A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GENDER LANGUAGE IN PRIDE AND PREJUDICE AND FRANKENSTEIN NOVELS.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GENDER LANGUAGE IN
PRIDE AND PREJUDICE AND FRANKENSTEIN NOVELS
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts,
State University of Medan, in Partial of the Requirements for the
Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
SAFRIANA SILITONGA
Registration Number: 209220044
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GENDER LANGUAGE IN
PRIDE AND PREJUDICE AND FRANKENSTEIN NOVELS
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts,
State University of Medan, in Partial of the Requirements for the
Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
SAFRIANA SILITONGA
Registration Number: 209220044
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
DECLARATION
Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own word,
has been expressed in my own words and has not previously been submitted for
assessment. I understand that this paper maybe screened electronically or
otherwise for plagiarism.
Medan, August 2013
SAFRIANA SILITONGA
Registration Number: 209220044
ABSTRACT
Silitonga, Safriana. A Comparative Study of Gender Language in Pride and
Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels. A thesis. Medan. Faculty of
Languages and Arts (FBS). State University of Medan. UNIMED. 2013
This study deals with the similarities and differences of gender language
expressed in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels. The object of this
study is to find out the similarities and differences of gender language which are
expressed in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein novels .This study used
descriptive qualitative research. The data were collected by documentary
technique and the instrument of collecting data was documentary sheet. The data
were analyzed by descriptive comparative. The findings indicated that there were
some similarities and differences found between those two novels. The
similarities were found in three features:a) Politeness; all the characters in Pride
and Prejudice and Frankenstein novels used polite sentences b) Grammar; all the
characters in novels used hypercorrect grammar c) Precise color terms; there was
no found the using of this feature in novels. The differences were found in the
other seven features: a) Lexical Hedges; 18,64% found in Pride and Prejudice
and 13,04% found in Frankenstein b) Tag Question; 6,77% found in Pride and
Prejudice and it was not found in Frankenstein c) Intensifier; 11,86% found in
Pride and Prejudice and 8,69% found in Frankenstein d) Swear Words; 7,63%
found in Pride and Prejudice and 17,39% found in Frankenstein e) Empty
Adjective; 8,43% found in Pride and Prejudice and 4,34% found in Frankenstein
f) Emphatic Stress; 15,25% found in Pride and Prejudice and 15,94% found in
Frankenstein g) Rising Intonation on Declarative; 9,32% found in Pride and
Prejudice and 5,79% found in Frankenstein. It is hoped that the result of this
study will be useful to anyone who wants to study about literary, especially
gender language.
Keyword
: prose, novel, gender language
i
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table
2.1
The Characteristic of Men’s and Women’s language ............................. 18
2.2
Differences of Communication between Men and Women ..................19
2.3
The Characteristic of Gender Language ...............................................21
4.1
Descriptive Data of the Features of Gender Language In
Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels ....................................... 43
4.2
Descriptive Data of Gender Language Used by Men and Women
In Pride and Prejudice Novel ..............................................................45
4.3
Descriptive Data of Gender Language Used by Men and Women
In Frankenstein Novel ..........................................................................46
4.4
Identification of the Dominant Features of Gender Language
In Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels ................................47
4.5
Similarities and differences of the using of politeness used by the
characters in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels ...............49
4.6
The Similarities of the Using of Hypercorrect Grammar Used
by The Characters in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels .54
4.7
The Differences of the Using of Lexical Hedges Used by The
Characters in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels ...............56
4.8
The Difference of the Using of Rising Intonation on Declarative
Used by the Characters in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein
Novels ...................................................................................................57
4.9
The Difference of the Using of Empty Adjective Used by The
Characters in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels ...............59
4.10
The Difference of the Using of Intensifier Used by The
Characters in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels ................60
vi
4.11
The Difference of the Using of Swear Words Used by The
Characters in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels ................62
4.12
The Difference of the Using of Emphatic Stress Used by
The Characters in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels .........63
vii
LIST OF APPENDIX
Appendix
Page
A. The Utterances Description of Ten Features
of Gender Language …………………………………………
69
viii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of The Study
Literature is a mirror of human life. It is a creative creation of human
imaginations, wishes, though, feelings and all the reality of life. A literary work
exists because of society. In other words, the existence of literary work is
influenced by the condition and phenomenon in society either in politic, social,
religion, economy, and culture. As Wellek (1987: 94) stated, literature reserve
about life and life, in most part, is part of the real society. Therefore, literary work
is the reflection of the real life. It can describe the events in our life, and also
contains the cultural and social background which indicates that literature and
society is closely related because literature expresses the situations and problems
existing in society.
One of literary works is novel. It is a mirror that is very suitable to decide
all aspects of life and nature (Taime, 1972:21 in Saputra 2008). Here Taime
clearly views that novel as one kind of literary work reflects the condition of one
period. By reading a novel, the readers can read the reality or condition include
social condition in when the literary works are created.
The brief explanation above clearly shows that there is a close and clear
relationship between novels, as a literary work and society. Through novel the
readersor researchers not only get the understanding about the condition and
problems in one society based on the novel, but also the better views to face many
1
2
problems in life. Novel is created by an author who interacts to the society. Since
every writer is a member of society, he can be studied as social being. It will be
possible to accumulate information about the social provenance, the family
background, the economic position of writers.
This study analyzes the gender language in two novels from different
authors. They were written in the 18th centuries in the same country, England.
They are Pride and Prejudice(1813) by Jane Austen and Frankenstein, or, The
Modern Prometheus (1818) by Mary Shelley. Both of the authors are the British
novelists.
Pride and Prejudice is one of the greatest novels of the eightteenth
century. The story's setting is uniquely turned of the late 18th century or the early
19th century . Pride and prejudice novel talks about the rank and status and the
equality that was truly faced in the Regency England Era (1811-1820) when the
novel was written. The Regency era in the United Kingdom is the period between
1811 — when King George III was deemed unfit to rule and his son, the Prince of
Wales, ruled as his proxy as Prince Regent — and 1820, when the Prince Regent
became George IV on the death of his father.
In this era the social status was determined by family connections and on
a smaller scale, how one earned money. This situation clearly shows in this novel
by the ambitions of parent (Mrs. Bennet) that want her five daughters (Lydia,
Mary, Kitty, Jane and Elizabeth or Lizzy) to marry the rich men. Bennett’s wife
believes that her five daughters will have high social position when they get
marriage with rich men. But one of her five daughters, Elizabeth never wants to
3
get marriage just because of social status. She just want to get the better education
than her other sisters. Her other sisters just have domestic education but Elizabeth
want to get more than that. She believes that her future will be better with
education. She does not want to depend on social status of her husband. The
intelligent headstrong Elizabeth Bennet and the authorsfavorite heroine and
supercilious but romantic Mr. Darcy provides the conflict between ―Pride‖
(Darcy) and ―Prejudice‖ (Elizabeth), (Saputra, 2008: 10).
Bringing the same theme with different genre, Mary Shalley in
Frankenstein, or, the Modern Prometheus, also explore the status of women and
their role in society as well as in the family.It seems that the daughter of such
distinct parents should follow in their footsteps or at least try to voice her
mother’s beliefs in women’s rights to be treated as equals to men in society and
their right to education. However in Frankenstein, Mary Shelley chose to write
from three different perspectives, using three narrators – all male. The women are
represented, solely, through the male gaze and perception.
Women’s role and status in the contemporary society, or lack thereof, did
not only affect women on a personal level, it restrained them from having a career
other than that of a housewife as well. The female sex was believed to be weaker,
less intelligent and inferior to the male sex, which had the natural consequence
that women were thought less capable than men when it came to activities
categorized as masculine, (Knutsen, 2012:18).
From the brief explanation above it can concluded that in eighteenth era,
the women’s status is controlled by the society and the culture. It can be seen that
4
the life background of the writer have a big role in their literary work. Mostly,
their life background influenced them in writing their literary work. It makes the
literary works is interesting to be analyzed.
There are so many things in literary work, especially novel that can be
analyzed. It could be the theme of the novel, the psychological approach, the
biographical approach, and many things. This study analyzed gender language in
two different novels in the same era as mentioned before. They are Pride and
Prejudice novel by Jane Austen and Frankenstein Novel by Mary Shelley.
There are two reasons of choosing these two novels as the subject of this
study. First, Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein novels were written in the
same period, namely in the eighteenth century. Second, they were written by two
different authors but from the same country, England. Both of them were born and
died in England. This study inspired by the previous studies of gender language.
There are some studies of gender language that has analyzed gender language
itself. They analyzed the differences of gender language in social network, daily
interaction and television show. But, they only focused on one subject. So, this
study tries to make a new study of gender language by comparing two literary
works, novels.
B.The Problem of the Study
The problem of this study formulated as follow:
How are the differences and similarities of gender language expressed in
Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein novels.
5
C.The Objective of the Study
In relation to the problem stated above the objective of this study is:
To describe how the similarities and differences of gender language are
expressed in Pride and Prejudice and Frankensteinnovels.
D. The Scope of The Study
This study deals with genderlanguage inPride and Prejudice and
Frankensteinnovel. This study is focused on the analysis of ten features of gender
language as reflected in those novels.
E. The Significances of The Study
It is expected that the result or the finding of this study will be beneficial
for theoretically, practically and academically in some aspects.
1.
Theoretically, findings of this study will be expected to enrich the theories of
sociolinguistics such as; gender language and also literature such as;
biographical and historical, especially for students and lecturers who want to
observe men’s and women’s language in novel.
2.
Practically, findings will be expected to be useful for the researchers who are
interested in analyzing the comparison of gender language in literary work,
especially novel. In order to, other researchers are able to compare the gender
language in other literary work, poetry, drama etc.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. CONCLUSIONS
After analyzing the dialogues that expressed gander language used by all
characters in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels, it can be concluded
that:
Similarities are found between the two novels. They are; all the
characters, men and women, in each novel expressed polite sentences and also
used hypercorrect grammar in their dialogues and also there is no found the using
of precise color terms in the two novels. Differences; In Pride and Prejudice,
women usually use lexical hedges, tag questions, rising intonation on declarative,
empty adjective, intensifier, swear words, and emphatic stress. While in
Frankenstein novel, most of them were used by men.
Linguistics utterances of gender language found in Pride and Prejudice
proved the Robin Lakoff’s theory, while the linguistics utterances found in
Frankenstein novel expressed the opposite of this theory. In Pride and Prejudice
novel, all the features of gender language dominantly used by women, while in
Frankenstein novel, they dominantly used by men.
61
62
B. SUGGESTIONS
After doing this study it is hoped that this study can be useful for all the
readers. And it hoped that this study can be:
1. Further continued by other researcher by using different approach.
2. Useful as the references in doing the research to conduct in depth
researchers and to make the detailed analysis of gender language in
other object.
3. Useful to other researcher who wants to compare gender language in
literary work and it is suggested to develop the analysis by using
other object.
REFERENCES
Aminuddin. 2000. Pengantar Apresiasi Karya Sastra. Bandung: Pt Sinar Baru
Algensindo Offset
Austen, Jane. 1993. Pride and Prejudice. Hertfordshire: Wordshoth Classics.
Bodunde A, C. 1988. A New Introduction to Literature. Dubai: Y- Books (A
Division of Associated Book- Members Nigeria Limited)
Dickerson, V D. 2002. The Ghost of a Self: Female Identity in Mary Shelley's
Frankenstein.Journal of Popular Culture; Winter93, Vol. 27 Issue 3, p7991, 13p. Retrieved April 6, 2013 from http:// search. Ebscohost.com
Fanning, S. 2006.Gendered Space and Feminist Ideology: Pride and Prejudice
and Its TwoBBC adaptations. Dubai: The University of New Brunswick.
Holmes, J. 2001. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Honey, John. 1997. Language is power. The Story of Standard English and its
Enemies. London: Faber and Faber.
Kiesley, F S. 1996. Men’s Identities and Sociolinguistic Variation: The case of
Fraternity Men. University of Sydney
Knutsen, Othello. & Louse. 2012. An analysis of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, or,
the Modern Prometheus, using Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto
as an example of male discourse about women.Retrieved March 3, 2013
from http://search.Ebscohost. Com
Mckay, L S. 1996. Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Newman, L M. 2008. Differences in Language Use: An Analysis of 14.000 Text
Sample.New York: Department of Social and Behavioral Science
Arizona State University.
Note, S. 2007. Frankenstein Mary Shelly. New York :SparkNotesA Division of
Barnes & Noble
Payne, T. 1997. The A- Z of Great Writers. Dubai: Carlton Books Limited.
Raumolin,Brunberg, Helena. 2005. Language change in adulthood.European
Journal of English Studies; Apr2005, Vol. 9 Issue 1, p37-51, 15p, 3
Charts, 2 Graphs. Retrieved April 5, 2013 from http;//ebscohost.com.
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Reeve, Clara. 2008. A History of Novel. Retrieved March 21, 2013, from
http://www.english.ufl.edu/mrg/readings/the%20novel.pdf.
Rodman, Robert and Fromkin, Victoria.1988. An Introduction to Language. USA:
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, inc
Romo, Sandra. 2013. Factors That Influence Language Development. Retrieved
April 5, 2013 from http://www.ehow.com/list_6018235_factorsinfluence-language-development.html#ixzz2PmhfWTJF.
Saputra, Ika ,Krisna. 2008. A Study of Social Cultural Background in Jane
Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. Unpublished Thesis.Tuban: Universitas
PGRI RonggolaweTuban.
Shelley, W. M. 2010. Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus. Retrieved march
6, 2013, from http;// ebscohost.com.
Siburian, Octaria. 2008. Ideology of Feminism in Magazine for Women in
Indonesia. Unpublished Thesis. Medan: State University of Medan.
Situmorang, Lenny. 2013. The Reflection of Jane Austen’s Life Background on
The Movie Pride and Prejudice. Unpublished Thesis. Medan: State
University of Medan.
Suharto and Sugihastuti. 2002. Kritik Sastra Feminis. Yokyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar
(Anggota IKAPI)
Sundeland, Jane. 2006. Language and Gender. An Advanced Resource Book.
USA: Routledge.
Warda, Yulia. 2013. Gender Differences in Conversational Style “ ApaKabar
Indonesia” Talk Show News Program on Tv One. Unpublished Thesis.
Medan: State University of Medan.
Wellek, Rene and Warren, Austin. 1987. Theory of Literature. Newyork: Harvest
Book, Harcourt, Brace and World,inc.
Www user survey. (Anonymous, n.d ) http:// answer.com/topic/ sociology.
Retrieved April 6,2013.
Www user survey. (Anonymous, n.d ) http:// excellup.com/novel society and
history. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
Www user survey. (Anonymous, n.d ) http:// Wikipedia. The free encyclopedia.
Retrieved April 6,2013.
PRIDE AND PREJUDICE AND FRANKENSTEIN NOVELS
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts,
State University of Medan, in Partial of the Requirements for the
Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
SAFRIANA SILITONGA
Registration Number: 209220044
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GENDER LANGUAGE IN
PRIDE AND PREJUDICE AND FRANKENSTEIN NOVELS
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts,
State University of Medan, in Partial of the Requirements for the
Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
SAFRIANA SILITONGA
Registration Number: 209220044
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
DECLARATION
Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own word,
has been expressed in my own words and has not previously been submitted for
assessment. I understand that this paper maybe screened electronically or
otherwise for plagiarism.
Medan, August 2013
SAFRIANA SILITONGA
Registration Number: 209220044
ABSTRACT
Silitonga, Safriana. A Comparative Study of Gender Language in Pride and
Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels. A thesis. Medan. Faculty of
Languages and Arts (FBS). State University of Medan. UNIMED. 2013
This study deals with the similarities and differences of gender language
expressed in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels. The object of this
study is to find out the similarities and differences of gender language which are
expressed in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein novels .This study used
descriptive qualitative research. The data were collected by documentary
technique and the instrument of collecting data was documentary sheet. The data
were analyzed by descriptive comparative. The findings indicated that there were
some similarities and differences found between those two novels. The
similarities were found in three features:a) Politeness; all the characters in Pride
and Prejudice and Frankenstein novels used polite sentences b) Grammar; all the
characters in novels used hypercorrect grammar c) Precise color terms; there was
no found the using of this feature in novels. The differences were found in the
other seven features: a) Lexical Hedges; 18,64% found in Pride and Prejudice
and 13,04% found in Frankenstein b) Tag Question; 6,77% found in Pride and
Prejudice and it was not found in Frankenstein c) Intensifier; 11,86% found in
Pride and Prejudice and 8,69% found in Frankenstein d) Swear Words; 7,63%
found in Pride and Prejudice and 17,39% found in Frankenstein e) Empty
Adjective; 8,43% found in Pride and Prejudice and 4,34% found in Frankenstein
f) Emphatic Stress; 15,25% found in Pride and Prejudice and 15,94% found in
Frankenstein g) Rising Intonation on Declarative; 9,32% found in Pride and
Prejudice and 5,79% found in Frankenstein. It is hoped that the result of this
study will be useful to anyone who wants to study about literary, especially
gender language.
Keyword
: prose, novel, gender language
i
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table
2.1
The Characteristic of Men’s and Women’s language ............................. 18
2.2
Differences of Communication between Men and Women ..................19
2.3
The Characteristic of Gender Language ...............................................21
4.1
Descriptive Data of the Features of Gender Language In
Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels ....................................... 43
4.2
Descriptive Data of Gender Language Used by Men and Women
In Pride and Prejudice Novel ..............................................................45
4.3
Descriptive Data of Gender Language Used by Men and Women
In Frankenstein Novel ..........................................................................46
4.4
Identification of the Dominant Features of Gender Language
In Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels ................................47
4.5
Similarities and differences of the using of politeness used by the
characters in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels ...............49
4.6
The Similarities of the Using of Hypercorrect Grammar Used
by The Characters in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels .54
4.7
The Differences of the Using of Lexical Hedges Used by The
Characters in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels ...............56
4.8
The Difference of the Using of Rising Intonation on Declarative
Used by the Characters in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein
Novels ...................................................................................................57
4.9
The Difference of the Using of Empty Adjective Used by The
Characters in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels ...............59
4.10
The Difference of the Using of Intensifier Used by The
Characters in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels ................60
vi
4.11
The Difference of the Using of Swear Words Used by The
Characters in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels ................62
4.12
The Difference of the Using of Emphatic Stress Used by
The Characters in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels .........63
vii
LIST OF APPENDIX
Appendix
Page
A. The Utterances Description of Ten Features
of Gender Language …………………………………………
69
viii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of The Study
Literature is a mirror of human life. It is a creative creation of human
imaginations, wishes, though, feelings and all the reality of life. A literary work
exists because of society. In other words, the existence of literary work is
influenced by the condition and phenomenon in society either in politic, social,
religion, economy, and culture. As Wellek (1987: 94) stated, literature reserve
about life and life, in most part, is part of the real society. Therefore, literary work
is the reflection of the real life. It can describe the events in our life, and also
contains the cultural and social background which indicates that literature and
society is closely related because literature expresses the situations and problems
existing in society.
One of literary works is novel. It is a mirror that is very suitable to decide
all aspects of life and nature (Taime, 1972:21 in Saputra 2008). Here Taime
clearly views that novel as one kind of literary work reflects the condition of one
period. By reading a novel, the readers can read the reality or condition include
social condition in when the literary works are created.
The brief explanation above clearly shows that there is a close and clear
relationship between novels, as a literary work and society. Through novel the
readersor researchers not only get the understanding about the condition and
problems in one society based on the novel, but also the better views to face many
1
2
problems in life. Novel is created by an author who interacts to the society. Since
every writer is a member of society, he can be studied as social being. It will be
possible to accumulate information about the social provenance, the family
background, the economic position of writers.
This study analyzes the gender language in two novels from different
authors. They were written in the 18th centuries in the same country, England.
They are Pride and Prejudice(1813) by Jane Austen and Frankenstein, or, The
Modern Prometheus (1818) by Mary Shelley. Both of the authors are the British
novelists.
Pride and Prejudice is one of the greatest novels of the eightteenth
century. The story's setting is uniquely turned of the late 18th century or the early
19th century . Pride and prejudice novel talks about the rank and status and the
equality that was truly faced in the Regency England Era (1811-1820) when the
novel was written. The Regency era in the United Kingdom is the period between
1811 — when King George III was deemed unfit to rule and his son, the Prince of
Wales, ruled as his proxy as Prince Regent — and 1820, when the Prince Regent
became George IV on the death of his father.
In this era the social status was determined by family connections and on
a smaller scale, how one earned money. This situation clearly shows in this novel
by the ambitions of parent (Mrs. Bennet) that want her five daughters (Lydia,
Mary, Kitty, Jane and Elizabeth or Lizzy) to marry the rich men. Bennett’s wife
believes that her five daughters will have high social position when they get
marriage with rich men. But one of her five daughters, Elizabeth never wants to
3
get marriage just because of social status. She just want to get the better education
than her other sisters. Her other sisters just have domestic education but Elizabeth
want to get more than that. She believes that her future will be better with
education. She does not want to depend on social status of her husband. The
intelligent headstrong Elizabeth Bennet and the authorsfavorite heroine and
supercilious but romantic Mr. Darcy provides the conflict between ―Pride‖
(Darcy) and ―Prejudice‖ (Elizabeth), (Saputra, 2008: 10).
Bringing the same theme with different genre, Mary Shalley in
Frankenstein, or, the Modern Prometheus, also explore the status of women and
their role in society as well as in the family.It seems that the daughter of such
distinct parents should follow in their footsteps or at least try to voice her
mother’s beliefs in women’s rights to be treated as equals to men in society and
their right to education. However in Frankenstein, Mary Shelley chose to write
from three different perspectives, using three narrators – all male. The women are
represented, solely, through the male gaze and perception.
Women’s role and status in the contemporary society, or lack thereof, did
not only affect women on a personal level, it restrained them from having a career
other than that of a housewife as well. The female sex was believed to be weaker,
less intelligent and inferior to the male sex, which had the natural consequence
that women were thought less capable than men when it came to activities
categorized as masculine, (Knutsen, 2012:18).
From the brief explanation above it can concluded that in eighteenth era,
the women’s status is controlled by the society and the culture. It can be seen that
4
the life background of the writer have a big role in their literary work. Mostly,
their life background influenced them in writing their literary work. It makes the
literary works is interesting to be analyzed.
There are so many things in literary work, especially novel that can be
analyzed. It could be the theme of the novel, the psychological approach, the
biographical approach, and many things. This study analyzed gender language in
two different novels in the same era as mentioned before. They are Pride and
Prejudice novel by Jane Austen and Frankenstein Novel by Mary Shelley.
There are two reasons of choosing these two novels as the subject of this
study. First, Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein novels were written in the
same period, namely in the eighteenth century. Second, they were written by two
different authors but from the same country, England. Both of them were born and
died in England. This study inspired by the previous studies of gender language.
There are some studies of gender language that has analyzed gender language
itself. They analyzed the differences of gender language in social network, daily
interaction and television show. But, they only focused on one subject. So, this
study tries to make a new study of gender language by comparing two literary
works, novels.
B.The Problem of the Study
The problem of this study formulated as follow:
How are the differences and similarities of gender language expressed in
Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein novels.
5
C.The Objective of the Study
In relation to the problem stated above the objective of this study is:
To describe how the similarities and differences of gender language are
expressed in Pride and Prejudice and Frankensteinnovels.
D. The Scope of The Study
This study deals with genderlanguage inPride and Prejudice and
Frankensteinnovel. This study is focused on the analysis of ten features of gender
language as reflected in those novels.
E. The Significances of The Study
It is expected that the result or the finding of this study will be beneficial
for theoretically, practically and academically in some aspects.
1.
Theoretically, findings of this study will be expected to enrich the theories of
sociolinguistics such as; gender language and also literature such as;
biographical and historical, especially for students and lecturers who want to
observe men’s and women’s language in novel.
2.
Practically, findings will be expected to be useful for the researchers who are
interested in analyzing the comparison of gender language in literary work,
especially novel. In order to, other researchers are able to compare the gender
language in other literary work, poetry, drama etc.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. CONCLUSIONS
After analyzing the dialogues that expressed gander language used by all
characters in Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein Novels, it can be concluded
that:
Similarities are found between the two novels. They are; all the
characters, men and women, in each novel expressed polite sentences and also
used hypercorrect grammar in their dialogues and also there is no found the using
of precise color terms in the two novels. Differences; In Pride and Prejudice,
women usually use lexical hedges, tag questions, rising intonation on declarative,
empty adjective, intensifier, swear words, and emphatic stress. While in
Frankenstein novel, most of them were used by men.
Linguistics utterances of gender language found in Pride and Prejudice
proved the Robin Lakoff’s theory, while the linguistics utterances found in
Frankenstein novel expressed the opposite of this theory. In Pride and Prejudice
novel, all the features of gender language dominantly used by women, while in
Frankenstein novel, they dominantly used by men.
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B. SUGGESTIONS
After doing this study it is hoped that this study can be useful for all the
readers. And it hoped that this study can be:
1. Further continued by other researcher by using different approach.
2. Useful as the references in doing the research to conduct in depth
researchers and to make the detailed analysis of gender language in
other object.
3. Useful to other researcher who wants to compare gender language in
literary work and it is suggested to develop the analysis by using
other object.
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