found several formulation of the word yang as the relative pronoun in
Indonesian language which can be followed by adjectives, active verbs, passive
verbs, and noun -nya. She also found the problems that occur when translating
Indonesian into English, one of the examples was the difference of the application
of the relative pronoun.
Norie Paramita in her study which discussed about the accuracy in
translating preposition of found in National Geographic Magazine of January
2009, analyzed the function of the preposition of. She found that preposition of
has many meanings when it is translated into Indonesian language. She also found
some structural changes in preposition of and translation equivalence in
Indonesian language. Both of those studies have different purpose from this study
since this study discusses the accuracy of the translation of Indonesian finite postmodification into English. This study focuses on the form of Indonesian and

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English finite post-modification and identifies the translation strategy which is
related to the accuracy of the translation of Indonesian into English language.

B. Review of Related Theories
1.

Indonesian Noun Phrase
Basically, Indonesian language or Bahasa Indonesia has a different pattern

and grammar from English language. Therefore, the pattern of the noun phrase
also is also different. According to Abdul Chaer, in his Sintaksis Bahasa
Indonesia, frase benda (noun phrase) is a phrase which functions as the object or
subject of the clause (Chaer, 2009: 121).
As seen from the position of the element which forms the phrase, noun
phrase in Indonesia language is divided into three: a. frase benda setara, b. frase
benda bertingkat, and c. frase benda terpadu.
a.

Frase Benda Setara
Frase benda setara is a phrase formed of two nouns in which their

meaning or their position is equal. Usually, there is a conjunction dan (= and)
inserted between the two nouns. However, the meaning of this phrase is
considered more than just combination of the noun but has a wider meaning, for
example, the phrase ‘meja kursi’ does not only mean ‘meja dan kursi’ (= table and
chair) but also means ‘perabotan rumah tangga’ (= all of the house wares).
b.

Frase Benda Bertingkat
Frase benda bertingkat is a phrase formed of two elements. The first

element is a noun functions as the head. This element is the main element so that

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it cannot be omitted. The second element is the modifier which can be noun, verb,
adjective, or adverb. Similar to English language, Indonesian language recognizes
two kinds of modifier: pre modifier and post-modifier.
(i) Pre-modifier
The pre-modification in Bahasa Indonesia can be in the form of adverb +
noun (Adv + N), numeral + noun (Num + N), negation + noun (Neg + N), for
example:
(a) (Adv + N) e.g. tanpa modal, banyak uang, hanya nasi.
(b) (Num + N) e.g. sepuluh rumah, lima hektar tanah, kedua gadis (itu).
(c) (Neg + N) e.g bukan wartawan, bukan meja, bukan kakak.
(ii) Post-modifier
The post-modification of Bahasa Indonesia can be formed of noun + noun
(N + N), noun + verb (N + V), noun + adjective (N + A), noun + adverb (N +
Adv), noun + numeral (N + Num), noun + demonstrative (N + Dem). The
example of each type is explained as follows:
(d) (N + N) e.g. rumah paman, cincin emas, pelebaran jalan, lontong sayur.
Indonesian language does not differentiate preposition to noun, therefore the
preposition is considered as noun, like in the phrase parkir timur. The word
timur (= east) in English language is a preposition, but in Indonesian
language timur is a noun.
(e) (N + V) e.g. kolam renang, pisau cukur, roti bakar, juru bicara.
(f) (N + A) e.g. mobil rusak, pendidikan lanjut, minyak wangi, besi siku.
(g) (N + Adv) e.g. dia saja, kue saja.

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(h) (N + Num) e.g. juara kedua, rumah kelima (dari sini), anak pertama.
(i) (N + Dem) e.g. anak itu, universitas ini, topi ini. (Chaer, 2009: 303-312).
Chaer, in another book, Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia (2011:332335) adds that those phrases can be expanded into the longer phrase, for instance:
(j) bukan hanya seorang guru matematika
Pre
H
Post
(k) bukan hanya seorang pembantu tua kepercayaan saya ini saja
Pre
H
Post
Furthermore, the post-modification develops from the phrase level into the
clause or sentence level. According to Badudu (1980:144), a noun phrase
theoretically can be expanded with a word, another phrase, or another clause
infinitely by the conjunction yang. This case, in English is called Relative
Clause. The term relative clause in Indonesia can be called Klausa Sematan. The
relative pronoun ‘yang’ can be used to define person or thing either as a subject or
as an object. The word ‘yang’ acts as a pronoun and a conjunction at the same
time. As Badudu says,
“Kata ganti penghubung biasa disebut juga kata ganti relatif sebagai
terjemahan dari bahasa latin pronomen relativum. Ada dua macam
fungsinya 1) sebagai pengganti kata benda yang sudah disebutkan
sebelumnya, 2) sebagai penghubung induk kalimat dengan anak
kalimat. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, kata ganti penghubung itu tidak
banyak. Yang terutama ialah yang (Badudu,1980: 144).
There are two functions of relative pronoun ‘yang’: to modify the subject
and to modify the object. The condition of relative pronoun ‘yang’ functioned to
modify the subject is the subject of the clause I and the clause II has the same

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identity. In this case, one of the clauses is inserted to another clause. Those
clauses are connected by the relative pronoun yang for example:
(l) Orang yang duduk di depan itu gendut sekali.
The example of sentence (l) is formed of:
clause I : Orang itu duduk di depan.
clause II : Orang itu gendut sekali.
Then, the clause I is inserted to the clause II. Therefore, the sentence will be like
the example (l). However, if the clause II is inserted to the clause I the sentence
will be: Orang yang gendut sekali itu duduk di depan.
Besides, to modify the object, the object of the clause I have the same identity as
the subject of the clause II. Then, clause II is inserted to the clause I. Those
clauses are also connected by the relative pronoun yang for example:
clause I : Dia menyepak bola itu
clause II : Bola itu sedang menggelinding.
Thus, the sentence will be:
(m) Dia menyepak bola yang sedang menggelinding itu. (Chaer, 2009:335-336).
Another type of post-modifier in Indonesia is appositive which is
connected by the pronoun bahwa. In this type, the main clause and the appositive
that modify the main clause have the same subject.
(n) Kabar bahwa gaji pegawai akan naik menggembirakan kami.
clause I : kabar itu menggembirakan kami
clause II : gaji pegawai akan naik

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The subject of the clause I has the same contain as the whole clause II. In this
case, the clause I becomes the main clause. Then, clause II is inserted to the clause
I so that the sentence will be like in the example (n) (Chaer, 2011: 337).
c.

Frase Benda Terpadu
Frase benda terpadu is a phrase in which the position of its two elements

cannot be omitted. One example is a phrase ‘dari pasar’ in the sentence ‘Ibu baru
pulang dari pasar’. The word ‘dari’ or ‘pasar’ cannot be omitted because if one
of them is omitted the sentence cannot be accepted. The sentence will be ‘Ibu
baru pulang dari’ or ‘Ibu baru pulang pasar’. Those sentences cannot be
accepted in Indonesian language.
In Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia (Moeliono, 1997: 144), there are
two kinds of Indonesian relative clause. They are clauses as a qualifier and
possessive relative clauses.
1) Qualifier Relative Clause
As a qualifier, a relative clause is used to define a condition or action
which is done by the referred noun in the main clause. Like English relative
clauses, Indonesian relative clauses are also categorized as restrictive relative
clause and non-restrictive relative clause.
(o) Kakaknya yang tinggal di Jakarta datang kemarin.
(p) Mahasiswa yang berbaju kotak-kotak itu adalah Surya.
(q) Ayahnya, yang bekerja di Papua itu seorang pengusaha.
(r) Bung Karno, yang menjadi salah satu proklamator Indonesia, sangat
berwibawa.

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Clauses (o) and (p) belong to restrictive relative clause because they
function to define and clarify the noun head. Clauses (q) and (r) are non-restrictive
relative clause. They use comas, which separate the noun and the relative clause,
and the relative clauses (q) and (r) define the noun head by giving additional
information which is not essential.
2) Possessive Relative Clause
Indonesian employs another kind of relative clause which shows a
possessive relationship, often called as a possessive relative clause.
(s) Pengusaha yang mobilnya berwarna merah itu sangan kaya.
(t) Para pengungsi yang rumahnya hancur menerima bantuan.
On the example above, the possessive relative clause are formed by adding the
particle –nya to the noun after the word ‘yang’. The –nya particle completes the
conjunction ‘yang’ that functions as possessive relative pronoun. It will be
awkward if the possessive pronoun –nya is omitted from the noun (Moeliono,
1997: 144).
2.

English Noun Phrase
Leech and Svartvic (1975: 251) state that a noun phrase is a phrase that the

head is noun and can also act as a subject and either object or complement of a
clause. The example of noun phrase is Five women waiting for the bus are a high
school teacher. The word ‘five’ is the pre-modifier whereas the word ‘women’
which is a noun is the head of the phrase. The phrase ‘waiting for the bus’ is the
post-modifier of the head ‘women’. The example before is the proof that in

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English, there are three elements that compose the noun phrase: head, premodification, and post-modification.
a.

H e ad
Howard Jackson in his Analyzing English: An Introduction to Descriptive

Linguistics (1982: 127) states that the head of a noun phrase is of course a noun
which can be the name of a person, place, thing, event, etc. The head is commonly
accompanied by the determiners such as a, the, his, that, etc (Leech and Svartvic,
1975: 251). It is the minimal requirement of composing the noun phrase, so that
the head is obligatory, for example, a table or Thousands of flowers which are
given by your boyfriend are wilted. The words table and flowers are nouns, so
they are the head of the phrase. The head may be preceded by some modifiers
called Pre-modification and followed by some modifiers called Post-modification.
b. Pre-modification
Pre-modification is a kind of modification which comprises all the items
placed before the head (Quirk, 2002: 376). Those which are included in the premodification are: determiners, numeral, adjective, adverb, noun, participle, and
sentence. The examples of each pre-modifier are explained as follows:
1.) Determiners can be in the form of articles, demonstratives, and possessives
for example:


the bridge



those students



my T-shirt

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2.) Numeral


those five ingredients



the second chances

3.) Adjective


I visited his delightful cottage.

4.) Adverb


I visited his far-away cottage.

5.) Adverb and adjective


I visited that really quite unbelievably delightful cottage.

6.) Noun


I visited this country cottage.

7.) Participle


His barking dog (indicates present)



Her sold car (indicates past)

8.) Sentence


I met my long-time-no-see friend.

9.) S-genitive


I visited policeman’s house (Quirk, 2002:394).

c.

Post-modification
Quirk (2002: 376) states that post-modification is modifier(s) which

comprises all the items placed after the head. There are six major types of postmodification: Prepositional Phrase, Relative Clause, Appositive, Present Participle
Clause, Past participle Clause, and To-infinitive Clause.

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1.) Prepositional Phrase
Prepositional phrase is a kind of modifier that follows the noun head.
Prepositional Phrase as a post-modifier has its rules: Prep + NP, Prep + -wh
clause, Prep + -ing clause (Leech and Svartvic, 1975:268). Prepositional phrase
can also be divided into two sub-types: of- genitive and restrictive and nonrestrictive. This is the commonest type of post-modification in English since this
type is three or four times more frequent than either finite or non-finite postmodification. The examples of prepositional phrase are: the house beyond the
church; two books on grammar; the effort by working 12 hours a day. The
example belongs to the of-genitive is a man of courage which means the man has
courage whereas, the example belongs to restrictive prepositional phrase is ‘this
book, on grammar’. It indicates restrictive because the prepositional phrase in this
case is limiting the head book. Whereas in the non-restrictive prepositional phrase
e.g., this book, on grammar, the comas indicates that the prepositional phrase is
not limiting the head. The phrase inside the commas is only additional
information which is not necessary (Quirk, 2002: 394-395)
2.)

Relative Clause
The second type of post-modification mentioned by Quirk is the relative

clause. The relative clause is usually indicated by relative pronouns such as who,
whom, whose, which, and that. Each of the relative pronouns has its own function.

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The function of each relative pronoun will be explained in the following table:
who

used to modify the person as the subject/object of the sentence

which

used to modify the thing as the subject/object of the sentence

whom

used to modify the person as the object of the sentence

whose

used to modify the possession

that

used to modify the person or thing only in restrictive clause.

Table 3. The function of the relative pronoun.
From the table above, the function of ‘which’ and ‘that’ is more or less
similar but it still has a difference. The relative pronoun ‘which’ can be used in
restrictive relative clause and non-restrictive relative clause but the relative
pronoun ‘that’ cannot be used in non-restrictive relative clause because it will
cause misunderstanding.
The relative clause is included in Finite Clause since the clause has a
minimum combination of subject and verb and also has a clear tense. There are
two kinds of relative clause: restrictive relative clause (defining/limiting) and nonrestrictive relative clause (non-defining).
(a) The girl who is standing in front of the class is beautiful. (Restrictive)
S

V

Who = Subject pronoun
(b) The girl whom I admire is beautiful. (Restrictive)
?

S

V

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Whom is a relative pronoun functions as object, so it can be dropped. As the
result, the sentence will be:
(c) The girl I admire is beautiful. (Restrictive)
This kind of case is commonly called relative clause with zero relative
pronoun, because the relative pronoun is omitted.
(d) Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. (Non-restrictive)
The relative clause is non-defining because it is only additional information
which is not necessary.
3.) Appositive
Appositive is also included on the Finite Clause. The appositive clause
uses that-clause or to infinitive-clause. These clauses are independent; means not
functioned as subject, object, or complement. The head of an appositive clause
must be an abstract noun such as news, report, answer, belief, etc (Leech and
Svartvic, 1975:271). In Indonesian the pronoun ‘that’ in appositive will be
translated into ‘bahwa’. The examples of appositive clause are:
(e) The belief that the year 2012 is the end of the world makes us afraid.
(f) The police have been investigating the news to assassin the President.
The next three types of post-modification are included in non-finite postmodification since the tense is not clear and has no appropriate combination of
subject and verb. Non-finite post-modification has three sub-types: present
participle clause, past participle clause, to-infinitive clause.

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4.) Present Participle Clause
Present participle clause or known as “–ing participle clause” has a role
as the indicator of active form (Quirk, 2002: 383-384). One of the examples is
“The boy standing next to me is my boyfriend.” Here, the verb ‘standing’ has no
obvious tense so it will be interpreted according to the context.
The further examples will be explained as follow:
(g) The students studying beneath the bridge are the victims of poverty.
(who are studying beneath the bridge)
(h) The truck crushing a car attracted people’s attention.
(which crushed a car)
5.) Past Participle Clause
Past participle clause is indicating the passive form. The examples will be
stated as follows:
(i) The jewelry stolen by the man was found.
(‘which is stolen by the man’)
(j) The motorcycle washed by the man is mine.
(‘which was (is) being washed by the man’)
6.) To-infinitive Clause
To-infinitive clause is indicating the future form. Further examples are
stated as follows:
(k) The man to help you is John. (Subject)
(‘who helps you’)

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(l) The girl for Bobby to see is Liz. (Object)
(‘whom Bobby sees’)
(m) Here is a book for you to read.
(‘which you can read’)
From those types of post-modification explained above, it can be concluded
that there are six major type of post-modification such as Prepositional Phrase,
Relative Clause, Appositive, Present Participle Clause, Past Participle Clause, and
To-infinitive. However, the focus of this research is on the Relative Clause and
Appositive which are the types of Finite Post-modification.
3.

Theory of Translation

a.

Definition of Translation
Generally, to translate is to transfer the idea and message from source

language to target language. Many theorists define the idea of translation. One of
the examples is Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber. In The Theory and
Practice of Translation, Nida and Taber give the definition as follows:
“Translation consist of reproducing in receptor language the
closest natural equivalent of the source language (SL) message,
first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” (Nida
and Taber, 1969:12).
In the other words, translation is the process of reproducing the message
from the source language to the closest nature equivalents in the target language
by maintains the meaning and the style. There are two fundamental types of
equivalences: formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence (Nida and Taber,
1969:13). Formal equivalence replaces one word or phrase in the source language

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by another in the target language. It has consistency of words, phrase, and clause
order, length of sentences, and classes of words. On the other hand, dynamic
equivalence aims to naturalness of expression. It is not concerned with matching
word by word or phrase to phrase, as long as the message is the same, it would be
accepted (Nida and Taber, 1969:22).
J. C. Catford (1965:20) in A Lingustic Theory of Translation stated that
translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by
equivalent textual material in another language (TL). Here, Catford points out that
a translation is not replacing the entire of a SL (Source Language) but it must be
underlined the replacement of textual material means the replacement of grammar
and lexis by equivalent TL (Target Language). The central task of the theory of
translation is to define the nature and the conditions of translation equivalents,
whereas the central problem of translation practice is to find the TL translation
equivalence.
Tyler in Roger T. Bell’s Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice
(1997:11) gives three ‘laws’ for translators to follow in order to make a good
translation:
i.
ii.
iii.

The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original
work.
The style and meaning of writing should be of the same character with that
of the original.
The translation should have all the case of the original composition.

The message of the original work is completely transferred to another language as
to be understandable and strongly felt by the source language and the target
language. Therefore, in order to make a good translation, according to Tyler, the

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translator must follow the laws that the translation should be equivalent with the
original text in the completeness of the part of the text, writing style, and also the
content of the text.
b.

Theory Accuracy of Translation
In Jeremy Munday’s Introducing Translated Studies: Theories and

Apllication, accuracy is defined as the correct transfer of information and
evidence of complete comprehension (Munday, 2001:30). In the process of
translating, the target text should be written clearly and communicate the same
message as the original text within the linguistic properties (i.e. context, rules of
grammar, idioms). Translation should reach both clear and succinct in order to
convey the message correctly in the target language. Thus, the translator should
have sufficient knowledge of the field being translated to have a full
understanding of the subject matter to produce both accurate and readable
translation. (Munday, 2001:24).
4.

Translation Strategy
Translating from the SL into TL is not easy since there are several gaps

like grammar and language culture that occur between the languages. Therefore,
translation strategies are applied to solve those problems and some other problems
that might arise. Translation strategy is the technical guidance to translate phrase
by phrase or sentence by sentence. Translation strategies are very important to
conduct this research because this research deals with translation accuracy related
to translation strategies applied in the translation.

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Suryawinata and Hariyanto divide translation strategies into two. There are
structural and semantic strategies (Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003:67). This
research uses both of the strategies because the research is related to the structure
and the semantic of the sentence. Actually, structural and semantic strategies can
be used together by the translator. Those strategies are required because it will
cause grammatical error, deviation of meaning, or rigid translation if the strategies
are not applied.
a.

Structural Strategies
First, the structural strategies are the strategies which are related to the

sentence structure. These strategies are obligatory because if they are not applied
the translation is not grammatically accepted in the TL. The structural strategies
consist of three strategies as follows:
1.) Addition
Addition here means adding some words in the TL because the grammar
of the TL requires the addition. This kind of addition is not a matter of choice but
a necessity. The examples of this case are seen in the ‘be’ as in “Ayahku guru”
which is translated into “My father is a teacher” and another example as in “Aku
tidak mencuri buku itu” which is translated into “I do not steal that book”. The
word “am”, “a”, and “do” are necessarily put in the sentence because the English
grammar requires that.
2.) Subtraction
Subtraction means there are omission of some structural elements in the
TL. Similar to the addition, this strategy is also a requirement in English grammar.

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One example is “we should go home” translated into “kita harus pulang”. The
structural element “go” is omitted from the SL.
3.) Transposition
Transposition is a strategy applied to translate clause or sentence. Different
from the two strategies before, this strategy can be seen as a requirement or
choice. Transposition is a requirement if the message of the SL is not equivalent