The Analysis of Structure Exchange In Pabuat Boru Ceremony on Mandailing Culture.
THE ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE EXCHANGE IN PABUAT BORU
CEREMONY ON MANDAILING CULTURE
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Department of UNIMED Medan
In Partial as Fulfillment of the Requirement for
The Degree of Sarjana Sastra
BY
ALI MUIS DONGORAN
Registration Number 2102220001
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2014
DECLARATION
Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own word, has been
expressed in my own words and has not previously been submitted for
assessment.
I understand that this paper may be screened electronically or otherwise for
plagiarism.
ABSTRACT
Dongoran, Ali Muis 2014. The Analysis of Structure Exchange In Pabuat
Boru Ceremony on Mandailing Culture. A Thesis. Faculty of Languages and
Arts. State University of Medan.
The thesis deal with the Structure of Conversation in Pabuat Boru Ceremony. The
objective of the study was to find out the realization of the Structure conversation
in Pabuat Boru ceremony and the dominant of structure exchange. This research
was conducted by d qualitative method. The data of this study were conversation
of Pabuat Boru ceremony. The data were taken by recording the conversation and
transcribed then translated into English. The data were analyzed from three
session based on the Martin’s theory. They were Manyapai Boru ceremony (This
party asked whether the girl had been in the King's House), Mangaririt Boru
ceremony (This party are expressed whether both of the family are suitable for a
relationship) and Patobang Hata ceremony (Woo Ceremony and Granting Tuhor)
(Nasution : 2005). The result showed that there were 89 moves. The results
showed that the move found in the conversation were k1, k2, k1f, k2f, a1, a2, ch,
cl, rcl, bch, cf, rcf. The dominant structure was k1 (primary knower) where
primary knower has function to provide information to the hearer in the
ceremony of this conversation. It means that both of the speaker was provide more
information to the hearer.
Keywords: Structure Exchange, Pabuat Boru.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer express her best gratitude to ALLAH SWT, for
giving the writer blessing, endless love and mercy, especially in the process of
accomplishing this Thesis. In accomplishing this Thesis, the writer was helped by
so many beloved people and the writer would like to express her gratitude to:
Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si. the Rector of State University of
Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum. the Dean of Faculty of Languages and Arts
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd. the Head of English and Literature
Department.
Dra. Meisuri, M.A. the Head of Applied Linguistics Program.
Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting M.Pd. her Thesis Adviser.
Drs. Elia Masa GIntings M.Hum., his Academic Adviser and her Reviewer,
Dra. Masitowarni SIregar M.E., as his Reviewers and all her beloved
Lecturers in English and Literature Department.
Mam Eis, for his kind help in providing academic administrations to the
writer.
His beloved family, his father, Solihun Dongoran, his mother, Masrobiah
Ritonga, his uncle, Ma’rum Rambe, his grandparents, his brother, Iskandar
Mubin and Madu Aman and also his beloved cousins, Ali atas. Thank you
for the understanding and the big support in prayer, endless love, motivation
and financial while accomplished this thesis. The writer loves them so much
more than anything.
His best friends, Irwan, Husein and Yusuf, Dona, Zahrina, Kiko, Bintang,
Devi, and Desi thanks for your love, happiness, and friendship that we have
been through together. And to all his friends in Applied Linguistics A and B
2010.
ii
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ....................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ iii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................ vi
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1
A. Background of the Study ........................................................................... 1
B. The Problem of the Study ........................................................................... 6
C. The Objective of the Study ........................................................................ 6
D. The Scope of the Study .............................................................................. 6
E. The Significance of the Study ..................................................................... 7
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................... 8
A. Discourse Analysis ..................................................................................... 8
B. Negotiation .................................................................................................. 9
1. Mood ..................................................................................................... 9
2. Speech Function ................................................................................... 12
3. Adjacency Pairs .................................................................................. 13
4. Exchange System and Structure........................................................... 14
C. Language and Social Context .................................................................... 20
1. Social Context .................................................................................... 23
2. Cultural context .................................................................................... 23
3. Context ideology .................................................................................. 24
D. Culture ....................................................................................................... 25
E. Mandailing Culture ................................................................................... 26
1. Customs................................................................................................ 27
2. Genetic relationship ............................................................................. 28
3. Marriage System .................................................................................. 28
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD .......................................................... 30
A. Research Design ........................................................................................ 30
iv
B. Data and The Source of Data .................................................................... 30
C. The Instruments of Collecting Data .......................................................... 31
D. Technique for Data Collection ................................................................... 31
E. Technique for Data Analysis...................................................................... 32
CHAPTER IV. DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS ............................................ 33
A. Data and Source of Data ........................................................................... 33
B. Data Analysis ............................................................................................ 33
C. Research Finding ...................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ................................ 38
A. Conclusions ............................................................................................... 38
B. Suggestions ............................................................................................... 38
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 40
APPENDIX ......................................................................................................... 42
v
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 Indicative, Imperative, Declarative, and Interrogative relevant
Proportionalities.. .………………………………………………
11
Table 2.2 Example of finite in sentence……………………………………
11
Table 2.3 Example of Mood and Residue sentence………………………..
11
Table 2.4 Semantic interpretation of speech function ……………………
13
Table 2.5 the basic speech function and their congruent mood realization
rising to the seven adjacency pairs………………………………
vi
14
THE LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A:The dialogue in Manyapai Boru Ceremony………………..………42
Appendix B: Conversation in Mangaririt Boru ceremony……………………….78
Appendix B: Conversation in Patobang Hata Ceremony………..…………...…117
vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Conversation is the most basic form of human activities to establish
relationship each other. By doing the conversation, human can express their
thoughts and feelings with each other and exchange information to fulfill their
needs.
Effective conversation is determined by the elements of language itself
and factors beyond the language called social context. Systemic Functional
Linguistic (SFL) theory set of three strata of social context, from the highest and
most abstract to the concrete include ideology, culture, and context of the
situation. If the use of language is determined by the social context, the structure
of the conversation is determined by the social context. Therefore, different
situations and cultures will produce different structural conversation too.
Someone will use language to interact; they are doing the establishing a
relationship between the person speaking now and the person who are probably
speak next. Afterword, the dialogue is ‘a process of exchange’ involving two
variables: a commodity to be exchange: either information or goods and services,
and roles associated with exchange relations: either giving or demanding. The
simultaneous cross-classification of these two variables of exchange commodity
and exchange role defines the four basic speech functions.
1
2
The fundamental purposes in any exchange are giving (and taking) or
demanding (and being given) a commodity of some kind. From the speaker’s
point of view in a verbal exchange, the commodity that the speaker may be giving
or demanding is information. In such cases, the speaker makes a statement to
give information, or asks a question to demand it and the listener receive
(understands) the information that the speaker gives or provides the information
demanded (answers the question). But sometimes the demanding of information
or goods and services is not always done by the making the statement, it can be
done by making order or question. It depends on the relationship between the
addressee and the addresser. It means that, whether the addressee or the addresser
must be focus on what will be done by them to exchange their experiences –
giving and demanding information or goods and services because the exchange of
commodity is closely related with the use of speech functions.
Speech function is a way someone delivers ideas in communication to
make the listener understand the ideas well. The speaker and listener should also
know how and when to use speech function in order to avoid misunderstanding
between them. By using speech function well the listener can understand what the
speaker means.
Language itself is used in an interaction where the interaction has
system and structure. System is used by speaker to make the conversation better.
Each participant must pay attention to talk for interlocutor, must care about the
topic in conversation and must know the situation. A speaker will produce the
effective communication when the speaker known the system. Another rule must
3
be observed by speaker are age, status and gender. The process itself involves an
interaction which occurred between speaker (addresser) and listener (addressee).
When speaker talk to one another, they transmit information. This information is
very useful for their social interaction and for the improvement of their knowledge
about the world.
Every culture has their own language with varieties conversation anyway.
Like in Mamandailing for example, the conversation between traditional
ceremony have a different. In their culture there are some events that are always
followed by the traditional customary like entering the new home (marmasuk
bagas); birth of a child (haroan anak); marriage and death. Those events divided
in to two parts, ceremonies that categorize as happiness called Siriaon and
ceremonies that categorize as sadness called Siluluton (Nasution, 2005:441). in
the event of Siriaon ceremony there are some ceremonies such as wedding,
entering a new house, birth of a child and giving name to the child. Whereas, the
activities on Siluluton ceremony like death.
In Mandailing Culture marriage has many steps. One of the step is propose
ceremony called Patobang Hata Ceremony. In this study research the writer will
focus on the propose ceremony called which is an event officially that the groom
making a proposal by giving dowry (tuhor) to the family of bride.
In this Patobang Hata ceremony there was a conversation between the two
sides of bride. The family of the bridegroom called Anak Boru while the family of
the bride called mora. The ceremony begun with a direct conversation by side of
4
male bride (mora), in this case the conversation was opened by men (kaum ama)
first and then followed by the women (kaum ina). After mora convey the intent
and purpose of their arrival to Anak boru, and then the conversation was replied
by Anak boru start from Kaum ama and ended by Kaum ina. While both of groom
and bride are not allowed to express any words because it is up to each family.
The short conversations were occurring can be seen below:
Kamu ama (mora)
:Songonon mada ito, baenna rope hami tu son, parumaenku
pe madunggodang ma songoni muse dohot anak ku,
madung sakirona mattong hita parsada halai. Jadi onma
sada alas an name baenna lalu hami tubagas munu on.
Kaum ina (mora)
:Narohakku pe madung jelas ma nakin nadidokkon ni
kaum ama hami pe mangihutkon ma
Kau Ama (Anak Boru): Matumbuk sajo ma da haroro munuon, hami pe madung
sada tahi ma manikahkon boru nami on harano tong umur
pe macukup songoni dohot hagiotan ni boru name on.
Kaum ina(Anak Boru): songinimada, natarhormat sudena kahanggi nai, mora
name sasudena, hami tarmo ma tawaran munui , porcaya
ma hami tu anak munuon mangoban boru name on
hatirkisan ottu giccatniari, tarsongoni mada hata sian kami
hitalanjutkon ma naron tu acara perkawinanna, butimada.
In the conversation above Kaum Ama (mora) is rising question, namely
asking information, while Kaum ina (Mora) also asking the same question to
Anak Boru. So, Kaum Ama called Primary knower (the person who knows the
information) while Kaum ina (Mora) called k2 (secondary knower follow-up, the
move is adding to the k1. Kaum Ama (Anak Boru) is responding to the question
and Kaum ina (anak boru) affirm the answer, so Kaum Ama (Anak Boru) called
5
(primary knower, the move is responding to the question) and Kaum ina (Anak
Boru) called k1f (primary knower follow-up, the move is responding to the
additional response of k2f).
k2
Kamu ama (mora):
Honorable our Anak Boru, the reason we
come to your lovely nice house that we saw
that your daughter has growth up and my
son too. It means that it is the right times to
merry them.
k2f Kaum ina (mora) : It is clear enough the reason our coming to
your house, I think kaum ina follow Kaum
ama
k1 Kau Ama (Anak Boru): you are very precise arrival to my hose, we
also agreed to marry our daughter to the
good people like you, my Mora because
their age and desire also support.
k1f Kaum ina(Anak Boru): Honorable all my Kahanggi, Mora, like what
my husband said we receive your offer. We
also believe that your son will bring my
daughter to the bright future. That is I can
tell you for this opportunity, we can continue
to the marriage late on, thank you.
The structure of exchange or conversation in English is (k2) ^ (k2f) ^ (k1)
^ (k1f) whereas ( ) indicates optional (Saragih: 2004)
6
B. The Problem of the Study
Based on the background presented, the problem of the study was
formulated as follow:
How was the structure conversation of propose ceremony (Pabuat
Boru) in Mandainling Culture?
C. The Objective of the Study
Based on the problem of the study, the aim of this study is:
To know the structural conversation of propose ceremony (Pabuat
Boru) in Mandainling Culture?
D.
The Scope of the Study
As mentioned in the introduction of this writing that in mandailing
marriage ceremony there are several steps, they start from mangaririt boru,
padamos hata, patobang hata, horja and the last was mangupa. The family of
groom called mora and the family of bride called Anak Boru will gather together
and doing the Pabuat Boru ceremony. So, the scope of this study was focused on
the conversation from both of bride and groom family on Pabuat Boru ceremony,
then analyzed the structural exchange of all the conversation, while the person
who becomes the target of this conversations were the ones who are doing
propose ceremony (Pabuat Boru) which was originally people from mandailing
culture.
7
E. The Significant of the Study
Theoretically, this study was expected to be useful as a mean for:
1. this study will be useful for students who was interested in studying
Structural Exchange in conversation,
2. giving contribution to the enrichment of knowledge of the university
students who are interested in it,
3. to develop a structural conversation analysis of the speech function,
especially the use of structural exchange on propose ceremony (Pabuat
Boru) in Mandailing culture.
Meanwhile practically, this study will be useful for:
1. The researchers who want to know about structural exchange on
propose ceremony (Pabuat Boru) in Mandailing culture.
2. Speakers and listeners for having an effective conversation in daily life
communication.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusions
After analyzing the data, it can be concluded that there was 15 structure of
conversation. In the conversation of Manyapai Boru ceremony session there was
two structure exchanges. In the next session, the conversation in Mangaririt Boru
ceremony has seventh exchange structure and in the last session called Patobang
Hata ceremony was give six structure exchange. Those are k2, k1, k2f, k1f, a1,
and a2. In this conversation, writer was also found the dynamic exchange they
were ch, cl, rcl, cf, rcf and ch.
The result of the analysis show about the structure of conversation which
used by the King of the ceremony is k1 (primary knower) where primary knower
has function to provide information
to the hearer in the ceremony of this
conversation.
B. Suggestion
Based on the conclusions given, the following suggestions are needed to
be considered in conducting the related research:
1) The writer suggests the students and lecturer who want to study about
interaction should learn not only grammatically correct sentence but also
pattern of exchange.
38
39
2) The writer suggests the researcher who want to research about Structure
Exchange, Speech function and Mood use discourse analysis in observing
to solve every language phenomenon in interaction.
3) The writer suggests for those presenters who leads an event, a ceremonial
or a Talk Show know about structure conversation she/he used.
REFERENCES
Adedimeji, M.A. and T.A. Alabi, 2003. “Basic Elements of English Grammar”. In
Obafemi, O. and S.T. Babatunde (Eds.) Studies and Discourse in English
Language. Ilorin Haytee Press. pp. 71 – 86.
Adedimeji, M.A. 2004a. “Language in Guidance and Counselling: A
Psychotherapy for Combating Anti-Social Behaviours in Nigeria”.
Unpublished Module 6. Project. NUC-VIHEP. February.
Babajide, A.O. 2000. “Introduction”. In Babajide, A.O. (Ed.) Studies in English
Language. Ibadan: Enicrownfit Publishers. pp. 1 – 4.
Birk, G.B and N.P. Birk. 1959. Understanding and Using English. 3rd ed. New
York: The Odyssey Press.
Bloor, T. and Bloor, M. 2004. The Functional Analysis of English Second Edition.
A Halliday Aproach. London: Oxford University Press Inc.
Boulton, M. 1960. The Anatomy of Language: Saying What We Mean. London,
Henley and Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Butt, David. At. all. 1995. Using Functional Grammar. Sydney: Macquarie
University.
Cook, G. and B. Seidlhofer (Ed.). 1995. Principle and Practice in Applied
Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cruse, D.A. 1990. “Language, Meaning and Sense: Semantics”. In Collinge, N.E.
(Ed.) An Encyclopedia of Language. London: Routledge.
Crystal, D. 1997. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Eggins, S. 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Funtional Linguistics. London:
Continuum International Publishing Group.
Ginting, Siti Aisah. 2013. Sistem Dan Struktur Percakapan Bahasa Karo di
Berbagai Komunitas Penutur, Usulan Penelitian Fundamental 2013
Halliday, M.A.K. 2009. The Essential Halliday. London: Continuum International
Publishing Group.
Halliday, M.A.K. and Matthiessen, C. 2004. An Introduction to Functional
Grammar Third Edition. London: Hodder Education.
40
41
Hall, E.T., 1976. Beyond Culture. New York: Anchor Books/Doubleday.
Hofstede, G., 1980. Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Workrelated Values. London: Sage Publications.
Lawal, R.A. 2004. Meaning Without Mean-ness. The Seventy Fourth Inaugural
Lecture. Ilorin: Library and Publication Committee, University of Ilorin.
Mulholland, J., 1991. The Language of Negotiation. London: Routledge.
Nasution, Pandapotan 2005. Adat Budaya Mandailing Dalam Tantangan Zaman
FORKALA Prov. Sum. Utara.
Saragih, Amrin. 2006. Discourse Analysis: A Systemic Functional Approach.
Medan: Unimed.
Trenholm, S. 1995. Thinking Through Communication: An Introduction to the
Study of Human Communication. USA: Allyn and Bocon.
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary. 1961. New York: MerriamWebster.
Watson, J. and A. Hill. 1993. A Dictionary of Communication and Media Studies.
3rd ed. London: Edward Arnold.
BIOGRAPHY
Ali Muis Dongoran was born on 07 May 2014. Some people call him
Muis, and other calls him Ali. He has four brothers and no sister, he is the first son
of Solihun Dongoran and Masrobuah Ritongan.
He was school in SD Hutatonga, Saipardolok Hole sub district for primary
school in 1998. In 2004 he schooled in MTS Muhammadiyah 23 Sinunukan,
Mandailing Natal Regency for his Junior High School. After that he finished his
Senior High School in SMA Negeri 1 Sinunukan on 2010. Then, he continued his
study to the University student. In 2014 he graduated from English Literature
Department in State University of Medan.
During his study in the university, there were many awards he achieved
and several organization experience, the such as the 1st winner GEMA KREASI
SENAT Unimed in 2012, the 2nd winner MAWAPRES of Languages and Arts
Faculty Unimed in 2012-2013, , the 2nd winner MTQ of Languages and Arts
Faculty in 2012-2013, and other achievements. Besides that, he also active in
several students’ organization such as Student Senator of FBS Unimed, Students’
Council of English and Literature Department .
CEREMONY ON MANDAILING CULTURE
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Department of UNIMED Medan
In Partial as Fulfillment of the Requirement for
The Degree of Sarjana Sastra
BY
ALI MUIS DONGORAN
Registration Number 2102220001
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2014
DECLARATION
Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own word, has been
expressed in my own words and has not previously been submitted for
assessment.
I understand that this paper may be screened electronically or otherwise for
plagiarism.
ABSTRACT
Dongoran, Ali Muis 2014. The Analysis of Structure Exchange In Pabuat
Boru Ceremony on Mandailing Culture. A Thesis. Faculty of Languages and
Arts. State University of Medan.
The thesis deal with the Structure of Conversation in Pabuat Boru Ceremony. The
objective of the study was to find out the realization of the Structure conversation
in Pabuat Boru ceremony and the dominant of structure exchange. This research
was conducted by d qualitative method. The data of this study were conversation
of Pabuat Boru ceremony. The data were taken by recording the conversation and
transcribed then translated into English. The data were analyzed from three
session based on the Martin’s theory. They were Manyapai Boru ceremony (This
party asked whether the girl had been in the King's House), Mangaririt Boru
ceremony (This party are expressed whether both of the family are suitable for a
relationship) and Patobang Hata ceremony (Woo Ceremony and Granting Tuhor)
(Nasution : 2005). The result showed that there were 89 moves. The results
showed that the move found in the conversation were k1, k2, k1f, k2f, a1, a2, ch,
cl, rcl, bch, cf, rcf. The dominant structure was k1 (primary knower) where
primary knower has function to provide information to the hearer in the
ceremony of this conversation. It means that both of the speaker was provide more
information to the hearer.
Keywords: Structure Exchange, Pabuat Boru.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer express her best gratitude to ALLAH SWT, for
giving the writer blessing, endless love and mercy, especially in the process of
accomplishing this Thesis. In accomplishing this Thesis, the writer was helped by
so many beloved people and the writer would like to express her gratitude to:
Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si. the Rector of State University of
Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum. the Dean of Faculty of Languages and Arts
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd. the Head of English and Literature
Department.
Dra. Meisuri, M.A. the Head of Applied Linguistics Program.
Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting M.Pd. her Thesis Adviser.
Drs. Elia Masa GIntings M.Hum., his Academic Adviser and her Reviewer,
Dra. Masitowarni SIregar M.E., as his Reviewers and all her beloved
Lecturers in English and Literature Department.
Mam Eis, for his kind help in providing academic administrations to the
writer.
His beloved family, his father, Solihun Dongoran, his mother, Masrobiah
Ritonga, his uncle, Ma’rum Rambe, his grandparents, his brother, Iskandar
Mubin and Madu Aman and also his beloved cousins, Ali atas. Thank you
for the understanding and the big support in prayer, endless love, motivation
and financial while accomplished this thesis. The writer loves them so much
more than anything.
His best friends, Irwan, Husein and Yusuf, Dona, Zahrina, Kiko, Bintang,
Devi, and Desi thanks for your love, happiness, and friendship that we have
been through together. And to all his friends in Applied Linguistics A and B
2010.
ii
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ....................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ iii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................ vi
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1
A. Background of the Study ........................................................................... 1
B. The Problem of the Study ........................................................................... 6
C. The Objective of the Study ........................................................................ 6
D. The Scope of the Study .............................................................................. 6
E. The Significance of the Study ..................................................................... 7
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................... 8
A. Discourse Analysis ..................................................................................... 8
B. Negotiation .................................................................................................. 9
1. Mood ..................................................................................................... 9
2. Speech Function ................................................................................... 12
3. Adjacency Pairs .................................................................................. 13
4. Exchange System and Structure........................................................... 14
C. Language and Social Context .................................................................... 20
1. Social Context .................................................................................... 23
2. Cultural context .................................................................................... 23
3. Context ideology .................................................................................. 24
D. Culture ....................................................................................................... 25
E. Mandailing Culture ................................................................................... 26
1. Customs................................................................................................ 27
2. Genetic relationship ............................................................................. 28
3. Marriage System .................................................................................. 28
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD .......................................................... 30
A. Research Design ........................................................................................ 30
iv
B. Data and The Source of Data .................................................................... 30
C. The Instruments of Collecting Data .......................................................... 31
D. Technique for Data Collection ................................................................... 31
E. Technique for Data Analysis...................................................................... 32
CHAPTER IV. DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS ............................................ 33
A. Data and Source of Data ........................................................................... 33
B. Data Analysis ............................................................................................ 33
C. Research Finding ...................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ................................ 38
A. Conclusions ............................................................................................... 38
B. Suggestions ............................................................................................... 38
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 40
APPENDIX ......................................................................................................... 42
v
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 Indicative, Imperative, Declarative, and Interrogative relevant
Proportionalities.. .………………………………………………
11
Table 2.2 Example of finite in sentence……………………………………
11
Table 2.3 Example of Mood and Residue sentence………………………..
11
Table 2.4 Semantic interpretation of speech function ……………………
13
Table 2.5 the basic speech function and their congruent mood realization
rising to the seven adjacency pairs………………………………
vi
14
THE LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A:The dialogue in Manyapai Boru Ceremony………………..………42
Appendix B: Conversation in Mangaririt Boru ceremony……………………….78
Appendix B: Conversation in Patobang Hata Ceremony………..…………...…117
vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Conversation is the most basic form of human activities to establish
relationship each other. By doing the conversation, human can express their
thoughts and feelings with each other and exchange information to fulfill their
needs.
Effective conversation is determined by the elements of language itself
and factors beyond the language called social context. Systemic Functional
Linguistic (SFL) theory set of three strata of social context, from the highest and
most abstract to the concrete include ideology, culture, and context of the
situation. If the use of language is determined by the social context, the structure
of the conversation is determined by the social context. Therefore, different
situations and cultures will produce different structural conversation too.
Someone will use language to interact; they are doing the establishing a
relationship between the person speaking now and the person who are probably
speak next. Afterword, the dialogue is ‘a process of exchange’ involving two
variables: a commodity to be exchange: either information or goods and services,
and roles associated with exchange relations: either giving or demanding. The
simultaneous cross-classification of these two variables of exchange commodity
and exchange role defines the four basic speech functions.
1
2
The fundamental purposes in any exchange are giving (and taking) or
demanding (and being given) a commodity of some kind. From the speaker’s
point of view in a verbal exchange, the commodity that the speaker may be giving
or demanding is information. In such cases, the speaker makes a statement to
give information, or asks a question to demand it and the listener receive
(understands) the information that the speaker gives or provides the information
demanded (answers the question). But sometimes the demanding of information
or goods and services is not always done by the making the statement, it can be
done by making order or question. It depends on the relationship between the
addressee and the addresser. It means that, whether the addressee or the addresser
must be focus on what will be done by them to exchange their experiences –
giving and demanding information or goods and services because the exchange of
commodity is closely related with the use of speech functions.
Speech function is a way someone delivers ideas in communication to
make the listener understand the ideas well. The speaker and listener should also
know how and when to use speech function in order to avoid misunderstanding
between them. By using speech function well the listener can understand what the
speaker means.
Language itself is used in an interaction where the interaction has
system and structure. System is used by speaker to make the conversation better.
Each participant must pay attention to talk for interlocutor, must care about the
topic in conversation and must know the situation. A speaker will produce the
effective communication when the speaker known the system. Another rule must
3
be observed by speaker are age, status and gender. The process itself involves an
interaction which occurred between speaker (addresser) and listener (addressee).
When speaker talk to one another, they transmit information. This information is
very useful for their social interaction and for the improvement of their knowledge
about the world.
Every culture has their own language with varieties conversation anyway.
Like in Mamandailing for example, the conversation between traditional
ceremony have a different. In their culture there are some events that are always
followed by the traditional customary like entering the new home (marmasuk
bagas); birth of a child (haroan anak); marriage and death. Those events divided
in to two parts, ceremonies that categorize as happiness called Siriaon and
ceremonies that categorize as sadness called Siluluton (Nasution, 2005:441). in
the event of Siriaon ceremony there are some ceremonies such as wedding,
entering a new house, birth of a child and giving name to the child. Whereas, the
activities on Siluluton ceremony like death.
In Mandailing Culture marriage has many steps. One of the step is propose
ceremony called Patobang Hata Ceremony. In this study research the writer will
focus on the propose ceremony called which is an event officially that the groom
making a proposal by giving dowry (tuhor) to the family of bride.
In this Patobang Hata ceremony there was a conversation between the two
sides of bride. The family of the bridegroom called Anak Boru while the family of
the bride called mora. The ceremony begun with a direct conversation by side of
4
male bride (mora), in this case the conversation was opened by men (kaum ama)
first and then followed by the women (kaum ina). After mora convey the intent
and purpose of their arrival to Anak boru, and then the conversation was replied
by Anak boru start from Kaum ama and ended by Kaum ina. While both of groom
and bride are not allowed to express any words because it is up to each family.
The short conversations were occurring can be seen below:
Kamu ama (mora)
:Songonon mada ito, baenna rope hami tu son, parumaenku
pe madunggodang ma songoni muse dohot anak ku,
madung sakirona mattong hita parsada halai. Jadi onma
sada alas an name baenna lalu hami tubagas munu on.
Kaum ina (mora)
:Narohakku pe madung jelas ma nakin nadidokkon ni
kaum ama hami pe mangihutkon ma
Kau Ama (Anak Boru): Matumbuk sajo ma da haroro munuon, hami pe madung
sada tahi ma manikahkon boru nami on harano tong umur
pe macukup songoni dohot hagiotan ni boru name on.
Kaum ina(Anak Boru): songinimada, natarhormat sudena kahanggi nai, mora
name sasudena, hami tarmo ma tawaran munui , porcaya
ma hami tu anak munuon mangoban boru name on
hatirkisan ottu giccatniari, tarsongoni mada hata sian kami
hitalanjutkon ma naron tu acara perkawinanna, butimada.
In the conversation above Kaum Ama (mora) is rising question, namely
asking information, while Kaum ina (Mora) also asking the same question to
Anak Boru. So, Kaum Ama called Primary knower (the person who knows the
information) while Kaum ina (Mora) called k2 (secondary knower follow-up, the
move is adding to the k1. Kaum Ama (Anak Boru) is responding to the question
and Kaum ina (anak boru) affirm the answer, so Kaum Ama (Anak Boru) called
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(primary knower, the move is responding to the question) and Kaum ina (Anak
Boru) called k1f (primary knower follow-up, the move is responding to the
additional response of k2f).
k2
Kamu ama (mora):
Honorable our Anak Boru, the reason we
come to your lovely nice house that we saw
that your daughter has growth up and my
son too. It means that it is the right times to
merry them.
k2f Kaum ina (mora) : It is clear enough the reason our coming to
your house, I think kaum ina follow Kaum
ama
k1 Kau Ama (Anak Boru): you are very precise arrival to my hose, we
also agreed to marry our daughter to the
good people like you, my Mora because
their age and desire also support.
k1f Kaum ina(Anak Boru): Honorable all my Kahanggi, Mora, like what
my husband said we receive your offer. We
also believe that your son will bring my
daughter to the bright future. That is I can
tell you for this opportunity, we can continue
to the marriage late on, thank you.
The structure of exchange or conversation in English is (k2) ^ (k2f) ^ (k1)
^ (k1f) whereas ( ) indicates optional (Saragih: 2004)
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B. The Problem of the Study
Based on the background presented, the problem of the study was
formulated as follow:
How was the structure conversation of propose ceremony (Pabuat
Boru) in Mandainling Culture?
C. The Objective of the Study
Based on the problem of the study, the aim of this study is:
To know the structural conversation of propose ceremony (Pabuat
Boru) in Mandainling Culture?
D.
The Scope of the Study
As mentioned in the introduction of this writing that in mandailing
marriage ceremony there are several steps, they start from mangaririt boru,
padamos hata, patobang hata, horja and the last was mangupa. The family of
groom called mora and the family of bride called Anak Boru will gather together
and doing the Pabuat Boru ceremony. So, the scope of this study was focused on
the conversation from both of bride and groom family on Pabuat Boru ceremony,
then analyzed the structural exchange of all the conversation, while the person
who becomes the target of this conversations were the ones who are doing
propose ceremony (Pabuat Boru) which was originally people from mandailing
culture.
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E. The Significant of the Study
Theoretically, this study was expected to be useful as a mean for:
1. this study will be useful for students who was interested in studying
Structural Exchange in conversation,
2. giving contribution to the enrichment of knowledge of the university
students who are interested in it,
3. to develop a structural conversation analysis of the speech function,
especially the use of structural exchange on propose ceremony (Pabuat
Boru) in Mandailing culture.
Meanwhile practically, this study will be useful for:
1. The researchers who want to know about structural exchange on
propose ceremony (Pabuat Boru) in Mandailing culture.
2. Speakers and listeners for having an effective conversation in daily life
communication.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusions
After analyzing the data, it can be concluded that there was 15 structure of
conversation. In the conversation of Manyapai Boru ceremony session there was
two structure exchanges. In the next session, the conversation in Mangaririt Boru
ceremony has seventh exchange structure and in the last session called Patobang
Hata ceremony was give six structure exchange. Those are k2, k1, k2f, k1f, a1,
and a2. In this conversation, writer was also found the dynamic exchange they
were ch, cl, rcl, cf, rcf and ch.
The result of the analysis show about the structure of conversation which
used by the King of the ceremony is k1 (primary knower) where primary knower
has function to provide information
to the hearer in the ceremony of this
conversation.
B. Suggestion
Based on the conclusions given, the following suggestions are needed to
be considered in conducting the related research:
1) The writer suggests the students and lecturer who want to study about
interaction should learn not only grammatically correct sentence but also
pattern of exchange.
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39
2) The writer suggests the researcher who want to research about Structure
Exchange, Speech function and Mood use discourse analysis in observing
to solve every language phenomenon in interaction.
3) The writer suggests for those presenters who leads an event, a ceremonial
or a Talk Show know about structure conversation she/he used.
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BIOGRAPHY
Ali Muis Dongoran was born on 07 May 2014. Some people call him
Muis, and other calls him Ali. He has four brothers and no sister, he is the first son
of Solihun Dongoran and Masrobuah Ritongan.
He was school in SD Hutatonga, Saipardolok Hole sub district for primary
school in 1998. In 2004 he schooled in MTS Muhammadiyah 23 Sinunukan,
Mandailing Natal Regency for his Junior High School. After that he finished his
Senior High School in SMA Negeri 1 Sinunukan on 2010. Then, he continued his
study to the University student. In 2014 he graduated from English Literature
Department in State University of Medan.
During his study in the university, there were many awards he achieved
and several organization experience, the such as the 1st winner GEMA KREASI
SENAT Unimed in 2012, the 2nd winner MAWAPRES of Languages and Arts
Faculty Unimed in 2012-2013, , the 2nd winner MTQ of Languages and Arts
Faculty in 2012-2013, and other achievements. Besides that, he also active in
several students’ organization such as Student Senator of FBS Unimed, Students’
Council of English and Literature Department .