Calving Interval of Bali Cows in The instalasi populasi dasar Compare to in balai pembibitan Ternak unggul sapi bali, Bali - repository civitas UGM

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  th Proceedings of the 15 AAAP Animal Science Congress 26-30 November 2012, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Thailand

CONGRESS COMMITTEE

  AAAP Officials (2010-2012) President Mr. Chayanon Kittayachaweng (Thailand)

Honorary President Emeritus Prof. Dr. Charan Chantalakhana (Thailand)

Executive Vice President Mr. Suthep Vongruen (Thailand) Vice-President Mr. Tossaporn Srisak (Thailand)

  Mr. Yudi Guntara (Indonesia) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Panit Khemthong (Thailand) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kampol Ruchiwit (Thailand)

  Immediate Past President Prof. Dr. Liang Chou Hsia (Taiwan R.O.C.) Secretary General Assoc. Prof. Dr. Supaporn Isariyodom (Thailand) Deputy Secretary General Mrs. Krongkaew Borisutsawat (Thailand)

  Asst. Prof. Dr. Skorn Koonawootrittriron (Thailand) Dr. Thanathip Suwanasopee (Thailand) Treasurer: Ms. Chintana Vongnagnagorn (Thailand)

  International Advisory Committee Dr. C. Devendra (Malaysia) Prof. L. Falvey (Australia) Prof. J. K. Ha (Korea) Prof. Y. Hayashi (Japan) Prof. F. Infascelli (Italy) Prof. S. Jalaludin (Malaysia) Prof. Z. A. M. Jelan (Malaysia) Prof. Le. Viet Ly (Vietnam) Prof. H. Makkar (FAO. Italy) Prof. N. Manabe (Japan) Prof. S. J. Ohh (Korea) Prof. E. R. Orskov (UK) Prof. P. Rowlinson (UK) Prof. S. de Smet (Belgium) Prof. J. Wiseman (UK) Prof. P. Wynn (Australia)

  National Organizing Committee for Technical Programs Advisory Committee Mr. Chayanon Kittayachaweng Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jowaman Khajarern Emeritus Prof. Dr. Charan Chantalakhana Assoc. Prof. Dr. Somchai Chakhatrakan

Mr. Suthep Vongruen Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sornprach Thanisawanyangkura

Mr.Tossaporn Srisakdi Mr. Sarakit Thawinprawat Manager, Bank of Agriculture and Cooperatives Dr. Suntraporn R. Na Phuket Dean, Faculty of Science and Technology Assoc. Prof. Dr. Supaporn Isariyodom Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chancharat Reodecha Mr. Anek Boonnoon Dr. Naiyana Nakhata

   Chairman Prof. Dr. Metha Wanapat

   Vice Chairpersons Mrs. Pakapun Skunmun Mrs. Jintana Indramangala Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jutarat Sethakul

   Committee Director, Bureau of Animal Nutrition Development, DLD Director, Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Genetic Improvement, DLD Director, Bureau of Livestock of extention and Development, DLD Director, Suwanvajokkasikit Animal Research and Development Institute, KU Head, Department of Agricultural Technology, TU Head, Department of Animal Science, KU-Bangkhen Head, Department of Animal Science, KU-Kamphaeng Saen Prof. Dr. Sanchai Jaturasitha Assoc. Prof. Dr. Somchai Suwanpradit

  Assoc. Prof. Kasidit Uechiewcharnkit Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sutipong Uriyapongson Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chalong Wachirapakorn Asst. Prof. Sakda Klinsukon Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yanin Opatpatanakit Asst. Prof. Dr. Pawadee Pakdee Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuanchan Paraksa Dr. Niparat Sritharet

  Assoc. Prof. Dr. Boonlom Cheva-Isarakul Dr. Kamol Chaweewa Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ronachai Sitthiripong Dr. Krailas Kiyothong

  Improving Smallholder and Industrial Livestock Production for Enhancing Food Security, Environment and Human Welfare Scientific Session Sub-committee

  Chairperson Dr. Kalaya Boonyanuwat

  Committee Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kittapol Sommart Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kan Suksupath Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kunya Tuntivisoottikul Assoc. Prof. Dr. Taweesak Songserm Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pornsri Chairatanayuth Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pipat Somparn Assoc. Prof. Dr. Paichok Panja Assoc. Prof. Dr. Monchai Duangjinda Assoc. Prof. Dr. Amnart Poapolathep Assoc. Prof. Suwanna Kijparkorn Assoc. Prof. Dr. Virote Patarajinda Asst. Prof. Dr. Yuwares Ruangpanit

  Asst. Prof. Dr. Chanin Tirawattanawanich Asst. Prof. Dr. Lerchart Boon-Ek Asst. Prof. Dr. Siwaporn Paengkoum Asst. Prof. Srisuwan Chomchai Asst. Prof. Dr. Supon Katavatin Asst. Prof. Dr. Ornprapun Songserm Dr. Saranya Poapolathep Dr. Rapeepong Panivivat Dr.Amonrat Molee Dr. Thongsuk Jetana Mr.Wirot Wanasitchaiwat

  Secretary Asst. Prof. Dr. Skorn Koonawootrittriron

  Asst. Secretary

Dr. Thanathip Suwanasopee Dr. Sukanya Rattanatabtimtong

Miss. Navaporn Chauynarong Ms. Phakka-orn Akaramathurakul

  Secretariat Group Mrs. Krongkaew Borisutsawat Dr. Kalaya Boonyanuwat Mrs.Jintana Indramangala Miss.Tipmon Yaigate Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuanchan Paraksa Mrs. Pakapun Skunmun Dr. Phongthorn Kongmun Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pipat Somparn

  Dr. Pensri Sornprasitti Asst. Prof. Dr. Siwaporn Phaengkoum Miss. Siriluk Onnom Dr. Sukanya Rattanatabtimtong Dr. Sansak Nakavisut

  Secretary Asst. Prof. Dr. Skorn Koonawootrittriron

  Deputy Secretary Dr. Thanathip Suwanasopee Dr. Rapeepong Panivivat

  Reviewers: Prof. Dr. Chanvit Vajrabukka Prof. Dr. Narongsak Chaiyabutr Prof. Shusuke Sato Assoc. Prof. Dr. Boonrit Thongsong Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chanin Tirawattanawanich Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jeerachai Kanjanapruthipong Assoc. Prof. Dr. Keatisak Soisuwan Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kris Angkanaporn Assoc. Prof. Dr. Monchai Duangjinda Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuanchan Paraksa Assoc. Prof. Dr. Orapin Jintasathaporrn Assoc. Prof. Dr. Paichok Panja Assoc. Prof. Dr. Panas tumkiratiwong Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pipat Somparn Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pongchan Na-Lampang Assoc. Prof. Dr. Smith Yimmongkol Assoc. Prof. Dr. Somsak Pakpinyo Assoc. Prof. Dr. Srisuwan Chomchai Assoc. Prof. Dr. Suchon Tangtaweewipat Assoc. Prof. Dr. Suthipong Uriyapongson Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sutonya Thongrak Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thira Rakkwamsook

  Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thongsak Champawadee Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wandee Tartrakoon Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yanin Opatpatanakit Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yuthana Siriwathananukul Assoc. Prof. Parntep Ratanakorn Assoc. Prof. Rachasak Chauychoowong Assoc. Prof. Suwanna Kijpakorn Asst. Prof. Dr. Anut Chanthiratikul Asst. Prof. Dr. China Supakorn Asst. Prof. Dr. Lerchart Boon-Ek Asst. Prof. Dr. Narin Upragarin Asst. Prof. Dr. Natchanok Amornthewaphat Asst. Prof. Dr. Ornprapun Songserm Asst. Prof. Dr. Pariwat Poolperm Asst. Prof. Dr. Siriporn Khumtrap Asst. Prof. Dr. Skorn Koonawootrittrion Asst. Prof. Dr. Suporn Katawatin Asst. Prof. Dr. Surachai Suwanlee

  Asst. Prof. Dr. Suriya Sawanon Asst. Prof. Dr. Wanna Suriyasathaporn

   Proceedings of the 15 ^th AAAP Animal Science Congress 26-30 November 2012, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Thailand Asst. Prof. Dr. Yuwares Ruangpanit Asst. Prof. Sajee Kunhareang Dr. Amonrat Molee Dr. Autchara Kayan Dr. Chakrapong Chaikong Dr. Chatchai Chansomboon Dr. Chirawath Phatsara Dr. Doungnapa promket Dr. Kalaya Boonyanuwat Dr. Kanokporn Phetdee Dr. Khanitta Ruangwittayanusorn Dr. Malcolm J. Gibb Dr. Nitima Chalermsan Dr. Pennapa Matayompong Dr. Rangsun Charoensook Dr. Rapeepong Panivivat Dr. Sansak Nakavisut Dr. Siriporn Peansukmanee Dr. Sonthaya Numthuam Dr. Sopon Wilaisorn

  Dr. Sukanya Manein Dr. Sukanya Rattanatubtimtong Dr. Supawadee Manatrinon Dr. Thanathip Suwanasopee Dr. Warangkana Kitpipit Dr. Wuttigrai Boonkum Dr. Yeni Widiawati Mrs. Jintana Indramangala Mrs. Sukanya Jattupornpong Miss Prapawan Sawasdee Miss Santaya Intachinda Miss Sutida Onsongchun Miss Nattha Jariyapamornkoon Mr. Kongpathom Kanjanaserm Mr. Koonphol Pongmanee Mr. Pairat Srichana Mr. Pinyo Luangmaneewet Mr. Sirichai Phetdikhai Mr. Theerachai Haitook Mr. Yodchai Thongthainan

  Organizing Staff: Mr. Danai Jattawa Mr. Akephun Sornsuy Mr. Teerapong Jaichansukkit Mr. Udomsak Noppibool Miss Pimchanok Yodklaew Mr. Bodin Wongpom Mr. Thawee Laodim Mr. Jirayut Khemsawat

  

CONTENTS

Code Title Page

  

  C01-OP-001

  1

  D. Pamungkas, R. Antari, D.E. Mayberry and D.P.Poppi (Australia)

  C01-OP-002

  6 J. Chobtang, W. Phunphipat and S. Phojun (Thailand)

  C01-OP-003

  11 R. D. Bush, H. M. Warriach, D. McGill and P.C. Wynn (Australia)

  C01-OP-004

  16 L. Rahardjo, I. Subagiyo, S. Chuzaemi and B. A. Nughroho (Indonesia)

  C01-OP-005

  22 K. Oishi, Y. Kato, A. Ogino, H. Kumagai and H. Hirooka (Japan)

  C01-OP-006

  28 Dahlanuddin, M. L. Mullik, Y. A. Sutaryono, C. D. C. Varela, L. Coimbra, P. D. Deus and M. Supriyadi (Indonesia)

  C01-OP-007

  33 B. C. Umashankar, K. C. Singh, U. Krishnamoorthy, H. S. Madhusudhan and B. N. Suresh (India)

  C01-OP-008

  41 B. C. Umashankar, K. C. Singh, U. Krishnamoorthy, H. S. Madhusudan and B. N. Suresh (India)

  C01-OP-009

  49 D. V. Tuyen, V. C. Cuong, N. V. Don and N. T. T. Giangn (Vietnam)

  Code Title Page

  932

  C16-OP-177

   M. Vatankhah (Iran)

  937

  C16-OP-178

  

  B. Haryanto and S. N. Jarmani (Indonesia) 942

  C16-OP-179

  

  V. P. Sharma (India) 949

  C16-OP-180

  

  E. Baliarti, Ismaya and I. Purnomo (Indonesia) 956

  C16-OP-181

  T. Panjaitan (Indonesia) 960

  C16-OP-182

   M. T. Ha, L. V. Thong, L. B. Que, P. V. Tiem, P. T. Hai, H.

  M. Tuan, N. H. Sac and N. T. T. Hoa (Vietnam) 968

  C16-OP-183

   Y. A. Sutaryono, Dahlanuddin, S. Hasan and Mastur (Indonesia)

  973

  C16-OP-184

   Y. Bozkurt (Turkey)

  978

  C16-OP-185

   C. J. Coombes, H. M. Warriach, D. M. McGill, S. Latif, Z. B.

  Naqvi and P. C. Wynn (Pakistan) 982

  C16-OP-186

   Z. Iqbal, M. Abdullah, J. A. Bhatti, J. Khalid, K. Hayat and

  H. Mustafa (Pakistan)

  Page Code Title

  3018

  S13-PP-325

   S. Mizumachi and Y. Kawamoto (Japan)

  3019

  S13-PP-326

  

  B. Tengjaroenkul, U. Tengjaroenkul, S. Suthimun and S. Wontangtintan (Thailand)

  3024

  S13-PP-327

   Y. Y. Kyawt, Y. Egoshi, Y. Imai, T. Yara, T. Miyagi and Y. Kawamoto (Japan)

  3025

S13-PP-328

  

  

  A. Fitriyah, Wihandoyo, Supadmo and Ismaya (Indonesia) 3031

  

S13-PP-329

  

  C. Kantanamalakul and M. Putsakum (Thailand) 3035

  S13-PP-330

  H. J. Jang, J. M. Kim and J. Y. Han (Korea) 3036

  

S13-PP-331

  p

  A. K. Tewari, M. Bachan, A. R. Deb and C. Z. Tsanglai (India)

  3042

  S13-PP-332

   P. Sungnak and J. H. Jianbao (Thailand)

  3043

  S13-PP-333

   J. W. Yoo, K. M. Koo, D. K. Bae, J. J. Cho, B. H. Kim and

  I. S. Nam (Korea) 3044

  S13-PP-334

  

  D. K. Lee, J. Y. Hwang, J. N. Oh and C. K. Lee (Korea)

  26-30 November 2012, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Thailand

Calving Interval of Bali Cows in The instalasi populasi dasar Compare to in

balai pembibitan Ternak unggul sapi bali, Bali

  1

  

1

  2 E. Baliarti , Ismaya and I. Purnomo

  1 Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University,

  2 Graduated from Faculty of Animal Sience, Gadjah Mada University

  Bali cattle is an indigenous cattle in Indonesia, have a good adaptation capability to hazard condition and very popular with their high fertility. This research was conduct to find out the calving interval (CI) in Istalasi Populasi Dasar (IPD), which is village breeding centres owner by the group of farmers compare to in Pusat Pembibitan Ternak Unggul (BPTU) Sapi

  

Bali, the government breeding centre in Bali Island. Using recording of 136 cows at the IPD

  and 86 cows at the BPTU Bali cattle were calculated the calving date to the next calving in 2009 to 2011. The result showed that CI cows at the IPD (13.7±1.7 months) tend to longer than at the BPTU Bali cattle (12.0±0.3 months). Because of the different management system, the calving interval at the Istalasi Populasi Dasar have longer calving interval compare to at the Pusat Pembibitan Ternak Unggul Bali Cattle.

  Key Words: Bali cattle, Calving interval, Instalasi populasi dasar, Balai pembibitan ternak Unggul sapi bali

  

INTRODUCTION

  The time interval between one parturition and the next is called the calving interval (Hinojosa et al., 1980). Calving interval is the most important character in productivity of beef cattle and is the best index for evaluating the reproductive of a herd under field condition. Factors influencing calving interval are genetic and environment; genetic factor is permanent while environment factors can be manipulated including feeding and management. Bali cattle is indigenous cattle, domesticated from Bos sondaicus centuries ago. Superiorities of Bali cattle are good adaptation capability to the harsd environment, high fertility rate and high carcass percentage. Based on these superiorities, Bali cattle serve as a national asset which can be very potential for development cattle production in Indonesia.

  Balai Pembibitan Ternak Unggul (BPTU) Sapi Bali is a breeding centre for bali cattle located in Bali Island. The purpose of BPTU is to increase the genetic quality of Bali cattle which will be followed by an increase in its productivity. This cattle breeding centre established on February 19, 2007 previciously called Proyek Pembibitan dan Pengembangan Sapi Bali (P3Bali) established in 1986.

  26-30 November 2012, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Thailand

  BPTU Bali cattle consist of two important part which are Instalasi Populasi Dasar (IPD) and Breeding Centre in Pulukan. Instalasi Populasi Dasar was a village breeding centre (VBC) own by the farmers and the first location of selection. For that purpose, BPTU carry out mentoring such as counceling, cattle health examination, drug administration, pregnancy detection, etc. The performance of all cattle are recorded and identified; 10 % of the best will be selected and brought to the BPTU for futher testing. BPTU have ten village breeding centers (VBC), and almost all off the cows there have better genetic quality. Based on evaluation and analysis, every year some cows would be replace by the better ones.

  BPTU and IPD has a very important rule in the breeding of Bali cattle. However there are differencies in the owner, the breeding management, feeding, daily management, etc.

  The objectives of the study were to compare the length of the calving interval and the breeding management of cows in BPTU and in IPD.

MATERIAL AND METODS

  The information used in the present study was taken from the reproductive record from 136 Bali cows in IPD and 88 Bali cows in BPTU, Jembrana, Bali, starting from 2009 to 2011. There are three VBCs in IPD which were chosen as location of the present study. Parameters observed in IPD were farmer profile, daily management, and reproduction parameters. Farmer profile including age, education, main occupation and the length of experience in raising cattle. Reproduction parameters data including capability the farmers to detect estrus, post partum estrus, service per conception, post partum mating, days open, and calving interval.

  Data analysis

  Percentage and standard deviation of farmer profile and daily management were analysed; calving interval of the cows between the two location of study (in IPD and in BPTU) were compare using independent simple t test. Data analysis were done using SPSS 16.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

  Farmer profile in IPD consist of age, length of experience in raising cattle, number of cattle owner, main occupation and farmer education (Table 1)

  Daily Management In IPD, 68.42% farmers raised the cows remained in the pen, and 31.57 % in the grassland.

  Cows in the grassland, usually start in the morning to afternoon for 2 to 8 hours but some up to 24 hours. Cows in BPTU were raised in the rotation paddock system, for every 30 cows

  26-30 November 2012, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Thailand Feeding management

  The main feeding of cattle in IPD was forage. Forage consist of native grasses, rice straw, casssava leaf, bamboos leaf, banana leaf, gamal leaf, lamtoro leaf, jackfruit leaf, etc. taken from their own land and neighbour. Forage were given twice a day, 19.4% in IPD only give ones a day. Based on observation forage was given 15 to 20 kg/cow/d. About 42% of farmers mentioned that season was become a limitation for feeding supply, it was mean that sometime the feed supply was limited. Beside forages, 50% of the farmers in IPD gave concentrate for their cows, which was rice brand, was given only ones in a day, around 1 kg/h/d. In BPTU, cows were raised in the paddock with well managed grassland; concentrates gived routine, around 3 kg/h/d.

  Mating management

  In IPD, the farmers used both artificial insemination (75,6%) and natural mating (24,4%). The Government provided (free charge) the semen and the inseminator for that purposed; for natural mating, the cost was Rp 30.000 to Rp 50.000/mating with the bull ownwer by the farmer group. In BPTU, almost all cows by natural mating in restricted three months breeding season. In these periods, every 30 cows exposed with a selected bull, so we adjusted the fertile cows would be mated by the bull. After breeding period, all cows would diagnosed for pregnancy by rectal palpated. The cows that were not pregnant, should out from the herd, so only pregnant cows remained in the flock.

  Table 1. Farmers profile in IPD No Variables Mean ± s.d.

  1 Age (years) 48.0 ± 10.4

  2 Length of raising cattle 18.2 ± 12.4 experience (years)

  3 Number of cattle/farmer (head) 1.6 ± 0.9

  4 Occupation (%)

  a. Farmer

  63.15

  b. Farmer + livestock farmer

  28.94

  c. Livestock farmer

  2.63

  d. Enterpreneur

  2.63

  e. Teacher

  2.63

  5 Education (%)

  a. Elementary School

  44.73

  b. Secondary school

  21.05

  c. High school

  31.57

  d. Graduated

  2.63

  26-30 November 2012, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Thailand Reproduction Parameters Tabel 2. Reproduction parameters in IPD compare to BPTU

  No Parameters

  IPD BPTU

  1 Heat detection by Bull 52.6%

  a. Behaviour of the cow 29.4%

  b. Vulva

  2 Mating 75.6% 14.2%

  a. Artificial insemination 24.3% 85.7%

  b. Natural mating

  3 Service per conception 1.19 ± 0.40 Not known

  4 Pregnant diagnostic 55.26%

  a. Stomach 44.73% Rectal palpation

  b. Non return

  5 Culling (parity) 9 ± 2.43 5 to 7

  Calving interval

  Calving interval of 136 cows in IPD was 13.70 ± 1,66 months or 411 days. The shorthest interval was 11,00 months or 330 days, and the longest was 18.23 months or 547 days. Calving interval of 88 cows in BPTU in 2009 to 2011 was 11.97 ± 0.27 months or 359 days, the shortest interval were 11.10 bln or 333 days and the longest was 12.50 months or 375 days. Statisticall analysis showed that there was significantly different (P<0.05) calving interval between the two locations of study.

  The possible explantion for the differencies were the better genetic quality, age of the cows, feeding management, and breeding management in BPTU compare to IPD. Effect of age of the Dam. Many reported found that age of the dam significantly influence calving interval, i.e. from Hinojosa et al. (1980) studied, they found that there was a significant effect (P<0.01) of age of dam on calving interval; calving interval decreased until the cows reached six to seven years of age. The calving interval was longer for young cows due to the delay in onset of oestrus after calving in lactating heifers (Warnick, 1963 cit Hinojosa et al., 1980) and may be caused by the stress of lactation, which is greater in heifers than in olders cows. Calving interval in IPD longer could be due to some of the cows too old; some cows were culled more than nine parities (Table 2), was around 12 year old. In BPTU culling age was after five to seven parities, or around seven to nine year old. After nine year old, lengthening of the calving interval coincides with teeth problems, increased incidence of joint injuries and general aging (Smith, 1962 cit Hinojosa et al., 1980).

  Effect of season. There was a significant effect (P<0.01) of season on calving interval (Doren et. al., 1986). Cows reared in the pasture had the best calving interval when they calved

  26-30 November 2012, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Thailand

  so these date of calving become the best time where the production system will generally have annual peaks of optimal condition for production. Calving date of the cows in IPD was not managed yet. Effect of nutrient. Not all the famers in IPD gave concentrates for they cows (Table 2), wheres nutrient was one of the factor that influence calving interval.

  Effect of weaning weight of the calf. Doren et al. 1986 reported that selection for higher weaning weights caused calving interval in a grazing-based production system may be increased. From his studied, he found that every kilogram increase in weaning weight caused five days increase in conception post partum, it mean made calving interval longer too. Whether the variation due to weaning weight is a result of lactation or other physical or physiological influences has not been clearly determined. But in contrast, Mac.Gregor and Casey. (2000) reported a decrease of 0.29±0.01 kg for weaning weight resulted a one day increase in calving interval. The same result reported by Osoro and Wright (1992). In the present study, we not yet counted the effect of weaning weight of the calves either in

  IPD or in BPTU. May be these was one of the factos that also influence the longer of calving interval in IPD.

  Effect of body condition of the dam. Osoro and Wright (1992) founded that body condition at calving were the most significant animal factors affecting reproductive performance. Cows calving in higher body condition had shorter (P<0.001) calving interval. In BPTU, all cows received forage and concentrates continuesly, the body condition of the dam must be better than cows in IPD. Effect of bull exposure. Exposing primiparous and multiparous cows to the close physical contact (Custer et al., 1990; Zalesky et al., 1984 cit Tauck, 2009) or fence-line contact (Fike et al., 1996; Berardinelli and Tauck , 2007, cit Tauck, 2009) with bulls accelerates resumption of ovulatory activity (OA). This effect termed the “bios-timulatory effect of bulls”, is mediated by pheromones secreted into the environment via excretory products of bulls (Berardinelli and Joshi, 2005 cit Tauck, 2009). In BPTU all cows closed to the bull everyday, so possibility to accelerate the ovarium activity was higher, due to reduced calving interval. There were reported, calving interval of Bali cattle in the farmer management system raised in the natural grassland was 14 months (Gunawan et al., 1998), 12,19 ± 0,06 months (Tanari, 1999), 12,39 ± 1,61 months (Jan, 2000), 15,64 ± 1,80 months (Aminudin, 2005), 12,43 ± 0,86 months (Sulistia, 2007), 17,03 ± 1,82 months (Tonbesi, 2008) or 15,36 ± 5,17 months (Putra, 2008). From those data we could showed that there was variation of calving interval of Bali cattle caused by nonidentified factors.

  26-30 November 2012, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Thailand CONCLUSION

  From the present study we founded that still many factors affected calving interval between the two location of research, indicated that environmental variation has a major influence on the variation the length of calving interval. So, eventhought calving interval of the cows in

  IPD longer than in BPTU, it was still better than in the others farmer level in general. In the future, the calving interval in IPD still can be improved by better management system.

  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  The authors wish to express the gratitude to the Director of BPTU Sapi Bali and all the farmers in IPD for giving the permission and having made possible the completion of this study.

  

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