EFFECT OF PARENTING EDUCATION AND TYPE O
EFFECT OF PARENTING EDUCATION AND TYPE OF PARENTS
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
IN THE GARDEN child - a child SABBIHISMA I PADANG
Amelia 1.Dessy
2. Dadan Suryana
Students PPS UNP Early Childhood Education
NIM: 17330011
mahirakhairani1@gmail.com
Abstrac
Education can affect a person, including a person's behavior will be lifestyle,
especially in motivating for the attitude to participate in health development. The higher a
person's education level, the more easily receive information that the more knowledge.
Instead of education less will hinder the development of attitudes towards the value - the
value of the newly introduced. Pattern foster parent is an interaction between children and
parents during the conduct parenting activities. This parenting means parents to educate,
guide and discipline and protecting the child to reach maturity in accordance with the norms
- norms that exist in society. Psychosocial development of preschool children is child's
development process towards own ability masallah meneyelesaikan appropriate knowledge.
Environmental attitudes that likes prohibit and blame make children lose the initiative. By the
time the adult child will easily experience guilt when making mistakes and not creative. Type
penilitian quantitatively using the sample population in kindergarten Sabbihisma I
Padang.With a reliability test instruments, it will be known the level of constancy an
instrument to measure what it intends measured. The type of instrument reliability parenting
parents menun has put forward that the magnitude of the coefficient. Results of research
education level of respondents have a significant influence on the psychosocial development
of preschool children in Nursery - Nursery Sabbihisma I Padang. Type of Respondents
parenting significant effect on the psychosocial development of preschool children in Nursery
- Nursery Sabbihisma I Padang. Together Education Level respondent does not affect the
psychosocial development of preschool children in Nursery - Nursery Sabbihisma I Padang.
A. PRELIMINARY
Each stage of psychosocial development, there are many tasks that must be mastered
child's development before he reaches the next development stage, their barriers in achieving
the tasks of the psychosocial development at one stage would hamper its success at the next
stage (Mirza M., 2007). Everything will be reversed if the objective of a child at this age have
problems because it can develop a character which has negative impact for her, which is
feeling guilty and at the climax they often feel guilty or instead will develop an attitude of
blame themselves for what they feel and do (Wongkeban 2008; 8).
Achievement of psychosocial development tasks in order to avoid a serious obstacle
in preschool children, needs to consider psychosocial factors that may affect child
development, among others; stimulation, motivation to learn, reward or punishment is
reasonable, peer group, stress, school, love and affection and parenting parents (Soetjiningsih,
1998; 9). Kartono in Yuniati (1996) argues that the family is the first institution in the lives of
children, where children learn and express themselves as social creatures. Families provide
the basis of behavior, character, morals and education to children. Family success in instilling
values - values in children depends on the type of parenting is applied parents to their
children (Latifah M, 2008; 4).
Parenting in families that applied will shape the child's behavior a day - day.
According baumrid in Clara (2000: 1) patterns include neglectful parenting, authoritarian,
indulgent and authoritative. This time not a few parents who pursue their own interests under
the pretext of the welfare of the child, so sometimes their role as parents is "to educate and
care for children" neglected. Intake of initial data and based on the documentation on the park
Kanak - childhood Sabbihisma I, Monday, 23 November 2017 there were 48 children aged 3
to 4 years, 101 children aged 4 to 5 years and 51 children aged 6 years who have signed up to
be a student in kindergarten - childhood Sabbihisma I Padang academic year 2015/2016.
While the number of preschool students aged 3 to 6 years of academic year 2016/2017
amounted to 210 children. Looks an increase in the number of applicants in the school year to
come, according to the survey while Monday, 25 November 2017 from some of the people
who pick up their children (10 people), eight (80%) of the pickup turned out was a
housekeeper, while the parents, especially mothers of preschool children is a worker who
leave their children in the care of his assistants for their work. The remaining 20% are women
who take the time or permission from work to pick up his son from school. Most of the
mother - the mother was indeed handed over almost all of them under the supervision of child
care helpers during their time in the workplace.
B. DISCUSSION
1. Education concept
education by Suwarno (1992), quoted by Nursalam and Pariani (2001),
education means the guidance given by the person against another person moving
towards a goal - a specific goal. Mantra cited by Notoatmojo (1985) may affect a
person's education, including the person's behavior will be lifestyle, especially in
motivating for the attitude to participate in health development. The higher a person's
education level, the more easily receive information that the more knowledge. Instead of
education less will hinder the development of attitudes towards the value - the value of
the newly introduced (Nursalam, 2003. Quoted from Kuncoroningrat, 1997). Education
levels are Basic Education (SD - SMP), Secondary Education (high school) and Higher
Education (PT)
2. Concept Parenting
Parenting is towards the needs of maintenance and care of children so that their health
is always maintained, so expect them to be children who are healthy physically,
mentally, socially and spiritually (Effendi, 1998). In caring for children of parents
affected by the culture in the environment. In addition, parents are also characterized by
an attitude - a certain attitude in nurturing, guiding and directing the men - his daughter.
The attitude reflected in his upbringing to a different - different, because the parents
have certain parenting styles. Parenting (parenting) or child care is very dependent on
the values of family owned. Basically, the main goal of parenting is Maintaining
physical life of children and improve their health, facilitate the child to develop skills in
line with the stage of development, Encouraging increased ability to behave in
accordance with the religious and cultural values it stands for.
The ability of parents to run this parenting role can not be learned through
formal education, but based on: experience in performing that role, namely to study the
experience of parents earlier. According to Wong in Supartini (2004; 36)
There are four kinds of parenting by psychologists Baumrid (Parenting, 2008),
namely:
Authoritarian parenting is parenting that is rigid, dictatorial and forcing children to
always follow the orders of parents without a lot of reasons.
Neglecfult parenting or parenting penelantar is a pattern in which parents do not
want to get involved and do not want too dizzy ignoring his son's life.
Indulgent parenting or parenting patient / pemanja is parenting parents were always
involved in all aspects of a child's life. In parenting is no demand and control from
parent to child.
Authoritative parenting is to encourage children to be independent, but parents still
apply limits and controls
Some of the factors that can make a maximum of parenting is not coming from
an environment that is very close to the child. Here are described psychologist from
Spectrum Treatment and Education Center, Bintaro, Banten (Irfan H., 2007)
a) Caregiver. Inconsistency occurs when caregivers do deviations from the rules or
discipline that has been applied to parents.
b) Less authority. Examples can come from parents who often treat the caregiver is
far from being polite. This makes the children to come - follow-up did not respect
and abide by the caregiver.
c) Unpreparedness of caregivers. The behavior of caregivers who shout, pinch or say
profanity may be dituru by children.
d) Over protective. Caregivers who accept and apply the rules of the parents as they
are, so it makes the child feel constrained.
The neighborhood around the house like a neighbor, anakpun can get a negative
experience or less will affect the sustainability of parenting parents against him.
Comparing like, when children find differences parenting aakan compares the child and
this can affect the child, which will cause protests on their parents. Inconsistency ie If
the child finds his home a different tolerance of what he encountered at home alone then
the child is likely to be violated.
3. The concept of Psychosocial Development
Maslow (1998) defines development as an increase in the child's skills and capacity to
work gradually and continuously. So development is a process for producing an
increased ability to function at a certain level (Supartini Y., 2004).
4. Psychosocial development of preschool children
Psychosocial development of preschool children is child's development
process towards the ability appropriate knowledge meneyelesaikan own problems
Feelings of guilt will arise in children if the child does not amapu accomplished so
dissatisfied on developments that are not achieved. According to Erikson at the
initiative versus guilt phase children show the characteristic: The nearest person
preschool children are the parents. Normal child has mastered the feeling of
autonomy, with the support of parents in the imagination and activity, the child trying
to master the feeling initiative.
Some characteristics of psychosocial development of preschool children among others.
a. social characteristics
The child's relationship with another person, other than a parent extends including
grandparents, siblings and teachers - teachers in the school. Children need regular
interaction with peers to help develop social skills.
b. The main purpose of the program is membentu preschool children develop social
skills.
c.
Behavioral characteristics
In accordance with the task perkembangananya, preschoolers will exhibit the
following behavior (Keliat, 2008):
C. RESEARCH METHODS
Design used in this study is correlational research. Correlational study examines the
influence of variables. Researchers can search, describe an influence, estimating and testing
based on existing theory. Correlational research used in this study using cross sectional
approach. Cross-sectional study that emphasizes the time measurement / observation of
independent and dependent variable data only one time. In this type of variable rated
simultaneously at one time, so there was no follow-up. Of course, all the research subjects
should be observed on the day or at the same time, but both independent and dependent
variables assessed only once, with this study will be obtained prevalence or effects of a
phenomenon (independent variables).
Sampling techniquein this research. The population is in kindergarten - kindergarten
Sabbihisma I Padang. Inaccessibility population in this study is one of the parents of all
preschool children in the class A, B, C and D Nursery - childhood Sabbihisma I Padang. Total
population of 210 parents of preschoolers. Sample table used is krejcie table and nomogram
Harry King, which is based on the calculation of error of 5% (Soegiyono, 2006). Nomogram
showing when a population of 210, the samples taken were 136 respondents.
sampling The sampling technique used by researchers is proportional purposive
random sampling. Sampling was done by taking samples lottery that have met the criteria.
The samples used were 136 parents TK Sabbihisma I Padang which altogether amounted to
210 students, by means of: Class A = 35 students = 35 x 136 = 23 students 210 Class B = 69
students = 69 x 136 = 45 students 210 Class C = 70 students = 70 x 136 = 45 students 210
students Class D = 36 = 36 x 136 = 23 210 students.
By counting each - each class has been able to represent each - each age in preschool
children. Class A is the preschool children aged 3 years, class B preschool children aged 4
years, class C preschool children aged 5 years and class D preschool children aged 6 years.
By counting as above is expected to represent each child's age at 52.
Data collection techniques / instruments in this study is The dependent variable in this
study is "psychosocial development in preschool children" in kindergarten - kindergarten
Sabbihisma I Padang. Psychosocial development of preschool children. After all the
questions on a questionnaire filled in the elderly, the data are collected, then the results are
interpreted with the criteria. If the result is 0-5 shows the psychosocial development of Guilt
(error) If the result is 6-10 shows the psychosocial development initiatives. The independent
variable "educational level of parents in preschool children and the type of parenting parents
in preschool children" in kindergarten - kindergarten Sabbihisma I Padang.
Data analysis technique used is Validity and Reliability: Test Validity, Test the validity
of the instrument is to test the validity of the items or the validity of the items, which
calculates the correlation between scores - scores obtained on each item with the total score
of each - each respondent. The test instrument of research conducted on parents of preschool
children in kindergarten - kindergarten Sabbihisma I Padang which numbered 40 people.
Validity of test results parenting-type instrument of 32 items of questions, with each type of
parenting consists of 8 items after calculation question the validity test with SPSS 13
obtained four items were declared invalid namely item no question. 4, 13, 17 and 21 or No. 1
for item types authoritative parenting style, no 2 for item types authoritarian parenting, No. 3
and No. 5 for the type of parenting neclectful item. From the results of the test instrument
validity of psychosocial development of preschool children from 10 items of questions after
calculation validity test with SPSS 13 all the items declared invalid.
Test Reliability, Reliability shows the extent to which a measurement can produce
steady results when performed repeated measurements to the same subject. Reliability test
using Cronbach's Alpha method to test the internal consistency between the statement items
with a limit value greater than 0.60 (Anwar, 2003). With a reliability test instruments, it will
be known the level of constancy an instrument to measure what it intends measured. The type
of instrument reliability parenting parents showed that the magnitude of the coefficient is
0.787 (see attachment). Thus the reliability coefficient of the type of parenting parents
otherwise meet the prescribed criteria, ie Alpha coefficients> 0.60 means that the instrument
has high reliability. Instrument reliability psychosocial development of preschool children
showed that the magnitude of the coefficient is 0.707 (see attachment). Thus the instrument
reliability coefficient psychosocial development of preschool children found to comply with
the specified kriteriayang yaiti Alpha coefficients> 0.60 This means that the instrument has
high reliability.
Data analysis is done is assessments conducted later dikriteria. Highest value showed a
tendency parenting applied parents to their children: Necletful = 1, Authoritarian = 2,
Indulgent = 3 and authoritative = 4. Assessment carried out by: To answer "True" value 1, to
answer "False" rated 0.Setelah Data is collected then the result is interpreted with the
following criteria: If the result is 0-5 shows the psychosocial development of guilt (error) If
the result is 6-10 shows the psychosocial development initiatives Before analyzing the data,
the first correction of the data by checking the correctness of the questionnaire, and then do
the tabulation a cross between independent variables with the dependent variable. To
facilitate data analysis used bivariate test and test multivariat.Berdasarkan purpose of this
study, data analysis is directed to determine the form of the presence / absence of influence
between education level and the type of parenting parents on the psychosocial development
of preschool children in Kindergarten - childhood Sabbihisma I Padang.
D. RESEARCH RESULT
Description of the general characteristics of the respondents carried out in order to
obtain a clear picture of the characteristics of respondents in the research. The education level
of respondents have a significant influence on the psychosocial development of preschool
children in Nursery - Nursery Sabbihisma I Padang. Type of Respondents parenting
significant effect on the psychosocial development of preschool children in Nursery - Nursery
Sabbihisma I Padang. Together Education Level respondent does not affect the psychosocial
development of preschool children in Nursery - Nursery Sabbihisma I Padang.
By paying attention to the above results it will have implications on several aspects if
not addressed by the parties - of any party, therefore it needs to be elaborated by implication,
namely: On The Level Education Parents' education level of the parents affect the ability of
parents to apply the knowledge obtained in the process psychosocial development of
preschool children. Low levels of parental education may inhibit the reception of information
in order to stimulate the psychosocial development of preschool children, as a result of
parents are not able to meet the needs of children will progress
psychosocial, resulting in the failure of psychosocial development in preschool children so
that children are not able to become a preschool initiative, even becoming dependent child
and always felt guilty.
Against Application Type Effective Parenting Directly or indirectly, the type of
parenting that does not comply with the conditions of preschool children will affect how
psychosocial development. The results of this study only reveals the influence of the type of
parenting to the psychosocial development of preschool children, and there are several
obstacles that are owned by the child in their psychosocial development, because parenting is
not in accordance with the child's development.
In the literature has been disclosed above that type of good parenting is the type of
authoritative parenting style, and it looks at the results of research that parents who use
neclectful parenting, authoritarian, and indulgen tends to affect the psychosocial development
of preschool children. Influence of Preschool Children Learning Process (kindergarten kindergarten) When there are obstacles in some aspects of psychosocial development of
preschool children, will certainly affect the learning process of preschool children. As well as
lacking social skills develop properly, it will affect the child's interactions with peers,
educational environment of kindergarten - kindergarten. Likewise, other aspects, if
underdeveloped certainly guard will have implications on the learning process in the
kindergarten - kindergarten.
E. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Arixs.2006. Authoritarian care patterns, Children Reluctant School.
Arief, TQ 2004. Introduction Methodology Research for Health Sciences. Surakarta:
CSGF
Arikunto, S. 2006. Research Procedure A Practical Approach. Jakarta: Rineka Reserved
Anwar, S. 2006. Reliabelitas and validity. Yokyakarta: Student Library
_______. 2005. Human Attitude Theory and Measurement. Yogyakarta: Student Library
Hellburgge T. & Wimpffen JH. 2005. 365 First day Perkembanagn Healthy Babies.
Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan
Hilmansyah. 2007. Effective Parenting, Parenting Loving, Nakita Free Grow
Kuntoro. 2007. Statistical Methods. Surabaya. library Budget
Machfoedz I. 2006. Statistics Induktif.Yokyakarta: Fitramaya
Kartono K. 1995. Child Developmental Psychology. Bandung: Mandar Maju
Latifah M. 2008. The role of family in education Kids character.
Marfuah, P. 2007. Four Types Parenting Parents, Nakita Free Growth
Marthachristianti. 2008. Problems Children in kindergarten - kindergarten.
Maulana M. 2007. Educating Autistic children and others to the Children's Mental Disorders
Smart and Healthy, Yokyakarta: Katahati
Muscari ME. 2005. Pediatric Nursing. Jakarta: EGC
Nelson. 1999. Children's hygiene. Yakarta: EGC
Notoatmodjo. 1997. Public Health. Jakarta: Rineka Reserved
2003. Methods for Health Research. Jakarta: Rineka Reserved
Nursalam & Pariani. 2001. Methodology of Nursing Research. Jakarta: Sagung Reto
Nursalam. 2003. Application of Basic Concepts of Nursing Research Methodology.
Jakarta: Salemba Medika
_________ 2008. Concept and Implementation Methodology of Nursing Research.
Jakarta: Salemba Medika
Petranto I., 2006. Confidence Parenting Children are a reflection of the Parent.
Ramli. 2005. Early Childhood Assistance. Jakarta: MOE
Sabrie L. & Hastono SP. 2006. Health Statistics. Jakarta: King Grafindo Persada
Sudiharto. Keperawtan 2007.Asuhan friendly Nursing Approach
transcultural, Jakarta. EGC
Siswanto. 2007. Mental Health, Concept Coverage & Development. Yokyakarta:
Andi
Soetjiningsih. 1998. Growth. Surabaya: Airlangga
Soegiyono. 2006. Statistics For Research. Bandung: Alfabeta
Sukandarrumidi. 2006. Research Methodology. Yokyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press
Sukmadinata N. 2007. Education Research Methods. Bandung: Youth Rosdakarya
Supartini Y. 2004. The basic concept Child Nursing. Jakarta: EGC
Wong. 2004. Pediatric Nursing. Jakarta: EGC
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
IN THE GARDEN child - a child SABBIHISMA I PADANG
Amelia 1.Dessy
2. Dadan Suryana
Students PPS UNP Early Childhood Education
NIM: 17330011
mahirakhairani1@gmail.com
Abstrac
Education can affect a person, including a person's behavior will be lifestyle,
especially in motivating for the attitude to participate in health development. The higher a
person's education level, the more easily receive information that the more knowledge.
Instead of education less will hinder the development of attitudes towards the value - the
value of the newly introduced. Pattern foster parent is an interaction between children and
parents during the conduct parenting activities. This parenting means parents to educate,
guide and discipline and protecting the child to reach maturity in accordance with the norms
- norms that exist in society. Psychosocial development of preschool children is child's
development process towards own ability masallah meneyelesaikan appropriate knowledge.
Environmental attitudes that likes prohibit and blame make children lose the initiative. By the
time the adult child will easily experience guilt when making mistakes and not creative. Type
penilitian quantitatively using the sample population in kindergarten Sabbihisma I
Padang.With a reliability test instruments, it will be known the level of constancy an
instrument to measure what it intends measured. The type of instrument reliability parenting
parents menun has put forward that the magnitude of the coefficient. Results of research
education level of respondents have a significant influence on the psychosocial development
of preschool children in Nursery - Nursery Sabbihisma I Padang. Type of Respondents
parenting significant effect on the psychosocial development of preschool children in Nursery
- Nursery Sabbihisma I Padang. Together Education Level respondent does not affect the
psychosocial development of preschool children in Nursery - Nursery Sabbihisma I Padang.
A. PRELIMINARY
Each stage of psychosocial development, there are many tasks that must be mastered
child's development before he reaches the next development stage, their barriers in achieving
the tasks of the psychosocial development at one stage would hamper its success at the next
stage (Mirza M., 2007). Everything will be reversed if the objective of a child at this age have
problems because it can develop a character which has negative impact for her, which is
feeling guilty and at the climax they often feel guilty or instead will develop an attitude of
blame themselves for what they feel and do (Wongkeban 2008; 8).
Achievement of psychosocial development tasks in order to avoid a serious obstacle
in preschool children, needs to consider psychosocial factors that may affect child
development, among others; stimulation, motivation to learn, reward or punishment is
reasonable, peer group, stress, school, love and affection and parenting parents (Soetjiningsih,
1998; 9). Kartono in Yuniati (1996) argues that the family is the first institution in the lives of
children, where children learn and express themselves as social creatures. Families provide
the basis of behavior, character, morals and education to children. Family success in instilling
values - values in children depends on the type of parenting is applied parents to their
children (Latifah M, 2008; 4).
Parenting in families that applied will shape the child's behavior a day - day.
According baumrid in Clara (2000: 1) patterns include neglectful parenting, authoritarian,
indulgent and authoritative. This time not a few parents who pursue their own interests under
the pretext of the welfare of the child, so sometimes their role as parents is "to educate and
care for children" neglected. Intake of initial data and based on the documentation on the park
Kanak - childhood Sabbihisma I, Monday, 23 November 2017 there were 48 children aged 3
to 4 years, 101 children aged 4 to 5 years and 51 children aged 6 years who have signed up to
be a student in kindergarten - childhood Sabbihisma I Padang academic year 2015/2016.
While the number of preschool students aged 3 to 6 years of academic year 2016/2017
amounted to 210 children. Looks an increase in the number of applicants in the school year to
come, according to the survey while Monday, 25 November 2017 from some of the people
who pick up their children (10 people), eight (80%) of the pickup turned out was a
housekeeper, while the parents, especially mothers of preschool children is a worker who
leave their children in the care of his assistants for their work. The remaining 20% are women
who take the time or permission from work to pick up his son from school. Most of the
mother - the mother was indeed handed over almost all of them under the supervision of child
care helpers during their time in the workplace.
B. DISCUSSION
1. Education concept
education by Suwarno (1992), quoted by Nursalam and Pariani (2001),
education means the guidance given by the person against another person moving
towards a goal - a specific goal. Mantra cited by Notoatmojo (1985) may affect a
person's education, including the person's behavior will be lifestyle, especially in
motivating for the attitude to participate in health development. The higher a person's
education level, the more easily receive information that the more knowledge. Instead of
education less will hinder the development of attitudes towards the value - the value of
the newly introduced (Nursalam, 2003. Quoted from Kuncoroningrat, 1997). Education
levels are Basic Education (SD - SMP), Secondary Education (high school) and Higher
Education (PT)
2. Concept Parenting
Parenting is towards the needs of maintenance and care of children so that their health
is always maintained, so expect them to be children who are healthy physically,
mentally, socially and spiritually (Effendi, 1998). In caring for children of parents
affected by the culture in the environment. In addition, parents are also characterized by
an attitude - a certain attitude in nurturing, guiding and directing the men - his daughter.
The attitude reflected in his upbringing to a different - different, because the parents
have certain parenting styles. Parenting (parenting) or child care is very dependent on
the values of family owned. Basically, the main goal of parenting is Maintaining
physical life of children and improve their health, facilitate the child to develop skills in
line with the stage of development, Encouraging increased ability to behave in
accordance with the religious and cultural values it stands for.
The ability of parents to run this parenting role can not be learned through
formal education, but based on: experience in performing that role, namely to study the
experience of parents earlier. According to Wong in Supartini (2004; 36)
There are four kinds of parenting by psychologists Baumrid (Parenting, 2008),
namely:
Authoritarian parenting is parenting that is rigid, dictatorial and forcing children to
always follow the orders of parents without a lot of reasons.
Neglecfult parenting or parenting penelantar is a pattern in which parents do not
want to get involved and do not want too dizzy ignoring his son's life.
Indulgent parenting or parenting patient / pemanja is parenting parents were always
involved in all aspects of a child's life. In parenting is no demand and control from
parent to child.
Authoritative parenting is to encourage children to be independent, but parents still
apply limits and controls
Some of the factors that can make a maximum of parenting is not coming from
an environment that is very close to the child. Here are described psychologist from
Spectrum Treatment and Education Center, Bintaro, Banten (Irfan H., 2007)
a) Caregiver. Inconsistency occurs when caregivers do deviations from the rules or
discipline that has been applied to parents.
b) Less authority. Examples can come from parents who often treat the caregiver is
far from being polite. This makes the children to come - follow-up did not respect
and abide by the caregiver.
c) Unpreparedness of caregivers. The behavior of caregivers who shout, pinch or say
profanity may be dituru by children.
d) Over protective. Caregivers who accept and apply the rules of the parents as they
are, so it makes the child feel constrained.
The neighborhood around the house like a neighbor, anakpun can get a negative
experience or less will affect the sustainability of parenting parents against him.
Comparing like, when children find differences parenting aakan compares the child and
this can affect the child, which will cause protests on their parents. Inconsistency ie If
the child finds his home a different tolerance of what he encountered at home alone then
the child is likely to be violated.
3. The concept of Psychosocial Development
Maslow (1998) defines development as an increase in the child's skills and capacity to
work gradually and continuously. So development is a process for producing an
increased ability to function at a certain level (Supartini Y., 2004).
4. Psychosocial development of preschool children
Psychosocial development of preschool children is child's development
process towards the ability appropriate knowledge meneyelesaikan own problems
Feelings of guilt will arise in children if the child does not amapu accomplished so
dissatisfied on developments that are not achieved. According to Erikson at the
initiative versus guilt phase children show the characteristic: The nearest person
preschool children are the parents. Normal child has mastered the feeling of
autonomy, with the support of parents in the imagination and activity, the child trying
to master the feeling initiative.
Some characteristics of psychosocial development of preschool children among others.
a. social characteristics
The child's relationship with another person, other than a parent extends including
grandparents, siblings and teachers - teachers in the school. Children need regular
interaction with peers to help develop social skills.
b. The main purpose of the program is membentu preschool children develop social
skills.
c.
Behavioral characteristics
In accordance with the task perkembangananya, preschoolers will exhibit the
following behavior (Keliat, 2008):
C. RESEARCH METHODS
Design used in this study is correlational research. Correlational study examines the
influence of variables. Researchers can search, describe an influence, estimating and testing
based on existing theory. Correlational research used in this study using cross sectional
approach. Cross-sectional study that emphasizes the time measurement / observation of
independent and dependent variable data only one time. In this type of variable rated
simultaneously at one time, so there was no follow-up. Of course, all the research subjects
should be observed on the day or at the same time, but both independent and dependent
variables assessed only once, with this study will be obtained prevalence or effects of a
phenomenon (independent variables).
Sampling techniquein this research. The population is in kindergarten - kindergarten
Sabbihisma I Padang. Inaccessibility population in this study is one of the parents of all
preschool children in the class A, B, C and D Nursery - childhood Sabbihisma I Padang. Total
population of 210 parents of preschoolers. Sample table used is krejcie table and nomogram
Harry King, which is based on the calculation of error of 5% (Soegiyono, 2006). Nomogram
showing when a population of 210, the samples taken were 136 respondents.
sampling The sampling technique used by researchers is proportional purposive
random sampling. Sampling was done by taking samples lottery that have met the criteria.
The samples used were 136 parents TK Sabbihisma I Padang which altogether amounted to
210 students, by means of: Class A = 35 students = 35 x 136 = 23 students 210 Class B = 69
students = 69 x 136 = 45 students 210 Class C = 70 students = 70 x 136 = 45 students 210
students Class D = 36 = 36 x 136 = 23 210 students.
By counting each - each class has been able to represent each - each age in preschool
children. Class A is the preschool children aged 3 years, class B preschool children aged 4
years, class C preschool children aged 5 years and class D preschool children aged 6 years.
By counting as above is expected to represent each child's age at 52.
Data collection techniques / instruments in this study is The dependent variable in this
study is "psychosocial development in preschool children" in kindergarten - kindergarten
Sabbihisma I Padang. Psychosocial development of preschool children. After all the
questions on a questionnaire filled in the elderly, the data are collected, then the results are
interpreted with the criteria. If the result is 0-5 shows the psychosocial development of Guilt
(error) If the result is 6-10 shows the psychosocial development initiatives. The independent
variable "educational level of parents in preschool children and the type of parenting parents
in preschool children" in kindergarten - kindergarten Sabbihisma I Padang.
Data analysis technique used is Validity and Reliability: Test Validity, Test the validity
of the instrument is to test the validity of the items or the validity of the items, which
calculates the correlation between scores - scores obtained on each item with the total score
of each - each respondent. The test instrument of research conducted on parents of preschool
children in kindergarten - kindergarten Sabbihisma I Padang which numbered 40 people.
Validity of test results parenting-type instrument of 32 items of questions, with each type of
parenting consists of 8 items after calculation question the validity test with SPSS 13
obtained four items were declared invalid namely item no question. 4, 13, 17 and 21 or No. 1
for item types authoritative parenting style, no 2 for item types authoritarian parenting, No. 3
and No. 5 for the type of parenting neclectful item. From the results of the test instrument
validity of psychosocial development of preschool children from 10 items of questions after
calculation validity test with SPSS 13 all the items declared invalid.
Test Reliability, Reliability shows the extent to which a measurement can produce
steady results when performed repeated measurements to the same subject. Reliability test
using Cronbach's Alpha method to test the internal consistency between the statement items
with a limit value greater than 0.60 (Anwar, 2003). With a reliability test instruments, it will
be known the level of constancy an instrument to measure what it intends measured. The type
of instrument reliability parenting parents showed that the magnitude of the coefficient is
0.787 (see attachment). Thus the reliability coefficient of the type of parenting parents
otherwise meet the prescribed criteria, ie Alpha coefficients> 0.60 means that the instrument
has high reliability. Instrument reliability psychosocial development of preschool children
showed that the magnitude of the coefficient is 0.707 (see attachment). Thus the instrument
reliability coefficient psychosocial development of preschool children found to comply with
the specified kriteriayang yaiti Alpha coefficients> 0.60 This means that the instrument has
high reliability.
Data analysis is done is assessments conducted later dikriteria. Highest value showed a
tendency parenting applied parents to their children: Necletful = 1, Authoritarian = 2,
Indulgent = 3 and authoritative = 4. Assessment carried out by: To answer "True" value 1, to
answer "False" rated 0.Setelah Data is collected then the result is interpreted with the
following criteria: If the result is 0-5 shows the psychosocial development of guilt (error) If
the result is 6-10 shows the psychosocial development initiatives Before analyzing the data,
the first correction of the data by checking the correctness of the questionnaire, and then do
the tabulation a cross between independent variables with the dependent variable. To
facilitate data analysis used bivariate test and test multivariat.Berdasarkan purpose of this
study, data analysis is directed to determine the form of the presence / absence of influence
between education level and the type of parenting parents on the psychosocial development
of preschool children in Kindergarten - childhood Sabbihisma I Padang.
D. RESEARCH RESULT
Description of the general characteristics of the respondents carried out in order to
obtain a clear picture of the characteristics of respondents in the research. The education level
of respondents have a significant influence on the psychosocial development of preschool
children in Nursery - Nursery Sabbihisma I Padang. Type of Respondents parenting
significant effect on the psychosocial development of preschool children in Nursery - Nursery
Sabbihisma I Padang. Together Education Level respondent does not affect the psychosocial
development of preschool children in Nursery - Nursery Sabbihisma I Padang.
By paying attention to the above results it will have implications on several aspects if
not addressed by the parties - of any party, therefore it needs to be elaborated by implication,
namely: On The Level Education Parents' education level of the parents affect the ability of
parents to apply the knowledge obtained in the process psychosocial development of
preschool children. Low levels of parental education may inhibit the reception of information
in order to stimulate the psychosocial development of preschool children, as a result of
parents are not able to meet the needs of children will progress
psychosocial, resulting in the failure of psychosocial development in preschool children so
that children are not able to become a preschool initiative, even becoming dependent child
and always felt guilty.
Against Application Type Effective Parenting Directly or indirectly, the type of
parenting that does not comply with the conditions of preschool children will affect how
psychosocial development. The results of this study only reveals the influence of the type of
parenting to the psychosocial development of preschool children, and there are several
obstacles that are owned by the child in their psychosocial development, because parenting is
not in accordance with the child's development.
In the literature has been disclosed above that type of good parenting is the type of
authoritative parenting style, and it looks at the results of research that parents who use
neclectful parenting, authoritarian, and indulgen tends to affect the psychosocial development
of preschool children. Influence of Preschool Children Learning Process (kindergarten kindergarten) When there are obstacles in some aspects of psychosocial development of
preschool children, will certainly affect the learning process of preschool children. As well as
lacking social skills develop properly, it will affect the child's interactions with peers,
educational environment of kindergarten - kindergarten. Likewise, other aspects, if
underdeveloped certainly guard will have implications on the learning process in the
kindergarten - kindergarten.
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