A SOCIO-PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS ON EXPRESSIVE A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis on Expressive Utterances in Action Movie and Its Translation.
A SOCIO-PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS ON EXPRESSIVE
UTTERANCES IN ACTION FILM AND ITS TRANSLATION
Research Paper
Submit as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
Getting Bachelor Degree of Education in English Department
by
RATNA ADI TEJANINGRUM
A320080148
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2012
APPROVAL
A SOCIO-PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS ON EXPRESSIVE
UTTERANCES IN ACTION FILM AND ITS TRANSLATION
RESEARCH PAPER
by
RATNA ADI TEJANINGRUM
A 320080148
Approved to be Examined by Consultant
Consultant I
Consultant II
(Drs. Maryadi, M. A)
(Dra. Siti Zuriah, M. Hum)
ii
ACCEPTANCE
RESEARCH PAPER
A SOCIO-PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS ON EXPRESSIVE UTTERANCES IN
ACTION MOVIE AND ITS TRANSLATION
by
RATNA ADI TEJANINGRUM
A.320.080.148
Accepted by the Board of Examiners
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Team of Examiners:
1. Drs. Maryadi, M.A.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(Chair Person)
2. Dra. Sity Zuriah Aryatmi, M. Hum.
(Secretary)
3. Drs. Agus Wijayanto, M. A, Ph. D.
(Member)
Dean,
Drs. H. Sofyan Anif, M. Si
NIK. 547
iii
TESTIMONY
The writer herewith asserts that there is no proposed work before this
research. It is to get a barchelor degree in a certain university and as long as the
writer knows. There is also no work or idea that has ever been written or
published by other people, except reffered in this research paper mentioned in the
bilbiography.
If it is proven that there is a mistake in the writer’s statements above in
thr future, she will be fully responsible for it.
Surakarta,
Maret 2012
The Researcher
RATNA ADI TEJANINGRUM
A 320.080.148
iv
MOTTO
بسم ه الرحمن الرحيم
“Wanita-wanita yang keji adalah untuk laki-laki yang keji, dan
laki-laki yang keji adalah buat wanita-wanita yang keji (pula),
dan wanita-wanita yang baik adalah untuk laki-laki yang baik
dan laki-laki yang baik adalah untuk wanita-wanita yang baik
(pula). Mereka (yang dituduh) itu bersih dari apa yang
dituduhkan oleh mereka (yang menuduh itu). Bagi mereka
ampunan dan rezeki yang mulia (surga)”
(QS An-Nuur:26)
Maka nikmat Tuhan manakah yang kamu dustakan?
(QS Ar Rahman: 22)
Dan mintalah pertolongan (kepada Allah) dengan sabar dan
(mengerjakan) shalat. Dan sesungguhnya yang demikian itu
sungguh berat, kecuali bagi orang-orang yang khusyuk.
(QS Al-Baqarah: 45)
Kadang untuk mencapai sebuah kebahagiaan, kita harus melalui
begitu banyak kesedihan, hanya ketika kebahagiaan itu datang,
kita seperti tidak tahu berapa banyak kesedihan yang telah kita
lalui.
(Ari Purwanto)
Menjadi baik atau buruk itu adalah sebuah pilihan. Tekadkanlah
selalu dalam hati, kamu adalah orang baik dan selalu berusaha
menjadi lebih baik.
(The Writer)
v
DEDICATIONs
This Research Paper is dedicated to:
To the queen of my heart, MOTHER, MOTHER, AND MOTHER
Who has taken care of the writer
To my hero, FATHER
For his patience, love, motivation and even criticism
To my brother – Roychan Adi Kusuma
For always asking me “mbak ta, skripsimu sampai mana?”
To my Sister – Rosiana Adi Rofiqoh
Who has been the writer’s best sister and friend
To my grand parents – Muhd i& NurJannah (in memoriam) and
Amir Fachridin & Siti
For always supporting and praying to me
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaykum wr. wb.
Foremost, the researcher wishes to thank Allah who has given her the
greatest love, mercy, grace and His blessing so that the writer had finished this
research paper, entitled “A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis on Expressive Utterances in
Action Movie and Its Translation.”
The researcher has been indebted to many parts in writing this research
paper, so that she would like to extend her deepest gratitude and appreciation.
Any motivation, help, suggestion, information and even criticism is highly
required to complete the research paper so that be a qualified research paper. In
this occasion, the researcher gives her deepest gratitude and appreciation to:
1. Drs. Sofyan Anif, M. Si, the Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty
of Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
2. Titis Setyabudi, S.S, the head of English Department for the agreement of
finishing this research paper.
3. Grateful acknowledgement is made to Drs. Maryadi, M. A, as the first
consultant, whose sympathy, support, guidance, suggestion, and friendly
behavior during the writing process of research paper were manifested in so
many ways that the researcher can never forget no matter how much the
writer tries.
4. The researcher also greatly indebted to Dra. Siti Zuriah Aryatmi, M. Hum, as
the second consultant and the inspiring woman who helps and supports
vii
during the writing of this research paper were manifested in more ways.
Thanks for giving her great help, advice, guidance, and patience, so that the
researcher is motivated and uncourageous to finish this research paper.
5. Sigit Hariyanto, M. Hum as the academic consultant for giving guidance for
this research paper.
6. All the lectures in English Department in Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta for their help, sharing, and motivation for this research paper.
7. The researcher also deeply acknowledges the love, patience, praying and
other assistance of spiritual and material of her beloved MOM, MOM, MOM
and FATHER.
8. The researcher’s brother_dek Ochan and sister_dek Ochi, never lose hope,
coz Allah SWT is always by their side.
9. To the “ONE” who is still in Allah’s secret. ^-^
10. The researcher’s big families at Ahmad Badaroni, Iman Rejo and Muhammad
Jaiz lineage that too many to write who give her inspiration to be a better
person.
11. The researcher’s best friend since nursery school_Fitriannisa Hasnanis Sholeh
for the togetherness, the laughter, and the cry that make the resercher’s life so
mean.
12. The researcher’s inspiring friends Rendi, Rina, Septi, Ilham, Ratih, Sapta,
Huda, Winda, Mela, Mb. Anna, Mimi, Wati’, Ninik, Mas Trimo, Wawan,
viii
Mb. Dwi, and Ikhvan, the researcher can never forget the time they spend
together.
13. Her special friends in “Wisma Al-Khonsa” Mbak Faw, Mbak Tata, Mbak
Sitty, Mimis, Eng-na, Dik Anif, Dik Ifah, Dik Nura, Dik Lia, U’uk, Iis, EnEn, thanks for being second family.
14. Her little sister in “Mentoring” 2010/2011 and 2011/2012, Dik Romi, Feda,
Fera, Dini, Wati, Ifah, Inas, Alfi, Aini, Putri, Nurul, Diah etc.
15. Her best teacher in Senior High Scool Ari Purwanto, S. Pd for his great
sincerity and support.
16. All her friends in “D” class 2008, keep going foward and all English
Department students of UMS, 2008 academic year, thanks for help, and
wonderful moments.
17. To all, many thanks again for assistance and encouragement. The sum of all
has, no doubt, contributed to the developing progress of this research paper.
The writer considers that this research paper is far from being perfect.
Therefore, suggestion and criticism are welcome and accepted. She wishes that
this research paper would be valuable for the readers.
Wassalamu’alaykum wr. wb
Surakarta,
Maret 2012
The Writer
Ratna Adi Tejaningrum
ix
SUMMARY
Ratna Adi Tejaningrum. A 320080148. A SOCIO-PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS
ON EXPRESSIVE UTTERANCES IN ACTION FILM AND ITS
TRANSLATION. Research Paper. Surakarta: School of Teacher Training
Education Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
The aims of this research are to describe the equivalence of intention of
expressive utterances in action film and its translation, and to describe the
equivalence of politeness strategy of expressive utterances in action film and its
translation.
The type of this research is descriptive qualitative. The data source of this
research is action film and its translation. The methods of analyzing data are
observation and documentation. The techniques of analyzing data of this research
are describing the equivalence of the intention by referring to the speech act
theory and describing the equivalence of the politeness pattern by referring
politeness strategy.
Based on the result of the data analysis, the writer findsthe
equivalence of the intentions and the equivalence of politeness pattern of
expressive utterance in action film and its translation. The equivalece of intention
of expressive utterance used in action film and its translation are: praising
(22,22%), apologizing (13,89%), feeling of irritated (27, 78%), thanking (6,94%),
accusing (4,17%), feeling of frightened (12,5%), feeling of surprised (2,78%) and
feelingof pleasure (9,72%). The politeness pattern is divided into three kinds, they
are: bald on record (45,83%), positive politeness (41,67%), and off record
(12,5%).
Keywords: Socio-Pragmatic and expressive utterance
Consultant I
Consultant II
Drs. Maryadi, M. A.
Dra. Siti Zuriah Aryatmi, M. Hum.
Dean,
Drs. H. Sofyan Anif, M. Si.
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER ................................................................................................................. i
APPROVAL ......................................................................................................... ii
ACCEPTANCE..................................................................................................... iii
TESTIMONY ........................................................................................................ iv
MOTTO................................................................................................................. v
DEDICATION ...................................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................... vii
SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... x
TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................ xi
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ........................................................... ...... 1
A. Background of the Study...................................................... 1
B. Previous Study ..................................................................... 5
C. Problem Statement ............................................................... 8
D. Objective of the Study.......................................................... 8
E. Benefit of the Study ............................................................. 8
F. Research Paper Organization ............................................... 9
CHAPTER II: UNDERLYING THEORY ...................................................... 10
A. Notion of Pragmatics and Socio-Pragmatics ....................... 10
1. Pragmatics ..................................................................... 10
2. Socio Pragmatics........................................................... 11
B. Pragmatics’ Principles.......................................................... 12
1. Diexis ............................................................................ 12
2. Presupposition ............................................................... 13
xi
3. Entailment ..................................................................... 13
4. Speech Act .................................................................... 13
5. Implicature .................................................................... 13
C. Notion of Speech Acts ......................................................... 14
1. Locutionary Act (Locution) .......................................... 14
2. Illocutionary Act (Illocution) ........................................ 15
3. Perlocutionary Act (Perlocution) .................................. 17
D. Type of speech Act .............................................................. 18
1. Representative ............................................................... 18
2. Directive ........................................................................ 18
3. Commisive .................................................................... 18
4. Declarative .................................................................... 19
5. Expressive ..................................................................... 19
E. Politeness Pattern ................................................................. 22
1. Bald on record ............................................................... 25
2. Positive politeness......................................................... 26
3. Negative politeness ....................................................... 26
4. Off-record indirect strategy........................................... 27
F. Translation ........................................................................... 27
1. Notion of Translation .................................................... 27
2. Process of Translation ................................................... 28
3. Principle of Translation................................................. 28
4. Translation Shift............................................................ 29
5. Translation Equivalence................................................ 30
6. The Accuracy of Translation ........................................ 31
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD ................................................. 32
A. Type of the Study ................................................................. 32
B. Object of the Study .............................................................. 32
C. Data and data Source............................................................ 33
xii
D. Technique of Collecting Data .............................................. 33
E. Technique of Analyzing Data .............................................. 34
CHAPTER IV : RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION ....................... 33
A. Research finding
1. Intention of expressive utterance..................................... 36
a. Praising ..................................................................... 36
b. Apologizing .............................................................. 45
c. Thanking................................................................... 49
d. Accusing ................................................................... 52
e. Feeling Irritated ........................................................ 54
f. Feeling Frightened.................................................... 62
g. Feeling Pleasure ....................................................... 64
h. Feeling Surprised...................................................... 65
2. Politeness pattern of expressive utterance ....................... 68
a. Bald on Record ......................................................... 68
b. Positive Politeness .................................................... 75
c. Off Record Strategy ................................................. 79
B. Discussion ............................................................................ 81
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .................................... 87
A. Conclusion ........................................................................... 87
B. Suggestion ............................................................................ 88
BIBLIOGRAPHY
VIRTUAL REFERENCE
APPENDIX
xiii
UTTERANCES IN ACTION FILM AND ITS TRANSLATION
Research Paper
Submit as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
Getting Bachelor Degree of Education in English Department
by
RATNA ADI TEJANINGRUM
A320080148
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2012
APPROVAL
A SOCIO-PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS ON EXPRESSIVE
UTTERANCES IN ACTION FILM AND ITS TRANSLATION
RESEARCH PAPER
by
RATNA ADI TEJANINGRUM
A 320080148
Approved to be Examined by Consultant
Consultant I
Consultant II
(Drs. Maryadi, M. A)
(Dra. Siti Zuriah, M. Hum)
ii
ACCEPTANCE
RESEARCH PAPER
A SOCIO-PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS ON EXPRESSIVE UTTERANCES IN
ACTION MOVIE AND ITS TRANSLATION
by
RATNA ADI TEJANINGRUM
A.320.080.148
Accepted by the Board of Examiners
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Team of Examiners:
1. Drs. Maryadi, M.A.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(Chair Person)
2. Dra. Sity Zuriah Aryatmi, M. Hum.
(Secretary)
3. Drs. Agus Wijayanto, M. A, Ph. D.
(Member)
Dean,
Drs. H. Sofyan Anif, M. Si
NIK. 547
iii
TESTIMONY
The writer herewith asserts that there is no proposed work before this
research. It is to get a barchelor degree in a certain university and as long as the
writer knows. There is also no work or idea that has ever been written or
published by other people, except reffered in this research paper mentioned in the
bilbiography.
If it is proven that there is a mistake in the writer’s statements above in
thr future, she will be fully responsible for it.
Surakarta,
Maret 2012
The Researcher
RATNA ADI TEJANINGRUM
A 320.080.148
iv
MOTTO
بسم ه الرحمن الرحيم
“Wanita-wanita yang keji adalah untuk laki-laki yang keji, dan
laki-laki yang keji adalah buat wanita-wanita yang keji (pula),
dan wanita-wanita yang baik adalah untuk laki-laki yang baik
dan laki-laki yang baik adalah untuk wanita-wanita yang baik
(pula). Mereka (yang dituduh) itu bersih dari apa yang
dituduhkan oleh mereka (yang menuduh itu). Bagi mereka
ampunan dan rezeki yang mulia (surga)”
(QS An-Nuur:26)
Maka nikmat Tuhan manakah yang kamu dustakan?
(QS Ar Rahman: 22)
Dan mintalah pertolongan (kepada Allah) dengan sabar dan
(mengerjakan) shalat. Dan sesungguhnya yang demikian itu
sungguh berat, kecuali bagi orang-orang yang khusyuk.
(QS Al-Baqarah: 45)
Kadang untuk mencapai sebuah kebahagiaan, kita harus melalui
begitu banyak kesedihan, hanya ketika kebahagiaan itu datang,
kita seperti tidak tahu berapa banyak kesedihan yang telah kita
lalui.
(Ari Purwanto)
Menjadi baik atau buruk itu adalah sebuah pilihan. Tekadkanlah
selalu dalam hati, kamu adalah orang baik dan selalu berusaha
menjadi lebih baik.
(The Writer)
v
DEDICATIONs
This Research Paper is dedicated to:
To the queen of my heart, MOTHER, MOTHER, AND MOTHER
Who has taken care of the writer
To my hero, FATHER
For his patience, love, motivation and even criticism
To my brother – Roychan Adi Kusuma
For always asking me “mbak ta, skripsimu sampai mana?”
To my Sister – Rosiana Adi Rofiqoh
Who has been the writer’s best sister and friend
To my grand parents – Muhd i& NurJannah (in memoriam) and
Amir Fachridin & Siti
For always supporting and praying to me
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaykum wr. wb.
Foremost, the researcher wishes to thank Allah who has given her the
greatest love, mercy, grace and His blessing so that the writer had finished this
research paper, entitled “A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis on Expressive Utterances in
Action Movie and Its Translation.”
The researcher has been indebted to many parts in writing this research
paper, so that she would like to extend her deepest gratitude and appreciation.
Any motivation, help, suggestion, information and even criticism is highly
required to complete the research paper so that be a qualified research paper. In
this occasion, the researcher gives her deepest gratitude and appreciation to:
1. Drs. Sofyan Anif, M. Si, the Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty
of Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
2. Titis Setyabudi, S.S, the head of English Department for the agreement of
finishing this research paper.
3. Grateful acknowledgement is made to Drs. Maryadi, M. A, as the first
consultant, whose sympathy, support, guidance, suggestion, and friendly
behavior during the writing process of research paper were manifested in so
many ways that the researcher can never forget no matter how much the
writer tries.
4. The researcher also greatly indebted to Dra. Siti Zuriah Aryatmi, M. Hum, as
the second consultant and the inspiring woman who helps and supports
vii
during the writing of this research paper were manifested in more ways.
Thanks for giving her great help, advice, guidance, and patience, so that the
researcher is motivated and uncourageous to finish this research paper.
5. Sigit Hariyanto, M. Hum as the academic consultant for giving guidance for
this research paper.
6. All the lectures in English Department in Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta for their help, sharing, and motivation for this research paper.
7. The researcher also deeply acknowledges the love, patience, praying and
other assistance of spiritual and material of her beloved MOM, MOM, MOM
and FATHER.
8. The researcher’s brother_dek Ochan and sister_dek Ochi, never lose hope,
coz Allah SWT is always by their side.
9. To the “ONE” who is still in Allah’s secret. ^-^
10. The researcher’s big families at Ahmad Badaroni, Iman Rejo and Muhammad
Jaiz lineage that too many to write who give her inspiration to be a better
person.
11. The researcher’s best friend since nursery school_Fitriannisa Hasnanis Sholeh
for the togetherness, the laughter, and the cry that make the resercher’s life so
mean.
12. The researcher’s inspiring friends Rendi, Rina, Septi, Ilham, Ratih, Sapta,
Huda, Winda, Mela, Mb. Anna, Mimi, Wati’, Ninik, Mas Trimo, Wawan,
viii
Mb. Dwi, and Ikhvan, the researcher can never forget the time they spend
together.
13. Her special friends in “Wisma Al-Khonsa” Mbak Faw, Mbak Tata, Mbak
Sitty, Mimis, Eng-na, Dik Anif, Dik Ifah, Dik Nura, Dik Lia, U’uk, Iis, EnEn, thanks for being second family.
14. Her little sister in “Mentoring” 2010/2011 and 2011/2012, Dik Romi, Feda,
Fera, Dini, Wati, Ifah, Inas, Alfi, Aini, Putri, Nurul, Diah etc.
15. Her best teacher in Senior High Scool Ari Purwanto, S. Pd for his great
sincerity and support.
16. All her friends in “D” class 2008, keep going foward and all English
Department students of UMS, 2008 academic year, thanks for help, and
wonderful moments.
17. To all, many thanks again for assistance and encouragement. The sum of all
has, no doubt, contributed to the developing progress of this research paper.
The writer considers that this research paper is far from being perfect.
Therefore, suggestion and criticism are welcome and accepted. She wishes that
this research paper would be valuable for the readers.
Wassalamu’alaykum wr. wb
Surakarta,
Maret 2012
The Writer
Ratna Adi Tejaningrum
ix
SUMMARY
Ratna Adi Tejaningrum. A 320080148. A SOCIO-PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS
ON EXPRESSIVE UTTERANCES IN ACTION FILM AND ITS
TRANSLATION. Research Paper. Surakarta: School of Teacher Training
Education Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
The aims of this research are to describe the equivalence of intention of
expressive utterances in action film and its translation, and to describe the
equivalence of politeness strategy of expressive utterances in action film and its
translation.
The type of this research is descriptive qualitative. The data source of this
research is action film and its translation. The methods of analyzing data are
observation and documentation. The techniques of analyzing data of this research
are describing the equivalence of the intention by referring to the speech act
theory and describing the equivalence of the politeness pattern by referring
politeness strategy.
Based on the result of the data analysis, the writer findsthe
equivalence of the intentions and the equivalence of politeness pattern of
expressive utterance in action film and its translation. The equivalece of intention
of expressive utterance used in action film and its translation are: praising
(22,22%), apologizing (13,89%), feeling of irritated (27, 78%), thanking (6,94%),
accusing (4,17%), feeling of frightened (12,5%), feeling of surprised (2,78%) and
feelingof pleasure (9,72%). The politeness pattern is divided into three kinds, they
are: bald on record (45,83%), positive politeness (41,67%), and off record
(12,5%).
Keywords: Socio-Pragmatic and expressive utterance
Consultant I
Consultant II
Drs. Maryadi, M. A.
Dra. Siti Zuriah Aryatmi, M. Hum.
Dean,
Drs. H. Sofyan Anif, M. Si.
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER ................................................................................................................. i
APPROVAL ......................................................................................................... ii
ACCEPTANCE..................................................................................................... iii
TESTIMONY ........................................................................................................ iv
MOTTO................................................................................................................. v
DEDICATION ...................................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................... vii
SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... x
TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................ xi
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ........................................................... ...... 1
A. Background of the Study...................................................... 1
B. Previous Study ..................................................................... 5
C. Problem Statement ............................................................... 8
D. Objective of the Study.......................................................... 8
E. Benefit of the Study ............................................................. 8
F. Research Paper Organization ............................................... 9
CHAPTER II: UNDERLYING THEORY ...................................................... 10
A. Notion of Pragmatics and Socio-Pragmatics ....................... 10
1. Pragmatics ..................................................................... 10
2. Socio Pragmatics........................................................... 11
B. Pragmatics’ Principles.......................................................... 12
1. Diexis ............................................................................ 12
2. Presupposition ............................................................... 13
xi
3. Entailment ..................................................................... 13
4. Speech Act .................................................................... 13
5. Implicature .................................................................... 13
C. Notion of Speech Acts ......................................................... 14
1. Locutionary Act (Locution) .......................................... 14
2. Illocutionary Act (Illocution) ........................................ 15
3. Perlocutionary Act (Perlocution) .................................. 17
D. Type of speech Act .............................................................. 18
1. Representative ............................................................... 18
2. Directive ........................................................................ 18
3. Commisive .................................................................... 18
4. Declarative .................................................................... 19
5. Expressive ..................................................................... 19
E. Politeness Pattern ................................................................. 22
1. Bald on record ............................................................... 25
2. Positive politeness......................................................... 26
3. Negative politeness ....................................................... 26
4. Off-record indirect strategy........................................... 27
F. Translation ........................................................................... 27
1. Notion of Translation .................................................... 27
2. Process of Translation ................................................... 28
3. Principle of Translation................................................. 28
4. Translation Shift............................................................ 29
5. Translation Equivalence................................................ 30
6. The Accuracy of Translation ........................................ 31
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD ................................................. 32
A. Type of the Study ................................................................. 32
B. Object of the Study .............................................................. 32
C. Data and data Source............................................................ 33
xii
D. Technique of Collecting Data .............................................. 33
E. Technique of Analyzing Data .............................................. 34
CHAPTER IV : RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION ....................... 33
A. Research finding
1. Intention of expressive utterance..................................... 36
a. Praising ..................................................................... 36
b. Apologizing .............................................................. 45
c. Thanking................................................................... 49
d. Accusing ................................................................... 52
e. Feeling Irritated ........................................................ 54
f. Feeling Frightened.................................................... 62
g. Feeling Pleasure ....................................................... 64
h. Feeling Surprised...................................................... 65
2. Politeness pattern of expressive utterance ....................... 68
a. Bald on Record ......................................................... 68
b. Positive Politeness .................................................... 75
c. Off Record Strategy ................................................. 79
B. Discussion ............................................................................ 81
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .................................... 87
A. Conclusion ........................................................................... 87
B. Suggestion ............................................................................ 88
BIBLIOGRAPHY
VIRTUAL REFERENCE
APPENDIX
xiii