AN ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE EXCHANGE IN JONATHAN FRANZENS NOVEL FREEDOM.

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AN ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE EXCHANGE IN JONATHAN

FRANZEN’S NOVEL

FREEDOM

A THESIS

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

Eulistia Kharismayanti

Registration Number: 208222020

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ABSTRACT

Kharismayanti, Eulistia. 208222020. An Analysis of Structure Exchange in Jonathan Franzen’s Novel Freedom. A Thesis. Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan. 2012.

The objectives of this research were to find out how the exchange structure

explains the conversation among the characters of Jonathan Franzen’s novel

Freedom and to investigate how the structure of interaction in Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom. This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative research. It took eight conversations taken from ten chapters of Jonathan

Franzen’s novel Freedom which were published in 2010. The result of analyzing found some hindrances in conversations which used among the character in

Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom, it showed that conversations did not progress smoothly because it was found one side conversation. The structure of interaction

in Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom was dynamic since it is found cf, rcf, cl, rcl, rcheck, bch, and rp and the structure exchange found are k2 ˄ k1, k2 ˄ k1 ˄k2f,

k2 ˄ k1 ˄ k2f ˄ k1f, da1 ˄ a2 ˄ a1, a2 ˄ a1 ˄ a2f, and a2 ˄ a1 ˄ a2f ˄ a1f. It is suggested that students who are interested in analyzing the Structure Exchange can use the novel or other sources to know and understand the flow of conversation.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful.

Alhamdulillah, first and foremost the writer would like to express her praises to Allah SWT for the strengths, blessings, and guidance which have been given to her in completing this thesis. This thesis is aimed to fulfill one of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S-1) at the English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.

This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of several individuals who always contributed and extended their valuable assistances in the preparation and completion of this thesis. The writer’s special appreciation goes to:

 Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si. as the Head of State University of Medan.

 Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum. as the Dean of Faculty of Languages and Arts State University of Medan and to all her staffs.

 Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd. as the Head of English Department, Dra. Rahmah, M.Hum. as the Secretary of English Department, and Dra. Meisuri, MA as the Head of Non-Educational English Program thanks for their administrative help during the writer’s study in English Department State University of Medan.

 Dr. Siti Aisah Ginting, M.pd as the writer’s Thesis Supervisor who always gave the encouragement, constant support, constructive comments, and suggestions to the writer in finishing this thesis.

 Dra. Sortha Silitonga as the writer’s Academic Counsellor who has given her support to the writer’s thesis topic.

 All lecturers who have taught and given contribution of knowledge to her.  Mam Endah and Mam Indri who have helped the writer in providing the

academic administration.

 The writer’s greatest family, her Mom, the lovable, Mrs. Masiyem and her Dad, the greatest man and the truly inspiring, Mr.Waridi, and also to her angelic younger sisters and brother, Kiki Dwi Masdila (Kiki), Amelia Tri Widya (Wiwid), and Dian Fahreza (Reza) for their endless love, prayers, advises, and encouragement. Without them, the writer may never have overcome this long journey, because when she felt down, their love will always give her strength in facing all complications happened in her life.

 The writer’s best friends Henny Fauziah Harahap and Wardah Al Munawaroh Daulay for the friendship, hospitality, moral support, and for all the fun and happy memories they shared. She treasures them and will never forget.

 The writer’s friend Fenty Tri Artha Simanjuntak for the time their spent together in finishing their thesis.

 The writer’s special colleagues: Unie, Atiqah, Giel, Ibe, Helena, Judolz, Upin, Jupe, Riko, for the friendship, kindness, and help.

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 All of the writer’s friends in Applied Linguistics A and B 2008, for studying together in classroom, gossiping around and having delicious lunch under the ladder have motivated the writer to finish her study.

 The people who direct or indirectly contributed in this research, your kindness means a lot to her. Thank you very much. May Allah bless us. Amin.

Medan, June 2012 The Writer,

Eulistia Kharismayanti NIM. 208222020

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

ABSTRACT ……….………. i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ….……… ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS………... iii

LIST OF TABLES ……… v

LIST OF FIGURES ……….. vi

LIST OF APPENDICES………... vii

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION A. The Background of the Study……… 1

B. The Problem of the Study……….. 3

C. The Objective of the Study……….... 4

D. The Scope of the Study……….. 4

E. The Significant of the Study……….. 5

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Framework……… 6

1. Communication……… 6

2. The Nature of Discourse………... 7

3. Negotiation………... 8

_a.Mood………...₈

_{b. Speech Function}………_{.... 11}

_{c. Adjacency pairs}………..…₁₂

_{d. Exchange: System and Structure}………₁₃

_{1) Moves}………._... 13

₂₎_{Dynamic of Exchange}………. 18

4. Novel………. 19

5. Biography of Jonathan Franzen………. 20

6. Brief Summary of ‘FREEDOM’………... 22

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD A. Research Design………... 23

B. The Data and Source of Data……….….. 23

C. Technique of Collecting Data………... 24

D. Technique of Analyzing Data……… 24

CHAPTER IV: DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS A. Data ……….………... 26

B. Data Analysis ………... 27

C. Research Findings ………... 35

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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions………... 39

B. Suggestions……….. 39

REFERENCES……….. 41

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LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page

2.1 Example of finite in sentence ………... 10

2.2 Example of Mood & Residue sentence ………... 11

2.3 Semantic Interpretation of Speech Function ………... 12

2.4 Speech Function choices ………... 12

2.5 The Basic Speech Function and Their Congruent Mood Realization Rising to The Seven Adjacency Pairs…… 13

4.1 The Realization of Structure Exchange ………. 34

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

2.1 Communication as Action ……… 6

2.2 Mood System ……… 9

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

I Good Neighbors ……… 42

II Agreeable ……….. 44

III Bestfriend……… 47

IV Free Markets Foster Competition……….. 50

V 2004……… 56

VI Womanland ……… 59

VII The Nice Man’s Anger ……….. 64

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. The Background of the Study

Communication is an activity of conveying meaningful information since by communicating person is transferring information to another. Communication is done between at least two agents (speaker and hearer). Communication is not only imparting or interchanging of thoughts, opinion, or information by speech, writing, or signs, but also exchanging and progressing of thoughts, feelings, or ideas (energy) towards a mutually accepted goal or direction (information).

Basically, communication is one of the most pervasive, important, and complex aspects of human life. Through the communication, humans share knowledge, information and experiences and thus understand, persuade, convert or control their thoughts. One way of people to communicate or interact with the others is through a conversation. In learning to set a good and natural flow of interaction through conversation, one should learn not only grammatically correct sentence but also patterns of exchange or commonly known as the structure of interaction.

When dealt with conversation, there is term of negotiation which is concerned with interaction as an exchange between speakers: how speakers adopt and assign roles to each other in dialogue and how moves are organized in relation to one another and how move be realized in interaction. In other words, negotiation deals with speech function. In case, when someone asks other person to do something, usually people use imperative statement but s/he uses interrogative sentences. This

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is related to grammatical realization and the responses entails including the sequences of move in exchanges.

Interaction between addressee and addresser in face to face conversation with in written conversation is different. Face to face conversation always involves body language and gestures. But in written conversation that can be only realized in move. So, the interaction between addressee and addresser in written conversation especially in literary works such as drama, movie, and novel, we can find the exchange of information between the addressee and addresser in them. Especially in novel, there are many conversation between the characters found in it. In learning to set a good and natural flow of interaction through conversation, one should learn not only grammatically correct sentence but also patterns of exchange or commonly known as structure of interaction.

Move is defined as the function or role play by speaker in conversation in its relation to the function and the commodity being exchange. When somebody is raising question (asking information) the move made by the addresser is termed k2 “secondary knower” whereas another is providing the answer (proving information) the move made by the addressee is k1”primary knower”. So, the structure of interaction may be k1 ^ k2. For example:

k2 A: Do you like reading books? k1 B: Yes.

When the interaction between the addresser and addressee is giving information on goods and services, terms of a2 ”secondary actor” and a1

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“primary actor”, the move is structured by a2 ^ a1 and further may be followed by a2f ^ a1f. For example:

a2 A: Get the book for me. a1 B: Here you are.

The conversational analysis based on the system and the structure of the interaction actually been used by many researchers as the object of their research. Ginting’s (2010) research which focused on the conversational system and the structure of Karonese language, found that the complex conversational structures were caused by the relation between tenor and contextual situation.

The structure exchange was constructed with the speaker and hearer in written conversation as in this case novel; it is used to analyze the move and speech function between characters. Since novel is one of thematic literary work that has social interaction among the characters.

The writer is interested in analyzing Exchange Structure because it is important to understand the conversation between the characters in Jonathan Franzen’s novel “Freedom”. Furthermore, the writer is interested in investigating and knows the relation between the structure exchange and system of conversation. In this case, the writer chose “Freedom” novel as subject of the analysis because there are many conversations found in it.

B. The Problem of the Study

The problems that may rise from this study are:

1) How does the structure exchange explain the conversation flow among the characters of Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom?

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2) How does structure of interaction in Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom? C. The Objective of the Study

According to the problem of the study, the objectives of the study are formulated as followed:

1) To find out how the exchange structure explains the conversation flow among the characters of Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom.

2) To investigate how structure of interaction in Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom.

D. The Scope of the Study

In avoiding bias or blur discussion to the research, a limitation will be needed as the scope of the study. The scope of this study will be indentified in terms of exchange structure. Exchange structure must be understood as the function or role played by a speaker (addresser) in a conversation in its relation to the function or role played by the hearer (addressee). This study is focused to analyze the exchange structure and speech function that are found in conversation among the characters of Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom and how do the exchange structure explain the conversation flow among the characters of Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom.

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5 E. The Significant of the Study

There are some significant are formulated which hopefully useful for the readers.

1) From this study, the readers who are specifically the English students are helped to realized the natural flow of conversation between character in novels by exposing the exchange structure

2) This study will be useful for students who are interested in studying Exchange Structure in conversation

3) This study will be useful for the next researchers as the reference to do the related research

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

After analyzing the structure exchange in Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom, it can be concluded that:

1) It is found some hindrances in conversations which used among the character in Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom, it showed that conversations did not progress smoothly because it was found one side conversation.

2) The structure of interaction in Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom was dynamic since it is found cf, rcf, cl, rcl, rcheck, bch, and rp and the structure exchange found are k2 ˄ k1, k2 ˄ k1 ˄k2f, k2 ˄ k1 ˄ k2f ˄ k1f, da1 ˄ a2 ˄ a1, a2 ˄ a1 ˄ a2f, and a2 ˄ a1 ˄ a2f ˄ a1f.

B. Suggestions

Based on the conclusion given, the following suggestions are needed to be considered in conducting the related research:

1) The writer suggests for the students or those want to observe the natural flow of an interaction, this theory of structure of interaction can be implemented.

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3) The writer suggests for the reader of any discourse whether novel, newspaper, or magazines to realize and understand the natural flow of interaction by exposing the structure exchange which are made up by moves so the readers can use appropriate moves in the appropriate situation.

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