Video Dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran

1/3/2013

HASIL PEMBELAJARAN
Objektif
 Menjelaskan bahagian asas serta fungsi kamera
video analog dan digital, serta aksesori-aksesori
asas;
 Menjelaskan amalan dan teknik penggambaran dan
penerbitan video;
 Menghasilkan papan cerita untuk tujuan pengajaran;
 Mengaplikasikan kemahiran teknikal dan asas
penerbitan video dalam pengajaran dan
pembelajaran.

Kerangka Tajuk


10.1




10.2
10.3



10.4

Video Dalam Pengajaran dan
Pembelajaran
Jenis-Jenis Kamera Video
Merancang Penerbitan Bahan
Video Untuk Pengajaran
Mengedit Video

Video Dalam Pengajaran dan
Pembelajaran






membawa masuk peristiwa yang
berlaku di luar bilik darjah, misalnya
letupan gunung berapi
merakam imej dekat dan jauh
Masa dan ruang juga boleh
dimanipulasikan melalui animasi.

Video Dalam Pengajaran dan
Pembelajaran





menghasilkan imej yang realistik
keupayaan menunjukkan imej yang
begerak, dapat mempercepatkan dan
melambatkan masa.

sela, masa boleh dipendekkan misal
bunga berkembang

Jenis-Jenis Kamera Video


Kamera video analog
 menggunakan tape magnetik dalam bentuk

kaset video
 seperti format VHS, VHS-C, Hi 8 dan U-

matic

VHS-C

Hi 8

VHS

U-matic

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Kamera Video analog

Kamera Video Digital

VHS-C format
camera

VHS format camera

Kamera Video Digital



merakam imej dan menyimpannya

dalam bentuk digital.
ini menggunakan kaset video dalam saiz
yang kecil biasanya dalam format DVC
(Digital Video Cassette)

U-matic
format

Type of video cameras


Mini DV
 For professional use, use a Mini DV camera.
These cameras are catered to high quality video
productions and rely on a tiny cassette tape in
order to capture footage.



Mini DV

Type of Video Cameras


DVD-R
 For quick and easy access, use a DVD-R
camera. Simply insert a blank DVD-R
disc into these cameras and let the
recording begin. When finished, you can
place it right into your DVD player and
watch the footage.

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DVD-R

Type of video cameras


Hard Drive

Type of Video Cameras


SD Cards

Hard Drive
 Never deal with tapes or DVDs again by
recording with a Hard Drive Video Camera. The
built-in hard drive provides enough space for
hours of footage and can easily transfer to your
computer.

SD Cards
 Exchange the media from a digital
camera to video camera by recording
directly on an SD card. These cameras
are great for quick shots and SD cards

are relatively cheap.

Type of video cameras


Flash Memory
 Record a YouTube video or quick Internet
clip by using a camcorder with flash
memory. These cameras are not made to
store a lot of footage, but they provide
easy access and are small enough to fit
into a purse.

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Gelang Fokus

Flash Memory Camera

Bahagian Asas Kamera Video
Pemidang
Tilik

Butang
Zoom

Lensa

Bahagian Asas Kamera Video

Pelekap
mata

Gelang
Fokus Butang White
balance

Bahagian Asas Kamera Video

Butang rakam

Bahagian Asas Kamera Video
Iris
 This is an adjustable opening (aperture),
which controls the amount of light
coming through the lens (i.e. the
"exposure").

Terminology
Shot:Semua video dibentuk berasaskan
shot. Shot bermula apabila butang record
di tekan sehingga butang record dihenti.
 Framing & Composition: Frame ialah
gambar yang dapat dilihat melalui
viewfinder atau skrin. Composition ialah
kandungan paparan pada frame
 Transition:Merupakan cara dua shot
disambung. Rangkaian shot akan

membentuk cerita


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Jenis-Jenis Shot

Jenis-Jenis Shot

Big Close-Up (B.C.U.)

Close-Up (C.U.)

Bust Shot (B.S.)

Waist Shot (W.S.)

Knee Shot (K.S.)

Full Length Shot (F.L.S.)

Long Shot (L.S.)

Shot Types

EWS (Extreme Wide Shot)
The view is so far from the subject that he isn't
even visible. Often used as an establishing shot.

Jenis Shot

WS (Wide Shot)/ long shot
The subject takes up the full frame, or at least as much as
comfortably possible.

Jenis Shot

VWS (Very Wide Shot)
The subject is visible (barely), but the emphasis is still on
placing him in his environment.

Jenis Shot

ECU (Extreme Close Up)
The ECU gets right in and shows extreme detail.

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Jenis Shot

Cut-In
Shows some (other) part of the subject in detail.

Jenis Shot

CA (Cutaway)
A shot of something other than the subject.

Jenis Shot

Jenis Shot

(OSS) Over-the-Shoulder Shot
Looking from behind a person at the subject.
(OSS) Over-the-Shoulder Shot
Looking from behind a person at the subject.

Pergerakan Camera

Pergerakan Camera

Tilt Down
Tilt Up

Panning

Tilting

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Pergerakan Camera

Pergerakan Camera

Truck ke kanan

Dolly In

Truck ke kiri

Dolly Out

Pergerakan Truck

Pergerakan Dolly

Alatan Pergerakan Truck

Latihan


Tonton beberapa rancangan televisyen
seperti Berita, dokumentari, forum dan
drama. Bandingkan gambar-gambar
dalam rajah-rajah di atas dengan jenisjenis shot dan pergerakan kamera yang
terdapat dalam rancangan-rancangan
yang anda tonton. Apakah kesan
Panning, Tilting, Dolly dan Truck kepada
image yang terbentuk?

Merancang Penerbitan
Bahan Video
2. Buat Penyelidikan dan Sediakan
Bahan
 Kumpulkan bahan-bahan yang
diperlukan seperti maklumat, gambar
dan sebaginya yang berguna untuk
penggambaran.

Merancang Penerbitan
Bahan Video
1. Tetapkan Tujuan dan Objektif
Tentukan matlamat rancangan
 Siapakah kumpulan sasarannya
 Bagaimana bahan itu akan digunakan
dalam pengajaran.


Merancang Penerbitan
Bahan Video
3. Pilih Bahan-Bahan yang Sesuai
Pilih bahan-bahan yang difikirkan benarbenar perlu.



4.Menulis Skrip
 Skrip ditulis secara berurutan dan
berstruktur.

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Merancang Penerbitan
Bahan Video

Merancang Penerbitan
Bahan Video



5. Bersedia Membuat Penggambaran
Sediakan jadual penggambaran dan
,tetapkan tugas masing-masing.



6. Sediakan Bahan-Bahan Grafik
 Anda perlu menyediakan bahan-bahan
grafik sebelum penggambaran
dimulakan untuk mengelak gangguan
kelancaran penggambaran

8.Mulakan Penggambaran
 Anda mungkin akan membuat
penggambaran luar dan dalam.
 Fikirkan kemungkinan-kemungkinan yang
akan berlaku dan bersedia dengannya.

Merancang Penerbitan
Bahan Video

Merancang Penerbitan
Bahan Video

9.Menyunting
 Setelah membuat rakaman, suntingan
perlu dibuat untuk menyusun dan
kemaskini rakaman.

11.Prebiu
 Rancangan perlu dipratonton oleh satu
kumpulan kecil dan kemudian perbaiki
kesilapan sekiranya ada.

10.Membuat Rakaman Audio
 Langkah ini adalah untuk memasukkan
suara, kesan bunyi dan muzik latar.

12.Gunakan Dalam Pengajaran
 Guna program video yang telah
dihasilkan dalam pengajaran.

Merancang Penerbitan
Bahan Video

7.Sediakan Bahan dan Peralatan
Pastikan bahan dan peralatan bersedia
dan berfungsi.

Menyediakan skrip video atau
papan cerita

13.Penilaian
Nilai bahan video itu dari segi
kesesuaiannya dalam pengajaran dan
pembelajaran.



Contoh 1 : PapanCerita /Storyboard

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Menyediakan skrip video atau
papan cerita

Menyediakan skrip video atau
papan cerita

Contoh 2 : PapanCerita /Storyboard

Mengedit Video




Mengedit video analog

Semasa penggambaran, ada rakaman
yang tidak dalam susunan yang
sepatutnya, rakaman terlalu panjang,
atau tidak berkaitan serta tidak berjalan
lancar dan sempurna.
Semasa proses mengedit rakaman,
bahan rakaman akan disusun ditambah
atau dibuang bagi memastikan paparan
video lancar dan sempurna.

Kerja mengedit video analog memerlukan
mesin mengedit
 Tanpa mesin,kerja-kerja mengedit yang
mudah dan murah, menggunakan sebuah
pemain video dan sebuah perakam video
serta dua buah televisyen.
 Kedua-duanya disambung,
misalnya guna kabel AV
(audio video)


Kabel AV

Mengedit video analog
Pemain Video

Perakam video

A V

A V
in
ou
t

A

V
in

in
out

Kabel
AV

A V
in
ou
t

out
TV

Mengedit video digital
Video digital boleh edit menggunakan
komputer melalui perisian MovieEditing
1.Capture
 Proses capture gambar/ video
merupakan proses pemindahan gambar
dari memori penyimpanan (MiniDV atau
MicroSD) ke dalam hardisk komputer/
laptop.

TV

Cara membuat penyambungan kabel

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Mengedit Video Digital

Mengedit Video Digital

2.Editing Dalam Source Monitor
 Proses editing dilakukan untuk



memotong klip video yang tidak perlu
melalui pemotongan (cut) dan
penyambungan

a.Pemotongan (Cut)
Ada dua jenis pemotongan gambar
dalam pengeditan iaitu
1.Cut.
 matched cut - kesinambungan antara shot

satu dengan cut shot berikutnya.
 cut away - sebuah sambungan atau cut

dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor.
2. Transisi – teknik penyambungan antara
shot

Mengedit Video Digital
b.Penyambungan
 Ketika shot disambungkan satu sama lain
sehingga menjadi satu rangkaian yang
boleh difahami.
 Sequence Shot – jenis suntingan tanpa
membuat pemotongan shot. Rakaman
video telah dirancang mengikut babak
yang berurutan secara teratur.

Mengedit Video Digital
3.Editing Dalam Timeline
Jika terdapat bahagian yang masih ingin
dihilangkan, lakukan proses dengan
menggunakan banyak alat untuk
mengedit klip di dalam timeline seperti
dibawah ini :



 Razor Tool : Memotong klip
 Move Tool : Memilih Klip

 Rate Stretch Tool : Mengatur kecepatan

putar klip

Mengedit Video Digital


Classical Cutting - sebuah pemotongan
untuk memperjelas, sesuatu cerita (shot),
cutting to clarify, dramatize or underline the
previous shot.



Cutting to Continuity - merupakan
sambungan atau cut digunakan untuk
melanjutkan cerita, cutting to continue telling
the story.



Thematic Montage - sebuah suntingan untuk
menyambung satu cerita dengan cerita lain,
sebuah babak untuk menyambung babak lain;
cutting to connect one story to another; cutting
to argue one thesis to another.

Mengedit Video Digital
4.Penambahan Effect
Klip-klip yang ada di dalam timeline dapat
diberikan kesan tambahan untuk
menjadikannya lebih menarik.



5. Penambahan Transisi
 Proses penambahan transisi dilakukan
agar terjadi perpindahan antar dua atau
beberapa klip menjadi lebih halus.


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•RENDERING VIDEO
Proses ini merupakan, langkah terakhir setelah semua pengubahsuaian telah dilakukan. Bahan yang disunting akan menjalani

Mengedit Video Digital

Camera Functions

6.Rendering Video

Camera Focus
 Some Focus Jargon



Langkah terakhir setelah semua
pengubahsuaian telah dilakukan. Bahan
yang disunting akan menjalani proses
rendering dengan mebuat penetapan
setting seperti jenis format video.

 Soft: Out of focus
 Sharp: In focus
 Depth of Field:The range of distances from

the lens at which an acceptably sharp focus
can be obtained
 Pull focus:Adjust the focus to a different
point during a shot

Camera Focus

Soft and shap focus

Depth of field (DOF)
 "Depth of field (DOF)" refers to the
range of distances from the camera at
which acceptably sharp focus can be
obtained.
 DOF is basically determined by the iris
setting. The smaller the iris aperture, the
greater the depth of field. This means
that the more light you have on your
subject, the easier it is to focus.

Camera Focus

Camera Focus

Factors which influence DOF
 Lighting conditions
 Camera filter
 Shutter
 Gain
 Lens angle (zoom)

Controlling DOF
If you need more DOF, you can:
 Add more lighting.
 Change or remove filters, to allow more
light in.
 Add some digital gain (this compromises
picture quality).
 Reduce shutter speed, or turn it off.

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Camera Focus

Camera Focus

The Focus Pull
The focus pull (AKA rack focus) is a
creative camera technique in which you
change focus during a shot. Usually this
means adjusting the focus from one
subject to another.

Focus pull

The focus pull is useful for directing the viewer's attention.

Camera Focus
Focus Throw / Defocus
 Throwing focus usually means dropping
focus completely. This can either refer to
certain parts of the picture (e.g. the
background) or to the entire picture.
 Throwing focus on the whole picture can
be done at any time simply by turning the
focus ring until focus is completely lost.
This can be used as an opening/closing
shot or as a transition between shots.

Point-of-View Shot (POV)

Point-of-View Shot (POV)


This shot shows a view from the subject's
perspective. It is usually edited in such a way
that it is obvious whose POV it is

Backlight


A common difficulty with exposure is
what to do in uneven lighting situations.
The "strong backlight" scenario is a
headache -- this is where your subject is
set against a much brighter background,
as in the pictures below...

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White Balance




White balance means colour balance.
It's a function which tells the camera
what each colour should look like, by
giving it a "true white" reference.
White balance
Adjusting the colours until they look
natural and consistent.

White Balance


Incorrect white balance shows up as
pictures with orange or blue tints, as
demonstrated by the following
examples:


Correct colour balance


Colour balance too blue


Colour balance too yellow

White Balance Example

White Balance Example

Colour balance too blue
Colour balance too yellow

White Balance Example

Exposure
The Correct Exposure
Before using your manual iris, you need
to know what the correct exposure looks
like in your viewfinder



Correct colour balance

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the background is too bright, but it's better than the subject being too dark.

The Correct Exposure

Camera Angles


The term camera angle means slightly
different things to different people but it
always refers to the way a shot is
composed.

The camera adjusts the exposure for the
strong backlight,
the background is too bright, but it's better
than the subject being too dark.

Camera Angles

Camera Angles

high angle
 A high angle shows the subject from
above, i.e. the camera is angled down
towards the subject. This has the effect
of diminishing the subject, making them
appear less powerful, less significant or
even submissive.

Eye-Level
 This is the most common view, being the
real-world angle that we are all used to.
It shows subjects as we would expect to
see them in real life. It is a fairly neutral
shot.

Camera Angles

Camera Angles

Low Angles
This shows the subject from below,
giving them the impression of being
more powerful or dominant.

Bird's Eye
 The scene is shown from directly above.
This is a completely different and
somewhat unnatural point of view which
can be used for dramatic effect or for
showing a different spatial perspective.



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Camera Angles
Slanted
 Also known as a dutch tilt, this is where
the camera is purposely tilted to one
side so the horizon is on an angle. This
creates an interesting and dramatic
effect.
 Famous examples include Carol Reed's
The Third Man, Orson Welles' Citizen
Kane and the Batman series.

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