Suggestion strategies used by the main characters in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe movie.

SUGGESTION STRATEGIES USED BY THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN
THE CHRONICLES OF NARNIA: THE LION, THE WITCH, AND THE
WARDROBE MOVIE

THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of
English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University
Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:
Roistina Warih Suciyanti
Reg. Number: A73213128

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA
2017

Scanned by CamScanner

ABSTRACT

Suciyanti, Roistina Warih. 2017. Suggestion Strategies used by The Main
Characters in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The
Wardrobe movie. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Arts and
Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya
The Advisor : Dr. A. Dzo’ul Milal, M.pd
Key Terms
: Suggestions, Suggestion Strategy, Main Characters, The
Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe
movie

Suggestions is an expression that the speaker wants the hearer to perform an
action which is possibly beneficial to his/her (the hearer). The objective of
suggestions is benefit to the hearer. This research aims to describe kinds of
suggestion strategies which are used by the main characters in The Chronicles of
Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe movie and to describe similarities
and differences between man (Peter and Edmund) and woman (Susan and Lucy)
main characters in making suggestions. This research uses qualitative content
analysis.
Qualitative content analysis discusses deeply about meanings, themes, or
categories in which may be connect with other factors in a social reality. Here, the

researcher collects the data from the utterances of the main characters. The steps to
collect the data are preparing the data, selecting the data, collecting the data, and
coding.
After analyzing the data, the researcher found that the aim characters (Peter,
Susan, Emund, dan Lucy) used six suggestion strategies, imperative, negative
imperative, specific formulae (Interrogative forms), Possibility/probability,
Conditionals, and Hints strategy. While, man and woman main characters have
similiraties and differences in making suggestion. There are four similarities,
imperative, negative imperative, specific formulae (Interrogative forms), and Hints
strategy. The differences are Possibility/probability, and Conditionals strategy.
This is influenced by gender, age and the relation between interlocutors in making
suggestions.

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INTISARI
Suciyanti, Roistina Warih. 2017. Suggestion Strategy used by The Main Characters
in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe
movie. Skripsi. Prodi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Seni dan Humaniora.
UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Pembimbing : Dr. A. Dzo’ul Milal, M.pd
Kata Kunci : Suggestions, Suggestion Strategy, Main Characters, The
Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe
movie

Saran adalah suatu ungkapan yang mana pembicara ingin pendengar
melakukan sesuatu yang bisa jadi bermanfaat untuk dirinya. Pemberian saran ini
memiliki tujuan untuk memberikan keuntungan kepada para pendengarnya.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti macam-macam strategi saran yang
digunakan oleh para pemeran utama dalam film The Chronicles of Narnia: The
Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe dan untuk membahas tentang persamaan dan
perbedaan strategi saran yang digunakan oleh pemain utama laki-laki (Peter dan
Edmund) dan pemain utama wanita (Susan dan Lucy). Peneliti menggunakan
metode qualitatif analisis isi.
Qualitatif analisis isi membahas lebih mendalam tentang maksud, tema, atau
kategori yang mungkin berhubungan dengan faktor-faktor lain dalam kehidupan
sosial. Peneliti disini mengumpulkan data dari ungkapan para pemeran utama.
Langkah-langkah untuk mengumpulkan data yaitu menyiapkan data, memilih data,
mengumpulkan data dan memberikan kode.
Setelah menganalisis data, peneliti menemukan bahwa pemeran utama

(Peter, Susan, Emund, dan Lucy) menggunkan enam strategi saran yaitu, strategi
imperative, negative imperative, specific formulae (Interrogative forms),
Possibility/probability, Conditionals, dan Hints. Sementara, pemeran utama lakilaki (Peter dan Edmund) dan perempuan (Susan dan Lucy) memiliki persamaan dan
perbedaan dalam membuat saran. Terdapat empat persamaan dalam membuat saran
adalah strategi imperative, negative imperative, specific formulae (Interrogative
forms), dan Hints. Kemudian, perbedaannya adalah strategi Possibility/probability,
dan Conditionals. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh gender, umur, dan hubungan antara
pembicara
dan
pendengar
dalam
membuat
saran.

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digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INSIDE COVER ..............................................................................................i
INSIDE TITLE .................................................................................................ii
DECLARATIONS ...........................................................................................iii
MOTTO ............................................................................................................iv
DEDICATION ..................................................................................................v
ADVISOR’S APPROVAL SHEET ................................................................vi
EXAMINER’S APPROVAL SHEET .............................................................vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................viii
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................x
INTISARI ..........................................................................................................ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................xii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .....................................................................1
1.1 Background of Study ...................................................................................1
1.2 Research Questions. .....................................................................................4
1.3 Research Objective .......................................................................................4
1.4 Significance of Study ....................................................................................5
1.5 Scope and Limitation ...................................................................................5
1.6 Definition of Key terms ...............................................................................6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................7

xii

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2.1 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................7
2.1.1 Sociolinguistics ....................................................................................7
2.1.2 Language and Gender ...........................................................................8
2.1.3 Speech Acts ...........................................................................................10
2.1.4 The Kinds of Speech act .......................................................................12
2.1.5 Directives ..............................................................................................13
2.1.6 Suggestion Acts ....................................................................................13
2.1.7 Suggestion Strategy ..............................................................................15
2.1.8 The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe
movie .............................................................................................................19
2.2 Previous Study .............................................................................................20

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ........................................................23
3.1 Research Design ...........................................................................................23

3.2 Data Collection .............................................................................................25
3.2.1 Data and Data Source .........................................................................25
3.2.2 Instrument ..........................................................................................25
3.2.3 Technique of Data Collection .............................................................26
3.3 Technique of Data Analysis .........................................................................29

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ...........................................33
4.1 Findings of Suggestion Strategies Used by The Main Characters (Peter,
Susan, Edmund, and Lucy) ................................................................................33

xiii

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4.2 Similarities and Differences of men (Peter and Edmund) and women
(Susan and Lucy) main characters in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion,
The Witch, and The Wardrobe movie ................................................................54

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...............................59
5.1 Conclusions ..................................................................................................59

5.2 Suggestions ..................................................................................................60

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................64
APPENDIXES ..................................................................................................xv

xiv

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is related with fundamental idea of this study. This chapter
consists of six points of introduction. Those are background of study, research
problems, objective of study, significance of study, scope and limitation, and
definition of key terms.

1.1 Background of Study
Suggestion is a speech act which is included into directive act. Directive act
itself is useful to make the hearer to do something (an activity or an action) from
what the speaker said. The objective of suggestion is benefit to the hearer

(Martinez-Flor, 2005). According to Farnia, et.al (2014), making suggestion
means proposing an idea about what the speaker should do or how the speaker
should behave. It means that suggestion will make the hearer knows what the
better choice for them to do something. It can be concluded that suggestion is an
expression which gives choices to the hearer to perform an action which is
possibly beneficial for them.

Therefore, this research focuses on suggestion

speech act.
People usually use suggestion in their daily interaction. Then, we also usually
get some suggestions from our friend or relative, teacher, doctor, professor, etc.
For example: people suggest their friend to try a new shop in town, teachers
suggest their students on how to study, and so on. Some journals have been
analyzed suggestion speech act in educational setting. As Liu and Zhao (2007)
have done. In their journal article, they studied about pragmatic choice used by

1
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2

the student in writing instructor in student conference. Another research is about
the influence of L1 suggestion pattern of Iranian Learner of English at different
proficiency level and gender (Ahmadi, Kargar, & Rostampour (2014)).
Suggestion is also used in TV commercial either as the message of some
advertisements to influence the viewer to buy a product (e.g Schmidt, Shimura,
Wang, Jeong (1990)) or linguistic forms and strategies which are used in
commercial (e.g Ohata (2004)). Then, other journal article explained the
production of suggestion in workplace (Santos & Silva (2008)).
Language generally is used to communicate each other in a society. Language
usually also influenced by socials factors, one of it is gender. Gender refers to the
different of man and woman character based on social, culture, status, and their
role in the society. Gender shows that man language and woman language is
different. While, based on Pishgadham and Sharafadini’s journal, gender can
influence in producing of suggestions. Here, the researcher also uses social factor,
gender to know man and woman in making suggestion.
In this present study, the researcher uses The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion,
The Witch, and The Wardrobe movie. The main character is Peter, Susan,
Edmund, and Lucy. There are two female main characters (Susan and Lucy) and

two male main characters (Peter and Edmund). This movie was released on
December 9, 2005. This movie is based on a novel with the same title written by
C.S. Lewis. This movie tells about the traveling of four siblings in a magical
world of Narnia through a wardrobe in Professor Koike’s house. Narnia is a
magical world and always snowy but there is no Christmas there. There is a witch

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3

named Jadis that called herself as the Queen of Narnia but actually she is not the
Queen. They have some problems with Jadis or the white witch and must fight
with Jadis’s army to rescue their brother Edmund and to safe Narnia.
The researcher gives some reasons why analyze suggestions in The Chronicles
of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe movie. Firstly, Suggestion is
usually used in our daily interaction. Suggestion will make someone understand
what she/he should do and how she/he behave. As the objective of suggestions,
suggestion will benefit for the hearer (she/he). Secondly, the researcher is
interested in analyzing this movie because there is no researcher analyzed about
suggestion acts in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The
Wardrobe movie. Thirdly, many researchers analyzed conversations from
dramatic movie not from fantasy movie like The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion,
The Witch, and The Wardrobe movie. Fourthly, this movie is a series movie and
this is the first series. So, this movie will be more easy to be understood. Fifthly,
the researcher chooses the main characters (Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy) as
the object of this study because they are the main character in this movie and
always appear in the beginning until the end of the movie. Lastly, there are many
suggestions showed by the main characters in this movie within different
situation, setting and topic so that it is so important to be analyzed.
Based on explanation above, this research analyzes about kinds of suggestion
act are expressed by the main characters and similarities and differences of men
(Peter and Edward) and women (Susan and Lucy) main characters in making
suggestions in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe

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4

movie. This research uses suggestion strategy by Martinez Flor (2005). This
strategy is so complete and fit to be used in this study. There are eleven strategies
which were grouped into three main forms. Those are direct suggestions
(performative verb, noun of suggestion, imperative, negative imperative),
conventionalized suggestions (specific formulae, possibility or probability,
should, need, conditional), and indirect suggestions (impersonal and hints).

1.2 Research Problems
This Research was done to answer the problems formulated in the following
questions:
1.2.1

What are kinds of suggestion act expressed by the main characters (Peter,
Susan, Edmund, and Lucy) in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The
Witch, and The Wardrobe movie?

1.2.2

What are similarities and differences between men (Peter and Edmund)
and women (Susan and Lucy) main characters in making suggestion?

1.3 Research Objective
The following is the purpose of the research based on statement of problems
above:
1.3.1

To describe kinds of suggestion strategies expressed by the main
characters (Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy) in The Chronicles of Narnia:
The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe movie.

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5

1.3.2

To describe the similarities and differences between men (Peter and
Edward) and women (Susan and Lucy) main characters in making
suggestion.

1.4 Significance of The Study
This research aims to understand men and women main characters in making
suggestion in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe
movie. The researcher hopes this study useful to linguistic learners in expressing
their suggestion. This research is also to give more information and to improve
their understanding about making suggestion by male and female. Then, this
research also can be a reference for the reader, especially to English Department,
Faculty of Arts and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
Surabaya, who wants to study and analyze about suggestion acts.

1.5 Scope and Limitation
The researcher analyzes the utterances which includes in suggestions. The
scope of this research focuses on the utterances of suggestion act used by male
and female main characters in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch,
and The Wardrobe movie. The main characters are Peter, Susan, Edmund, and
Lucy. Peter and Edmund are as male main character and Susan and Lucy are as
female character. The researcher takes conversation not only between the main
characters but also the conversation between the main characters and supporting
character. Then, the researcher limited this study by using Martinez-Flor (2005)

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6

strategies. The researcher classifies suggestion act from the utterances of main
characters by using this theory. There are eleven strategies of suggestion act
which are grouped into three main types including direct, conventionalized forms,
and indirect. This is because the researcher assumes that Martinez-Flor’s
strategies are more specific and proper to be used in analyzing this movie. The
description thus may be different to what the characters mean or the script’s writer
means. The researcher only watches the movie and does not tangle with the
movie.

1.6 Definition of Key Terms
Suggestion is an expression that the hearer performs an action which is possibly
beneficial to the hearer (Martinez-Flor, 2005)
Suggestion strategies are the ways to utter a suggestion to other people (MartinezFlor, 2005)
Main Character is the character that has important role and always appear in each
event in the story (Nurgiyantoro, 1995: 79).
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe movie is a
fantasy adventure movie that is adapted from a novel written by C.S
Lewis

and

was

released

on

December

9,

2005.

(http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion
,_the_Witch,_and_the_Wardrobe_(film) )

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher presents two important points, theoretical
framework and related studies. Theoretical framework consists of all the theories
which are relevant with this research. Then, related study shows previous study
about suggestion acts.

2.1 Theoretical Framework
2.1.1 Sociolinguistics
Language has a social function. It can be established and maintain social
relationships. People communicate using language in everyday life. They use
language differently in many different ways in a social situation. Language
usually is useful to express someone feeling, someone thought or someone
opinion. So, language has important role in a society and useful for
communication. So if we talk about language in relationship with society, it is
included a study which is called sociolinguistics.
Sociolinguistics is from the word ‘socio’ and ‘linguistics’. ‘Socio’ is same
with the word ‘social’ that means related to society. Whereas, ‘linguistics’ means
the study about language or the study that focuses on language as its object either
the elements of language and the relation between the elements (Dimyathi,
4:2014).
Sociolinguistics is a study that explain the relationship between language
and society. It also explains social aspects like the differences in language that

7
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8

related to social factors as well as why people speak differently in different social
situation and focus with identifying the social function of language and how the
way to express social meaning (Holmes, 1992:1; Dimyathi, 2014:4). This means
that language cannot be separated by the society and has important role in society.
When people was doing interaction with other people, social factor will
appear. Social factor is factors that appear when we are doing communication
with other people. This factors may be will important prove in describing and
analyzing all kinds of interaction. There are four social factors that were described
by Holmes included participants, setting, topic, and function. The factors were
discussed, as bellow: (Holmes, 1992:12)
-

The participants are the people who contribute into the conversation.
This factor is related to “who is speaking and who are they speaking
to”.

-

The setting is where they as the participant doing the conversation.
The setting means the place. For example: school, home, work, etc.

-

The topic is related to what the participants speak. It can be, for
example; they talk about education, politics, etc.

-

The function is related to the reason or the goal of the conversation. It
can be to inform something, to produce something, and so on
(Holmes, 1992:12)

Using sociolinguistics, people can know how language is used by someone
when they do interact with other people and pays attention to social factors (the

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9

participants, setting, topic, and function). Besides, they also should pay attention
to some variables that may appear, for example: age, economic, education,
gender, and so on, which will make someone’s speech and the way to express
their speech is different and people will also understand about their conversation.
For example: someone does interaction with other people who have same
education, they will understand each other what they are talking about.

2.1.2

Language and Gender
Language is a tool to communicate with other people. Language usually is

influenced by social aspects of the user, such as ages, domain, and so on. Gender
also can influence language of its user.
Language has two variations in gender that usually is called man’s
language and woman’s language. Gender is something that people cannot avoid. It
also separates around us and have differences in some aspects. Biologically, man
and woman is different. Woman have more fat and less muscle than man. Then,
they also mature more rapidly and live longer than man. This biological aspect
generally has already known because people can look their selves.
In sociolinguistics, there are relationship between language and gender.
Gender has some differences in language use (Holmes, 7:1995; Wardaugh, 316:
2006; Dimyathi, 155:2014). There is an expression “why do woman and man
different ways in talking? “. Woman and man do not speak in exactly the same
way as each other. They use language differently. Holmes (7:1995) describes man
and woman factors interact differently. She said that woman is more focus on

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10

making connecting. Woman wants to establish a close connection and focuses on
interdependence between people. While man is more focus on independence and
objectivity. This means that man is more independence and focus on hierarchy
relationship. This explanation describes that there are psychological differences in
language use by man and woman.
Differences in language use by man and woman are also influenced by
their socialization. In many societies, boys and girls have different socialization’s
pattern. This causes they have different way in using and interpreting language.
Boys and girls operate in single-sex peer group. This condition makes them have
different interaction. Boy tends to be more competitive and control-oriented,
while girl tends to more cooperative and focus on relative closeness.
Holmes also said that as the powerless member of subordinate group,
woman possible polite in their language use than man. Woman as subordinate
group tends to emphasize in the values and attitudes in their language use to
distinguish them with man. This explanation shows gender-based differences in
linguistic behavior to differential power in society.
According to Wardaugh (324:2006), some researchers agree that man
more talkative than woman. Man usually talk focusing on competition and
teasing, sport, aggression, and doing things. While, woman more interested talk
about the self, feelings, affiliation with others, home, and family. It can be
concluded that man and woman have different way to express something about
what they feel or what they think when they are talking.

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2.1.3

Speech Act
Speech act is the fundamental idea which was designed by an American

philosopher, Austin, in the last 1930s (Huang, 2006:1004). In 1960, he was death
and his ideas were developed, structured, and progressive by John R. Searle or
more known as Searle. Searle is also an American philosopher and one of
Austin’s students in Oxford (Huang, 2006:1001). Both of them, Austin and Searle
described about the action in someone speech but they have different focus.
Austin focused on how speakers understand their purposes in speaking. Whereas,
Searle focused on how the hearer respond to utterance (Wardhaugh, 2006:289).
Speech acts are ‘verbal action happening in the world’ (Mey, 2001:95). It
means that when the speaker utters a speech, they will send meaning, message and
information to make the hearer do what the speaker wants. All people do not
construct speech including grammatical structure and words, but they also will
show actions in their speech, called speech act. So speech act is verbal action that
people will do an action or activity to realization the speech.
Yule also adds that speech act can be used to describe some action such as,
requesting, commanding, questioning, or informing. Speech act theory tries to
explain how speaker use language to achieve future actions and how hearers
understand intended meaning form what is said (Altikriti, 2011). To understand
someone utterance, there are three steps which have constructed by Austin (1962)
(Kreidler, 1998:181)


Locutionary act is what the speaker said (it refers to the production of
meaningful utterance).

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12



Illocutionary act is what the speaker means to communicate with the
hearer, for example: command, promise, complaint, and so on.



Perlocutionary act is the effect of locutionary act for the hearer.

Sumarsono (324:2014), gives an example about locution, illocution, and
perlocution. For instance, someone comes to her friend’s house. She says to her
friend, “your house is very clean”. The locution of that utterance is the condition
of house that is clean. Based on locution, the illocution is compliments whether
the house is really clean. Otherwise, the utterance will be mocks weather the
house actually is dirty. The illocution is complements, it will make the hearer
happy and will be saying thank you. Whereas, the illocution is mocks, it will make
the hearer being shy or angry. Then, they will say sorry. This expression is
perlocution that show the hearer act toward the speaker utterance.

2.1.4

The Kinds of Speech Act
Searle (1969) was divided speech act into five classifications (Huang,

2006:1004). Those are:


Declarations (or declaratives) is the act that shows the effect of words
to the world. It is including on (officially) opening bridge, declaring
war, excommunicating, firing from employment, and nominating a
candidate. For example: I object, your honor

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13



Representatives (or assertive) is the speech act which express the
speaker’s belief. It is including statements of fact, assertions,
conclusions, and descriptions. For example: The earth is flat.



Expressives is the expression which shows the speaker “a
psychological attitude” or feeling such as joy, sorrows, and like/dislike.
It is including apologizing, blaming, congratulating, praising, and
thanking. For example: Well done, Elizabeth!



Directives is the speech act that represent an attempt by the speaker to
make the hearer to do something. It expresses the speaker’s desire or
wish for the hearer to fulfill it. It occurs on advices, commands, orders,
questions, and requests. For example: put the cake in the oven.



Commisssives is the speech act that the speaker will be doing
something in the future of action. It usually occurs on offers, pledges,
promises, refusals, and threats. This type usually uses words such as
‘agree’, ‘ask’, ‘offer’, ‘refuse’, and ‘swear’ (Kreidler, 1998:192) For
example: I’ll never buy you another computer game.

2.1.4.1 Directive Acts
Searle (1969) was proposed types of illocutionary act. There are five types
of illocutionary act and one of it is directive act. Directive act is a speech act that
the speaker (S) uses to make the hearer (H) doing something (X). The hearer will
show what the speaker’s desire. Here, the speaker tries to make ‘the world fit the

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14

word’ (by the hearer). Commands, orders, requests, and suggestions are
directives.
For example:
-

Could you lend me a pen, please?

-

Don’t touch that (Yule, 1996: 54)

2.1.5

Suggestion Act
People usually use suggestion in their daily interaction. People sometimes

encounter situation where they give or receive suggestions. For example: people
suggest their friend to try a new shop in town, teachers suggest their students on
how to study, and so on.
Suggestion is a speech act which is the group of directive act in which the
speaker’ purpose is to make the hearer to do some future of actions (MartinezFlor, 2005). Martinez-Flor also said that the objective of suggestion is benefit to
the hearer. It means that the hearer will get advantage from the speaker’s
suggestion; the hearer will do what they think it is the better choice for them.
There are three components when the speaker making a suggestion to the
hearer (Jiang, 2006):
-

The speaker will mention an idea, potential plan or action for the hearer
to consider.

-

The speaker offers an opinion about what the hearer should do or how
they should behave in a particular situation.

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15

-

The speaker believes that the action is the better choice or is needed by
the hearer and they will do it (Jiang, 2006).

According to Kreidler (1998:90), A suggests is the expression of the
speaker opinion to give the hearer choices (the hearer should or should not). The
hearer has full decision to choose whether they agree or do not agree with the
speaker. If they agree with the speaker suggestion they will do what the speaker
said, but if they do not agree with the speaker they will not do what the speaker
said. Through speech act, people can understand about the advantage of action.
The objective of suggestion act is the benefit to the hearer (Martinez-Flor, 2005).
For example:
-

I advise you to be prompt; I warn you not to be late

-

We suggest you (should) pay more attention to what you are doing
(Kreidler, 1998:190).

2.1.6

Suggestion Strategies
The linguistic structure was used for making suggestion acts provided by

Martinez-Flor (2005). In this study, the researcher uses Martinez-Flor strategy.
She believes that there are three ways to express suggestion, direct,
conventionalized and indirect. The explanation will be described as bellow:
The first type of suggestion is direct strategy. In this strategy, the speaker
obviously utters what she/he means (Martinez-Flor, 2005). There are four types of

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16

direct suggestion. Those are Performative Verbs, Noun of Suggestion, Imperative
and Negative Imperative.
Performative verbs are clearly associated with direct speech act. MartinezFlor said that some researchers (Wardhaugh 1985; Koike 1994; Koester 2002)
performative verbs do not use in each communication in everyday life because
this strategy is regarded as very direct. This formula is usually used in formal
situation. Then, Jiang (2006) also give an opinion in his journal, as he said:
“The performance of direct speech act through the use of performative
verbs and their corresponding nouns (e.g suggestion, advice, proposal,
and recommendation) in the corpus did not happen in study group, but
it did appear 11 times in office hours. Performative verbs are used in
suggestions more frequently from the higher-status to the lower-status
interlocutor on more serious topics, or things the speaker strongly
believes the hearer should do.”
Based on those explanation, performative verbs strategy is only used in
certain situation and discussed about crucial topic. Here, it will give authorities to
the speaker that she/he believes toward what she/he (the speaker) said will be
done by the hearer. The result of suggestion sound using this strategy is more
formal and forceful. This formula usually emphasizes to some verb that they
possible will do something, as using suggest, recommend, advice and so on. For
instance, People said, I suggest that you….or I advise you to….
The usage of noun to show a suggestion will be direct. In this case, the
hearer directly express her/his suggestions with saying “My suggestion to you
is…..”. This is noun of suggestions strategy (Martinez-Flor, 2005).
Imperative and negative imperative are also direct speech act. This is most
direct ad impolite forms of making suggestion because this strategy uses the most

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17

literal pragmatic force, as in try using this computer (imperative) or don’t try to
use this computer (negative imperative) (Martinez-Flor, 2005).
The second type is conventionalized forms. This strategy is not as direct as
the first type and makes the hearer to understand the speaker’s purposes behind
the suggestion. There are five types in this strategy. Those are specific formulae
(interrogative form), possibility/probability, should, need, and conditional
(Martinez-Flor, 2005).
Specific formulae or interrogative form is one of strategy to make a
suggestion. This strategy utilizes interrogative forms to perform suggestions. For
instance, “Why don’t you phone this person?” or “What about making this
choice?” (Martinez-Flor, 2005).
The expressions of possibility or probability is a part of conventionalized
forms. This implies the use of modal verbs to express suggestions. such as, you
can…, you could…, you may…, you might…. (Martinez-Flor, 2005).
Need and should strategy is also conventionalized form to perform
suggestions. it is also in form of verb. The verbs also can indicate suggestions. for
example, you should…, you need to…. (Martinez-Flor, 2005).
Another construction associated with suggestions is conditionals.
Martinez-Flor as cited in Koike (1996:264) said that conditional is as “an irrealis
clause in declarative form”. Jiang (2006) said:
“Conditionals are often considered an indirect way of making
suggestions, showing the politeness of the speaker. Brown and
Levinson (1987) named the subordinator if in conditionals a
possibility marker. By including a notion of possibility, suggestion
may sound more polite.”

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18

The last, indirect is the speaker is not clearly uttering what she/he means.
This strategy indirectly pointed to the indicator. It makes the hearer infer what
exactly the speaker intention in her/his suggestion. There are two kind of indirect
strategy. Those are impersonal and hint (Martinez-Flor, 2005).
Impersonal strategy is a way of expressing indirect suggestions, for
instance in a sentence “it would be helpful if you could find his telephone number”
(Martinez-Flor, 2005). Then, the last strategy is the use of hints. It is a strategy of
expressing suggestions using most indirect type of comment. For example: “I’ve
heard that the course is really difficult”. This example means that the hearer
should infer the sentence as a suggestion in which the hearer does not take the
course for his/her own benefit (Martinez-Flor, 2005). The strategy is presented as
bellow:

Type

Strategy
Performative verb

Direct

Noun of Suggestion
Imperative
Negative Imperative

Conventionalized
Forms

Specific Formulae
(Interrogative form)

Example
I suggest that you…..
I advices you to….
I recommend that you….
My Suggestion would
be….
Try using…..
Don’t try to….
Why don’t you….?
How about…..?
What about…?
Have you thought
about….?

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19

Possibility/probability

Should
Need
Conditional

Impersonal

Indirect

Hint

2.1.7

You can…
You could…
You may…
You might…
You should…
You need to…
If I were you, I would …
One thing (that you can
do) would be…
Here’s one possibility…
There are a number of
options that you…
It would be helpful if
you…
It might be better to…
A good idea would be…
It would be nice if…
I’ve heard that…

The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe
movie
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe is a

series movie produced by Walt Disney Picture and Walden Media and was
released on December 9, 2005. The director of this movie is Andrew Adamson.
This movie is adapted from a novel written by C.S Lewis and has the same name
with the movie. This movie is the first series of three series. The three series are
The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe, The Prince of Caspian, and The
Voyages

of

the

down

Trader.

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20

(https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion,_the_Wit
ch_and_the_Wardrobe ).
This movie tells about four siblings from Pevensie family. They are Peter,
Susan, Edmund, and Lucy. They must be evacuated to Professor Koike’s house
while the war is happening. Professor Koike has a big and huge house. There is a
wardrobe in one of spare room in the house. The wardrobe becomes the only way
to connect between the real world and a magical world named Narnia. Narnia
always snowy but never Christmas. There is a white witch there, named Jadis. She
says that she is Narnia’s Queen but actually she is not. They meet some problems
there. They must rescue their brother, Edmund from Jadis or the white witch.
Besides, they also must protect Narnia from Jadis and her army.
This movie was successful in 2005 and was sold more than $745 million
worldwide. This movie also got positive response. It can be proven from a reward
from Critics’ choice movie awards for this movie in family movie category.
Besides, this movie has got many appreciations in 2005 such as, best
anthropomorphic motion picture from Ursa Major Award., Best Motion Picture
from

Satellite

Award

and

so

on

(https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion,_the_Wit
ch_and_the_Wardrobe ).

2.1.8

Previous Study
The researcher has some relevant studies in the same field which

investigated in Suggestion act. There is a research conducted a thesis by Hardianti

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21

(Student of State Islamic University Surabaya) (2015). Next, some journals were
written by Pishgadham and Sharafadini (2011) and Hedari-Syahreza (2013). The
following is explanation of the references.
Firstly, a thesis was written by Hardianti (2015) entitled Suggestion act
used by the main character in ‘Confession of Shopaholic’ Movie. She explored
about kinds of suggestion act and the way of main characters in expressing their
suggestion act. Three main characters have chosen, Rebecca Bloomwood, Luke
Brandon and Suze. Her thesis used descriptive qualitative method and also used a
theory by Martinez-Flor (2005). The findings indicated that the main characters
used three main strategies, direct (imperative and negative imperative),
conventionalized (specific formulae, possibility/probability, need and should, and
conditional), and indirect (impersonal and hints).
Secondly, a journal analyzed about suggestion act used by Iranian
university student by Pishghadam & Sharfadini (2011). In this journal, they are
attempt to compare and contrast English and Persian suggestion to identify the
cross cultural values. 75 males and 75 females student of University of Mashhad
in Iran are chosen as the participants. They collected the data through a DCT
(Discourse Completion Task) in which consist of six natural situations and the
participants should give their respond. Then, suggestion utterances were
categorized into nine suggestion strategies by Jiang theory (2006). They used
quantitative method. The result showed that gender is a crucial factor to express
suggestion, and language and different culture is interrelated.

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22

Thirdly, another journal, entitled A Sociolinguistic and Cross-cultural
investigation into the speech act of Suggestion, was written by Heidari-Syahreza
(2013). This journal investigated the production of suggestion acts by Iranian EFL
Learner in their L2 (English) in comparison with American’s group and Iranian’s
group making suggestions in their L1. He collected the data through written DCT
and role-play cards. The participants are ninety students who were grouped into
three groups (two groups of Iranian and one group of America). He distributed
written DCT and coded the responses into Li’s theory (2010). He found that
American group is more use speaker and hearer perspective, direct, and redresive
action. While, Iranian group is more use speaker and hearer perspective, nonconventional, and without redresive action. This is differences because there is the
influence of topic and solidarity/power relationship between interlocutors.
By the explanation above, this research is different with the previous study
above. Firstly, this research not only analyzes kinds of suggestion strategy but
also suggestion strategy that is used by man and woman to express suggestion
acts. Secondly, this research shows similarities and differences suggestion
strategies used by man and woman to know how man and woman performing
their suggestion acts. Thirdly, this research sees social influence toward man and
woman in expressing suggestion acts. Furthermore, this is so important to be
analyzed and to improve our understanding about man and woman production of
suggestion acts.

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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter discussed about the method that was used by the writer in this
study. The method of this study was explained in some points. Those are Research
Design, Data and Data Source, Research Instrument, Techniques of Data
Collection, and Techniques of Data Analysis.

3.1 Research Design
This research analyzed kinds of suggestion acts used by the main
characters and the similarities and differences suggestion speech act which was
used by men and women main characters in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion,
The Witch, and The Wardrobe movie. This research took the data from the
utterances of main characters in movie script that contained suggestion speech act.
Here, the researcher adopted qualitative content analysis for this study.
Elo & Kyngäs (2007) (as cited in Cole (1988)) described content analysis
as a method of investigating “non-verbal, verbal or visual communication
message”. Content analysis can be analyzed widely area, as said by Neuendorf,
(1:2002):
“It includes the careful examination of human interactions; the
analysis of character portrayals in TV commercials, films, and novels;
the computer-driven of investigation of word usage in news releases
and political dialogs; and so on.”
Then, Macnamara in his journal clarified comprehension of content
analysis. He said that content analysis was used to study widely range of ‘texts’
transcripts of interviews and discussions in clinical and social research to the

23
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24

narrative and form of films, TV programs, and the editorial and advertising
content of newspapers and magazines. It can be concluded that content analysis
was a way of analysis spoken, written, or mess media in form of transcript of text
in human interaction as well as interviews or group discussion, social research in a
novel, film, and other, and thus editorial and advertising content in mess media.
Then, this research adopted qualitative approach to analyze this study.
According to Zhang and Wildemuth (2009),
“Qualitative context analysis emphasizes an integrated view of
speech/texts and their specific contexts. Qualitative content analysis
goes beyond merely counting words or extracting objective content
from text to examine meanings, themes, and categories that may be
manifest or latent in a particular text. It allows researchers to
understand social reality in a subjective but scientific manner”
This means that qualitative content analysis was related to understanding of
‘speech/text and their specific context’. It is not only ‘counting words’ or
describing ‘objective content’ in the text, but also to study meaning, themes, and
categories that may be served explicitly and implicitly in a certain text. By
learning text and the specific context, it makes the researcher understand about the
social reality that may appear in text and the researcher could explain it using their
understanding based on systematic manner. They also said that Qualitative
content analysis discussed the meaning in a particular text with anthropology,
qualitative sociology, psychology. So, this indicated that qualitative content
analysis discussed deeply about meanings, themes, or categories in which may be
connected with other factors in a social reality.
Hence, qualitative content analysis was used for research design in this
research because the researcher collected the data from main character’s

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25

utterances in a movie and the researcher needs to describe and interpret male and
female utterances. The data was presented using description a