SPEECH ACTS IN WEDDING CEREMONY OF THE ANGKOLA CULTURE.

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SPEECH ACTS IN WEDDING CEREMONY

OF THE ANGKOLA CULTURE

A Thesis

Submitted to Post-Graduate School English Applied Linguistic Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

EFRINI PANJAITAN Registration Number: 8106111007

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN 2013

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SPEECH ACTS IN WEDDING CEREMONY

OF THE ANGKOLA CULTURE

A Thesis

Submitted to Post-Graduate School English Applied Linguistic Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

EFRINI PANJAITAN Registration Number: 8106111007

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN 2013

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Allah, the lord of the universe who has given me the opportunity to finish this thesis. Thank you so much my dear lord. It is also impossible to be finished without guidance, support and valuable knowledge from many people whose names can not be mentioned one by one.

First, the writer would like to express her sincere gratitude to Prof. Amrin Saragin, M.A, Ph.D her first advisor and Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd her second adviser, for their valuable advice, guidance, constructive comments and previous time spent on supervising and commenting the process of writing until it come to its present form. Second her special gratitude goes to the head of English applied linguistics, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd and secretary Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S, who has generously encouraged her in completing this study, all lecturers, for her valuable knowledge and instruction they have implemented to her during the years studying and librarians of the State University of Medan for leading some useful books and other sources that are needed in writing this thesis.

The writer would like to sincerely thank to anonymous participant who contributed suggestions, critics and advises to this study. My deepest gratitude goes to Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D, Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed, TESP and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum, without their excellent academic guidance and support, this thesis would not have been possible.

Then, a very special deep of gratitude is directed to her beloved father Matnatsir Panjaitan and beloved mother Nura’ni Gultom together with her beloved sisters, Rohayati Panjaitan, S.Pd, Deswati Eva Safitri, S.Pd, Triangraini

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Rohman SKM and her brothers Ronald Panjaitan S.Kom, Marhot Panjaitan S.Pd and Abdul Rahman Nasution S.Pd for their full love, support, care and prayers.

Finally, a special debt of gratitude is addressed to all her beloved best friend Yulia Warda S.Pd.I, M. Hum and Maitri Rahmadhani SS. M.hum, Vivi Novalia Sitinjak SS. M. Hum and all her classmates LTBI A2 for their close friendship and encouragement in finishing this thesis.

Medan,15 Maret 2013 The writer

Efrini Panjaitan 8106111007

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Page

ABSTRACT ... i

ABSTRAK ... ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v

LIST OF TABLES ... ix

LIST OF APPENDIXES ... xi

LIST OF DIAGRAM ... xii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Background of The Study ... 1

1.2 The Problems of the Study ... 4

1.3 The Objective of the Study ... 5

1.4 The Scopes of the Study ... 5

1.5 The significance of the Study ... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Pragmatics ... 7

2.2 Speech Acts ... 9

2.2.1 Kinds of Speech Act ... 12

2.2.1.1 Locutionary Acts ... 12

2.2.1.2 Perlocutionary Acts ... 13

2.2.1.3 Illocutionary Acts ... 14

2.2.2 Types of Speech Acts ... 16

2.2.2.1 Representative ... 17

2.2.2.2 Directives ... 18

2.2.2.3 Comissives ... 21

2.2.2.4 Expressives ... 23

2.2.2.5 Declaratives (Declaration) ... 24

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2.3AngkolaCulture ... 26

2.3.1AngkolaLanguage ... 26

2.3.2AngkolaRegion ... 28

2.3.3 Three Pillars (Dalihan Na Tolu) onAngkolaCulture ... 28

2.3.4 The Components ofDalihan Na Tolu ... 29

2.3.4.1Kahanggi ... 29

2.3.4.2Anak Boru ... 30

2.3.4.3Mora ... 30

2.4 Wedding Ceremony onAngkolaCulture ... 31

2.5 Speech Acts Aspects ... 35

2.6 The Previous Relevant Study ... 35

2.7 Conceptual Framework ... 38

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Design ... 40

3.2 Data and Data Sources ... 41

3.3 Subjects of Study ... 41

3.4 The Instrument of Data Collection ... 41

3.5 The Technique of Data Collection ... 42

3.6 The Technique of Data Analysis ... 42

3.7 Triangulation ... 44

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 Data and Data Analysis ... 45

4.1.1 The Types of Speech Acts Used by the Elements ofDalihan Na Toluin Wedding Ceremony of theAngkola Culture ... 46

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4.1.2 The Ways of Uttered Speech Acts Used by the Elements of Dalihan Na Toluin Wedding Ceremony of theAngkola

Culture ... 47

4.1.2.1 Indirect Speech Act 4.1.2.1.1 Using Umpama ... 47

4.1.2.1.2 Direct Speech Act ... 50

4.1.2.2.1 Using Idiom... 50

4.1.2.2.2 Using Kinship ... 53

4.1.3 The Dominant Types of Speech Acts Used by Each Elements ofDalihan Na Toluin Wedding Ceremony of theAngkolaCulture ... 56

4.1.3.1 Speech Acts byMora“ WifeGiver”in Wedding Ceremony of theAngkola Culture ... 57

4.1.3.1.1 Types of Speech Acts Used byMora Si Habolonan... 57

4.1.3.1.2 Types of Speech Acts Used byMora Sian Boru... 64

4.1.3.2 Speech Acts byKahanggi “A Group of People fromthe Same Clan with “Suhut” on Wedding Ceremony in the AngkolaCulture ... 70

4.1.1.2.1 Types of Speech Acts Used byKahanggi Ni Suhut ... 70

4.1.1.2.2 Types of Speech Acts Used byKahanggi Pareban ... 78

4.1.3.3 Speech Acts by Anak Boru “Receiver of Wife”in Wedding Ceremony in the AngkolaCulture ... 84

4.1.3.3.1 Types of Speech Acts Used byAnak Boru Ni Suhut ... 84

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4.1.3.3.2 Types of Speech Acts Used

byAnak Boru Pisang Raut... 92

4.1.4 The Reason of Using the Dominant Types of Speech Acts Used by the Elements of Dalihan Na Toluon Wedding Ceremony in theAngkolaCulture ... 97

4.2 Findings ... 99

4.3 Discussion ... 101

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 104

5.2 Implication... 105

5.3 Suggestion ... 106

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LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1. Speech Acts Categories into the Types of Speech Acts... 40

Table 2. The Number Types of Speech Acts Used by the Elements ofDalihan Na Toluon Wedding Ceremony in theAngkolaCulture ... 43

Table 3. Thanking Speech Acts ... 44

Table 4. Blessing Speech Acts ... 45

Table 5. Statement Speech Acts... 47

Table 6. Explaining Speech Acts ... 48

Table 7. Suggestion Speech Acts ... 49

Table 8. Advising Speech Acts ... 49

Table 9. Greeting Speech Acts... 51

Table 10. Thanking Speech Acts ... 51

Table 11. Blessing Speech Acts ... 52

Table 12. Admonishing Speech Acts ... 53

Table 13. Advising Speech Acts ... 53

Table 14. Statement Speech Acts... 54

Table 15. Thanking Speech Acts ... 56

Table 16. Blessing Speech Acts ... 56

Table 17. Statement Speech Acts... 57

Table 18. Informing Speech Acts... 59

Table 19. Concluding Speech Acts ... 59

Table 20. Admonishing Speech Acts ... 60

Table 21. Suggestion Speech Acts ... 61

Table 22. Advising Speech Act... 62

Table 23. Greeting Speech Acts... 63

Table 24. Thanking Speech Acts ... 63

Table 25. Blessing Speech Acts ... 64

Table 26. Statement Speech Acts... 65

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Table 28. Suggestion Speech Acts ... 67

Table 29. Explaining Speech Acts ... 67

Table 30. Greeting Speech Acts... 68

Table 31. Thanking Speech Acts ... 69

Table 32. Blessing Speech Acts ... 70

Table 33. Admonishing Speech Acts ... 71

Table 34. Suggestion Speech Acts ... 72

Table 35. Statement Speech Acts... 73

Table 36. Greeting Speech Acts... 75

Table 37. Thanking Speech Acts ... 75

Table 38. Blessing Speech Acts ... 76

Table 39. Statement Speech Acts... 77

Table 40. Advising Speech Acts78 Table 41. Explaining Speech Acts ... 78

Table 42. The Percentage Types of Speech Acts Dominantly Used by the Elements ofDalihan Na Tolu in Wedding Ceremony of theAngkolaCulture ... 88

Table 43. The Number Types of Speech Acts Used by Mora Sihabolonanin Wedding Ceremony of theAngkolaCulture ... 89

Table 44. The Number Types of Speech Acts Used byMora Sian Boruin Wedding Ceremony of theAngkolaCulture... 89

Table 45. The Number Types of Speech Acts Used byKahanggi Nisuhutin Wedding Ceremony of theAngkolaCulture ... 90

Table 46. The Number Types of Speech Acts Used byKahanggi Parebanin Wedding Ceremony of theAngkolaCulture ... 91

Table 47. The Number Types of Speech Acts Used byAnak Boru Nisuhutin Wedding Ceremony of theAngkolaCulture ... 91 Table 48. The Number Types of Speech Acts Used byAnak Boru

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LIST OF DIAGRAM

Page Diagram 1. Wedding Ceremony Research by Types of Speech Acts

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LIST OF APPENDIXES

Page Appendix 1. Pictures ofAngkolaWedding Ceremony ... 110 Appendix 2. Interview Transcript ... 112 Appendix 3. Observation/ Recording Transcriptions... 116

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

Indonesia has many vernacular languages and cultures. Language is used by the society as a tool for communication. As a means of communication thoughts ideas language is used for creating friendship, economic, education etc while Culture is used as basic systems of life in the society. Without language, someone cannot interaction one another and without culture the community does not have roles and characteristics of the society. It is agreed that language cannot be separated from the culture as language is one product of culture.

Knowing the culture of the society will help us build comfortable interaction. One can be impolite if s/he cannot do interaction based on the context of situation. Different ethnic groups have different ways in doing communication. When the speaker makes utterance to the hearer in context, the communication between speaker and hearer will be success if they can gather goal of conversation, automatically the hearer can get the main point of what does the speaker mean.

In wedding ceremony the participants would like to extent the speech, such as; Mora, Kahanggi, Anak Boru or called as the elements of Dalihan Na Tolu. The elements of Dalihan Na Tolu have an important role in extending speech. Usually formal style is used by them to express the respect one to their

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families, especially for all participants who attend in wedding ceremony. Therefore, the elements can be received well by them in wedding ceremony.

Different person has different expressions and actions to say something. It is occurred in wedding ceremony of the Angkola culture. For instance, when the speakers or elements ofDalihan Na Tolu started to speech onMakkobar, some of the speakers are directly say “Pajolo do hita mangucapkon syukur tu tuhanta nauli basai, nadung mangalehen di hita hatorkisan songoni hahorasan di hita

imada di parlagutanta dipantar siriaonon”. This utterance shows that the speaker

has lost their honors or manners to hearer because some of them have not used greeting speech act on their speech. Greeting speech act is honored words that used byAngkolasociety to greet king, Mora, Kahanggi, Anak BoruandNatobang Natoras in wedding ceremony event. So in wedding ceremony of the Angkola culture a speech should be opening by used greeting speech act by say “ sattabi sappulu diraja, sattabi di na mora, kahanggi, anak boru sa sudena na adong i pattar paradatan on”. This utterance shows the respect one to their family or this utterance shows how the participant used speech act on their speech in wedding ceremony of theangkolaculture. It is clear that there is a gap between theory and reality on wedding ceremony because on given speech the speaker using different utterances on language use.

Based on the phenomenon of language use on wedding ceremony, it is believed that the elements of Dalihan Na Tolu have different acts on language use. Therefore, the speakers in wedding ceremony must know which one is

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types of speech acts used by the elements of Dalihan Na Tolu in wedding ceremony of theAngkolaculture.

It is clear that the elements of Dalihan Na Tolu have different types of speech act in giving speech in wedding ceremony of the Angkola culture. Consequently, the speakers would miscommunication, when they extended their speech. Moreover, the speakers should master the language itself or speech act in order to they are able to extend it very well. Automatically speakers can develop their speech in certain context.

On the other hand, the researcher was conducted speech acts whereas speech act is explanation how speaker used language to accomplish intended action and how hearer infers intended meaning from what is speaker say. In this case, the hearer may different in getting the meaning of the utterances from the speakers. Based on Austin theory (1962) the meaning of the utterances can be divided into three kinds, they are locutionary acts, illocutionary acts and perlocutionary acts. For instance, could you pass the salt? It is identified as locutionary act because this utterance indicated as literal meaning, then the utterance above on illocutionary actmeans “pass the salt, please”it is indicated as the hearer would assume whether the addressee would able to pass the salt. As a pelocutionary act, the utterance above is indicated to realize the speaker’s intention to ultimately get hold of the salt. From the explanation can be realized if one utterance may have some interpretation.

Based on Searle’s book(1969) about speech acts an essay in philosophy of language, speech act is observed on what the speaker say when due to

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communication. He found that when we communicate each other , we are not only produce symbols, words and sentences which have not meaning but also the production of the symbols, words and sentences that have meanings, whereas, he has developed the speech act especially the illocutionary acts or the types of speech act into representatives, directives, communicative, expressive and declaratives. From his book can be concluded that illocutionary act often occur in doing communication because the speaker and hearer came from different cultural background, so the ways of communication different.

Relating to explanation above, the researcher interested in choosing this topic because of some reasons; 1) There are different languages meaning uttered by speakers in giving speech, 2) There are different utterance and action used by speaker in giving speech. 3) The reason why do speakers used utterance or action dominantly in their speech, 4) The process of speech acts used by speakers in giving speech in wedding ceremony of theAngkolaculture.

The reason mentioned above are considered as the reason why this research should be done that is in order to describe the types of speech acts used by the elements of Dalihan Na Tolu which is observed by the researcher to the research entailed“speech acts in wedding ceremony oftheAngkolaculture”.

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1.2 The Problems of the Study

This problems of the study are formulated as the following

(1) What types of speech acts are used by the elements ofDalihan Na Toluin wedding ceremony of theAngkolaculture?

(2) How are the speech acts used by the elements of Dalihan Na Tolu in wedding ceremony of theAngkolaculture?

(3) What types of speech act is dominantly used by each of the elements? (4) Why is the type dominantly used by the elements of Dalihan Na Tolu in

the ways they are?

1.3 The Objectives of Study

In relation of the problems, the objectives of the study are

(1) to describe types of speech acts are used by the elements of Dalihan Na Toluin wedding ceremony of theAngkolaculture,

(2) to described how are speech acts used by the elements of Dalian Na Tolu in wedding ceremony of theAngkolaculture,

(3) to find out the types of speech acts is dominantly used by each of elements and

(4) to describe why is the type dominantly used by the elements of Dalihan Na Toluin the ways they are.

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1.4 The Scopes of the Study

This study attempts to describe and to explain the speech acts used by the elements of Dalihan Na Tolu speakers in wedding ceremony specifically in spoken language. The main aspect of this study is to describe and investigate the types of speech act (illocutionary act) of Dalihan Na Tolu use in their speech. Besides that, the researcher also scopes the location of research namely gang Padang Bolak on Desa Tembung Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan Kabupaten Deli Serdang North Sumatra.

1.5 The Significance of the Study

Findings of the study are expected to give contributions theoretically and practically

(1) Theoretically, the research findings are expected to enrich the theories of linguistic speech acts, specifically the spoken medium by certain community, mainly theAngkolaculture especially the elements ofDalihan Na Tolu.

(2) Practically, the findings of this study can be used as a model to identify and understand speech act for social interaction, which have the same characteristic with the Angkola culture in expressing suggestion, advising, informing, statement, and so on. The researcher hope that it is useful for the teacher and lectures of sociolinguistics to apply the speech acts

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

The study concerned on speech acts used by the elements of Dalihan Na Toluon wedding ceremony in the Angkola culture. It was aimed at describing the utterances used by the elements of Dalihan Na Tolu. Based on the analysis the conclusions are stated as the following:

(1) The elements ofDalihan Na Toluperform their speech acts by using direct and indirect speech act. Direct speech act used by them by uttered idiom and kinship form while indirect speech act used by them by uttered Umpama.

(2) The five types of speech acts by Searle are not used by the elements of Dalihan Na Tolu at all in their interaction. They are only used four types namely representative acts, directive acts, expressive acts and declarative acts, while commissive acts did not found on their interaction on Angkola wedding ceremony event.

(3) Directive acts is the dominantly used by the elements of Dalihan Na Tolu in wedding ceremony of theAngkolaculture.

(4) Directive act is dominantly used by the elements of Dalihan Na Tolu because in wedding ceremony the speaker required to use advised, suggestion, blessing and other utterance about married life. Sometimes speech act above can be perceived as others meaning by another culture.

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There will be the tendency that every culture has differently and similarity of using the types of speech acts.

5.2 Implication

Based on the conclusion those have been state previously there are some implications that can be gain.

(1) Angkola societies do not fell ashamed anymore of being incompetence in speaking their native in wedding ceremony that is why the used of Angkolalanguage rarely.

(2) Angkola language which is the identity of their ethnic group could be lost especiallyadatlanguage if the speakers in wedding ceremony are not able to speakAngkolalanguage.

(3) This research will be useful as guidance to the student and lecturers who learn and teach about speech act on inter ethnic.

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5.2 Suggestion

It is suggested to those who concerned with wedding ceremony in the Angkolaculture to learn about the types of speech acts.

(1) It is suggested toAngkolanative speakers to get involved in their wedding ceremony as language is used by using speech acts because speech acts help the participants especially the elements of Dalihan Na Tolu as the language users to communicate well in daily communication and cultural event.

(2) It also suggested to all parents of Angkolanative speaker as real model of good educator to use and to teach their children about Angkola culture in their daily activity.

(3) It is suggested to the lecturers who play an important role in teaching pragmatics and sociolinguistics to give attention in teaching speech acts especially about speech acts inter ethnic in north Sumatra.

(4) It is suggested to all of us as the writer and reader who read this thesis in order to understand the types of speech acts. The used of the speech acts types is different between one to another culture.

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