Staff Site Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta
3. MEASUREMENT
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
and DATA
COLLECTION
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy
FBS- UNY
© Yosa –
A. Alzuhdy
Quantitative Research
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy, M.Hum.
yosa@uny.ac.id
English Language and
Literature Study Program
Yogyakarta State University
NTITATIVELearning
SEARCH
2
Objectives
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
Quantitative
research
• Quantitative research stands for any
systematic empirical investigation of
quantitative phenomenon and
properties;
• Numeric analysis and measurement
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
are the key parts of quantitative
research that state the fundamental
connection between observation and
analytical statement;
• Quantitative methods are mostly used
to justify
the hypotheses and
draw a general conclusion on selected
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
Measurement
Measurement: turning abstractions into
variables.
Variable: a construct that can take on two or
more distinct values. It can be anything that
can be counted or measured, the result of
which will be the data of research.
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
Data : a collection of variable measurements
from a sample, to be analyzed and
interpreted.
Operational definition: description of how an
abstract concept measured in the research. It
defines how a variable will specifically be
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
Quantitative Data
The term quantitative data is used to describe
a type of information that can be
counted or expressed numerically. This
type of data is often collected in
experiments, manipulated and statistically
analyzed. Quantitative data can be
represented visually in graphs, histograms,
tables and charts.
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
Some examples of quantitative data include
exact counts ('there were 789 students
who attended the rally') or other types of
measurement ('it was 78 degree
Fahrenheit yesterday at 2 PM').
NTITATIVEVariable/Data
SEARCH
types
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
Nominal: divide responses into two or more distinct
categories in kind, not in degree or amount.
Ordinal: makes further distinction of categories by
quantity of response alternatives, with numerical
differences.
Interval: reflects increases in quantity with exactly
the same quantity between different responses
of variables.
Ratio: shows categories of increasing or decreasing
quantity with additional property of an absolute
zero, corresponding to the absence of the
measure.
The measurement of variables can be categorized
as categorical (nominal or ordinal scales) or
NTITATIVETypes
SEARCH
7
of Data
Table 3.1, page 49
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
NOMINAL DATA
Allows for the classification of objects, individual and
responses based on a common characteristic or shared
property.
A variable measured on the nominal scale may have one, two
or more sub-categories depending on the degree of variation
in the coding.
Any number attached to a nominal classification is merely a
label, and no ordering is implied: social worker, nurse,
electrician, physicist, politician, teacher, plumber, etc.
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
9
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE p.50
SEARCH
10
Your Turn
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
ORDINAL DATA
It does not only categorize objects, individuals and
responses into sub-categories on the basis of a common
characteristics, but it also ranks them in descending order of
magnitude.
Any number attached to an ordinal classification is ordered,
but the intervals between may not be constant:
Educational background, level of English competence,
General English course taken, etc
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
12
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE p.53
SEARCH
13
Your Turn
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
14
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
15
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
16
t Subject Index: P
: Political
: Political Ideology
t: THINK OF SELF AS LIBERAL OR CONSERVATIVE
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
17
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
INTERVAL DATA
It has the properties of the ordinal scale and, in
addition, has a commencement and
termination point, and uses a scale of
equally spaced intervals in relation to the
range of the variable.
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
The number of intervals between the
commencement and termination points is
arbitrary and varies from one scale to
another. Zero also has a value: such as the
temperature degree.
In measuring an attitude using the Likert scale,
the intervals may mean the same up and
down the scale of 1 to 5 but multiplication is
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
19
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
RATIO DATA
In addition to having all the properties of the
nominal, ordinal and interval scales, the ratio
scale has a zero point.
The ratio scale is an absolute measure allowing
multiplication to be meaningful.
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
The numerical values are ‘real numbers’ with
which you can conduct mathematical
procedures: a man aged 30 years is half
the age of a woman of 60 years.
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
21
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
Unitary
Dichotomous
SEARCH
Name
[1] Yes
CATEGORICAL
22
Occupation
Location
Site
[0] No
[1] Good
[0] Bad
[1] Female
[0] Male
[1] Right
[0] Wrong
[1] Extrovert
[0] Introvert
[1] Psychotic
[0] Neurotic
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
[1] Assertive
[0] Passive
[1] Present
[0] Absent
Polytomous
Attitudes (Likert Scale):
[5] . . . strongly agree
[4] . . . agree
[3] . . . uncertain
[2] . . . disagree
[1] . . . strongly disagree
Age:
[4] . . . Old
[3] . . . Middle-aged
[2] . . . Young
[1] . . . Child
Income:
[3] . . . High
[2] . . . Medium
[1] . . . Low
Socio-Economic Status:
[5] . . . A
[4] . . . B
[3] . . . C1
[2] . . . C2
[1] . . . D
[0] . . . E
CONTINUOUS
Interval or Ratio Scale
Income (£000s per annum)
Age (in years)
Reaction Time (in seconds)
Absence (in days)
Distance (in kilometres)
Length (metres)
Number of children (kids)
GPA
Another
way
of
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
classification
23
Qualitative
Quantitative
Sex (Male/Female)
Age (in years)
Age (Old/Young)
Attitude (Guttman scale)
Attitude (Favourable/Unfavourable)
Attitude (Thurstone & Cheve scale)
Attitude (Likert scale)
Performance (errors or faults per minute)
Achieved Educational Level (High/Low)
Achieved Educational Level (number of
years post-secondary school education)
Style (Autocratic/Participative)
Location (Urban/Rural)
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
Performance (Good/Bad)
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
24
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
See you next time…
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
and DATA
COLLECTION
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy
FBS- UNY
© Yosa –
A. Alzuhdy
Quantitative Research
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy, M.Hum.
yosa@uny.ac.id
English Language and
Literature Study Program
Yogyakarta State University
NTITATIVELearning
SEARCH
2
Objectives
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
Quantitative
research
• Quantitative research stands for any
systematic empirical investigation of
quantitative phenomenon and
properties;
• Numeric analysis and measurement
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
are the key parts of quantitative
research that state the fundamental
connection between observation and
analytical statement;
• Quantitative methods are mostly used
to justify
the hypotheses and
draw a general conclusion on selected
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
Measurement
Measurement: turning abstractions into
variables.
Variable: a construct that can take on two or
more distinct values. It can be anything that
can be counted or measured, the result of
which will be the data of research.
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
Data : a collection of variable measurements
from a sample, to be analyzed and
interpreted.
Operational definition: description of how an
abstract concept measured in the research. It
defines how a variable will specifically be
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
Quantitative Data
The term quantitative data is used to describe
a type of information that can be
counted or expressed numerically. This
type of data is often collected in
experiments, manipulated and statistically
analyzed. Quantitative data can be
represented visually in graphs, histograms,
tables and charts.
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
Some examples of quantitative data include
exact counts ('there were 789 students
who attended the rally') or other types of
measurement ('it was 78 degree
Fahrenheit yesterday at 2 PM').
NTITATIVEVariable/Data
SEARCH
types
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
Nominal: divide responses into two or more distinct
categories in kind, not in degree or amount.
Ordinal: makes further distinction of categories by
quantity of response alternatives, with numerical
differences.
Interval: reflects increases in quantity with exactly
the same quantity between different responses
of variables.
Ratio: shows categories of increasing or decreasing
quantity with additional property of an absolute
zero, corresponding to the absence of the
measure.
The measurement of variables can be categorized
as categorical (nominal or ordinal scales) or
NTITATIVETypes
SEARCH
7
of Data
Table 3.1, page 49
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
NOMINAL DATA
Allows for the classification of objects, individual and
responses based on a common characteristic or shared
property.
A variable measured on the nominal scale may have one, two
or more sub-categories depending on the degree of variation
in the coding.
Any number attached to a nominal classification is merely a
label, and no ordering is implied: social worker, nurse,
electrician, physicist, politician, teacher, plumber, etc.
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
9
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE p.50
SEARCH
10
Your Turn
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
ORDINAL DATA
It does not only categorize objects, individuals and
responses into sub-categories on the basis of a common
characteristics, but it also ranks them in descending order of
magnitude.
Any number attached to an ordinal classification is ordered,
but the intervals between may not be constant:
Educational background, level of English competence,
General English course taken, etc
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
12
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE p.53
SEARCH
13
Your Turn
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
14
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
15
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
16
t Subject Index: P
: Political
: Political Ideology
t: THINK OF SELF AS LIBERAL OR CONSERVATIVE
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
17
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
INTERVAL DATA
It has the properties of the ordinal scale and, in
addition, has a commencement and
termination point, and uses a scale of
equally spaced intervals in relation to the
range of the variable.
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
The number of intervals between the
commencement and termination points is
arbitrary and varies from one scale to
another. Zero also has a value: such as the
temperature degree.
In measuring an attitude using the Likert scale,
the intervals may mean the same up and
down the scale of 1 to 5 but multiplication is
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
19
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
RATIO DATA
In addition to having all the properties of the
nominal, ordinal and interval scales, the ratio
scale has a zero point.
The ratio scale is an absolute measure allowing
multiplication to be meaningful.
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
The numerical values are ‘real numbers’ with
which you can conduct mathematical
procedures: a man aged 30 years is half
the age of a woman of 60 years.
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
21
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
Unitary
Dichotomous
SEARCH
Name
[1] Yes
CATEGORICAL
22
Occupation
Location
Site
[0] No
[1] Good
[0] Bad
[1] Female
[0] Male
[1] Right
[0] Wrong
[1] Extrovert
[0] Introvert
[1] Psychotic
[0] Neurotic
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
[1] Assertive
[0] Passive
[1] Present
[0] Absent
Polytomous
Attitudes (Likert Scale):
[5] . . . strongly agree
[4] . . . agree
[3] . . . uncertain
[2] . . . disagree
[1] . . . strongly disagree
Age:
[4] . . . Old
[3] . . . Middle-aged
[2] . . . Young
[1] . . . Child
Income:
[3] . . . High
[2] . . . Medium
[1] . . . Low
Socio-Economic Status:
[5] . . . A
[4] . . . B
[3] . . . C1
[2] . . . C2
[1] . . . D
[0] . . . E
CONTINUOUS
Interval or Ratio Scale
Income (£000s per annum)
Age (in years)
Reaction Time (in seconds)
Absence (in days)
Distance (in kilometres)
Length (metres)
Number of children (kids)
GPA
Another
way
of
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
classification
23
Qualitative
Quantitative
Sex (Male/Female)
Age (in years)
Age (Old/Young)
Attitude (Guttman scale)
Attitude (Favourable/Unfavourable)
Attitude (Thurstone & Cheve scale)
Attitude (Likert scale)
Performance (errors or faults per minute)
Achieved Educational Level (High/Low)
Achieved Educational Level (number of
years post-secondary school education)
Style (Autocratic/Participative)
Location (Urban/Rural)
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
Performance (Good/Bad)
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
24
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY
NTITATIVE
SEARCH
See you next time…
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy - UNY