NOMINATION AND PREDICATION STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING (IRIB) IN PRESENTING NEWS ABOUT SYRIAN CIVIL WAR : a discourse historical approach.
NOMINATION AND PREDICATION STRATEGIES EMPLOYED
BY ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING (IRIB)
IN PRESENTING NEWS ABOUT SYRIAN CIVIL WAR
(A DISCOURSE HISTORICAL APPROACH)
A Research Paper
Submitted to the Department of English Education
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for SarjanaSastraDegree
By:
TristiLarasati
1002608
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EDUCATION
UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA
2014
Nomination and Predication Strategies Employed by Islamic
Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) in Presenting News about
Syrian Civil War
(A Discourse Historical Approach)
Oleh
TristiLarasati
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar
Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa danSastra
© TristiLarasati 2014
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Oktober 2014
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian,
dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
PAGE OF APPROVAL
NOMINATION AND PREDICATION STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY
ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING (IRIB) IN PRESENTING
NEWS ABOUT SYRIAN CIVIL WAR
(A DISCOURSE HISTORICAL APPROACH)
Approved by:
Main Supervisor
Co-Supervisor
Iwa Lukmana, M.A., Ph.D.
Riesky, M.Ed.
NIP. 196611271993031002
NIP. 198105252005011002
Head of English Education Department
Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi , M.Ed.
NIP. 196211011987121001
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF APPROVAL ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
DECLARATION ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
PREFACE .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ABSTRACT ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... 1
LIST OF TABLES ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.1
Background ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2
Research Questions ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3
Aims of the Study.................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4
Significance of the Study ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.5
Scope of the Study................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.6
Clarification of Terms ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.7
Organization of the Paper ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FOUNDATION Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1
Critical Discourse Analysis ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2
Discourse Historical Approach ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3
Discursive Strategies ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3.1
Nomination Strategy ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3.2
Predication strategy.......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4
Media Discourse ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
TristiLarasat, 2014
nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
2.5
Previous Studies on Discourse Historical ApproachError! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1
Research Design ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2
Data Collection ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3
Data Analysis .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER IV : FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONSError! Bookmark not defined.
4.1
Nomination Strategies Employed by IRIB in Referring to Social Actors of Syrian civil
war
Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.1
Ideological Anthroponyms............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.2
Professional Anthroponyms ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.3
Nouns ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.4
Proper Name .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.5
Membership Categorization Device Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.6
Synecdoche ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.7
Nomination of Social Actors before and after Geneva Convention IIError!
Bookmark not defined.
4.2
Predication Strategies Employed by IRIBin Representing Social Actors of Syrian civil
war
Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.1
Explicit Predicate ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.2
Relative Clause............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.3
Prepositional Phrase ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.4
Predication Strategies before and after Geneva Convention IIError! Bookmark
not defined.
4.3
Overall Discussion .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONSError! Bookmark not defined.
TristiLarasat, 2014
nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
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5.1
Conclusions ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2
Suggestions.............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
APPENDICES ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
TristiLarasat, 2014
nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
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ABSTRACT
This study investigates nomination and predication strategies employed by Islamic Republic of Iran
Broadcasting (IRIB)in presenting news about Syrian civil war. This study employs a descriptive qualitative
method. The data were in the form of eight news articles taken from IRIB Website. The data were
analyzed ased on Reisigl & Wodak’s
theory of dis ourse histori al approa h DHA . Spe ifi ally,
the notion of discursive strategies was used to classify the nomination and predication strategies
employed by IRIB. The findings reveal two main points. First, ideological anthroponym and professional
anthroponym are the most frequent nomination strategies with the same frequency,i.e 30 times
(27.03%). Ideological anthroponym is used to refer to Syrian opposition and realized through negative
nomination, while professional anthroponym is used to refer to Syrian government and mostly realized
through neutral nomination. Second, explicit predicate is the most frequent predication strategy
(64.95%) used to represent social actors of Syrian civil war. It is mostly used to represent Syrian
opposition as a negative party and Syrian government as a positive party. In addition, this study also
found that the use of nomination and predication strategies changes due to a historical aspect, i.e the
Geneva Convention II. It was found that in four news articles published after the convention,
nominations of Syrian oppositions are not as negative as those found in four articles published before
the convention. On the other hand, predications of Syrian government are not as positive as those
found in four articles published after the convention.
Keywords: Syrian civil war, Discourse Historical Approach, Nomination Strategies, Predication Strategies,
Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting
TristiLarasat, 2014
nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
ABSTRAK
Studi ini meneliti strategi nominasi dan predikasi yang digunakan oleh Islamic Republic of Iran
Broadcasting(IRIB) dalam menyajikan berita mengenai perang sipil di Suriah. Penelitian ini
menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data yang digunakan dalam studi ini merupakan
delapan artikel berita dari laman IRIB. Data tersebut kemudian dianalisi smenggunakan teori
discourse historical approach (DHA) atau pendekatan wacana historis yang diformulasikan oleh
Reisigl & Wodak (2001). Khususnya, konsep discursive strategies dari DHA digunakan untuk
mengklasifikasikan strategi nominasi dan predikasi yang digunakan oleh IRIB. Hasil studi ini
menunjukan dua poin utama. Pertama, ideological anthroponym dan professional anthroponym
adalah strategi yang paling sering digunakan dan memiliki kemunculan yang sama yaitu30
kemunculan (27.03%). Ideological anthroponym digunakan untuk mengacu pada pihak oposisi
Suriah dan hampir semua direalisasikan dengan nominasi yang negative. Professional
anthroponym digunakan untuk mengacu pada pihak pemerintah Suriah dan direalisasikan
dengan nominasi yang netral. Kedua, explicit predicate adalah strategi predikasi yang paling
sering digunakan. Hampir di semua kemunculannya, strategi ini digunakan untuk
merepresentasikan pihak oposisi Suriah sebagai pihak yang negatif, sementara pihak pemerintah
Suriah sebagai pihak yang positif. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa penggunaan
strategi nominasi dan predikasi berubah karena suatu aspek historis, yaitu Konvensi Jeneva II.
Dalam empat artikel yang dipublikasikan setelah Konvensi Jeneva II, ditemukan bahwa nominasi
pihak oposisi Suriah tidak se-negatif dalam empat artikel yang dipublikasikan sebelum konvensi
tersebut. Sementara, predikasi pihak pemerintah Suriah tidak sepositif dalam empat artikel yang
dipublikasikan sebelum konvensi tersebut.
Kata Kunci: Perang sipil Suriah, Pendekatan Historis Wacana, Strategi Nominasi, Strategi
Predikasi, Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting
TristiLarasat, 2014
nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents background of the study, research questions, aims of the study,
significance of the study, scope of the study, research method, clarification of terms,
and organization of the study.
1.1 Background
Many media consider conflicts as one of the interesting issues to be reported. This
can be seen from the fact that issues of conflict often times are shown in many
media’s news headlines. Conflicts in a war between some parties are the example of
the most reported issues in media. Furthermore, it is observed that in terms of news,
war is better than peace, violence is better than non-violence(Young, 1991).
The relationship between media and conflict is interrelated. Conflict has
important roles in media, and vice versa; media can also have some important roles in
conflict. With the way they present news, media can either escalate or de-escalate a
conflict happening in society (Kempf, 2001).
Media can facilitate better clarification related to a conflict. By presenting news
about a conflict or confirming the parties involved in the conflict, media at least
contribute to make things clearer. According to Reuben (2005) as cited in Verbeke &
Euwema (2009, p. 140), constructive coverage of conflicts by media can contribute to
better communication between parties, and provide some problem-solving behaviors.
However, intentionally or not, through presenting the conflict from only one
party’s perspective or commenting the conflict, media can also lead to conflict
escalation. This may make conflicting parties distorted. Furthermore, this also can
trigger an intervention from third party to the conflict.
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nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
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An example of third party intervention in the conflict can be seen in Syrian civil
war. Syrian civil war, a war between Syria government and its citizen, is interfered by
some countries including Iran. As reported in many international media, Iran supplied
weapons and military technology to Syria government. Iran also trained Syria army to
be more ready in fighting against the opposition group and sent 4.000 troops to aid
Syrian President, Bashar Al Assad(Svensson, 2013). Furthermore, Iran is said to
support Syria government due to a religious issue. Iran and Bashar Al-Assad are said
to be the followers of Syiah (a sect in Islam). They have the same goal which is to
fight against the followers of Sunni (a sect in Islam which is in contrast with
Syiah)(Bilal, 2012).
Regarding that fact, this study was conducted to investigate how the conflict of
Syrian civil war is reported by Iran media. One of the approaches that can be used to
investigate this issue is discourse historical approach (DHA) proposed by Reisigl
&Wodak (2001). By employing discourse historical approach, this study explores
how discursive strategies are used by Iran media in presenting news about Syrian
civil war. Discursive strategies in DHA are defined as the systematic ways of using
language at different levels of linguistic organization and complexity. The strategies
consist of five strategies: nomination strategy, predication strategy, argumentation
strategy, perspectivization strategy, and mitigation strategy. However, this study
focuses only on nomination and predication strategies.
Studies on DHA had been conducted with different focuses and objects. There
are some studies focusing only on some selected discursive strategies offered by
DHA: Valk(2003) focused on referential and argumentation strategies while
Wodak(2010) investigated only the argumentation strategies. Related to the object of
the study, different discourses have been the object of some studies conducted by
using DHA. On political discourse, DHA was used to identify discursive properties
as the indicator of particular parties’ dominance (Ricento, 2003; Valk, 2003; Tekin,
2008). On managerial discourse, DHA was used to reveal the construction of new
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in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
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type worker in respect to gender in current management literature (Kelan, 2008). On
media discourse, DHA was employed to see how topoihelp to reveal thepolitical
objectives conveying USA liberal values via films and TV (Wodak, 2010). Though
using the same approach, those previous studies have different focuses and scopes.
Among those previous studies, none of them aims at investigating media
discourse which is related to the third party intervention of a war. Thus, the present
study aims at examining how Syrian civil war is reported in a media of Iran, which is
said to be the third party in the war.
1.2 Research Questions
This study was conducted to answer these following questions:
1.
How are social actors of Syrian civil war represented through nomination
strategies?
2.
How are social actors of Syrian civil war represented through predication
strategies?
1.3 Aims of the Study
This study was aimed at:
1.
Investigating thenomination strategies used by IRIB in representing social
actors of Syrian civil war.
2.
Investigating the predication strategies employed by IRIB in representing social
actors of Syrian civil war.
1.4 Significance of the Study
This study was expected to explore how the knowledge of Syrian civil war is shared
in a country (Iran) which has been interfering the war. Furthermore, this study was
expected to enrich the data to any further research on DHA.
TristiLarasat, 2014
nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
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1.5 Scope of the Study
Eight articles from Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) were taken as the
object of investigation in this study. Those texts are news articlesreportingSyrian civil
war. The scope of the study was narrowed to find out the nomination and predication
strategies used by IRIB in presenting news about Syrian civil war.
1.6 Clarification of Terms
To avoid misunderstanding, some of important terms are clarified as follows:
a. Discourse historical approach (DHA)
DHA is one of the approaches of critical discourse analysis (CDA). DHA
synchronizes text analysis with knowledge about the historical sources and the
background of the social and political fields in which discursive events are embedded
(Reisigl & Wodak, 2001).
b. Nomination strategy
Nomination strategy is a strategy in using linguistic devices to refer to persons,
places, or events (Reisigl &Wodak, 2001).
c. Predication strategy
Predication strategy is a strategy in attaching persons, animals, or objects with some
qualities or characteristics (Reisigl & Wodak, 2001). This strategy is aimed at
representing social actors more or less positively or negatively.
d. Syrian civil war
Syrian civil waris a war between Syrian government and its civilian. It has been
occurring since March 2011. This armed conflict began when there was a clash
between Syria government and their civilian who demanded Syria President, Bashar
Al-Assad, to resign from his position. Since this conflict has been a never ending war,
there were third parties interfering this conflict. Some parties support Syria
government, the others support Syria civilian.
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nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
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e. Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB)
IRIB is a giant Iranian corporation of radio and television. The corporation was
launched in 1966. Then, The English radio’s Internet site was launched in July 2003.
(http://www.wikipedia.com)
1.7 Organization of the Paper
This study is organized in five chapters. Chapter I contains background of the study,
research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study,
clarification of the terms, and organization of the paper. Chapter II briefly provides
the theory related to this study. Chapter III discusses the process of data collection,
the source of the data, and the explanation on how the data were analyzed. The results
of the analysis will be presented in chapter IV. This chapter answers problems of this
study. Furthermore, there will be discussion on the significance of the results. Finally,
the conclusion of this study will be provided in Chapter V. This chapter also gives
some suggestions for further research related to this study.
TristiLarasat, 2014
nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
TristiLarasat, 2014
nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter provides the research methodology which describes the mechanism in
conducting the study. This chapter includes research design, data collection, and data
analysis. The research design elaborates the method and the theoretical framework
used in this study. In the data collection, the steps of collecting the data are
elaborated. In the end of this chapter, the process of analyzing data is explained in the
data analysis part.
3.1 Research Design
This study primarily employed a descriptive qualitative method. Descriptive method
is “an investigation that attempts to describe accurately and factually a phenomenon,
subject or area” (Richards & Schmidt, 2002, p. 152), while qualitative method
involves the analysis of non-numerical data by using non-statistical method (Dornyei,
2007). Thus, this study is qualitative since it analyses non-numerical data – the data
in this study are in the form of text. However, there are also some quantification
applied in this study used to analyze the occurrence of each type of nomination and
predication strategies employed by IRIB.
This study’s framework is one of CDA approaches namely Discourse Historical
Approach (DHA) proposed by Reisigl & Wodak (2001). More specifically, Reisigl &
Wodak’s (2001) notion of discursive strategy is used as the tool of analysis. Out of
five types of discursive strategies, this study focused on two types which are
nomination and predication strategies. The analysis of nomination strategy was aimed
at seeing how social actors of Syrian civil war were referred to. In addition, the
analysis of predication strategy was done to examine how the social actors were
represented through some characteristics attached to them.
TristiLarasat, 2014
nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
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3.2 Data Collection
The data used in this study were taken from the English version of the official
Website of Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) at www.irib.ir/English.
IRIB is the Iranian corporation owned by the government of Iran. It is a very large
corporation which establishes radio, television, and online media. However, IRIB was
chosen not only because it is a very large corporation but also because IRIB is
considered as the corporation owned by a country that supports one of the parties
conflicting in Syrian civil war. It is proven by Iran’s action, i.e supporting Syrian
government to topple Syrian opposition.
The data are in the form of eight news articles reporting Syrian civil war and
were published in November 2013 until March 2014. Four texts were published
before Geneva Convention II, a conference held by UN to find a solution of Syrian
civil war, and the other four were published after the convention. Two different
periods (before and after Geneva Convention II) were selected in order to see whether
there is any change in nomination and predication strategies employed by IRIB due to
a historical aspect. The news articles and their publication dates are presented in the
table below:
Table 3.1 Eight News Articles Reporting Syrian civil war Published by IRIB
No.
1
2
3
Tittle
Syrian MP kidnapped, executed by Takfiri
Publication Date
10 November 2013
militants
Army makes new gains against Takfiri
11 November 2013
terrorists across Syria
Saudis seeking to create an army of Syrian
11 November 2013
opposition
4
Bomb attack kills dozen in Syria’s Aleppo
12 November 2013
5
Syria militants block Aleppo aid convoy
08 May 2014
6
Syria: Army Targets Militants in Several
14 May 2014
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Regions
7
Groups of Militants Killed across Syria
15 May 2014
8
Leaders of Militant Groups Killed in Aleppo
18 May 2014
3.3 Data Analysis
The collected data were then analyzed by using the framework of DHA proposed by
Reisigl & Wodak (2001). Specifically, this study analyzed the data by using a tool
proposed by DHA which is called discursive strategy. Discursive strategy offered by
DHA consisted of five strategies namely nomination strategy, predication strategy,
argumentation strategy, perspectivization strategy, and intensification and mitigation
strategy. However, this study only focuses on two strategies which are nomination
and predication strategies.
In conducting the investigation, four steps had been done. First, identifying the
nomination strategies employed by IRIB in referring to social actors of Syrian civil
war. The analysis of nomination strategy was conducted to find out the social actors
of Syrian civil war who were mentioned in the eight news texts from IRIB as well as
the linguistic devices used to refer to them. The analysis was conducted by manually
reviewing the texts. The linguistic devices found as the nomination strategies were
than classified based on the types of nomination strategy proposed by Reisigl &
Wodak (2001).
Second, investigating the predication strategies employed by IRIB in
representing social actors of Syrian civil war. After social actors were identified for
what linguistic devices used to refer to them, they were then identified for what
predication strategies attached to them. The analysis was done to see how IRIB
represent social actors of Syrian civil war by giving some characters to them. The
predication strategies found in the texts were then classified based on the types of
predication strategies proposed by Reisigl & Wodak (2001).
TristiLarasat, 2014
nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
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Third, taking into account a historical aspect by investigating the pattern of
nomination and predication strategies employed in four news texts published before
Geneva Convention II and those which are published after the convention. The step
was done to see whether there is any change in nomination and predication strategies
employed by IRIB due to a historical aspect. Last, drawing the conclusions from the
findings of this study.
TristiLarasat, 2014
nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
TristiLarasat, 2014
nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter provides the conclusions of the present study and the suggestions for
upcoming studies. This chapter is divided into two sections: the first section provides
the resume of this study; the second section provides the suggestions for further
studies.
5.1 Conclusions
This study examines how the issues of Syrian civil war are reported by a third party
of the war, i.e Iran. More specifically, this study investigates how nomination and
predication strategies are employed by Iran media, namely IRIB, in presenting news
about Syrian civil war. In addition, this study sees whether the nomination and
predication strategies are affected by a historical aspect.
According to the analysis of nomination strategy, anthroponym is the most
frequent strategy used by IRIB in referring to social actors of Syrian civil war. There
are two types of anthroponym employed by IRIB, i.e ideological anthroponyms and
professional anthroponyms. Ideological anthroponyms are used to refer to Syrian
opposition. Meanwhile, professional anthroponyms are used to refer to Syrian
government. The findings indicate that IRIB foregrounds the ideological side of
Syrian opposition and the professional side of Syrian government. In addition, IRIB
constructs negative image of Syrian opposition and neutral image of Syrian
government. It is proven by the findings showing that ideological anthroponym is
realized through negative nominations, while professional anthroponym is realized
through neutral nominations.
Regarding the analysis of predication strategy, it is found that explicit predicate
is the most frequent strategy. It is used to represent Syrian civil war social actors by
revealing their actions. Explicit predicates used to represent Syrian opposition mostly
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contain negative judgment. In contrast, explicit predicates used to represent Syrian
government mostly contain positive judgment. The findings indicate that IRIB
represents Syrian opposition negatively by foregrounding the oppositions’ negative
actions and backgrounding their positive actions. In contrast, IRIB represents Syrian
government positively by foregrounding the government’s positive actions and
backgrounding their negative actions.
In this study, it is also found that nomination and predication strategies
employed by IRIB change due to a historical aspect, i.e Geneva Convention II. The
findings show that the nominations of Syrian opposition in the articles published after
the convention are not as negative as those used in the articles published before the
convention. On the other hand, the predications of Syrian government in the articles
published after the convention are not as positive as those used in the articles
published before the convention.
Based on the findings above, it can be concluded that nomination and
predication strategies are important aspects in investigating how media represent
particular social actors. Furthermore, the choice of language in the nomination and
predication strategies can be said to be the part of a social practice, i.e reality
construction. It is not merely a transparent device used to describe social actors and
their actions but also a device affected by particular factors and loaded by particular
values by media. Therefore, CDA is widely used to investigate media discourse to demystify the motives behind realities constructed by media.
5.2 Suggestions
There are four suggestions to be considered in conducting further related studies. The
first is about the chosen discursive strategies. This study focuses on two out of five
discursive strategies proposed by Reisigl & Wodak (2002). It is advised that further
studies focus on other types of discursive strategies apart from nomination and
predication strategies. Furthermore, to make a more in-depth analysis, further studies
might focus on all types of discursive strategies.
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The second is about the news articles. The news articles analyzed in this present
study were collected from one media, namely IRIB. It would be worth trying for
further studies to collect news articles from different media. Thus, further studies can
see whether there are some differences of nomination and predication strategies
between the media. Further studies can investigate whether the same social actors can
be represented in different ways by different media.
The third is about the historical aspect. This present study took into account a
historical aspect in the analysis by comparing news articles published before and after
Geneva Convention II. However, the publication dates of the articles are not
extremely distant. It would be worth trying for further studies to analyze some articles
which are published in the more distant time, e.g articles published in different years.
The last is about the number of news articles. This present study solely chooses
eight news articles as the material of analysis. It could be much better for further
studies to choose more articles to be analyzed in order to make the findings more
accurate. In addition, the more texts are chosen, the more words are analyzed. Thus, if
further studies examine more texts, it is advised to use an additional tool of analysis
such as corpus software to assist the analysis process.
TristiLarasat, 2014
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in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
TristiLarasat, 2014
nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
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in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
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BY ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING (IRIB)
IN PRESENTING NEWS ABOUT SYRIAN CIVIL WAR
(A DISCOURSE HISTORICAL APPROACH)
A Research Paper
Submitted to the Department of English Education
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for SarjanaSastraDegree
By:
TristiLarasati
1002608
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EDUCATION
UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA
2014
Nomination and Predication Strategies Employed by Islamic
Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) in Presenting News about
Syrian Civil War
(A Discourse Historical Approach)
Oleh
TristiLarasati
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar
Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa danSastra
© TristiLarasati 2014
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Oktober 2014
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian,
dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
PAGE OF APPROVAL
NOMINATION AND PREDICATION STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY
ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN BROADCASTING (IRIB) IN PRESENTING
NEWS ABOUT SYRIAN CIVIL WAR
(A DISCOURSE HISTORICAL APPROACH)
Approved by:
Main Supervisor
Co-Supervisor
Iwa Lukmana, M.A., Ph.D.
Riesky, M.Ed.
NIP. 196611271993031002
NIP. 198105252005011002
Head of English Education Department
Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi , M.Ed.
NIP. 196211011987121001
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF APPROVAL ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
DECLARATION ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
PREFACE .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ABSTRACT ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... 1
LIST OF TABLES ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.1
Background ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2
Research Questions ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3
Aims of the Study.................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4
Significance of the Study ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.5
Scope of the Study................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.6
Clarification of Terms ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.7
Organization of the Paper ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FOUNDATION Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1
Critical Discourse Analysis ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2
Discourse Historical Approach ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3
Discursive Strategies ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3.1
Nomination Strategy ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3.2
Predication strategy.......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4
Media Discourse ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
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2.5
Previous Studies on Discourse Historical ApproachError! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1
Research Design ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2
Data Collection ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3
Data Analysis .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER IV : FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONSError! Bookmark not defined.
4.1
Nomination Strategies Employed by IRIB in Referring to Social Actors of Syrian civil
war
Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.1
Ideological Anthroponyms............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.2
Professional Anthroponyms ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.3
Nouns ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.4
Proper Name .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.5
Membership Categorization Device Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.6
Synecdoche ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.7
Nomination of Social Actors before and after Geneva Convention IIError!
Bookmark not defined.
4.2
Predication Strategies Employed by IRIBin Representing Social Actors of Syrian civil
war
Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.1
Explicit Predicate ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.2
Relative Clause............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.3
Prepositional Phrase ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.4
Predication Strategies before and after Geneva Convention IIError! Bookmark
not defined.
4.3
Overall Discussion .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONSError! Bookmark not defined.
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5.1
Conclusions ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2
Suggestions.............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
APPENDICES ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
TristiLarasat, 2014
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in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
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ABSTRACT
This study investigates nomination and predication strategies employed by Islamic Republic of Iran
Broadcasting (IRIB)in presenting news about Syrian civil war. This study employs a descriptive qualitative
method. The data were in the form of eight news articles taken from IRIB Website. The data were
analyzed ased on Reisigl & Wodak’s
theory of dis ourse histori al approa h DHA . Spe ifi ally,
the notion of discursive strategies was used to classify the nomination and predication strategies
employed by IRIB. The findings reveal two main points. First, ideological anthroponym and professional
anthroponym are the most frequent nomination strategies with the same frequency,i.e 30 times
(27.03%). Ideological anthroponym is used to refer to Syrian opposition and realized through negative
nomination, while professional anthroponym is used to refer to Syrian government and mostly realized
through neutral nomination. Second, explicit predicate is the most frequent predication strategy
(64.95%) used to represent social actors of Syrian civil war. It is mostly used to represent Syrian
opposition as a negative party and Syrian government as a positive party. In addition, this study also
found that the use of nomination and predication strategies changes due to a historical aspect, i.e the
Geneva Convention II. It was found that in four news articles published after the convention,
nominations of Syrian oppositions are not as negative as those found in four articles published before
the convention. On the other hand, predications of Syrian government are not as positive as those
found in four articles published after the convention.
Keywords: Syrian civil war, Discourse Historical Approach, Nomination Strategies, Predication Strategies,
Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting
TristiLarasat, 2014
nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
ABSTRAK
Studi ini meneliti strategi nominasi dan predikasi yang digunakan oleh Islamic Republic of Iran
Broadcasting(IRIB) dalam menyajikan berita mengenai perang sipil di Suriah. Penelitian ini
menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data yang digunakan dalam studi ini merupakan
delapan artikel berita dari laman IRIB. Data tersebut kemudian dianalisi smenggunakan teori
discourse historical approach (DHA) atau pendekatan wacana historis yang diformulasikan oleh
Reisigl & Wodak (2001). Khususnya, konsep discursive strategies dari DHA digunakan untuk
mengklasifikasikan strategi nominasi dan predikasi yang digunakan oleh IRIB. Hasil studi ini
menunjukan dua poin utama. Pertama, ideological anthroponym dan professional anthroponym
adalah strategi yang paling sering digunakan dan memiliki kemunculan yang sama yaitu30
kemunculan (27.03%). Ideological anthroponym digunakan untuk mengacu pada pihak oposisi
Suriah dan hampir semua direalisasikan dengan nominasi yang negative. Professional
anthroponym digunakan untuk mengacu pada pihak pemerintah Suriah dan direalisasikan
dengan nominasi yang netral. Kedua, explicit predicate adalah strategi predikasi yang paling
sering digunakan. Hampir di semua kemunculannya, strategi ini digunakan untuk
merepresentasikan pihak oposisi Suriah sebagai pihak yang negatif, sementara pihak pemerintah
Suriah sebagai pihak yang positif. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa penggunaan
strategi nominasi dan predikasi berubah karena suatu aspek historis, yaitu Konvensi Jeneva II.
Dalam empat artikel yang dipublikasikan setelah Konvensi Jeneva II, ditemukan bahwa nominasi
pihak oposisi Suriah tidak se-negatif dalam empat artikel yang dipublikasikan sebelum konvensi
tersebut. Sementara, predikasi pihak pemerintah Suriah tidak sepositif dalam empat artikel yang
dipublikasikan sebelum konvensi tersebut.
Kata Kunci: Perang sipil Suriah, Pendekatan Historis Wacana, Strategi Nominasi, Strategi
Predikasi, Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting
TristiLarasat, 2014
nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents background of the study, research questions, aims of the study,
significance of the study, scope of the study, research method, clarification of terms,
and organization of the study.
1.1 Background
Many media consider conflicts as one of the interesting issues to be reported. This
can be seen from the fact that issues of conflict often times are shown in many
media’s news headlines. Conflicts in a war between some parties are the example of
the most reported issues in media. Furthermore, it is observed that in terms of news,
war is better than peace, violence is better than non-violence(Young, 1991).
The relationship between media and conflict is interrelated. Conflict has
important roles in media, and vice versa; media can also have some important roles in
conflict. With the way they present news, media can either escalate or de-escalate a
conflict happening in society (Kempf, 2001).
Media can facilitate better clarification related to a conflict. By presenting news
about a conflict or confirming the parties involved in the conflict, media at least
contribute to make things clearer. According to Reuben (2005) as cited in Verbeke &
Euwema (2009, p. 140), constructive coverage of conflicts by media can contribute to
better communication between parties, and provide some problem-solving behaviors.
However, intentionally or not, through presenting the conflict from only one
party’s perspective or commenting the conflict, media can also lead to conflict
escalation. This may make conflicting parties distorted. Furthermore, this also can
trigger an intervention from third party to the conflict.
TristiLarasat, 2014
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in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
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An example of third party intervention in the conflict can be seen in Syrian civil
war. Syrian civil war, a war between Syria government and its citizen, is interfered by
some countries including Iran. As reported in many international media, Iran supplied
weapons and military technology to Syria government. Iran also trained Syria army to
be more ready in fighting against the opposition group and sent 4.000 troops to aid
Syrian President, Bashar Al Assad(Svensson, 2013). Furthermore, Iran is said to
support Syria government due to a religious issue. Iran and Bashar Al-Assad are said
to be the followers of Syiah (a sect in Islam). They have the same goal which is to
fight against the followers of Sunni (a sect in Islam which is in contrast with
Syiah)(Bilal, 2012).
Regarding that fact, this study was conducted to investigate how the conflict of
Syrian civil war is reported by Iran media. One of the approaches that can be used to
investigate this issue is discourse historical approach (DHA) proposed by Reisigl
&Wodak (2001). By employing discourse historical approach, this study explores
how discursive strategies are used by Iran media in presenting news about Syrian
civil war. Discursive strategies in DHA are defined as the systematic ways of using
language at different levels of linguistic organization and complexity. The strategies
consist of five strategies: nomination strategy, predication strategy, argumentation
strategy, perspectivization strategy, and mitigation strategy. However, this study
focuses only on nomination and predication strategies.
Studies on DHA had been conducted with different focuses and objects. There
are some studies focusing only on some selected discursive strategies offered by
DHA: Valk(2003) focused on referential and argumentation strategies while
Wodak(2010) investigated only the argumentation strategies. Related to the object of
the study, different discourses have been the object of some studies conducted by
using DHA. On political discourse, DHA was used to identify discursive properties
as the indicator of particular parties’ dominance (Ricento, 2003; Valk, 2003; Tekin,
2008). On managerial discourse, DHA was used to reveal the construction of new
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in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
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type worker in respect to gender in current management literature (Kelan, 2008). On
media discourse, DHA was employed to see how topoihelp to reveal thepolitical
objectives conveying USA liberal values via films and TV (Wodak, 2010). Though
using the same approach, those previous studies have different focuses and scopes.
Among those previous studies, none of them aims at investigating media
discourse which is related to the third party intervention of a war. Thus, the present
study aims at examining how Syrian civil war is reported in a media of Iran, which is
said to be the third party in the war.
1.2 Research Questions
This study was conducted to answer these following questions:
1.
How are social actors of Syrian civil war represented through nomination
strategies?
2.
How are social actors of Syrian civil war represented through predication
strategies?
1.3 Aims of the Study
This study was aimed at:
1.
Investigating thenomination strategies used by IRIB in representing social
actors of Syrian civil war.
2.
Investigating the predication strategies employed by IRIB in representing social
actors of Syrian civil war.
1.4 Significance of the Study
This study was expected to explore how the knowledge of Syrian civil war is shared
in a country (Iran) which has been interfering the war. Furthermore, this study was
expected to enrich the data to any further research on DHA.
TristiLarasat, 2014
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in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
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1.5 Scope of the Study
Eight articles from Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) were taken as the
object of investigation in this study. Those texts are news articlesreportingSyrian civil
war. The scope of the study was narrowed to find out the nomination and predication
strategies used by IRIB in presenting news about Syrian civil war.
1.6 Clarification of Terms
To avoid misunderstanding, some of important terms are clarified as follows:
a. Discourse historical approach (DHA)
DHA is one of the approaches of critical discourse analysis (CDA). DHA
synchronizes text analysis with knowledge about the historical sources and the
background of the social and political fields in which discursive events are embedded
(Reisigl & Wodak, 2001).
b. Nomination strategy
Nomination strategy is a strategy in using linguistic devices to refer to persons,
places, or events (Reisigl &Wodak, 2001).
c. Predication strategy
Predication strategy is a strategy in attaching persons, animals, or objects with some
qualities or characteristics (Reisigl & Wodak, 2001). This strategy is aimed at
representing social actors more or less positively or negatively.
d. Syrian civil war
Syrian civil waris a war between Syrian government and its civilian. It has been
occurring since March 2011. This armed conflict began when there was a clash
between Syria government and their civilian who demanded Syria President, Bashar
Al-Assad, to resign from his position. Since this conflict has been a never ending war,
there were third parties interfering this conflict. Some parties support Syria
government, the others support Syria civilian.
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in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
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e. Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB)
IRIB is a giant Iranian corporation of radio and television. The corporation was
launched in 1966. Then, The English radio’s Internet site was launched in July 2003.
(http://www.wikipedia.com)
1.7 Organization of the Paper
This study is organized in five chapters. Chapter I contains background of the study,
research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study,
clarification of the terms, and organization of the paper. Chapter II briefly provides
the theory related to this study. Chapter III discusses the process of data collection,
the source of the data, and the explanation on how the data were analyzed. The results
of the analysis will be presented in chapter IV. This chapter answers problems of this
study. Furthermore, there will be discussion on the significance of the results. Finally,
the conclusion of this study will be provided in Chapter V. This chapter also gives
some suggestions for further research related to this study.
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nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
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TristiLarasat, 2014
nomination and predication strategies employed by islamic republic of iran broadcasting (irib)
in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter provides the research methodology which describes the mechanism in
conducting the study. This chapter includes research design, data collection, and data
analysis. The research design elaborates the method and the theoretical framework
used in this study. In the data collection, the steps of collecting the data are
elaborated. In the end of this chapter, the process of analyzing data is explained in the
data analysis part.
3.1 Research Design
This study primarily employed a descriptive qualitative method. Descriptive method
is “an investigation that attempts to describe accurately and factually a phenomenon,
subject or area” (Richards & Schmidt, 2002, p. 152), while qualitative method
involves the analysis of non-numerical data by using non-statistical method (Dornyei,
2007). Thus, this study is qualitative since it analyses non-numerical data – the data
in this study are in the form of text. However, there are also some quantification
applied in this study used to analyze the occurrence of each type of nomination and
predication strategies employed by IRIB.
This study’s framework is one of CDA approaches namely Discourse Historical
Approach (DHA) proposed by Reisigl & Wodak (2001). More specifically, Reisigl &
Wodak’s (2001) notion of discursive strategy is used as the tool of analysis. Out of
five types of discursive strategies, this study focused on two types which are
nomination and predication strategies. The analysis of nomination strategy was aimed
at seeing how social actors of Syrian civil war were referred to. In addition, the
analysis of predication strategy was done to examine how the social actors were
represented through some characteristics attached to them.
TristiLarasat, 2014
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in presenting news about syrian civil war (a discourse historical approach)
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3.2 Data Collection
The data used in this study were taken from the English version of the official
Website of Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) at www.irib.ir/English.
IRIB is the Iranian corporation owned by the government of Iran. It is a very large
corporation which establishes radio, television, and online media. However, IRIB was
chosen not only because it is a very large corporation but also because IRIB is
considered as the corporation owned by a country that supports one of the parties
conflicting in Syrian civil war. It is proven by Iran’s action, i.e supporting Syrian
government to topple Syrian opposition.
The data are in the form of eight news articles reporting Syrian civil war and
were published in November 2013 until March 2014. Four texts were published
before Geneva Convention II, a conference held by UN to find a solution of Syrian
civil war, and the other four were published after the convention. Two different
periods (before and after Geneva Convention II) were selected in order to see whether
there is any change in nomination and predication strategies employed by IRIB due to
a historical aspect. The news articles and their publication dates are presented in the
table below:
Table 3.1 Eight News Articles Reporting Syrian civil war Published by IRIB
No.
1
2
3
Tittle
Syrian MP kidnapped, executed by Takfiri
Publication Date
10 November 2013
militants
Army makes new gains against Takfiri
11 November 2013
terrorists across Syria
Saudis seeking to create an army of Syrian
11 November 2013
opposition
4
Bomb attack kills dozen in Syria’s Aleppo
12 November 2013
5
Syria militants block Aleppo aid convoy
08 May 2014
6
Syria: Army Targets Militants in Several
14 May 2014
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Regions
7
Groups of Militants Killed across Syria
15 May 2014
8
Leaders of Militant Groups Killed in Aleppo
18 May 2014
3.3 Data Analysis
The collected data were then analyzed by using the framework of DHA proposed by
Reisigl & Wodak (2001). Specifically, this study analyzed the data by using a tool
proposed by DHA which is called discursive strategy. Discursive strategy offered by
DHA consisted of five strategies namely nomination strategy, predication strategy,
argumentation strategy, perspectivization strategy, and intensification and mitigation
strategy. However, this study only focuses on two strategies which are nomination
and predication strategies.
In conducting the investigation, four steps had been done. First, identifying the
nomination strategies employed by IRIB in referring to social actors of Syrian civil
war. The analysis of nomination strategy was conducted to find out the social actors
of Syrian civil war who were mentioned in the eight news texts from IRIB as well as
the linguistic devices used to refer to them. The analysis was conducted by manually
reviewing the texts. The linguistic devices found as the nomination strategies were
than classified based on the types of nomination strategy proposed by Reisigl &
Wodak (2001).
Second, investigating the predication strategies employed by IRIB in
representing social actors of Syrian civil war. After social actors were identified for
what linguistic devices used to refer to them, they were then identified for what
predication strategies attached to them. The analysis was done to see how IRIB
represent social actors of Syrian civil war by giving some characters to them. The
predication strategies found in the texts were then classified based on the types of
predication strategies proposed by Reisigl & Wodak (2001).
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Third, taking into account a historical aspect by investigating the pattern of
nomination and predication strategies employed in four news texts published before
Geneva Convention II and those which are published after the convention. The step
was done to see whether there is any change in nomination and predication strategies
employed by IRIB due to a historical aspect. Last, drawing the conclusions from the
findings of this study.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter provides the conclusions of the present study and the suggestions for
upcoming studies. This chapter is divided into two sections: the first section provides
the resume of this study; the second section provides the suggestions for further
studies.
5.1 Conclusions
This study examines how the issues of Syrian civil war are reported by a third party
of the war, i.e Iran. More specifically, this study investigates how nomination and
predication strategies are employed by Iran media, namely IRIB, in presenting news
about Syrian civil war. In addition, this study sees whether the nomination and
predication strategies are affected by a historical aspect.
According to the analysis of nomination strategy, anthroponym is the most
frequent strategy used by IRIB in referring to social actors of Syrian civil war. There
are two types of anthroponym employed by IRIB, i.e ideological anthroponyms and
professional anthroponyms. Ideological anthroponyms are used to refer to Syrian
opposition. Meanwhile, professional anthroponyms are used to refer to Syrian
government. The findings indicate that IRIB foregrounds the ideological side of
Syrian opposition and the professional side of Syrian government. In addition, IRIB
constructs negative image of Syrian opposition and neutral image of Syrian
government. It is proven by the findings showing that ideological anthroponym is
realized through negative nominations, while professional anthroponym is realized
through neutral nominations.
Regarding the analysis of predication strategy, it is found that explicit predicate
is the most frequent strategy. It is used to represent Syrian civil war social actors by
revealing their actions. Explicit predicates used to represent Syrian opposition mostly
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contain negative judgment. In contrast, explicit predicates used to represent Syrian
government mostly contain positive judgment. The findings indicate that IRIB
represents Syrian opposition negatively by foregrounding the oppositions’ negative
actions and backgrounding their positive actions. In contrast, IRIB represents Syrian
government positively by foregrounding the government’s positive actions and
backgrounding their negative actions.
In this study, it is also found that nomination and predication strategies
employed by IRIB change due to a historical aspect, i.e Geneva Convention II. The
findings show that the nominations of Syrian opposition in the articles published after
the convention are not as negative as those used in the articles published before the
convention. On the other hand, the predications of Syrian government in the articles
published after the convention are not as positive as those used in the articles
published before the convention.
Based on the findings above, it can be concluded that nomination and
predication strategies are important aspects in investigating how media represent
particular social actors. Furthermore, the choice of language in the nomination and
predication strategies can be said to be the part of a social practice, i.e reality
construction. It is not merely a transparent device used to describe social actors and
their actions but also a device affected by particular factors and loaded by particular
values by media. Therefore, CDA is widely used to investigate media discourse to demystify the motives behind realities constructed by media.
5.2 Suggestions
There are four suggestions to be considered in conducting further related studies. The
first is about the chosen discursive strategies. This study focuses on two out of five
discursive strategies proposed by Reisigl & Wodak (2002). It is advised that further
studies focus on other types of discursive strategies apart from nomination and
predication strategies. Furthermore, to make a more in-depth analysis, further studies
might focus on all types of discursive strategies.
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The second is about the news articles. The news articles analyzed in this present
study were collected from one media, namely IRIB. It would be worth trying for
further studies to collect news articles from different media. Thus, further studies can
see whether there are some differences of nomination and predication strategies
between the media. Further studies can investigate whether the same social actors can
be represented in different ways by different media.
The third is about the historical aspect. This present study took into account a
historical aspect in the analysis by comparing news articles published before and after
Geneva Convention II. However, the publication dates of the articles are not
extremely distant. It would be worth trying for further studies to analyze some articles
which are published in the more distant time, e.g articles published in different years.
The last is about the number of news articles. This present study solely chooses
eight news articles as the material of analysis. It could be much better for further
studies to choose more articles to be analyzed in order to make the findings more
accurate. In addition, the more texts are chosen, the more words are analyzed. Thus, if
further studies examine more texts, it is advised to use an additional tool of analysis
such as corpus software to assist the analysis process.
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