IDEOLOGY IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING REGARDING IRANIAN NUCLEAR POLICY: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS.

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Komil Kulmamatov, 2014

IDEOLOGY IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING REGARDING IRANIAN NUCLEAR POLICY: A Critical discourse analysis

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

IDEOLOGY IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING

REGARDING IRANIAN NUCLEAR POLICY:

A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

A Thesis

Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for Magister

Humaniora degree in Linguistics

by

Komil Kulmamatov

1206809

PROGRAM OF LINGUISTICS

SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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Komil Kulmamatov, 2014

IDEOLOGY IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING REGARDING IRANIAN NUCLEAR POLICY: A Critical discourse analysis

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ABSTRACT

This study examines how nuclear program is depicted in the official media Iran, IRIB (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting). This also shows the ideology in pursuing political interest are also explained in this study. Employing Critical Discourse Analysis framework from Theo van Leeuwen, three levels of analyses, i.e. exclusion, inclusion, and social analysis are used to examine 10 news texts published between 2011 and 2014 containing statements made by President Mahmoud

Ahmadinejad and the cancellation of Iran’s negotiation. Analyses show that IRIB has

strong tendencies to defend Iran and its nuclear policies. Ideology in their news is conservativism, to conserve highest ideal of the 1979 Islamic Revolution.

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Komil Kulmamatov, 2014

IDEOLOGY IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING REGARDING IRANIAN NUCLEAR POLICY: A Critical discourse analysis

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Komil Kulmamatov, 2014

IDEOLOGY IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING REGARDING IRANIAN NUCLEAR POLICY: A Critical discourse analysis

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

I.1 Background

Modern era has shown that nowadays, a war can rely on the power of the media rather than physical strength. U.S. government and the Pentagon, for example, are the most successful in performing public relations campaigns in modern political history in the use of media to mobilize support for war. The U.S. war against Iraq, according to Kellner (1995: 199), was a war that produced by the interaction between the Bush administration, the Pentagon, and the media that use a variety of images and discourses about the crisis, and moves the approval and support for U.S. military intervention.

Huntington (2003: 476) explains that the world public opinion rejected U.S. attack on Iraq in Gulf War I. Western military efforts, according to Huntington, gained little support from non-Western societies. More than 50% of non-Western societies disapproved the plan. Only 25% expressed their support. Thus, efforts to reverse public opinion towards “supporting the war”, in the view of the U.S. government, was a strategy that must be done urgently.

Kellner (1995) has made an interesting analysis of how the media has been “manipulated” to legitimize the war. In his quite critical analysis, he considers that the war against Iraq is a text that is generated by the Bush administration and the Pentagon. It uses a variety of media imagery and discourse about the crisis to move the approval and support for U.S. military intervention. Kellner (1995: 199)

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IDEOLOGY IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING REGARDING IRANIAN NUCLEAR POLICY: A Critical discourse analysis

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also notices that since the beginning, various news headlines followed the policies of the Bush administration and the Pentagon. Major media in the U.S. are commercial media. They gain through a competitive advantage. As a result, television, newspaper, and magazine headlines, do not want to lose customers, so they are very careful against public opinion and the opinion of the government officials. Major media also put the official government source for a wide range of stories, particularly in times of crisis. Therefore, they tend to be the mouthpiece of U.S. government policies and actions.

Mainstream media in the U.S. has become “stooges” of U.S. government. When the Bush administration sent large numbers of troops into Iraq, mainstream media supported this action and became a funnel to drive support for U.S. policy. For a few weeks, there was just a little noise rejection heard in mainstream media. News, commentaries, and discussions, especially on television, are very flattering military solution to the crisis, as a propaganda vehicle for the U.S. military. There were no significant television debate about the consequences of harmful and massive responses of U.S. military over the invasion of Iraq, or the interests and policies carried out by the military invasion. Criticism of U.S. policy was widely disappearing from major media by proclaiming the crisis, and only slightly deviate from the analysis shown that the issues presented by the Bush administration.

The Bush administration controls the media discourse, partly through misinformation and propaganda, and partly through the press control system of collective resources (pool system). In the days of the first “Gulf crisis”, for

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Komil Kulmamatov, 2014

IDEOLOGY IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING REGARDING IRANIAN NUCLEAR POLICY: A Critical discourse analysis

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example, what the Bush administration did in misinformation campaigns was very successful with the aim to control and to manipulate a variety of sources that justify military deployment in Saudi Arabia on August 8, 1990. During the first days of the crisis, the U.S. government often stated that the Iraqi forces were moving on the border of Saudi Arabia with the intention of invading the oil-rich kingdom. This is very misleading information. The subsequent studies revealed that Iraq had no desire to invade Saudi Arabia and did not have a large number of troops, which threaten the Saudi border (See Kellner: 1995, 201-202).

The focus of Iran's nuclear program includes the construction of the Bushehr nuclear power plant in the country's southwest coast. The Shah had been offered a contract to Kraftwerk Union (a subsidiary of Siemens) belongs to West Germany to build two nuclear reactors with a capacity of 1,200 megawatts at that location. At the outbreak of the 1979 revolution in Iran, the first reactor has completed 90% with 60% of the equipment has been installed. The second reactor is only 50 % in completion. The program was discontinued after the revolution due to internal instability in Iran and Germany’s refusal to complete the project. Under U.S. pressure, Kraftmerk Union refused to rebuild the Bushehr project when Iran restarted its nuclear program after the Iran - Iraq war. Germany also refused to send reactors components and documentation techniques that the payment has been completed by Iran. Various subsequent of Iranian efforts to obtain nuclear technology assistance to the programs of other Western companies in Argentina, Italy, and Czechoslovakia were failed because of U.S. pressure.

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In a report to the U.S. Congress in 2003, Sharon Squassoni, a specialist in the field of national security at the Congressional Research Staff, asked the IAEA to inspect Iran over its nuclear program and to give sanctions on Iran. IAEA Reports further indicated that the argument for giving sanction to Iran was quite reasonable, because Iran has programmed a nuclear reactor to make nuclear weapons. Iran continues to argue that its enrichment activity is not for nuclear weapons, but rather for their future energy needs. Nevertheless, although Iran has consistently denied by providing scientific arguments, the decision to continue its uranium enrichment program has resulted in a prolonged crisis between the IAEA, Iran, the European Trio (Germany, France, and the UK), and the United States.

United States demands that Iran suspend their uranium enrichment. They also threaten a military invasion if Iran remains to continue their nuclear program. U.S. has made a decision to attack Iran, although there is so much resistance from various countries around the world. In fact, the people in U.S. also continue to refuse military invasion as a solution to the Iranian nuclear crisis. With the mastery of information flow, the dominant media in the U.S. distribute information regarding U.S. government policies to gain support for the war. In the end, the issues regarding the Iranian nuclear crisis in the media will be dominated by the views of the dominant Western media. It is interesting to look at how the other side, the Iranian media, frames the news in Iran's nuclear program of Iran. This is the focus of this study.

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Komil Kulmamatov, 2014

IDEOLOGY IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING REGARDING IRANIAN NUCLEAR POLICY: A Critical discourse analysis

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I.2 Statements of Study

This study examines how the official media of Iranian government, that is the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) represents Iranian nuclear policy. The statements of the study are then formulated into the following questions.

1. How is the Iran's nuclear program depicted in the official media of Iran? 2. What is the ideology of the official Iranian media toward Iran's nuclear

program?

3. What are the functions of the ideology in pursuing political interests?

I.3 Aims of Study

In general, this study seeks to answer the question of how is the discourse about Iran's nuclear program depicted in the media in Iran. The study also seeks to expose the ideological representation of Iranian media policies toward Iran's nuclear program, with attention to two linguistic elements, i.e. naming (naming choices) and lexical choices (lexical choices). Then find the functions of the ideology and how that ideology for the use of political interests.

I.4 Methods of Study

This study is a qualitative study. According to Moleong (2010: 6), a qualitative study is aims to understand a phenomenon by using certain methods. Data source that is used in this study covers all IRIB texts news related to Iran's

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Komil Kulmamatov, 2014

IDEOLOGY IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING REGARDING IRANIAN NUCLEAR POLICY: A Critical discourse analysis

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nuclear program, in particular, that show the views on social actors involved in the discourse.

This study traced the source of the data to sort out the texts that specifically place the parties to review the placement of Iran and other parties in the discourse. The texts are then separated and used as research data.

This study employs analytical framework from Theo van Leeuwen (2008). Van Leeuwen built a model that generally describes how actors featured in news texts. Van Leeuwen is very sensitive to the possibility of marginalization or exclusion (an individual or a group) in the news texts.

According to van Leeuwen (2008), two things must be considered when we examine the social actors in the news. First, the exclusion of social actors in the news texts is hidden or eliminated, and the strategy that is used. Exclusion or removal of actors can protect subjects or other actors in a process of reporting.

Secondly, it is inclusion. It is how an actor (an individual or a group) is included and described in the news. Although the actor is not removed, the process of marginalization of particular individuals or groups can still be done. Van Leeuwen gives a series of discourse strategies that can be used in a way that affects the meaning into the hands of readers.

I.5 Operational Definitions

Actor : “The doer of the action” (Halliday 1994).

CDA : “Critical Discourse Analysis, a method to uncover the ideology of the discourse” (Paltridge 2000).

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Komil Kulmamatov, 2014

IDEOLOGY IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING REGARDING IRANIAN NUCLEAR POLICY: A Critical discourse analysis

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Representation : “an image to form in human mind” (Hornby 2000).

Ideology : “a particular framework of knowledge tied to social power and may be manifested in language” (Pennycook 2001).

I.6 Organization of Report

The paper is organized into five chapters. Chapter I contains background, statements of the problem, aims of the study, reason for choosing the topic, research method, data collection, data analysis, clarifications of the key terms and organization of the paper. Chapter II contains theoretical review, which serve as a basis for investigating the research problem. Chapter III includes aims of the present study, procedure, population and sample, sample size, steps of data collection, limitation of the present study, analytical framework, and data analysis. Chapter IV reports findings and discussions. Chapter V contains my interpretation toward the result of my research in a form of conclusion and the implication or suggestion in accordance with its research.

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IDEOLOGY IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING REGARDING IRANIAN NUCLEAR POLICY: A Critical discourse analysis

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CHAPTER III

METHODS OF THE STUDY

This chapter describes the research design, especially with respect to the scope of the research method based on data sources, population, sample, sample size, data collection, and analysis framework used.

3.1Aims of Study

In general, this study seeks to answer the question of how is the discourse about Iran's nuclear program depicted in the media in Iran. The study also seeks to expose the ideological representation of Iranian media policies toward Iran's nuclear program, with attention to two linguistic elements, i.e. naming (naming choices) and lexical choices (lexical choices). It also find the functions of the ideology and how that ideology for the use of political interests.

3.2Research Design

This study is a qualitative study. According to Moleong (2010: 6), a qualitative study is aimed to understand a phenomenon by using certain methods. Data source that is used in this study covers all IRIB texts news related to Iran's nuclear program, in particular, that show the views on social actors involved in the discourse.

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Komil Kulmamatov, 2014

IDEOLOGY IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING REGARDING IRANIAN NUCLEAR POLICY: A Critical discourse analysis

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

3.2.1 Data Collection Technique

3.2.2 Data Analysis Technique

3.3Data Collection

This study used purposive sampling (Alwasilah, 2009: 72, and Arikunto, 2002: 128). Purposive sampling in this study is based on the main characteristics of

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IDEOLOGY IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING REGARDING IRANIAN NUCLEAR POLICY: A Critical discourse analysis

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the population that have in common. The sample used in this study was that meets certain criteria. The population of this research is IRIB news texts relating to news coverage of Iran's nuclear program.

Based on purposive sampling principle, the sources of data used in this study are ten texts published by IRIB from 2011 until the first semester of 2014. Data sources are texts with a specific character of the theme of Iranian Nuclear Policies. The texts are as follows.

Table 3.1 Title and Date of Text

Num. Date Title

1. Wednesday, 23

November 2011

Iran needs no nuclear weapon 2. Saturday, 17 August

2013

IAEA's politicized view of Iran's nuclear program

3. Saturday, 19 October 2013

Iran seeks win-win nuclear game 4. Monday, 25 November

2013

Iran nuclear deal to have positive impact on Pakistan

5. Saturday, 11 January 2014

US aims to violate Iran nuclear deal

6. Saturday, 12 April 2014 Iran economy stabilizing, to boom after nuclear deal: IMF

7. Thursday, 01 May 2014 Iran, G5+1 close to reach final nuclear deal: speaker

8. Thursday, 15 May 2014 Iran nuclear talks won't undermine Persian Gulf security, Hagel says

9. Sunday, 18 May 2014 West has realized Iran’s resolute stand on its nuclear rights

10. Sunday, 18 May 2014 Nuclear talks not failed: Araqchi

3.4Data Analysis

The framework of analysis used in this study is a model of analysis of Theo van Leeuwen. Van Leeuwen built a general model that describes how the actors featured in the news. Van Leeuwen is very sensitive to the possibility of

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marginalization or exclusion (a person or group) in the news. According to van Leeuwen, two things must be considered when we examine the social actors in the news. First, social exclusion talks about actor in the news text is hidden or eliminated in the news. It also covers the strategies that are used. Expenditure or removal of actor can protect the subject or perpetrator in the news process. Second, inclusion; called the actor (person or group) were included and described in the news. Although the actor is not removed, the process of marginalization of particular individuals or groups can still be done. Van Leeuwen provides a series of strategies that can be used discourse, which affects meaning into the hands of readers.

Van Leeween’s CDA model emphasizes focus on the role of actors in the text. For example, the text explicitly mentions the role of a person or not. By finding the focus on the subject, we can dismantle the ideology and interests of the media to a news, whether in favor of a particular group or not, in line with the objectives AWK itself. This study found the schemes exclusion and inclusion of actors in the texts displayed by a news portal.

3.4.1 Exclusion

Exclusion is a scheme that is very vital in the analysis of discourse. In the perspective of van Leeuwen (2008), exclusion is defined as the process of formation of the products that do not involve language with actor / subject in a discourse. The elimination of the social actor has a specific purpose. According to Van Leuween, news readers need to scrutinize how each group was shown in the text, if there are

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parties or actors with a particular discourse strategy is lost in the text or not. There are several strategies how an actor (person or group) is issued in the talks.

1. Pasivization

The use of passive voice actors changes roles in the discourse. In this case, the active sentence structure shows the actors of an event.

2. Nominalizations

Nominalizations change the verb into a noun. Changing the verb into a noun is usually done to the verb.

3.4.2 Inclusion

Inclusion of events or groups other than those reported that, according to Van Leuween (2008), is a marker that shows clearly how a group or event is represented in the discourse. Here is the inclusion schemes can be found in the text of the fourth. 1. Differentiation - Indifferentiation

Differentiation-Indifferentiation discourse is a strategy intended to make a group cornered or presenting other entities in the discourse is seen as more dominant or better.

2. Objectivization - Abstraction

This discourse scheme relates to the question of whether information about an event or social actors appear to give concrete instructions are displayed or abstraction 3. Nominations - Categorization

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In a proclamation, social actors often appear together with its category. This category can be anything, shows one important feature, religion, status, physical form, and so on.

4. Nominations - Identification

In this scheme, there are two propositions, both functioned as an explanatory proposition or propositions information first.

5. Assimilation - Individualization

This discourse scheme questioned the clarity of the social actor who became the subject of news.

3.5Phases of Research

With reference to the methods and framework of analysis used, the measures in this study are as follows.

a. Reading all news archives of IRIB.

b. Selecting texts of news related to the topic. c. Reading texts selected news.

d. Mapping for a general description and overview texts. e. Performing analysis of pasivization and nominalization. f. Performing analysis of Differentiation - Indifferentiation g. Performing analysis of Objectivization - Abstraction h. Performing analysis of Nominations - Categorization i. Performing analysis of Nominations - Identification j. Performing analysis of Assimilation - Individualization

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l. Performing discussions based around the results of the analysis to answer the research questions.

3.6Closing

This chapter covers research methods. The next chapter discusses the research findings through data analysis framework that has been put forward.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This study discusses the news of Iran's nuclear program in the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB). Findings and discussion of research that have been presented in the previous chapter are the basis in formulating conclusions in this chapter. The depiction of the parties, both institutions and figures, as the actors or in the actions in the discourse and ideology behind their depictions become the main points presented in this chapter to answer the research questions.

5.1 Conclusions

This study examines three research problems, i.e. (1) how the Iran's nuclear program is depicted in the official media of Iran; (2) the ideology of the official Iranian media toward Iran's nuclear program; and (3) the functions of the ideology in pursuing political interests. This study reveals the following findings.

First, IRIB has a tendency to be on the pro side of Iran's nuclear program. Overall, the analysis of texts, both at the level of exclusion and inclusion, have shown that the IRIB represent the leaders of Iran and its nuclear program support in the images and portrayals are more appreciative than the depiction of the counter. The texts in the news much influenced conservative representations of Iran and the positive role of the characters in the nuclear problems they are facing. Predicate "Islamic countries oppressed by the West", which traditionally attached

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IDEOLOGY IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING REGARDING IRANIAN NUCLEAR POLICY: A Critical discourse analysis

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to Iran, it is possible to be a motive that triggered reporting with these texts. This is reinforced by an analysis of the social context, which shows that, directly, IRIB is owned by the Government of Iran. This allows for access to IRIB news better for Iran, rather than to the party opposing the nuclear program.

Secondly, ideology that is the background of IRIB news is conservative ideology that favors the maintenance of traditional values and the hegemony of the Iranian government as "the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran" which is based on Shiite Islamic Sharia. In this case, traditional value in question is the role of Iran as an Islamic state in modern times. It appears that the maintenance of traditional values is not contrary to the values of democracy because it is placed in a very special place in the governance of the association in the world. Traditional values of this also, historically, never disturb the order of harmony with European countries in a broader international scale because it is just a concept. However, the real focus of attention of the world community is the transparency of the nuclear program that is often obscured by the process of abstraction in IRIB news.

Thirdly, IRIB tends to emphasize its Islamic ideology. IRIB tendency can be clearly seen how the IRIB functions their news as a means to establish their political interest, especially the representation of the Iranian and the West in the news.

From the three conclusions that are the answers of the statements of this study, at least, three things become the broader implications. First, through this study, CDA is able to reveal the ideology behind the IRIB news related to Iran's nuclear program discourse. As we have discussed, the foundations of critical

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theory, the power relations, shape the social, cultural, economic, and political ways in which groups or certain people are treated, and how they generate ideologically texts (Pennycook 1997: 23). Then the CDA function indicates inequality in access to information and it has been proven. It can certainly provide benefits to the reader, society in general, to be able to interpret a piece of literature with a more critical manner, namely by mastery of the CDA.

Second, the media has a great role as a major source of ideological attitudes and knowledge of today's society; both elite and ordinary class (van Dijk, 1997). IRIB news then predisposed to certain parties can indirectly lead to the society opinion and ideology that are in the text. The implication is that the preservation of traditional values and primordial can continue to survive in a society, are being faced with rapid global change. In sociological glasses, people who cannot align with the value system and the system is highly vulnerable to changes in the risk of dropping civilization (Soemardjan, 1962).

Third, this conclusion also confirms that society needs to be made aware that the information they get is not completely neutral and free from access to certain groups who are more dominant and have interests related to the discourse.

5.2 Suggestions

This study shows the importance of the CDA in encouraging people to think critically in addressing current issues. Critical thinking will allow society to be able to identify the ideologies embedded in news texts, a discourse, to assess them objectively.

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It would be better if future studies expand the sample of the studied mass media, for example by using a comparison of the pros media and cons media. It is expected that the results of such studies will be more varied and representative. Research in the domain of CDA would also be more challenging when combined with Cultural Studies Analysis (CSA-Cultural Studies Analysis), so the results are not only discussing ideology, but also cultural practices that are related to the ideology.

This research uses the analytical framework van Leeuwen. Therefore, it is better if similar studies in the future may use other analytical frameworks, such as Fowler (1979), van Dijk (1989), or Fairclough (1998). Future research could also use some frameworks at the same time, to compare the results for the effort to be more explicit and objective in uncovering ideology.

Furthermore, of the three broader implications in the conclusion, then there are three other suggestions related to the three implications. First, because the CDA ability in exposing the ideology has been proven through various studies, the CDA needs to be taught broadly to the various levels of society. Moreover, the CDA itself has a capacity of cross-disciplinary study. By understanding the CDA, society will be better able to address and understand how power relations shape the social, cultural, economic, and political ways. CDA function in indicating inequality in access and to information is very beneficial. It is also important to look for a more populist way, not just theoretical, so that people have a higher interest to study CDA, for example, through the medium of film, novel, or even a comic, not only through textbooks that can be boring.

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Secondly, because media has a great role as a major source of ideological attitudes and knowledge of today's society, both elite and ordinary class (van Dijk, 1997), then the media should be given emphasis in order to be better able to reduce, if not impossible to eliminate, tendency to certain interests. They also should reduce tendency to, directly or indirectly, lead the society opinion and a certain ideology through their written texts. Public has rights to access information that is clear and balanced.

Third, society should be given absolute awareness to be able to filter the information with a critical mind. Thus, people may act in rational, rather than emotional, and logical manners. In addition, the critical power will also be able to free society from the domination of certain groups who use the mass media to personal or primordial interests.

5.3 Closing

In essence, the results of a study of CDA requires the realization of social and tangible actions that benefit the society (van Dijk, 1998), because knowledge of the critical capabilities that are the main objective of understanding the CDA are the right of every member of society. It is expected that this thesis can be the inspiration for the efforts of such contributions.

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

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5.3 Closing

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu REFERENCES