JOAN’S STRUGGLE IN KIMBERLY CUTTER’S NOVEL A MAID : A NOVEL OF JOAN 0F ARC.

Joan’s Struggle in Kimberly Cutter’s Novel A Maid : A Novel of Joan of

Arc

A THESIS

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree in English Department State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

MIRZA DITA INDIANA

Reg. Number. A83211167

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL

SURABAYA

ABSTRACT

Indiana, Mirza Dita, 2016. Joan’s Struggle in Kimberly Cutter’s Novel A Maid : A Novel of Joan of Arc”. English Department of Faculty of Letters and Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

This thesis discusses a novel entitled A Maid : A Novel of Joan of Arc. The story is about a woman who became the legend of France, the name is Jehanne or Joan. In analyzing this novel, the writer uses feminist literary criticism to analyze gender role and struggle of women. The theories is used to analyze the

experiences of women in a literary work written by women. The data related to the discussion is taken using qualitative method and is explained with descriptive method. Based on this study, it can be concluded that, first, gender role during medieval times is dominated by Catholic Church and the Bible. There are usually strict gender roles for both women and men. Second, cross-dressing in medieval times is strange and forbidden. Peoples who do cross-dressing will get punishment such as being burnt in the fire by Church. Third, Jehanne said that she is the Maid sent by God and participate in the battle to defeat an English, Goddons. That is a part of her struggle in her mission. Fourth, Jehanne is not afraid to died although the churchmen had threaten and forced her to tell her vision. She believed and was obedient with the command given by God to not tell anyone until she was burnt.

INTISARI

Indiana, Mirza Dita, 2016. Perjuangan Joan Dalam Novel Kimberly Cutter Yang Berjudul A Maid : A Novel of Joan of Arc. Surabaya: Sastra Inggris, Fakulotas Adab dan Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Thesis ini membahas novel yang berjudul A Maid : A Novel of Joan of Arc. Novel ini bercerita tentang seorang perempuan yang menjadi legenda bagi Perancis, namanya adalah Jehanne atau Joan. Dalam menganalisis novel ini penulis menggunakan teori kritik sastra feminis untuk menganalisis peranan gender dan perjuangan seorang perempuan. Teori ini digunakan untuk menganalisis pengalaman perempuan dalam karya sastra yang ditulis oleh perempuan. Adapun data-data yang terkait dengan pembahasan diambil dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dan dijelaskan secara deskriptif. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa, pertama, peranan gender selama abad pertengahan di dominasi oleh gereja Katolik dan kitab Bible. Biasanya ada beberapa aturan keras untuk laki-laki dan perempuan. Kedua, cross-dressing di abad pertengahan masih sangat aneh dan terlarang untuk dilakukan. Orang-orang yang melakukan cross-dressing akan mendapatkan hukuman seperti dibakar dalam bara api oleh gereja. Ketiga, Jehanne berkata bahwa dia adalah pelayan kiriman dari Tuhan dan dia berpartisipasi dalam perang untuk mengalahkan pasukan Inggris, Goddons. Bagian ini merupakan perjuangan Jehanne dalam menyelesaikan misinya. Keempat, Jehanne tidak takut untuk mati meskipun orang-orang gereja mengancam dan memaksa dia untuk mengatakan tentang misinya. Dia yakin dan taat dengan perintah dari Tuhan untuk tidak mengatakan apapun kepada siapaun dan dia berakhir dengan dibakar.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside Cover……….i

Inside Little Page………ii

Declaration………..iii

Dedication………iv

Approved to be examine……….v

Acknowledgments………vi - vii Table of Contents………viii - ix Intisari………..x

Abstract………....xi

Motto……….xii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION………...……….1

1.1 Background of The Study……….1-4 1.2 Statement of The Problem………...……..4

1.3 Objective of The Study………..4 1.4 Significance of The Study………..……4-5

1.5 Scope and Limitation………..…5 1.6 Method of The Study………..……...5-6

1.7 Definition of Key Term………6-7

CHAPTER 2 LITERARY REVIEW……….8

2.1 Theoritical Framework………8

2.1.1 Feminist Literary Criticism………8-10

2.1.2 Gender Role………10-12

2.2 Review of Related Studies………..12-14

CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS………15

3.1 Gender role in Joan’s society portrayed within the novel………15

3.1.1 Female’s Role………15-18

3.1.2 Male’s Role ………...18-20

3.1.3 Joan’s Cross-dressing……….20-24

3.2 Joan’s struggle to do her divine mission………24

3.2.1 Joan’s vision consist into two subparts………24-27

3.2.3 Verification of Joan’svirginity……….31-33

3.2.4 Joan leads the soldier in the war………..33-39

3.2.5 Imprisonment and Betrayal………39-43

3.2.6 The Trial………44-49

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION………..50-51 REFERENCES

Works Cited……….52-54

APPENDIX

Appendix 1 Synopsis………..55-56

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of Study

According to Wellek and Warren ( 15) literature is the art of written works. Because literature uses typical language which is different with colloquial language or the language of science. Literature takes a role in human life as the reflection of time containing human activity, treatment, conflict, and many social phenomenon which still concern the social life. Consequently, literature is very important in our life because we can get moral value that useful for our life.

Literary work has several types: they are novel, drama and poetry (Borges : 21). Novel as a genre of fiction can be defined as: “a work of prose fiction, usually an extended narrative that tells a story or uses incidents to dramatize

human experience and individual characters” (Grambs : 93) . Meanwhile, drama is a prose or verse composition, especially one telling a serious story, that is

intended for representation by actors impersonating the characters and performing the dialogue and action (Mifflin : 101 ). Poetry is literary work in which the expression of feelings and ideas is given intensity by the use of distinctive style and rhythm (Oxford University Press : 1) .

writes social issue about gender role and struggle of women. Gender role is a unique topic to discuss. Gender is a socio-cultural construct of female and female identity that shapes how individuals live and interpret the world around them (Student Research Series :1). Gender roles for men and women vary greatly from one culture to another, and from one social group to another within the same culture, race, class, economic circumstance, or age. All of these influence is considered appropriate for men and women.

According to Stoller, gender is the amount of masculinity or feminity found in person (10 ). According to the APA (American Psycological Association), gender role refers the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for boys and men or girls and women. These influence the ways people act, interact and feel about themselves (1) .

The novel The Maid: A Novel of Joan Arc was published in 2011. It tells about a girl who became the legend of France, the name is Jeanne or Joan. Joan was born in Domremy, France. The novel is adapted from real story from France and that story contains courage, faith, love and betrayal. Based on story, France has been in hundred years war with England since 1337. English knights and soldiers roam the country.

The author of The Maid: A Novel of Joan of Arc is Kimberly Cutter. She was the West Coast Editor for W Magazine for four years and has written for W, Harper’s Bazaar, Vanity Fair and Marie Claire. She continued to search for a

fictional subject like shares a silent film and novel that evoke the emotional life of her muse, Joan of Arc. She received her MFA from the University of Virginia. She lives in Brooklyn, New York. She isalso an actress known for I Heart Huckabees on 2004. (www.bloomsbury.com/author/kimberly-cutter)

This is a little synopsis of novel “The Maid: A Novel of Joan Arc”. When Jehanne or Joan is 13 in age, she develops into a religious young woman. She has her first vision about she must raise an army and drive the English from France. Then take the Dauphin to be crowned king at Reims and finds a sword. When coming home with it, she finds the English damage her home town. When she was teenagers, she knows her mission is to be ridding France of the English and so she go to meet Charles, the Dauphin. The Dauphin shall help and gives Joan a chance to prove her divine mission. Fortunately, Jehanne can prove her divine mission.

France’s soldier get a victory from the English but Joan was taken as prisoner by

England with some accusation. In prison, Jehanne gets bad treatment from some noblemen. They try to blemish Joan when she is wearing dress. Moreover, they take off her dress and Jehanne was angry. She is very upset. Several days later, Joan is wearing a suit of soldier. She feels uncomfortable to wear a dress. Her dress makes a trouble. She is accused as Pageboy (cross-dressing from female to male). Actually, she wears suit of soldier because of the war. In the end of the story, Jehanne gets punishment and she died.

Joan does cross-dressing became male to prove her divine mission in the war. Cross-dressing is dressing as someone from a different gender category. It

Based on the novel, dressing is still strange in that era. People who do cross-dressing will receive a punishment by society. Fortunately, in modern era several women are doingcross-dressing because it is more comfortable in daily activities.

1.2Statement of Problem

1. How is gender role in Joan’s society portrayed within the novel? 2. How does Joan struggle to prove her divine mission?

1.3 Objective of Study

Related to statement of problem, the researcher has two purposes:

1. To explain about gender role in Joan’s society portrayed within the novel

“The Maid: A Novel of Joan of Arc” (Medieval era).

2. To explain Joan’s struggle from first her vision until the end of her mission.

1.4Significance of Study

Through this research, the researcher believes that this discussion can give the reader a worthy lesson from “The Maid: A Novel of Joan of Arc” especially about gender role and struggle of women. In this discussion, the reader will know

that gender role in Joan’s era (medieval era) was still influenced by Catholic’s

can be used as reference and information for others English Literature student who use similar research.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

The novel “The Maid: A Novel of Joan of Arc” by Kimberly Cutter is a novel based on real story from France. This analysis is focused on struggle of Joan to prove her divine mission from God to ridding France to English. The researcher uses feminist literary criticism to analyze the subject but limited to concept of gender role and struggle of women.

1.6 Method of The Study

The researcher applied library research and descriptive qualitative research methods. Descriptive qualitative method has the meaning that the researcher will explain the result of analysis in the form of words and sentence since the result is not numeral data. The data was the gained from the personal document, a library research and internet research.

1. Data Source

The primary data source of the study is The Maid: A Novel of Joan of Arc by Kimberly Cutterand the secondary data source is taken from books, journals and articles which are relevant and supporting the primary data.

2. Data Collection

In presenting the analysis, the researcher follows the following steps:

1. Reading the novel to understand story. 2. Select the topic and theme to research. 3. Find the problem and focus of research.

4. Search theory that is suitable with the topic and theme. 5. Collecting the data and give mark in the data to remember.

3. . Data Analysis

Throughthe following steps:

1. Analyzing gender’s role in Joan’s society reflected in the novel 2. Analyzing Joan’s struggle to prove her divine mission

3. Start to write the research and analysis. 4. The last make conclusion.

1.7Key of Terms

1. Divine : to discern (a hidden or future reality) as though by supernatural power.

2. Mission : the procession of one person from another with reference to a new way of existing in an external term. (St. Aquinas : 2003)

3. Struggle : An act of having to deal with difficult situation resolutely, especially with an adversary of superior power or to make violent efforts to escape from constraint.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Theoretical Framework

In doing this study, the writer uses feminist literary criticism to help analyzing the object of the study. This theory is used to answer the statement of the problems in the previous chapter. The analysis focuses on the social issue

about gender’s role and struggle of women in changing Jehanne’s life so that feminist literary criticism is chosen.

In order to make this chapter more organized, the researcher divides this chapter into three parts. The first part is about feminist literary criticism. The second part is about gender role.

2.1.1 Feminist Literary Criticism

Women studies emphases the study in many topics about women. It includes literary criticism. Feminist criticism also is a type of literary criticism, which may study and advocate the rights of women. The following feminism development, women started had consciousness to make their rights in every aspects of life equal as men. One of the efforts was to create a special study of women; it is called gender studies or women studies. (Djajanegara : 18)

Feminist literary criticism has likewise had a real-world effect. As Judith Fetterley puts it in her book The Resisting Reader, “Feminist criticism is a

political act whose aim is not simply to interpret the world but to change it, by changing the consciousness of those who read and their relation to what they

read” ( viii) . It means that feminism in general not only a theoretical pursuit but also a high profile public practice in our society. Feminist activists have worked

tirelessly on behalf of women’s rights and interests---knocking down barriers, changing laws, entering halls of power and pointing out the ways women have been and continue to be oppressed, excluded, exploited, marginalized and silenced (Tim Gillespie).

Feminist literary criticism is the critical analysis of literary works based on feminist perspective. In particular, feminist literary critics tend to reject the patriarchal norms of literature, which aremasculine ways of thinking or points of view and marginalizes women politically, economically and psychologically (Dalton 172). In addition, Bressler state that‘As a social movement, feminist criticism highlights the various ways women in particular have been oppressed,

suppressed and repressed…’ (185) . Moreover, Feminist criticism is a type of literary theory that wishes to point out how different genders, races, classes, religions, etc are portrayed in a piece of literature. Feminist critics mainly care about how women are written about and how women write. Talk about women is not simple thing and become interesting object in literary work

One of the most aspects of feminist literary criticism is to uncover the

latent dynamics in a novel relevant to women’s inferior role in society. There are

two distinct modes of feminist criticism. The first mode is a concerned with the feminist as reader and it offers feminist readings of texts which consider the image and stereotypes of women in literature, the omissions and misconceptions about women in criticism (Showalter : 182). The second mode is the study of women as writers and it is subjects are the history, style, theme, genres and structure of writing by women (Showalter :184).

Generally, feminist literary criticism exist to counter, resist and eventually eliminate the traditions and conventions of patriarchy the ideology of belief system which see as natural the dominance and superiority of men over women in both private and public context as it exist in literary, historical and critical

contexts. In practice, feminist literary criticism is not limited to text written and read by women, for its interest is not only how women have been treated in books, but how notions of gender and sexuality, generally, have determined or enforced an inferior place for many different voices of women, of racial, gay, and lesbian writer and reader of literature. (Zahroh :13)

2.1.2

Gender Role

Gender is a socio-cultural construct of female and male identity that shapes how individuals live and interpret the world around them. Gender is not natural, it is learned in society through direct and indirect means. Gender thus

refers equally to ideas about females and males, the social attributes, opportunities and relationships that are associated with being feminine and masculine (Knapp : 1)

According to Morris, gender categorizes the difference between

masculinity and femininity and is “created through on-going social interactions”. Sigelman & Ryder add thatSociety enlists particular expectations for each gender, rendering what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior for males and females. Research indicates that we are raised into our gender roles through a process called gender-typing (5).

A gender role, as defined by Susan Basow (12), refers to society’s

evaluation of behavior as masculine or feminine, for example : cooking is feminine, while fishing is a masculine role in most society, just like the following example:

Feminine Role Masculine Role Cooking Fishing

Childcare Hunting

Housecare repair work in the home

One of issues in gender’s role is about cross-dressing.Put simply, cross-dressing is wearing the garments of another gender, for example: a man wearing

what society deems is women’s clothing. According of definition, cross-dressing is dressing as someone from a different gender category, may be done by people from all genders and sexual orientation (gsanetwork.org).

Several people have many reasons to do the cross-dressing, actress and actors cross-dress because of their role in their film or drama. The teenagers cross dress as a hobby because they love Japan anime or we call it Cosplay (Costume Play). In some place in the world, it is easy to find cross-dressing in Cosplay

event. In daily activities cross-dressing (for women) is also can be found. Women wear jeans trousers to the College or Mall.

2.2 Review of Related Studies

This analysis is based on the previous analysis which has been done earlier. The first, researcher used Journal of Medical and Early Modern Studies 26:2, Spring 1996.Duke University Press.CCC0047-2573/96/ about Clothing and Gender Definition: Joan of Arc written bySusan Crane. That journal talks about

Joan’s cross-dressing from the position that gender encompasses both the exterior, social interpretation of sexual practices and more diffused generation, expression and organization of desire that makes up sexuality its self .

As a matter of fact, Crane states that, ”Joanof Arc wore men’s clothes almost

continuously from her first attempts to reach the Dauphin, later crowned Charles VII, until her execution twenty-eight months later. In court, on campaigns, in church and in the street she cross-dressed, and she refused to stop doing so during

the long months of her trial for heresy. Joan’s contemporary supporters and

provide commentary of her own, making her by far the best-documented transvestite of the later middle Ages”. (297)

The difference between this research with the above journal article is the different data source; the article uses the biography of Joan of Arc but this research uses a novel about Joan of Arc written by Kimberly cutter. Moreover, this research analyzes the struggle of Joan from zero to be a hero and using feminist literary criticism theory to reveal the focus.

The second, the researcher reviews a thesis entitled “Before Joan of arc:

Gender Identity and Heroism in Ancient Mesopotamian Birth Rituals” by Meredith Burke Hammonsfrom Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University (2008). This thesis talks about the relationship between gender identity and religious belief is a complex one. Within the ancient Mesopotamia, religious understanding included the presence of multiple deities characterized by the role they played, as well as understood as having a perceived gender. Because of the relationship, humans who showed these qualities also were not limited to either a feminine of a masculine gender performance. (194)

Based on explanation above, the difference between this research and the previous thesis is on the focus; The thesis focuses on religious beliefs which

influence gender performance in Christianity but this research focuses on Joan’s

struggle to prove her divine mission.

The third, researcher reviews “Nasionalist Symbols of a nation Divided:

Department of History Haverford College (2012). This thesis talks about

comparing the ways in which Joan of Arc was portrayed by the France Resistance with the way she was depicted by the collaborationist Vichy government between 1940 and 1944. The fact that she could represent a Republican, anti-clerical,

nationalist platform such as Charles de Gaulle’s while also representing a

staunchly Catholic, authoritarian, collaborationist agenda such as Philippe

Petain’s begs an analysis of the ways in which her history was contorted and

forced to fit into their respective ideologies. (2)

Based of explanation above, the differences between this research is its focus on gender role and struggle of women while the previous thesis focuses on

Joan’s nationality.

Finally, the researcher can make a conclusion from three previous studies above. The research has similarity in subject, that is Joan of Arc but has different focus in analysis and theory.

CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS

This chapter consists into two subchapters. First, the thesis writer focuses

on analyzing gender role. Second, the thesis writer focuses on analyzing Joan’s

struggle. This analysis tries to answer the problem statement. Dealing with the explanation above, the analysis tell about Joan’s struggle to do her divine mission

and gender role in Joan’s society portrayed within the novel.

3.1 Gender role

in Joan’s society portrayed within the novel

Gender role during medieval times wasdominated by Catholic Church and the Bible. There are usually strict gender roles for both women and men.

3.1.1 Female’s Role

According to C.N Trueman (1), the role of women in the medieval era is not a comfortable place for most women. Medieval women invariably had a hard time in this era when many lived harsh lives. Only a few women lived

comfortable lives but Medieval society was completely dominated by men and women has to know their place in such a society. Medieval society was very

traditional; women had little or no role to play within the country at large. During the Medieval era, women held the positions of wife, mother, peasant and nun.

Jehanne is raised in a peasant family. She spends her time in the garden, helping her parents take care the plants:

A summer day. Hot and green. A great wind rolling in the air, the country a riot of shaking leaves. She was picking beetles off the cucumber plants, collecting them in an old corked jug. (11)

From the quotation above, Jehanne works in the garden behind his parent’s

house in Domremy. It has been mentioned in the previous paragraph that peasant are generally what women do at that era. As well as Jehanne, she is picking beetles off the cucumber plants, collecting them in an old corked jug.

When Jehanne wakes up, his mother is cooking in the kitchen to make a breakfast. She cooks vegetables from their garden or the market and his father shepherds cows:

When she awoke, the shadow had passed. Amazement took its place. She turned over on her back and looked up at the sky through the puzzle of leaves. Everything was heightened, buzzing with life. Singing. The sky perfectly clear, blue and dazzling. The trees bending and waving in the breeze. Smell of onion weed and sweet clover in her nostrils. Cows lowing in the distance. Her mother inside, grinding flour, her father in the pasture, screaming at the cows. (13-14)

The quotation above mentioned about the activities Jehanne’s family on sunny morning. The atmosphere is calm and peaceful in Domremy. Jehanne’s

mother food smells very tasty and sound of his father makes Jehanne wake up.

Aside from being a mother, wife, and peasant, awoman have a higher position when she becomes a nun. Nuns are female monastic who live together in a convent, following a shared rule and devoting themselves to prayer or works of charity (Thompson 1). In Medieval era, nuns played an important role. The Catholic Church held a central role in European society, so many people are intensely religious (Thomson 2).

They believed in one God. They were Christians. Jehanne and her mother and Catherine went to church every evening for Compline, knelt together on the dark packed-earth floor, their hands knotted in

prayer. The whole family went to on Sunday mornings. Jehanne’s mother prayer for God’s help and forgiveness. (15)

In this case, the writer concluded that Joan is a woman that was born from an obedient religious family. That proved with they always go to church for pray. They believe in a God, Jesus. So, Joan grows to be a woman who always keeps her beliefs and firmness to God. She also believes if God always with her. Joan prays everywhere. In Church, at home, in the fields. Three times each day the church bells rang out and each time she thought.

From some of explanation above it can be concluded that the role of women in the Medieval era are inferior to men. In addition, women in that era was more bound by the church’s rules. As has been written in the Bible (1

Augustine said: “The woman is subject to man on account of the weakness of her nature” . Men as the heads of household and women as take care of children.

3.1.2 Male’s Role

The role of men in Medieval era more dominant than women because in those era men have more beneficial force for war. A man can become a strong soldier to help his country. They will be trained for skill on horseback and play sword. It make a man has higher position but there are some men in the village

who prefer to be a peasant just like Jehanne’s father.

In Domremy common people work as peasant. Jehanne’s father is a peasant. Every day he is working tirelessly and makes Jehanne proud with him.

A proud man. He sew himself as a kind of country King. He worked tirelessly at a run all day, plowing the fields, planting

wheat and rye, taking a cream and hen’s egg to market, collecting

taxes, organizing men for the village watch. Her father, King of the Peasant. (16)

From the quotation above, Jehanne’s father work as peasant in general.

Other than that, he is also the leader of the family. He works very hard as plowing,

planting wheat, sell eggs to market, etc. Jehanne is very proud of her father’s hard work and she proud become his child.

In the village, all of men are peasant, but the condition shows as if there is a war. So, they to try safe their village from Goddon, English.

One hot September night, Red light was pulshing on the walls. Her father shouted at her mother sank to the bed, moaning, “Oh my

God”. Her father shouted at her mother to take the children up and

hide in the hayloft. Then there came a great thundering of hooves past the house. Loud, ugly laughter with it. Her father ran out the door naked with an ax, screaming. But the men just laughed at him. Twenty or thirty of them on horseback, les ecorcheurs. Not even soldiers that time. No flags or banners, no embroidered tunics. Just goddon mercenaries in old rusted mail, bandits riding down out of the hilld, teraing apart the villages and setting them on fire. (19-20)

In the quotation above shows the Goddon, English has attacked

Jehanne’s village. The Goddon, English army burn some houses and torture some

peoples. Jehanne’s father shouts to his wife and she ask their children to wake up

to hide in the hayloft. After those incident, Jehanne’s father and the other men

have tried to protect the village from next raid.

As described in the first paragraph, aside of being peasants, there are some men who become soldiers for war who have skills on horseback and play sword:

They spent the month together. Jehanne and Charles and Alencon. Riding together, practicing jousting and swordplay, studying attack

strategies for Orleans. “If you want anyone to listen to you, you

have to know these things,” Alencon said. Charles refused to

participated in the war play. He was a very good horseman, but he

wouldn’t go near a sword or a lance. (165)

In the quotation above, Charles and Alencon are knights who battle

together in the war. Although they are strong and good at play sword, they always practice their ability to be able to defend themselves from enemy within war. They fight to achieve independence for France.

From explanation above it can be concluded that role of men in medieval era was more important. They are not only as a leader but also they must fight to save their country and their beloved family from Goddon, English.

3.1.3 Joan’s Cross-dressing

Jehanne began to do cross-dressing after she met a messenger from the Duke of Lorraine. The messenger asked Jehanne to change her clothes like a men. Because the messenger thinks she will be safe in travel if she acts like one of him. In the beginning, Jehanne felt weird and uncomfortable but she should do this for the sake of her divine mission.

The messenger said to Jehanne: “You can’t wear that”, he said. “Not to travel". He was silent for a moment. “Not for any of the things you’re talking about doing, actually”. “Let me lend you

some clothes”, he said. “It’s better if you travel as one of us”. The

hose felt strange at first. She’d never worn them before. It was odd

to have the wool snug like that, right up against her sex. The seams bitting into the tops of her thighs. Odd to feel the loose, rough cloth of the tunic brushing lightly against her nipples instead of the snug linen bodice she was used to. The sleeves hung down past her hands like bells, the hose bunched at the ankles. But it delighted her too. It transformed her, made into someone else, a creature of her own invention. Not Jehanne, daughter of Jacques and Zabillet

d’Arc of Domremy, but Jehanne the Virgin, Child of God. And it

seemed to her that she had crossed a bridge of some kind. Left one world behind and moved forward into another ( 99-100)

The quotation above explains Jehanne’s first impression in changing her

dress with men’s clothes. Jehanne feel strange sensation. Her heart was glowing, her belly was cold. To dress as a member of the opposite sex is expressly

forbidden by the Bible. She knows if she would never put it on again. She should do that for her mission easily.

Jehanne also cross-dressed with armor before going to Orleans. When

Jehanne’s armor was completed, Charles went to the armorer to watch her try it on.

Smith said to Charles: “She’s for sure the smallest one I ever

made”.

Jehanne: “It’s beautiful”. (Jehanne stood there in her shining white

metal suit. It was lovely, finely made, with jointed plates for the knees and elbows and a short embellished steel skirt, split in the middle so she could ride) .

Charles : “Not bad. Of course they do better work in Paris, but I

Think this will suit our purposes. How does it feel? Can you

walk?” .

Jehanne : “Oh yes” .(taking a few stiff steps forward in her long pointed metal shoes) .

Charles : “Is it very heavy? Are you ready to take it off ? “ . Jehanne : “Oh no”.”I’m never taking it off”. ( 168)

The quotation above shows Charles gives Jehanne an armor that she wears in the battleyard. Smith, the tailor of Jehanne’s armor says those armor is small in size. Jehanne is very happy with those armor although it is very heavy when she wears it. Jehanne tries to walk and she will not take it off.

The reason why Jehanne feels more comfortable wearing boy’s clothes than wearing dress is because Jehanne gets bad treatment when she is in prison. There is a knight who tries to shoved his hand up her shirt:

The Demoiselle : “I understand that the boy’s clothes were right for

war and all that—time, but it’s not necessary anymore” . “And

you’re so pretty too if you’d let people see it” .

Jehanne : “It’s not time yet” . “I have to wait until the voices tell me to” .

The Demoiselle : “You know it only makes things worse for you”.

“I know it must seem that way to you”. “But why? No one would ever harm you here” .

Jehanne : “One of your knights shoved his hand up my shirt the other day. What do you call that ? “

The Demoiselle : “Who?” .

Jehanne : “The young one with the curly black hair. He brought me

dinner” .

The Demoiselle : “Aimond?” . (324-325)

From quotation above, Jehanne does cross-dressing not only for battle but also cross-dressing can be useful to make herself safe from harassment that was done by English knights when she was prison. Unfortunately, at Jehanne era, cross-dressing is forbidden for all women. Jehanne knows if cross-dressing is forbidden and violating church rules. Therefore, those who violate the rule is burnt into fire.

From several explanations above, cross-dressing in the Medieval era was still strange and forbidden for whoever do it. It is because the church rules were more influential in the life tradition in those era. People also feel shocked every time they see someone do the cross-dressing:

“The women gasped and crossed themselves when they saw her, for it was illegal to dress as a member of the opposite sex. Not just forbidden by the Bible, but an offense punishable by death” . ( 100)

The quotation above says that a woman who wear clothes of the opposite sex that is forbidden by Bible. Peoples who do cross-dressing will get punishment. Based in the novel, Jehanne is death because she get punishment form church, she will be burnt in the fire. The punishment is given so that no women will try to cross-dress again and they will wear dress like other women in general.

During the high middle ages, the anti-women movement in the Church reached its peak with St Thomas Aquinas arguing that the female sex is misbegotten male and therefore, women were inferior by nature to men (St

Aquinas : 92) . Aristotle in his writings project that “the male is by nature superior

and the female inferior; and the one rules and other is ruled; this principle of

necessity extends to all mankind” (Gonzalez : 22) . Some women challenged the

male hierarchies within this era were burnt at the stake for heresy, such as St Joan of Arc (1412-1431) was burnt at the stake for mingling with male politics until Pope Benedict XVI canonized the fourth woman doctor of the church, Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) . This proves that women made outstanding contributions even though they were constrained to do so from behind the scenes because they

were restricted from operating within the Church’s public space. (Scriptura

Journals : 2-3)

In 1455 Jehanne’s mother and her brothers petitioned the new pope,

Callixtus III, to make an investigation into Jehanne’s trial. On July 7, 1456,

of a secular vendetta. In 1920 Jehanne d’Arc was recognized as a saint by the

Catholic Church. She remains the patron saint of France, and of soldiers and prisoners and an inspiration to people all over the world. (Cutter : 362)

3.2

Joan’s struggle to do her divine mission

3.2.1 Joan’s vision consist into two subparts : a. First voice

Jehanne get her first vision when she was twelve years old. The first time she heard the voices in the garden in Domremy, behind her parent’s house.

She was just sitting in the garden with her face turned up to the sun, listening to the wind shaking the trees, when a voice came

suddenly, very load. A man’s voice and a great spangle of light to

the right of her. A warm like sunlight on her cheek, down her neck, along her spine. Jehanne, it said. The voice very deep, rolling through her like thunder. Setting her blood on fire. Jehanne, my

virgin, Maid of France” . (12-13)

From quotation above shows when Jehanne is just sitting in the garden, the voice come to call her name. Jehanne describes its voice like a thunder. When she heard the voice, she feels her blood is on fire because it is an unusual voice.

Then, Jehanne feels confused with the voice who call her name. Jehanne asks to the voice to decrease her anxious mind. She feels it is just imagination.

Joan asked : “Who are you? “ .

The voice answer : “You know who I am. “ .

The voice answer : “Yes, Jehanne,you do”. (13)

Quotation above shows Jehanne asks to the voice but the voice give her confusing answer. Finally, Jehanne decides not to pay attention to the voice because it is very strange.

a. Second voice

Several days later, Jehanne heard voice again. It says that the voice owner is Saint Michael. Jehanne feels more confused with Saint Michael explanation who suddenly give her a mission.

Saint Michael told to Jehanne : “Listen now, darling. It is time for

you to know your purpose. You must raise an army and drive the English from France. Take the Dauphin to be crowned king at

Reims. This is God’s command” .

Jehanne : “ I’m only a girl, peasant. I know nothing of cannons or lances. I have no money. I can’t even ride a horse. Please, ask me

anything else. I’ll do anything else! “

Saint Michael : “No. this is God’s mission, child. We will help

you. God will help you. Go to the king, drive the English out of

France. Crown the King”.

jehanne : “Leave me alone! “, “ You ask too much”. She cried.

(46)

From quotation above shows Saint Michael asks Jehanne to do a mission. The mission is that Jehanne must raise an army and drive the English from France. Then take the Dauphin to be crowned king at Reims. Saint Michael said

One day, Jehanne closes her eyes and bows her head, wondering, thinking, asking about her mission. Jehanne hopes Saint Michael will give her instruction for her first step in her mission. Jehanne feels uncertain because it is the first time for her to do something out of her ability.

Joan said to Michael : “What would be the first step? I cannot go

directly to the King. He would never see me. “

Michael voice : “Go to Vaucouleurs, little one. The governor will

give you a letter of introduction to the King. You will find

supporters there” . (50-51)

The quotation above shows that Saint Michael gives her answer about her mission. First, Jehanne must go to Vaucouleurs to meet the governor. The

governor will give Jehanne a letter of introduction to the King. Saint Michael gives her information if in Vaucouleurs she will find supporters to do her mission.

Each night, Jehanne hopes to see just the moon and dark hills before her going to the north. Later, there come other voices. There are three God voices in her ears. Jehanne hears their voices three times.

Soon, darling, soon, they sang. “your season is coming” . ( 54)

God will make you pay for this . (56) Go, little one! Go! . (66)

The quotation above shows three God voices which come three times. At the first time, they ask Jehanne to do her mission soon because the time is coming. At the second time, they say to Jehanne if God will pay her with Paradise. At the third time, they ask Jehanne to leave Domremy soon.

When Jehanne has been trying to find a way out of Domremy, Saint Michael is standing in the air. He says everything will be over if she does not depart soon.

You must make it to Chinon by mid-Lent if we are to save Orleans,

little one. Go now. You must go now! “. “If you did not,

everything would be over. Orleans was the gateway to the last free part of the country, the last line of defense keeping the Goddons out of the unprotected heartland of the south. If the Goddons took Orleans, there would be nothing to keep them from taking the rest

of France too” . (66)

The quotation above shows she must perform her mission from God soon. Saint Michael has been giving her warning. Orleans is the gateway to the last free part of the country, if the Goddons take Orleans, everything will be over. Saint Michael tells her because Jehanne is very slowly to go out of Domremy.

3.2.2 Joan’s mission

Jehanne tells about her mission to several people in Vaucouleurs (at Le

Royers’s house) and Chinon (at Kingdom ) that she must save France from English.

a. In the Vaucouleurs

One day when Jehanne come home to the Le Royers, There are three women are sitting around the hearth, spinning and chattering. They are Therese, Claudette and Paula. The room fells silent when Jehanne enter, the three women

by the hearth gaping openly at her as if she has sprouted a third eye in her forehead.

Therese : “Ah, there you are! “ . “ I was just telling the girls about

your mission, Jehanne. Hope you don’t mind” .

Jehanne : “No, it’s all right” . “I’ll take all help I can get” . Claudette :” Is it true?” . “Are you really the virgin from Marie Robine’s prophecy? The one who’s going to save us from the

Goddons?”

Therese : “She is” . “I knew the first time I saw her” .

Claudette : God speaks to you? And the saints too? Amazing” . Paula : “In your dreams” . “God talks to me in my dreams too. Doesn’t make it real”.

Jehanne : “Doesn’t make it false” .

Therese: “They speak to her all the time” . “They have for the last five years” .

Claudette : “Are they just beautiful? “ .

Jehanne : (nodded)

Claudette : “Like in the church windows?” . “Someone’s time of the month, is it?” . “Ridiculous” . “Tell me more” . “What do they say to you? “

Jehanne : “I’m forbidden to speak of it to anyone but the King” . Claudette : You have the virtus in you” . “I see it” .

Jehanne : “I need a letter of introduction to the King too” . “My

voices say I have to be in Chinon by mid-lent. That’s only six

weeks away. I have to leave here as soon as possible” . “But it

must be fast. If Sir Robert does not help me get to the Dauphin

soon, France will be lost for good”. ( 86-87)

Quotation above shows Jehanne has supporters to do her mission. They are Therese, Claudette and Paula. They are very enthusiastic with Jehanne in

from Goddon, English. They ask about how Jehanne can speak with Saint of God and what they says about a mission to Jehanne and etc. But Jehanne cannot answer all their questions because she can onlyspeak to King of France.

Later, in the street, there is a mother stands with a basket of leeks on her arm talking to another woman in the sun. They talk about Jehanne who gets mission to go to the Dauphin to save France.

The mother : “Have you seen that girl who goes back and forth to the church all the time? The crazy one? “

Other woman : (the women nodded) “Claudette met her the other

day over at the Le Royers’ . Says she’s on a mission from God, no less” .

The mother : Does she now? “

Other woman: “Mission go to the Dauphin, save France. Says there are three saints who talk to her, give her visions and the whole

thing” . “You remember the prophecy Marie of Avignon made, that

France would be ruined by a women and restored by a maid from

Lorraine? “

The mother : “mmmm….”

Other woman : “she says she’s the Maid”.

The mother : God’s Maid? Here to save France?” . “Oh, that’s

rich” . “Be great if it were true though, eh? “

Other woman : “Therese believes her. Says she’s honest as anun” . The mother : “Well. Pray God it’d true. It would take a bloody

miracle to save this country” . (90)

The quotation above shows that not only Therese, Claudette and Paula who support Jehanne but also other women. They hope Jehanne can save France from English. They also spread the news about Jehanne to all the townspeople if

Jehanne is the maid of God. They support Jehanne’s mission. The townspeople buy her a new set of clothes for her journey.

a. In the Chinon

After Jehanne has arrived in Chinon and meet King’s messenger, she go to

the castle with the messenger. Inside the castle, there are five or six people are sitting around an ornately carved oak table. They all stare at Jehanne as she come through the doorway and push back the awful hood at last.

King Meseenger : “Your majesties, may Ipresent Jehanne d’Arc. The maid of Lorraine” .

Jehanne : “Gentle dauphin, I bring you good news and hope” .

(but the King said nothing)

The Queen : “If you are in fact the Maid of Lorraine, we will have much use for you” . The Queen came toward Jehanne’s chin in her

hand and looked at her, turning her face, first to the left and then to

the right. “Does not appear to be mad, but of course appearances can be deceiving” . “What sign can you make to prove that you are sent by God?” .

Johanne : “Majesty, take me to Orleans and I’ll show you the signs you want”. (with voice loud and arrogant) “Take me to Orleans and

I will show you the greatest victory France has seen in a thousand

years” .

The King : “The gall” .

Jehanne : “It is not gall. It is God’s will” . The Queen : “Perhaps it is” .

The King : “Well, if it’s not, you’ll be killed. We don’t take kindly

The quotation above shows Jehanne appear to King Charles Dauphin with purpose to give a hope and a good news. But the Queen is suspicious with

Jehanne. She is supposes if Jehanne lies. Jehanne tries to convince the King if she is sent by God and she will participate in the war with soldiers at Orleans. Jehanne will bring the greatest victory for France. Finally the King gives her permit to participate in the war, but if Jehanne cannot prove her statement so she will die.

3.2.3 Verification of Joan’s virginity

Jehanne spent six weeks for interrogating and examining. First, there are the churchmen of Chinon in their tall back hats, then the churchmen of Poitiers in their tall red hats. All of them arestaring at her, pelting her with questions, “

How do you know it’s God who speaks to you? How do you dress as a man? How do we know you’re not a witch? What spell do you know? What curses? What magic? “ . The Queen, there to watching, listening, taking notes in a small leather book.

Jehanne : “No one in the world can save France but me, I wish it were not so, but it so, and you must use me quickly, for I will last

little more than a year” .

The Queen : “How do you know that?”

Jehanne : “My voices tell me many things, Your majesty. Not all of them pleasant”. (142)

The quotation above shows Jehanne tries to convince the Queen if no one in the world can save France except her. So, the Queen must use her in the battle yard in Orleans soon.

At the moment, The Queen’s physician is going to examine Joan’s

virginity. This is to verify if Joan is still virgin or not. In the room there is a bed with a sheet thrown over it. Yolande stand near the bed with five or six women around her, all of them look at Jehanne with solemn, stiff-looking faces.

Yolande : “We have to examine you, you understand? Make sure

you’re really a virgin” .

Jehanne : “I am indeed a virgin, Majesty. I give you my word” .

Yolande : “Nevertheless, we must be sure” .

Jehanne : “Where is the doctor?”

(one of the women stepped forward)

Madame de Gaucourt : “I am Madame de Gaucourt” . “I will be

examining you” .

Jehanne : “I thought it was a doctor” .

Yolande : “Madame de gaucourt is the wife of one of my most trusted advisors, It’s best for a woman to do this” .

Madame de Gaucourt : “Be a good girl now and this will all be

over quickly” .

(She told Jehanne to lie down on the bed and when Jehanne had

done so, she lifted the girl’s skirt up around her waist and spread

her legs open) .

Madame de Gaucourt : “Bend your knees”.

(A terrible feeling, the cold air on her tenderest part, the women gathered around, staring as if they expected a hissing cobra to emerge from between her legs).

Jehanne : “Majesty, I swear”. (cried) “No man has touched me there” .

Madame de Gaucourt : “That may be, but we must see for

ourselves” . (She held a lpong metal spoon in her hand that glinted

in the sunlight) .

Jehanne : “What’s that? “

Madame de Gaucourt : “It’ll be over soon. Just think about the God you say has sent you here” .

(several minutes)

Madame de Gaucourt : “All right” . “She’s pure. No one’s had her” . “Amazing”, she said, looking down at jehanne, “A peasant like you, keeping it all this time” . (142-144)

The quotation above shows that the Queen, Yolande, examines Jehanne’s virginity. She must make sure that Jehanne is really a virgin. Madame de

Gaucourt is the doctor who examines Jehanne. Jehanne is crying because she is afraid. She does not know what they do. Several time later, Madame de Gaucourt finishes her examination and she said to Yolande if Jehanne is pure, no one’s hand has touched her. Jehanne feels happy because that examination makes her tremble.

3.2.4 Joan leads the soldier in the war

A month later, the churchmen of Poitiers declared that they could find no evil in Jehanne. The Queen, Yolande said they must return to Chinon at once, must get to work. It was the end of March. She is looking at Jehanne and Charles with blazing eyes.

Jehanne : “But I have no miracles.” .”You know that, Majesty” .

Yolande : “What I know is that if you want the knights of France to fight like lions for you, you must prove to them that you are sent

by god” .

Jehanne : “Is the word of God Himself not proof enough? “ .

Yolande : “No, It is not” . (165)

The quotation above shows that the Queen, Yolande want Jehanne to show her power, show her miracles in the battleyard. Jehanne feels happy because she will serve in the battle but she does not have miracle like Yolande mind.

Jehanne thinks if word of God is enough. Yolande refuses Jehanne’s mind.

Finally, this time is come for Jehanne to prove her divine mission. Before Jehanne participate in the battle, she spent the month together with

Charles and Alencon. They are riding together, practicing jousting and swordplay, studying attack strategies for Orleans.

Charles : “So, I’ve been thinking, with all this training going on,

what do you propose to do in Orleans, exactly?” .

Jehanne : “I’ll lead them in battle, Dhaupin. Fight the English until they are destroyed” .

Charles : “But surely you yourself don’t mean to be down there on the field with the soldiers in … in the fighting?” .

Jehanne : “Oh yes, Sire. That’s exactly what I mean” . Charles : “On horseback?” .

Jehanne : “Yes, Dhaupin”. Charles : “With a sword?” . Jehanne : “Of course” .

Charles : “You actually plan to fight?” .

Jehanne : “I plan to do whatever God tells me to do. I know He will have me out on the battlefield. It seem best if I have a sword” . Charles : “You’ll scare them to death” .

Jehanne : “I hope so” . (166)

The quotation above shows the condition Jehanne to arrange herself in battleyard. She practices with Charles and Alencon. Charles asks Jehanne about her plan to participate in the battleyard and Jehanne just answer if she does it because require of God.

Orleans on the twenty-seventh of April, Jehanne and her army of four thousand men depart for the war. Men come from all over France to fight with her. Jehanne leads the army in the battle and roar her brilliant idea.

When she returned to the field half an hour later, her eyes were blazing. The Godhead was pounding inside her, hot as a sun. “Now

is the time, men,” she shouted as she stood before her troops in the flickering torchlight. “My council tells me now is the time for us to

take Les Tourelles. The English have their guard down. They think

we’re finished for the day; they think we’re all going to go home

and have our dinners; but, by God, we will show them that we have just begun! We must charge like tigers now, men, charge with all the fire and fury in our hearts and with the power of almighty God at our backs, and when we charge, watch me closely, for when my standard touches the rampart, I promise, Les Tourelles will be

yours” .“A great roar erupted from the men as they rode through

the twilight toward the great fortress, Jehanne running out in front of the troops with her white banner waving, not even feeling her armor as she ran down into a ditch at base of the rampart, feeling only the chill night air on her face and the wildfire of God blazing inside her and when at last the tip of her banner touché the rampart

of the fort, she turned toward her men and shouted, “Go up now. It’s all yours!” . (250)

The quotation above shows Jehanne gives her idea for battle strategy

because France’s army always lose in battle before. Jehanne gives her soldiers instructions to attack English in the night because the English think if France army finish and go home after battle in the morning. In the night, France army prepare to attack English and suddenly Jehanne asks the France army to make a speedy assault. So they run up the ladders and leap over the walls, catching the English while they are still loading their bows and groping around in the dark for their weapons. So, the English is shocked with French attack. This is the first victory for France.

On May eight, the morning after the French has taken Les Tourless, the English army rode away. The Goddons has line up in the field outside the still-burning skeleton of Les Tourelles in full battle, as if prepared to fight.

“We will not attack on a Sunday,” said the Maid, but she led her

army out to face them anyway. One by one they lined up their ponies opposite the English, lances at the ready, a herd of

steel-faced monsters. “If they attack, you may fight, but only if they attack,” she said. An hour passed, the two weary armies facing each other in a mysterious game of chicken. No one moving. Eventually the commander of the English army shouted something and waved his horse and rode away from the field toward Meung-sur-Loire, and his army followed him. “Look at that,” said Poton

quietly. “My God, you did it,” laughed the Bastard, picking

Jehanne up and spinning her around in his arms as the great storm of men and horses retreated across the fields and away from

Orleans. “You little genius. You did it!” . (254)

Toward evening, after the victory at Beaugency, in Patay, a

messenger, a young sunburned boy come flying into the French camp. The boy seems panic because there are five thousand army and thousand of longbowmen

who oversee them from long distance. But Jehanne is still calm because she feels the enemy will not attack them this time. She also says if this time they will get the greatest victory for France.

The messenger : “I saw them as they passed through Meung,”. “I

never seen longbowmen in my life.”

Mugot : “Oh no” .

Jehanne : “They’re just waiting there” . The messenger : “Waiting to slaughter us” .

Jehanne : “Don’t be an idiot” . “We just have to find them before they find us” .

The bastard : “Not with all those longbows. They’ll destroy us” . Jehanne : “No, they won’t”. (She closed her eyes and turned her

face to the sky. When she opened her eyes several moments later,

they were blazing) “This will be our greatest victory” . (264)

The quotations above shows Jehanne tries to convince the soldiers if this battle is the best victory by French. Jehanne is arranging several strategies to defeat the English. Jehanne always pray to the God to give her strength and miracle within this mission.

Paris on September the eighth, Jehanne and her soldiers attack to take Paris from the Goddon. The soldiers are a thousand men. When both of the soldiers meet, Jehanne orders the Goddon to yield quickly, if not, they will enter by force. But the Goddons just laugh and ask her to go back home and said if Jehanne is crazy. Then the battle began.

Alecon’s cousin Richard stood beside him one moment, loading his

bow and the next a cannonball buried itself so deep in his head that only the top of the black ball could be seen, rising up from his skull

like a wicked tumor. “Oh,” the man said, blinking. Then he fell down. Behind him the red sun sank into the hills, the sky went gray

as ash. “Jesus, Richard!” cried Alencon, kneeling beside him, his

face freckled with blood. But the man was no longer breathing. A moment later the fireball was soaring through the blue sky, and then stopping very abruptly as it entered the ribcage of one of the Burgundian archers on top of the wall. For a moment the man stood motionless on the wall, his chest illuminated as if his heart had caught fire. Then he tipped forward and fell through the air.

“bloody bitch,” someone shouted from high on the wall. Jehanne

looked up in the direction of the shout and as she did, she felt a white-hot flash of pain in her leg. She looked down. Her thigh seemed oddly distant from her, as if she had risen above her own

body. Blood was pumping out around it like oil, red and alive. “the Maid!” cried Mugot. “The Maid’s hit.” He ran toward her, the

lovely white silk of her standard waving behind him like a flag above the sea of blood and death. The King’s army remained at a safe distance. Did not attack. The men up on the ladders had stopped climbing and were looking back toward where Jehanne

stood beside the fallen boy and the fallen standard. ‘Don’t stop!” she cried. “Keep going! Keep going!”.Rais stepped in. “Don’t be an idiot, Jehanne. You’re hurt”. “Get away from me. Don’t touch me. Don’t you dare touch me.” she screamed. The soldiers

continued their doomed attack on Paris until night fell. But they get defeat because many soldiers fell in the battleyard. (291-294)

The quotation above shows about condition within battleyard in Paris. Unfortunately, France lose because many soldiers fall. Moreover, Jehanne get

shot by enemy and Alencon’s cousin, Richard, is died. When Jehanne get shot by

enemy, the soldiers stopped attack enemy but Jehanne still asks them to continue this battle. Jehanne want to get victory today.

Several times later, Jehanne’s eyes are very bright that morning as she

addresses her men, her voice loud and clear. She ride before them in her armor an her splendid doublet of red and gold silk and she looks into their sunburned faces,

the fire rose up inside her once more and she shouted to attack Goddon again. But in this part, They are not battle with English but with Burgundians and Jehanne is caught by Burgundians.

“Today is the day we take back Margny, men. Today is the day we

secure the bridge to keep the Goddons out of our beloved

Compiegne. Fight boldly with me now, Men God, and I promise

you, we will triumph!” . The men let out a great roar. Jehanne kicked her horse, and they rode through the city gates, across the wooden bridge, and then up the long green hill toward Margny and soon the church bells of Margny were ringing in wild alarm and the Burgundians were shouting “Attack! Attack!” and they came charging out of the city in packs, still pulling on their helmets and shields. And the French fought very well until an enormous swarm of Burgundian reinforcements arrived suddenly, swinging their

axes and swords. “You’re finished, witch,” shouted one enormous man with a long white scar like lightning down his face. “Hurry, Maid, for God’s sake, hurry,” others were shouting, “Forget that crazy bitch, she’ll get us all killed,” and so she watched as the

drawbridge gate slammed down, turning her horse this way and that as the Burgundian soldiers closed in around her. (312-314)

The quotation above shows Jehanne gives a spirit to the soldiers. She promises to get victory today. The soldiers let out a great roar after Jehanne says her promise. When a battle on going, suddenly an enormous swarm of

Burgundian reinforcements arrived and close in around Jehanne. Because many

Burgundians surround Jehanne, no one from France’s soldier can help her and

Jehanne is caught as prisoner by them. Burgundians have plan to sell Jehanne to the English because the English will get them freedom if they can catch Jehanne.

3.2.5 Imprisonment and Betrayal a. Joan’s imprisonment

. When Jehanne is in the prison, she is alone. For a long time, she hopes to escaped or be rescued. As soon as Charles heard she has been captured and he pay her ransom. In her first night in prison, the Duke of Burgundy come to see her in the tower at Beaulieu Castle.

Duke of Burgundy : “Finally got yourself caught” . Jehanne : “Not that you had anything to do with it” .

Duke of Burgundy : “Nevertheless, here you are, the invincible Maid, fallen at last”.

Jehanne : “The King will ransom me soon enough” .

Duke of Burgundy : “I wouldn’t be too sure about that. From what I hear, the Dauphin will be quite delighted to let you stay where

you are” .

Jehanne : “Liar” .

Duke of Burgundy : “You’re just a little runt of a thing, aren’t you?

Just a cocky little peasant with a head full of crazy ideas” .

Jehanne : “The people of France think me none too crazy”.

Duke of Burgundy : “The people of France are a bunch of ignorant fools.” . “Imagine so much trouble from a mad little cowgirl

dressed up in a suit of armor…” (He stroked her plump, still childish cheek with his finger)

Jehanne : “Don’t touch me” .

Duke of Burgundy : “Well, you had a good run, I’ll give you that. Put up a hell of a fight for a while there” .

Jehanne : “Hardly a fight at all. Your men ran screaming like

The quotation above shows Duke of Burgundy feels happy because he can catch Jehanne. The Duke extends to Jehanne about news if the Dauphin does not care with Jehanne. He will not pay to ransom her but Jehanne does not believe

him. She does not believe with the Duke’s words. Jehanne can talk back the Duke

words and make the Duke angry and peevish because loose of play words.

The next day, Jean de Luxembourg stand outside Jehanne’s cell. He is a tall, thin man with a narrow, quizzical face, a blond wedge of hair.

Jean de Luxembourg : “You’ve made the Duke of Burgundy very angry, you know”. “What on earth did you say to him? “

Jehanne : “Maybe you should ask what he said to me” .

Jean de Luxembourg : “Oh, I’m sure he was terrible. He hates you

as much as the English do. If it were up to him, you’d be boiled in oil and served up on his breakfast platter tomorrow morning” . Jehanne : “What do you plan to do with me ? “

Jean de Luxembourg : “I don’t know yet. Burgundy wants me to sell you off to the English as soon as possible, but that seems a bit

rash to me. Perhaps your King will be willing to pay more”. Jehanne : “I know he will” . (her eyes lighting up) (319-320)

He says to Jehanne about Burgundy want him to sell Jehanne off to the English as soon as possible because The Dauphin is not pay a ransom soon. From their conversation that Jehanne and Jean de Luxembourg, it seen if Jean de Luxembourg is friendly with her although Jehanne is his prisoner.

b. Charles Dauphin’s betrayal

Within the novel, the reason of Charles Dauphin’s betrayal is not

mentioned. Not only in the novel but also several source books about Joan of Arc in many versions do not mention it too. Based on the novel, Charles Dauphin does not want to redeem Jehanne. It concludes if it is betrayal for Jehanne. Jehanne participates in the war to make Charles become King of France. Properly,

Charles Dauphin pays to redeem Jehanne as espression of thanks to Jehanne’s

struggle for France during a war.

King Charles : “At this rate they’re going to have to sail us out of here” . (smile)

Alencon : “They’re going to sell her to Cauchon” . “Do you know

that? He offered ten thousand gold crowns” . (not smile back, his

eyes were red and bloody)

King Charles : “Christ, that’s a bloody fortune” .

Alencon : “You can’t let this happen, Charles. You have to pay

them. You have to get her back” .

King Charles : “I don’t have money like that to throw around. You know it as well as I do” .

Alencon : “I know that you could raise it before dinnertime if you

wanted do” .

King Charles : “Not for her. She has no friends in this court any longer” .

Alencon : “You’d stand by and let the English kill her, then? After

all she’d done for you? “

King Charles : “She’s become impossible” . “She stands in the way of France’s freedom” .

Alecon : “She is France’s freedom” . King Charles : “Not anymore” .

Alencon : (He was gripping the arm of his chair so tightly that his

knuckles had turned gray) “I beg you, Charles, as your oldest

friend. Don’t let them kill her. She is the life and soul of this country. You know she was sent by god as well as I do” . King Charles : “It’s been a long time since she’s done anything

God-like in my book”.

Alencon : “Don’t blame our losses on her” .

King Charles : “Why not?”

Alencon : “Because you gave her no money and no support, you sent her off to battle with a handful of men and no supplies.

There’s no way she could have won fighting like that. No one could” .

King Charles : “Youact as if I haven’t done anything for her. As if I didn’t ennoble her and entire village from paying taxes for the rest of their lives” .

Alencon : “You owe her your life, Charles. You would not be King

without her” .

King Charles : “And I’ve repaid her handsomely for it” .

Alencon : “So help me God, if you abandon her—“ .

King Charles : “If I abandon her what, Alecon? “

Alencon : “You will burn in Hell, Charles” . (332-333)

The quotation above shows Alencon is very angry with Charles who does not to want to redeem Jehanne. Alencon prays to God condemn Charles and enter him to hell. Alencon believes that Jehanne is the Maid who is sent by God and she participated in the war to help France get freedom now. Alencon says Charles cannot be King without Jehanne. Charles does not pay Jehanne for her struggle in the battle yard. For Alencon, Jehanne is a special woman; no one woman will do anything for France like Jehanne.

3.2.6 The Trial

English people regards Jehanne a witch from France. They think, Jehanne is sent by Satan who will destroy dogma with a reason of divine mission . How is

possible God sent the Maid who is wearing men’s clothes, that is something

wrong for a woman or religion community of God.

“The Witch,” they cried. “Look, the Witch of France!” And some

of them hissed and shouted and threw snowballs at her, …” . Jehanne said, “They really think I’m a witch. They cannot believe God would side against them, so they think I’m sent by Satan” . (337)

The quotations above shows English people call Jehanne the witch from France. When Jehanne walks to go to Tower of Rouen for her court session, several people who sing a song in front of the cathedral and holding candles in the town square stopped singing. They cried to Jehanne if she is witch and throw snowballs at her. Jehanne is very sad because they do not believe her as being sent by God. They think Jehanne is sent by Satan.

The end of February, the Churchmen brings Jehanne to stand in the middle of the royal chapel at Rouen castle with her wrist and ankles chained tightly. Jehanne has no defender, no lawyer or counsel to advise her. No one to explain to her how it all work. There is only the Bishop and his examiners from the University of Paris, canon lawyers, doctors of theology, the Vice Inquisitor of Rouen, men of books and laws and theories, men who know nothing of the

holiness of the forest or the inner sunlight that rinses all through you. The men, who the girl never meets before, come from all over England and Burgundy to see

and hear about the famous Maid, to sit in judgment of her, and decide whether she is sent by God or the Devil. Whether she should live or die. They want Jehanne to swear on the Gospels that she will truthfully answer every question they ask.

“I do not know what you will ask me. The revelations that have

come to me from God, I have never told to anyone except Charles,

my King. God has forbidden me to discuss them with anyone else” . “I’m sorry, my lords, but even if you threaten to cut off my hand, I will not tell you about my visions”. (340)

The quotation above shows Jehanne refuse to tell something about her vision because it is forbidden for her to discuss with them or anyone else. She will tell only to King of France. Although they will cut off her head, she still refuses to tell them about her vision. This is a proof if Jehanne is an obedient woman to the command of God.

Every day the churchmen ask her to swear their impossible oath, and everyday Jehanne always refuse to answer. She feels if she has already answered in Poitiers.

The churchmen questions :

“Why do you call yourself the Maid? Why do you wear men’s

clothes, though the Bible forbids it? Did your voices tell you as a child to hate the Burgundians? Did they tell you to kill the

Burgundians? Can you hear your voices right now? “ . (341)

Day after day jehanne answered :

“I call myself the Maid because I am a virgin. You may have me

examined if you wish. I wear men’s clothes because they were appropriate for my mission and because my council approved

them. I I were in a wood right now, I would certainly hear the

voices coming to me” . (341)

The quotation above shows the Churchmen do not feel contented with Jehanne’s answer and Jehanne feel tired because answering the same question in everyday. But, the Churchmen still force Jehanne with the same question again but it is useless because Jehanne still refuses.

Then the Churchmen give Jehanne other different questions. They think Jehanne will answer with other answer but Jehanne still answer with the same before

Master Beaupere : “Do you say that you are in God’s grace? “ Jehanne : “If I am not, may God put me there; If I am, may God

keep me there. I would be the most miserable person in the world if

I knew that I was not in God’s grace” .

Estivet : “If the Church Militant tells you that your revelations are illusions or diabotical things, will you defer to the Church? “ . Jehanne : “I will defer to God, Whose Commandment I always do. In case the Church should prescribe the contrary, I should not refer to anyone in the world, but to God alone, Whose Commandment I

always follow” .

Estivet : “Do you not then believe you are subject to the Church of

God, which is on earth, that is to say to our lord the Pope, to the Cardinals, the Archbishops, Bishops, and other prelates of the

Church? “

Jehanne : “Yes. I believe myself to be subject to them, but God must be served first” .

Estivet : “Have you then command from your voices not to submit

yourself to the Church Militant, which is on earth, not to its

Jehanne : “I answer nothing from my own head, what I answer is

by command of my voices, they do not order me to disobey the

Church, but God must be served first” .

Cauchon : “It is time for sterner methods. I’d rather not use these, but I’m beginning to think it may be necessary” .

Jehanne : “You can tear me limb from my body, but I won’t say

anything different from what I’ve already said” .

Cauchon : “Take her back to her cell. You will not win this. I see the Devil inside you and I am going to get Him out” . (341-345)

The quotation above shows the Churchmen are hesitated if Jehanne is sent by God. They asks several question and Jehanne answer is if God does not save her, she wishes He does, and if God is not by her side, she prays may God to always be by her side. Jehanne clarifies if she will not leave God because God is priority of everything. Jehanne is brave to risk her life for the sake of God because it is her destiny given from God.

In this part is the moment of Jehanne’s burn. Thousands of townspeople

are packed in amid the slanting rows of tombstones. Not only in there but also at the end of the cemetery stood two high freshly built wooden platforms crowded with various official churchmen, bishop and cardinals, abbots, priors and doctors of both law and theology.

Maitre erard said to audience : “For these reasons we declare you

excommunicate and heretical and pronounce that you shall be abandoned to secular justice, as alimb of Satan severed from the

Church … “ .

Englishman (audience) : “Hurry up, do it! Burn the bitch!” (cried) . Maitre erard said to Jehanne : “Submit now or you will end your life by fire” .

Jehanne : (Her eyes on the firewood, imagining the red and yellow

flames rising, licking at her feet) “Wait” (cried) . (350)

The quotation above shows that the audience want to Jehanne gets punishment soon. They curse Jehanne is who sent by Demon or Satan. Before

Jehanne’s burning, Maitre erard is the Churchman who asks Jehanne to submit

because she will be burned. Jehanne is shouting but they do not hear her.

Suddenly, Jehanne is remembering a dialogue with her mother when she was still a child at Domremy. Jehanne asks to her mother about heaven. Jehanne looks anxious with situation in Paradise.

Jehanne : “What else about Paradise?” .

Her mother : “It’s very beautiful. Everything there is made of the

finest sea pearls. All the houses and the streets and the churches

and the buildings. A whole city made of pearls” . Jehanne : “And it sits on a cloud? “

Her mother : “Yes, on a pink cloud. And when the sun shines on it, the whole city lights up like the moon” .

Jehanne : “And God is with them all the time there?” . Her mother : “Yes, God is there all the time” .

Jehanne : “And everyone is happy?” Her mother : Everyone is happy” . Jehanne : “And everyone is safe?”

The quotation above tells that Jehanne’s mother tell Jehanne if Paradise is a beautiful place, everything that we want is in there. Her mother says that God always save us if we enter in paradise. God always be with us every times.

Then Churchmen asks to executioner to go down Jehanne’s rope so

Jehanne can be entered in the fire. This is the end of Jehanne’s life:

They burned Jehanne’s body three times. When at last it was

reduced to ash, Massieu raked the pile of gray powder into a wooden box and dumped it into the river, as the Bishop had

ordered, so that the townspeople could not keep any of it for relics. (361)

The quotation above shows they burned Jehanne’s body three times. After

burned, Massieu raked the pile of gray powder into a wooden box and dumped it into the river, as the Bishop has ordered, so that the townspeople cannot keep any of it for relics.

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION

In this thesis, the writer used a novel The Maid: Joan of Arc by Kimberly Cutter. The novel discusses about struggle of a woman that uses cross-dressing to prove her struggle and gender role. The women who play in the novel is Jehanne or Joan. Jehanne is a peasant woman from Domremy who gets mission from God to drive the English from France. Jehanne gets her first vision when she was twelve years old and it was the first time she heard the voices. It was in the garden in Domremy, behind her parent’s house. Jehanne fights for France until it gets freedom but she gets betrayal from the King, Charles Dauphin and the end of her life is being burned on fire by the Church.

Joan of Arc’s religious visions have interested many people. She

participated in the war to drive out English and also the first cross-dresser in the world. She became a legendary figure for the next four centuries and a symbol of

the Catholic League during the sixteenth century. She is one of history’s greatest

saints and an enduring symbol of French unity and nationalism.

Based on story in the novel, the author use theory Feminist literary criticism because this theory has related with struggle of women and gender role in Medieval era. Discussion about women is interesting because we can know

anything about women. Theory feminist literary criticism always develop with development of human especially for women.

This thesis can make us know the condition about women in Medieval era. The women just can become mother, wife, nun, peasant, or become queen if she was born from royal family. Education for women is sadden. The war always exist and threaten peacefulness in the country. We can imagine, how women are always afraid because her rightful authority is still not enough. The men can do anything to the women and the women is just silent.

WORKS CITED

Barreit, W.P. 2008. The Trial of Jeanne D’Arc. New Orleans: A Cornerstone Book

Barton, Dennis. 2006. St. Joan of Arc. England: IHIC

Clark, Elizabeth A. 2001. Women, Gender, and the Study of Christian History.

New York

Crane, Susan. Clothing and Gender Definition: Joan of Arc. Journal of Medieval and Early Studies: Duke University Press CCC 0047-2573. 1996

Cutter, Kimberly. 2011. A Novel of Joan of Arc. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH)

Eschle, Catherine. Rethinking Globalised Resistance: Feminist Activism and Critical Theorising in International Relations. Author Journal Compilation Vol 9, 284 – 301. 2007

Ezenwanebe, Osita C. Issues In Women’s Liberation Struggles In Contemporary

Nigeria: A Study of Ezeigbo’s Hands That Crush Stone (2010). Journal Of

International Women’s Studies Vol 16. 2015

Habib, M.A.R.2011. LITERARY CRITICISM From Plato to the Present: AN INTRODUCTION. UK: Wiley-Blackwell

Freedman, Jane. 2001. Feminism: Concepts in the Social Sciences. Buckingham: Open University Press

Gillespie, Tim. Doing Literary Criticism CD Book

Griffin, Miranda. 2012. Gender And Authority In The Medieval French. London: Senate House Library

Hidayat, Rahmad. 2012. POETRY MODULE. Surabaya

Hemmings, Clare. Feminist Theory: Teliing Feminist Stories. Sage Publication. Vol 6 ; 155. 2005

Hoeveler, Diane. 2004. Frankenstein, Feminism, and Literary Theory.

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press

Kennedy, XJ. 1987. LITERATURE: And Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama : Fourth Edition. London, England: Scott, Foresman and Company

Knapp, Jenna. Women, Men, and the Changing Role of Gender in Immigration.

Institute for Latino Studies University of Notre Dame. Vol 3. Issue 3. 2009

Mackinnon, Catharine A. Feminism, Marxism, Method and The State: And Agenda for Theory. The University of Chicago Press. Vol 7. No 3 , Feminist Theory, pp 515 – 544. 1982

Mcguire, Kate. 2013. Joan of Arc: Feminist Leader, Prophet, Influence to All.

The quotation above tells that Jehanne’s mother tell Jehanne if Paradise is a beautiful place, everything that we want is in there. Her mother says that God always save us if we enter in paradise. God always be with us every times.

Then Churchmen asks to executioner to go down Jehanne’s rope so Jehanne can be entered in the fire. This is the end of Jehanne’s life:

They burned Jehanne’s body three times. When at last it was reduced to ash, Massieu raked the pile of gray powder into a wooden box and dumped it into the river, as the Bishop had

ordered, so that the townspeople could not keep any of it for relics. (361)

The quotation above shows they burned Jehanne’s body three times. After burned, Massieu raked the pile of gray powder into a wooden box and dumped it into the river, as the Bishop has ordered, so that the townspeople cannot keep any of it for relics.

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION

In this thesis, the writer used a novel The Maid: Joan of Arc by Kimberly Cutter. The novel discusses about struggle of a woman that uses cross-dressing to prove her struggle and gender role. The women who play in the novel is Jehanne or Joan. Jehanne is a peasant woman from Domremy who gets mission from God to drive the English from France. Jehanne gets her first vision when she was twelve years old and it was the first time she heard the voices. It was in the garden in Domremy, behind her parent’s house. Jehanne fights for France until it gets freedom but she gets betrayal from the King, Charles Dauphin and the end of her life is being burned on fire by the Church.

Joan of Arc’s religious visions have interested many people. She

participated in the war to drive out English and also the first cross-dresser in the world. She became a legendary figure for the next four centuries and a symbol of the Catholic League during the sixteenth century. She is one of history’s greatest saints and an enduring symbol of French unity and nationalism.

Based on story in the novel, the author use theory Feminist literary criticism because this theory has related with struggle of women and gender role in Medieval era. Discussion about women is interesting because we can know

anything about women. Theory feminist literary criticism always develop with development of human especially for women.

This thesis can make us know the condition about women in Medieval era. The women just can become mother, wife, nun, peasant, or become queen if she was born from royal family. Education for women is sadden. The war always exist and threaten peacefulness in the country. We can imagine, how women are always afraid because her rightful authority is still not enough. The men can do anything to the women and the women is just silent.

WORKS CITED

Barreit, W.P. 2008. The Trial of Jeanne D’Arc. New Orleans: A Cornerstone Book

Barton, Dennis. 2006. St. Joan of Arc. England: IHIC

Clark, Elizabeth A. 2001. Women, Gender, and the Study of Christian History. New York

Crane, Susan. Clothing and Gender Definition: Joan of Arc. Journal of Medieval and Early Studies: Duke University Press CCC 0047-2573. 1996

Cutter, Kimberly. 2011. A Novel of Joan of Arc. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH)

Eschle, Catherine. Rethinking Globalised Resistance: Feminist Activism and Critical Theorising in International Relations. Author Journal Compilation Vol 9, 284 – 301. 2007

Ezenwanebe, Osita C. Issues In Women’s Liberation Struggles In Contemporary

Nigeria: A Study of Ezeigbo’s Hands That Crush Stone (2010). Journal Of

International Women’s Studies Vol 16. 2015

Habib, M.A.R.2011. LITERARY CRITICISM From Plato to the Present: AN INTRODUCTION. UK: Wiley-Blackwell

Freedman, Jane. 2001. Feminism: Concepts in the Social Sciences. Buckingham: Open University Press

Gillespie, Tim. Doing Literary Criticism CD Book

Griffin, Miranda. 2012. Gender And Authority In The Medieval French. London: Senate House Library

Hidayat, Rahmad. 2012. POETRY MODULE. Surabaya

Hemmings, Clare. Feminist Theory: Teliing Feminist Stories. Sage Publication. Vol 6 ; 155. 2005

Hoeveler, Diane. 2004. Frankenstein, Feminism, and Literary Theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press

Kennedy, XJ. 1987. LITERATURE: And Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama : Fourth Edition. London, England: Scott, Foresman and Company

Knapp, Jenna. Women, Men, and the Changing Role of Gender in Immigration. Institute for Latino Studies University of Notre Dame. Vol 3. Issue 3. 2009

Mackinnon, Catharine A. Feminism, Marxism, Method and The State: And Agenda for Theory. The University of Chicago Press. Vol 7. No 3 , Feminist Theory, pp 515 – 544. 1982

Mcguire, Kate. 2013. Joan of Arc: Feminist Leader, Prophet, Influence to All. Portfolio

Peterson, V. Spike. Feminist Theories Within, Invisible To, and Beyond IR. Associate Professor University of Arizona. Vol 10 , Issue 2. 2004

Offen, Karen. Defining Feminism: A Comparative Historical Approach. The University of Chichago Press. Vol 14. No 1, pp 199 – 157. 1988

Plain, Gill. 2007. A HISTORY OF FEMINIST LITERARY CRITICISM. New York: USA. Cambridge University Press

Selden, Raman. 2005. A Reader’s guide to Contemporary Literary Theory : Fifith Edition. Great Britain: Pearson Longman

Thompson, Scott. 2015. Role of Nuns in Medieval Times. Demand Media, Inc

Tyson, Lois. 2006. Critical Theory Today : Second Edition. Great Britain: Routledge

www.bl.uk/the-middle-ages/articles/women-in-medieval-society

www.bloomsbury.com/author/kimberly-cutter

www.historynet.com/joan-of-arc