A SOCIO PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS ON DIRECTIVE UTTERANCES OF ORPHAN A Socio Pragmatic Analysis On Directive Utterances Of Orphan Movie Manuscript.

A SOCIO PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS

ON DIRECTIVE UTTERANCES OF ORPHAN

MOVIE MANUSCRIPT

PUBLICATION ARTICLE

Submitted As Partial Fullfillment of the Requirements for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education

in English Department

by

DWI SUSILOWATI A 320 080 095

SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION MUHAMMADYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA

A SOCIO PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS

ON DIRECTIVE UTTERANCES OF ORPHAN MOVIE MANUSCRIPT Dwi Susilowati

Maryadi Siti Zuhriah

English Department, FKIP-UMS

Jl. A. Yani Pabelan Kartasura Tromol Pos 1 Surakarta 57102 Telp. (0271) 717417 Fax. (0271) 715448

ABSTRACT

This article represents the result summary describing the speaker’s intention, linguistic forms and the reason of speaker in the directive utterances which is included in a movie manuscript entitled ORPHAN. The type of this article is descriptive qualitative. The data source is horror movie manuscript, ORPHAN. The technique of collecting data is documentation and the technique of analyzing data is descriptive technique.

The result of this article finds the speaker’s intentions, the linguistic forms and reasons of using directive utterances. First, for the intention of the speaker, the writer finds command, request, suggestion and warning. Second, the writer finds three types of linguistic form. There are declarative sentences, imperative sentences, and interrogative sentences. Third, for the reason of using directive utterances, the writer finds showing anger, showing advice, showing order, showing softening utterance and showing forbid.

Keywords : Socio-Pragmatics, directive utterances, intention, linguistic form, reason.

A.Introduction

In general, people sometimes get someone to express what they want or refrain something by uttering a certain utterance in their daily conversation, such when they give the utterance as the direction. They use directive utterance as the result or product of communication. Directive utterance is the kinds of speech act in which the speaker tries to get the addresee to perform some act or refrain

something from performing and acting (Kreidler, 1998: 189). People use this directive utterance everyday. It can be used by people in many ways. They use different linguistic from in expressing directive utterance. It can be declarative, interogative and imperative. Beside that, the directive utterances also have different meaning or speaker’s intention. People may order, advise, request, command, suggest , invite, insist etc.

The writer finds the phenomena dealing with such directive utterances in the movie of Orphan . The movie centers on a couple who, after the death of their unborn child, adopt a mysterious nine – years old girl. That is about Kate and John Coleman are rebuilding their troubled marriage. Kate had a drinking problem, but is in therapy and is doing well. She has been sober for one year. The couple decides to adopt a child. When they meet the nine-year-old Russian girl, Esther, at the St. Marina Orphanage, they immediately fall in love with the well-educated orphan. Their young son, Daniel, is hostile to his new sister; but their deaf-mute daughter, little Max, is enchanted with her - at first. Eventually, Kate begins to feel that Esther is manipulative and possibly even psychologically disturbed. John refuses to listen to his wife's misgivings, and the wounds in their marriage reopen. Kate calls Sister Abigail at the orphanage, and the nun informs her that Esther has a troubled and mysterious history. Kate delves further into Esther's past and discovers she is not at all who she pretends to be. (http://www.imdb.com)

The writer is interested to analyze directive utterances because some reasons. First, there are many directive utterances in this movie manuscript which may be has intended certain message. Second, Directive utterance is used by the speaker in many manner whether in the real life or in the movie. Third, the writer chooses the case of directive utterance because it is interesting to know how people give order or request to other people. Moreover, the analysis of the data is based on the socio-pragmatic approach. Socio-pragmatic covers an analysis of the speech act in relation to social situation and social function of language seem to motivate linguistic details. Besides, the data sources are taken from the movie manuscript that as the reflection of the society.

The problem statement of this research are ; firstly, what are the intentions of directive utterances found in ORPHAN movie manuscript. Secondly, what are the linguistic form of directive utterances found in ORPHAN Movie manuscript and the last is what are the reason of speaker employing the directive utterance.

The objective of the study is describing the intentions of directive utterances found in ORPHAN movie manuscript, classifying and describing the linguistic forms of the directive utterances found in ORPHAN movie manuscript and Describing the reasons of speaker in employing the directive utterances found in ORPHAN movie manuscript. The benefits expected from the research are: (1) based on practical benefit; first, for the English student; this research will encourage the students to understand the directive utterances used in ORPHAN movie manuscript. For the English lecturer or teacher, the writer hopes that this research will encourage the teachers/lecturers to enable them teaching directive utterances used in ORPHAN movie manuscript. Then, for the other researcher, this study is hoped can enrich experience and knowledge of another researchers who are interested in analyzing directive utterances used in ORPHAN movie manuscript. (2) Based on practical benefits, there are three benefits; Firstly, the writer expects that this research will give contribution to develop of socio-pragmatics field particularly on employing of speech act theory. Secondly, The writer expects that this research will give more contribution to develop of socio-pragmatics mainly in understanding of sentence forms of the directive utterances in movie manuscript. Then thirdly, The writer expects that this research will give more contribution for developing the knowledge of socio-pragmatics by knowing and understanding how employing the SPEAKING theory.

B. Research Method

In this part, the researcher presents five points of research method. The first is type of the study. The types of this study is descriptive qualitative research. The uses descriptive qualitative because this research will be conducted by the writer to describe the syntactic forms of directive utterances found in ORPHAN movie manuscript, to describe the intentions of each directive

utterances found in ORPHAN movie manuscript, and to describe the reason of the speaker employing directive utterances. The second is object of the research. The object of this research is directive utterance found in ORPHAN movie manuscript. The third is data and data source. The data in this research are utterances that containing directive utterances in which belonging to command, request, warning and suggestion which in the form of printed material. Meanwhile, the data source of this research is taken from ORPHAN movie manuscript. The writer chooses the movie manuscript as the research data or data sources because the manuscript commonly provide conversations which contain directive utterances in which it primarly asking someone to do act something. Moreover, this movie also reflect the social life in a family.

The fourth is technique of collecting data, such as reading and understanding deeply ORPHAN movie manuscript towards the source of data, watching ORPHAN movie for further understanding, selecting and underlying the utterances in which belong to directive utterances found in the ORPHAN movie manuscript, rewriting all the utterances (data) containing directive utterances which have selected from the data source into note book, and coding the data which containing directive utterance to make easy confirming to the data source. The coding of data the writer uses certain system. For example : 001/DU/R ( 001 : Number of data, DU: Directive Utterance, R: Request, S: Suggestion, C: Command, W: Warning).

The fifth is technique of analyzing data. The step of analyzing data by describing and clarifying the intended message or the intentions of the directive utterance engaged in movie manuscript by using speech act theory in which determinng Locution, Illocution and Prelocution act;Identifying the language forms of directive utterances act whether in word, phrase, clause or sentence form which found in ORPHAN movie manuscript; Describing and determining the reason of the speaker employing directive utterances used SPEAKING Formula of Hymes; and drawing conclusion based on the data analysis of directive utterances found in ORPHAN movie manuscript.

C.Data Analysis and Discussion

This section deals with data analysis and discussion. The writer concerns analysis the meaning of directive utterance using the speech act theory to find out the speaker’s intention for the begining. Secondly, describing the syntactic forms of directive utterances. Thirdly, the writer analysis dealing with the reason by applying the Ethnography communication or SPEAKING theory.

1. Data Analysis

a. Speaker’s Intention of Directive Utterance

1) Command

Command is the act of getting someone to do something. Command is usually a sentence with an imperative verb. The speaker who has high authority or social class is more effective to use a command. In other words, it is effectively if the speaker has ssome degrees of control over the action of the hearer.

006/DU/C

EXT. COLEMAN RESIDENCE - DAY

Max is playing basketball in the driveway, but the ball's too big for her and the hoop's too.high. Every time she tries to shoot, the ball falls short and BANGS against the house.

Kate opens-the door, angrily signing as she speaks: KATE : Stop banging that against the house! I'm trying-to work.

The underlined sentence above is command which can be explained based on the locution, illocuton and perlocution.

Locution : The mother as the speaker said to her daughter as the addressee to stop banging that againts the house.

Illocution : Because it is uttered by a mother to her daughter, so the intention of the mother in order that Max stoped for playing basket ball because the ball always bang the house and it made noise. While, Kate was working. So, the sound of that noise disturbed Kate’s work.

Prelocution: Max stops banging that against the house while frightened.

Based on the explanation above, the utterance which is uttered by the speaker (Kate) is categorized as a command, because the speaker has high authority than the addresee and because it contains an imperative verb.

2) Request

Request is an expression in which the speaker wants to do or refrain from doing. A request doesn’t assume the speaker’s control over the person addressed.

008/DU/R

INT. MAX'S BEDROOM -- NIGHT Kate tucks Max into bed.

MAX : READ ME A STORY.

KATE : One story. Then bedtime. Okay?

Max nods. happily and picks up a book from her nightstand. Kate groans inwardly when she sees what it is. It'.s called. "We were Going To Have A Baby, .But We Had An Angel Instead." KATE : You want to hear about the baby again? Max nods. Kate hesitates, then gives Max a sad smile.

The underlined sentence above is request which can be explained based on the locution, illocuton and perlocution.

Locution: Max as the speaker said to her mother, Kate, as the addressee to read her a story.

Illocution :Because it is uttered by Max to her mother, Kate. So, the intention of Max is merelly requesting in order to her mother can entertain and accompany her before sleeping.

Prelocution:Kate refuses to read it early because it has been read repeatedly. But Max really wants it, then Kate read it to Max with promise merely once. Finally, Max slept some minutes later.

Based on the explanation above, the utterance which is uttered by the speaker (Kate) is categorized as a request, because the speaker has low authority

(a daughter) than the addresee (a mother). Besides that, it also contain an imperative verb.

3) Suggestion

Suggestion is the utterance in which we make the other persons to give opinion what they should or should not do. The following expression such as suggest, advice, recommend and caution.

010/DU/S

INT.-LAWYER'S OFFICE -- DAY

Kate and John are being interviewed by a FEMALE LAWYER. LAWYER : Are you both employed?

JOHN : I'm-an architect at a firm in the city. The Lawyer turns to Kate. Kate hesitates.

KATE : I used to teach music at Yale. I haven't worked for about a year.

LAWYER : (a beat, considering)You're sure you want an older child? - - LAWYER : With your background, you could have anewborn in as little

as a year.

JOHN :We've'already waited a.long time.We'd lake a child asquickly as possible.

LAWYER :Well, 'getting an older child-As definitely quicker, not to mention cheaper, but- there's a reason for that. These kids- have seriousbehavioral problems.'

JOHN : We've already signed up for special- needs-'adoption classes. Trust me, we're ready for anything.

LAWYER : You must have a lot of love to give. Are you looking for a boy or a girl?

KATE : (SMILES)A girl. We'd like a little girl.- - -

The underlined sentence above is suggestion which can be explained based on the locution, illocuton and perlocution.

Locution : The speaker, Lawyersaid to Kate and John as the addressees that Kate and John must had a lot of love to give.

Illocution : They wanted to have a child again, then she and her husband consulted to lawyer how if they adopt a child. And the lawyer suggested to them that they must had a lot of love to give if they want to adopt an older child. Because it is uttered by a lawyer to Kate and John,especially by employing the word “Must”. So, the intention of the lawyer is suggesting to think again or remind them if they want to adopt an older child remind the condition of their family.

Prelocution:Kate and John discuss again, and they decide to adopt a child remind Kate really need it.

Based on the explanation above, the utterance which uttered by the speaker is categorized as suggestion, because the speaker shows his opinion to addressee as her suggestion. The lawyer suggest Kate and John as the client to give alot of love if they want to adopt an older child, and they accepted. According to this condition, it is more effective for the speaker to use suggestion to experess what she wants to the addressee.

4) Warning

Warn is the speaker’s utterances to tell or to inform the addresse about danger (Leech, 1975: 47). In other word, it is giving notice or intimidation to someone of danger in the future. Warning may use predicate “warn”, but sometimes sentences just have intention that show warn other such the following utterance that taking of ORPHAN movie manuscript below:

040/DU/W

INT. MAX'S BEDROOM - DAY

Esther and Max are giggling and playing dress-up. Clothes are strewn everywhere. They're both trying to look grown-up. They're even wearing makeup -- heavy mascara and pink, painted cheeks. Daniel walks by and sees Max putting on lipstick. He takes it away from her.

DANIEL : Hey, you're not allowed to wear makeup. Does mom know you have this?

DANIEL : Make me.

ESTHER: Give it back or I'll tell Daddy, that you hit her and then you'll be in trouble.

Max smiles. Daniel-scowls at Esther, then gives Max the lipstick. He leaves. Max gives Esther a hug. Best friends forever.

The underlined sentence above is warn utterances which can be explained based on the locution, illocuton and perlocution.

Locution : The speaker, Esther said to Daniel as the addressee to give the lipstick back or Esther would tell Daddy that Daniel hit Max and then Daniel would be in trouble..

Illocution :Kate and Max were playing in bedroom together. They tried to use make up. Esther took a lipstick, and showed to Max how to use it. Daniel saw it, then tried to take it from Esther’s hold. Daniel warned to say it to Mother, Esther was afraid. So, Esther warned back to Daniel. Because it is uttered by a sister to her brother. So, the intention of the sister above is warning in order to Daniel give the lipstick back or she will tell the truth to Deddy that Daniel has hurt Max.

Prelocution:Daniel gives back the lipstic angrily, then he leaves them in bedroom. After that Max gives a big hug to Esther for saying thanks.

Based on the explanation above, the utterance which uttered by the speaker is categorized as warn, because the speaker showsa notice or intimidation to addressee of danger that if Daniel still wants to tell mother about the lipstict, Esther will tell to Daddy, if he had hurt Max.

b. Linguistic Form of Directive Utterances

This analysis is about the language form of the directive uttrances. There are three kinds of language forms in directive utterances : declarative, imperative and interogative sentence. The writer uses the theory of language form for analysing the language form of the directive utterances:

1)

Declarative Sentences 008/DU/R

INT. MAX'S BEDROOM -- NIGHT Kate tucks Max into bed.

MAX : READ ME A STORY.

The directive utterance above belongs to the declarative sentence. The sentence above is begun with the word you functioned as common noun as the subject of the sentence but it is not written. Then followed the word read as the verb functioneded as the predicate of the sentence. The word me as common noun functioneded as the indirect object of the sentence. Meanwhile the word a as the definite article and the word story as common noun both becomes noun phrase functioneds as the direct object of the sentence.

The pattern of directive utterance above is : (You) read me a story S P IO DO

1) Imperative Sentence 006/DU/C

'EXT. COLEMAN RESIDENCE - DAY

Max is playing basketball in the driveway, but the ball's too big for her and the hoop's too.high. Every time she tries to shofot, the ball falls short and BANGS against the house.

Kate opens-the door, angrily signing as she speaks: KATE : Stop banging that against the house!

I'm trying-to work..

The directive utterance above belongs to the imperative sentence because it used the end sentence expressing high degree of anger or strong emotion. It intends to give command. Usually, It ends with the exlamation mark. The sentence above is begun the word You as pronoun functioned as the subject of the sentence but it is not written. Then followed the verb phrase

stopbangingfunctioned as predicate of the sentence. Next followed the noun clause that against the house in which ed as object of this sentence

The pattern of directive utterance above is :

2) Interrogative Sentence

028/DU/R

INT. MAX'S BEDROOM -- DAY

HODGEPODGE is a hamster. Esther kneels in front of his cage for a closer look. Kate stands behind her. Max beams proudly.

KATE : Max. takes care of him all bir herself. It's her big girl responsibility.

ESTHER : Aaaww,-can I pet him?

KATE : Sure. But you have to promise not to- let him out of his. cage .unless- Momy orDaddy is,here to hold him.

The directive utterance above belongs to intterogative sentence because it usually ends with the question mark. It is started by modal auxiliary verb “can”as the question marker. Then followed the word I as pronoun functioned as subject. Next, the word pet as verb functioned as predicate of the sentence. whereas, the word him as pronoun functioned as object of the sentence.

The pattern of the directive utterance above is :

c. Reason of Directive Utterance

This analysis is focusing on the reason of using directive uttereance in ORPHAN movie manuscript. To analyze the reason, the writer uses the SPEAKING formula in analyzing the data. Meanwhile, the elements of

(You) Stop banging that against the house !

S P O

Can I pet him?

SPEAKING formula such as: setting time and place, participant, the end of the utterance, act sequence, the key, the instrumentality, the norm and genre.

Based on the result from the data analysis by using the SPEAKING elements. Thus, the writer can find the reason such as showing anger, showing advice, showing/giving order, showing attention/care and showing forbid.

1) Showing Anger

The first reason of using directive utterance is showing anger. In showing anger, the speaker seem dislike with the listener’s behaviour, act, or words. even for expressing the angBer, the speaker sometimes commits an action that made the listener can feel her/his anger or even frightened.

038/DU/C

INT. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL - HALLWAY - DAY

Between classes, crowded with KIDS.,. Esther clutches her books to her chest. Daniel and Trovor are walking the other way and as they pass, Daniel dumps Esther's books. Trevor laughs. Esther glares at'Daniel and kneels to pick up her books, bitt the kids walking by purposefully kick them, laughing faces leering down at her. She gathers her books, but one of them is missing. She looks around. Spots it.

Esther's Bible lies on the floor at Someone's feet. A hand reaches down. and picks it up. It's Brenda.

BRENDA : Is this a Bible? ESTHER : Give it back to me.

The underlined sentence above refers to showing anger which can be explained based on SPEAKING formula such as setting of place and time, participant, the end of the utterance, act sequence, the key, the instrumentality, the norm and genre.

The setting of place located in Elementary School where Esther and Daniel studied. It is exactly in the hallway when Esther wants to her class and the setting of time in a day of brightly of day. And the setting of scene is crowded with kids and noise. Seen from the Participants, they are Esther as the

speaker of directive, Brenda as the addressee of directive. Brenda is Esther’s classmate, but Esther dislike Brenda because Brenda always mock her since their first meeting in class, it may because Esther’s appearance and her behaviour. So, the relation between them that they are hate each other. The end of uttering utterance, Esther clutches her books to her chest , then Daniel walks passing her and dumps Esther’s book. Esther wants to pick up her Bible, but instead it falled near someone’s feet that is Brenda. Brenda picks it up. Esther ask for her book back but Brenda does not want to give it. Then Esther give a command to Brenda to give the Bible back. So the end of utterance is because the Bible is a precious thing for her life,and nobody can take it from her therefore she wanted to ask it back. Viewed from the act sequence, from the utterance of Esther that said ”Give it back to me!”, the speaker can see that the speaker (Esther) said it angrily.

Observed from key, its key is seriously and underestimate. Looked at the channel of instrumentality of communication, it is consisting of the channel in oral communication, they speak face to face. Then, from the norm Esther sound behaves impolite. The last, viewed from the genre, it is the fom of direct speech and it belongs to the directive utterance in command form.

Based on the explanation above, the writer can conclude that this utterance which is uttered by the speaker has reason as showing anger. After analysing that eight element, the writer analyzes the elements in which more influenced the speaker has reason as showing anger. they are: first, it can be seen from participant element; maybe because of the status of participant be enemies each other so there is a reason to show anger. Second, it can be seen from setting element; maybe the setting of place where it is crowded and noisy can influence the speaker has reason to show anger because Esther does not want anybody see her Bible which it is the most important thing for her. Third, it can be seen from instumentality where by communicating face to face maybe the speaker has showing anger because she dislike with the hearer. The last, maybe it can be seen from norm element. In which the speaker when said it in

impolite to get back the Bible, so it may be bring the speaker has reason to show anger.

2) Showing advice

The second reason of using directive utterance is showing advice. In showing advice, the speaker gives suggestion or advice to the addressee or listener, that is about the problem that faced on the listener. Usually, the position of speaker is higher than listener. But, sometimes the the position between the speaker and the addressee are equal where the speaker just wants to suggest the addressee or listener.

Data : 010/DU/S

INT.-LAWYER'S OFFICE -- DAY

Kate and John are being interviewed by a FEMALE LAWYER.

LAWYER : You must have a lot of love to give. Are you looking for a boy or a girl?

KATE : (SMILES) A girl. We'd like a little girl.- - -

The underlined sentence above refers to show advice which can be explained based on SPEAKING formula such as setting place and time, participant, the end of the utterance, act sequence, the key, the instrumentality, the norm and genre.

The setting of place located in Lawyer’s office, it is an office with surrounded by the good furniture which put properly, and the setting of time in a noon day with brightly sky condition. Meanwhile the setting of scene is silent enough. Viewed from the Participants; they are lawyer as the speaker of directive, Kate and John Colemen as the listener of directive. The lawyer is a private consultant in Colemen’s family. If this family face the problem, they often consult to the lawyer. While John and Kate are married couple, a husband and wife. The relation between the Lawyer and Colemen’s family is such as the consultant with the client. but they believe with the skill of their lawyer.

The end of uttering utterance, the Lawyer is intended to give advice Kate and John to think again if they want to adopt an older child because she/he needs more attention (give more love) than newborn of child.. Viewed from the act sequence, the utterances is the form of direct speech and contain of directive to Kate and John to give more love if they want to adopt an older child. The utterance is said softly but it said so clear and sharp. The lawyer says ”You must

have a lot of love to give”.

Observed from key, its key is seriously. Looked at the channel of instrumentality of communication, it is consisting of the channel in oral communication; they discuss face to face. Then, viewed from the norm of the Lawyer sound behaves care; viewed from the genre, it belongs to the directive utterance which contains suggestion utterance.

Based on the explanation above, the utterance which is uttered by the speaker has reason as showing advice, it can be indicated After analysing that eight elements above. the writer can conclude that from the eight elements above, there are some elements in which more influenced of the speaker having reason to show advice. They are from participant and norm element; first, it can be seen from participant element; maybe because of the status of participant is between the consultant and the client so the consultant should give advice to John and Kate. Second, it can be seen from norm element; maybe because the norm of used is behaves wise in facing the problem so it brings to have reason as showing advice.

3) Showing Order

The third reason of using directive utterance is giving order. In giving order, the speaker gives the order compulsively to the addressee or listener. The position of the speaker is higher than the listener, but sometimes the position between the speaker and the addressee are equal. But the speaker just wants to cammand the addressee.

DATA : 009/DU/C

INT. MAX'S BEDROOM -- NIGHT Kate tucks Max into bed.

MAX : READ ME A STORY?

KATE : One story. Then bedtime. Okay?

Max nods. happily and picks up a book from her nightstand. Kate groans inwardly when she sees what it is. It'.s called. "We were Going To Have A Baby, .But We Had An Angel Instead."

The underlined sentence above refers to show advice which can be explained based on SPEAKING formula such as setting of place and time, participant, the end of the utterance, act sequence, the key, the instrumentality, the norm and genre.

The setting of place located in the Kate’s home, it is exactly in Max’s bedroom. It is on the small bed. It is nice room for the child with surrounding fulled by the beautiful dolls. While, the setting of time in a night with the gloomy of table lamp in that room. Meanwhile, the setting of scene is quiet situation: Seen from the participants, they are Kate as the speaker of directive, Max as the listener of directive. The end of uttering utterance, Kate is intended to command Max to sleep immediatelly after Kate read a story for her. Viewed from the act sequence, the utterance is the form of direct speech and contain of John directive to go to bed immediatelly. She says ”One story then bedtime, Okay!”.

Observed from key, its key is freely. Looked at the channel of instrumentality of communication, it is consisting of the channel in oral communication; from the norm Kate sound behaves slowly and lovely; viewed from the genre, the directive utterance is classified as informal communication.

Based on the explanation above, the writer can conclude that the utterance which is uttered by the speaker has reason as showing order, it can be seen from the participant element maybe because Kate, a mother, as the speaker has authority and power than Max, her daugher, as listener. And also it is viewed from act sequence were explained, where the speaker suggest Max by saying “one story, then bedtime. Okay!” It means that Kate wants to show order to Max.

4) Showing softening utterance

The fourth reason of using directive utterances is showing softening utterance. In showing softening utterance, the speaker uses the soften words in saying something especially when to ask someone to do something, so the addressee will feel be appreciated by the speaker. In softening utterance, the speaker has lower social status, but sometimes the speaker and addreseee or listener have same status. It usually uses the word please and also uses the particular term but it is not names of people.

DATA : 007/DU/C

MAX : SORRY.

Max gives an abashed look. Kate sighs. She knows she was too harsh with her.

KATE : No, I'm sorry.. But just... take a break for a little while, okay? Max nods. Kate goes. back inside.

The underlined sentence above refers to show softening utterance which can be explained based on SPEAKING formula such as setting of place and time, participant, the end of the utterance, act sequence, the key, the instrumentality, the norm and genre.

The setting of place located in the beside of the home. It is exactly in driveway. The setting of time in the noon day. Meanwhile, the setting of scene is quiet situation but to be noise because of the sound of banging the ball. Seen from the participants, they are Kate as the speaker of directive, Max as the listener of directive. The end of uttering utterance, Kate is intended to request Max to take a break for little from banging the ball on the wall. Viewed from the act sequence, the utterance is the form of direct speech and contain of Kate directive to Max to take a break for a while. She says ”No, I'm sorry.. But just... take a break for a little while, okay!”

Observed from key, its key is seriously and hopefully. Looked at the channel of instrumentality of communication, it is consisting of the channel in oral communication. From the norm Kate sound behaves slowly and low

intonation; viewed from the genre, it belongs to the directive utterance in which classified as informal communication.

Based on the explanation above, the utterance which is uttered by the speaker has reason as show softening utterance because Kate asked slowly and used low intonation. It is also viewed from act sequence were explained, where the speaker request Max by saying “No, I'm sorry.. But just... take a break for a little while, okay!”. It means that Kate wants to show softening utterance to Max. Besides that, it can be seen from norm element where maybe the speaker love with the listener because the speaker used polite utterance. So it brings to show softening utterance.

5) Showing Forbid

The last reason of using directive utterance in this research paper is showing forbid. In showing forbid, the speaker command the the listener to not do something that relation with the situation happened. Usually, the position of the speaker is higher than the listener, but sometimes the position between the speaker and the addressee or listener is equal.

DATA : 006/DU/C

'EXT. COLEMAN RESIDENCE - DAY

Max is playing basketball in the driveway, but the ball's too big for her and the hoop's too.high. Every time she tries to shoot, the ball falls short and BANGS against the house.

KATE : Stop banging that against the house!I'm trying-to work!.

The underlined sentence above refers to show forbide which can be explained based on SPEAKING formula such as setting of place and time, participant, the end of the utterance, act sequence, the key, the instrumentality, the norm and genre.

The setting of place located in the Coleman Residence. It is exactly in driveway. The setting of time in the day. Meanwhile, the setting of scene is quiet situation. Seen from the participants, they are Kate as the speaker of

directive, Max as the listener of directive. Max is Kate’s daughter. The end of uttering utterance, Kate is intended to command Max to stop banging the ball against the house because it disturb Kate’s work. Viewed from the act sequence, the utterance is the form of direct speech and contain of Kate directive to Max to stop banging the ball against the house. She says ” Stop banging that against the house!I'm trying-to work! ”. It said by Kate anerly.

Observed from key, its key is seriously. Looked at the channel of instrumentality of communication, it is consisting of the channel in oral communication. From the norm Kate sound behaves anger; viewed from the genre, the directive utterance is classified as informal communication.

Based on the explanation above, the utterance which is uttered by the speaker has reason as showing forbide because in this utterance show that Kate forbide Max to banging the ball against the house, it is disturbing Kate’s work. It is viewed from act sequence were explained, where the speaker command Max by saying “Stop banging that against the house! I'm trying-to work! !”. It means that Esther wants to show forbide to Max.

D.Conclusion

Based on the data analysis and discussion, the writer can make the conclusions:

1. The addressee must see the context of the directive utterances to interpret the intention of them. The intention of directive utterance in this movie manuscript are : command, request, suggestion, and warning. The writer finds 100 number data of directive utterances in the movie manuscript of ORPHAN. Based on the analysis of 100 numbers of the data of the directive utterances, the writer finds 38 numbers of data command, 32 number of data request, 20 numbers of data suggestion and 10 number of data warn. From the description above the writer can conclude that most of the directive utterances in movie manuscript “ORPHAN” are used to command someone to do something.

2. From the analysis of 100 number data of directive utterances. They are three type of linguistic form that used in this movie manuscript. They are declarative sentence, imperative sentence and interrogative sentence. After analysing, the writer finds 40 data of directive utterances in form of declarative sentence, 42 data of directive utterances in form of imperative sentence and 18 data of directive utterance in form of interrogative sentence. 3. From analysing the data in movie manuscript that contains directive

utterances, the writer also can finds the reason of the speaker why used directive utterance. The writer analysed the data by using SPEAKING theory. Then, the writer finds 5 reasons using the directive utterance. They are showing anger, showing advice, showing order, showing softening utterance and showing forbid. There are found 17 data of showing anger, 19 data of showing advice, 36 data of showing order, 19 data of showing softening utterance and 9 data of showing forbide. From the finding, the writer may conclude that most of the reason of speaker used directive utterances in movie manuscript of ORPHAN is showing order. The reason is because by showing order, the writer can get more intention of the listener or hearer to do something.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Griffits, Patrick. 2006. An Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd.

Johnson, David. 2009. “ORPHAN”(online), (http://www.imdb.com, diakses tanggal 30 Agustus 2012, pukul 02.00 pm).

Kreidler, Charles W. 1998. Introducing English Semantic. London: Routledge.

The end of uttering utterance, the Lawyer is intended to give advice Kate and John to think again if they want to adopt an older child because she/he needs more attention (give more love) than newborn of child.. Viewed from the act sequence, the utterances is the form of direct speech and contain of directive to Kate and John to give more love if they want to adopt an older child. The utterance is said softly but it said so clear and sharp. The lawyer says ”You must have a lot of love to give”.

Observed from key, its key is seriously. Looked at the channel of instrumentality of communication, it is consisting of the channel in oral communication; they discuss face to face. Then, viewed from the norm of the Lawyer sound behaves care; viewed from the genre, it belongs to the directive utterance which contains suggestion utterance.

Based on the explanation above, the utterance which is uttered by the speaker has reason as showing advice, it can be indicated After analysing that eight elements above. the writer can conclude that from the eight elements above, there are some elements in which more influenced of the speaker having reason to show advice. They are from participant and norm element; first, it can be seen from participant element; maybe because of the status of participant is between the consultant and the client so the consultant should give advice to John and Kate. Second, it can be seen from norm element; maybe because the norm of used is behaves wise in facing the problem so it brings to have reason as showing advice.

3) Showing Order

The third reason of using directive utterance is giving order. In giving order, the speaker gives the order compulsively to the addressee or listener. The position of the speaker is higher than the listener, but sometimes the position between the speaker and the addressee are equal. But the speaker just wants to cammand the addressee.

DATA : 009/DU/C

INT. MAX'S BEDROOM -- NIGHT Kate tucks Max into bed.

MAX : READ ME A STORY?

KATE : One story. Then bedtime. Okay?

Max nods. happily and picks up a book from her nightstand. Kate groans inwardly when she sees what it is. It'.s called. "We were Going To Have A Baby, .But We Had An Angel Instead."

The underlined sentence above refers to show advice which can be explained based on SPEAKING formula such as setting of place and time, participant, the end of the utterance, act sequence, the key, the instrumentality, the norm and genre.

The setting of place located in the Kate’s home, it is exactly in Max’s bedroom. It is on the small bed. It is nice room for the child with surrounding fulled by the beautiful dolls. While, the setting of time in a night with the gloomy of table lamp in that room. Meanwhile, the setting of scene is quiet situation: Seen from the participants, they are Kate as the speaker of directive, Max as the listener of directive. The end of uttering utterance, Kate is intended to command Max to sleep immediatelly after Kate read a story for her. Viewed from the act sequence, the utterance is the form of direct speech and contain of John directive to go to bed immediatelly. She says ”One story then bedtime, Okay!”.

Observed from key, its key is freely. Looked at the channel of instrumentality of communication, it is consisting of the channel in oral communication; from the norm Kate sound behaves slowly and lovely; viewed from the genre, the directive utterance is classified as informal communication.

Based on the explanation above, the writer can conclude that the utterance which is uttered by the speaker has reason as showing order, it can be seen from the participant element maybe because Kate, a mother, as the speaker has authority and power than Max, her daugher, as listener. And also it is viewed from act sequence were explained, where the speaker suggest Max by saying “one story, then bedtime. Okay!” It means that Kate wants to show order to Max.

4) Showing softening utterance

The fourth reason of using directive utterances is showing softening utterance. In showing softening utterance, the speaker uses the soften words in saying something especially when to ask someone to do something, so the addressee will feel be appreciated by the speaker. In softening utterance, the speaker has lower social status, but sometimes the speaker and addreseee or listener have same status. It usually uses the word please and also uses the particular term but it is not names of people.

DATA : 007/DU/C

MAX : SORRY.

Max gives an abashed look. Kate sighs. She knows she was too harsh with her.

KATE : No, I'm sorry.. But just... take a break for a little while, okay? Max nods. Kate goes. back inside.

The underlined sentence above refers to show softening utterance which can be explained based on SPEAKING formula such as setting of place and time, participant, the end of the utterance, act sequence, the key, the instrumentality, the norm and genre.

The setting of place located in the beside of the home. It is exactly in driveway. The setting of time in the noon day. Meanwhile, the setting of scene is quiet situation but to be noise because of the sound of banging the ball. Seen from the participants, they are Kate as the speaker of directive, Max as the listener of directive. The end of uttering utterance, Kate is intended to request Max to take a break for little from banging the ball on the wall. Viewed from the act sequence, the utterance is the form of direct speech and contain of Kate directive to Max to take a break for a while. She says ”No, I'm sorry.. But just... take a break for a little while, okay!”

Observed from key, its key is seriously and hopefully. Looked at the channel of instrumentality of communication, it is consisting of the channel in oral communication. From the norm Kate sound behaves slowly and low

intonation; viewed from the genre, it belongs to the directive utterance in which classified as informal communication.

Based on the explanation above, the utterance which is uttered by the speaker has reason as show softening utterance because Kate asked slowly and used low intonation. It is also viewed from act sequence were explained, where the speaker request Max by saying “No, I'm sorry.. But just... take a break for a little while, okay!”. It means that Kate wants to show softening utterance to Max. Besides that, it can be seen from norm element where maybe the speaker love with the listener because the speaker used polite utterance. So it brings to show softening utterance.

5) Showing Forbid

The last reason of using directive utterance in this research paper is showing forbid. In showing forbid, the speaker command the the listener to not do something that relation with the situation happened. Usually, the position of the speaker is higher than the listener, but sometimes the position between the speaker and the addressee or listener is equal.

DATA :

006/DU/C

'EXT. COLEMAN RESIDENCE - DAY

Max is playing basketball in the driveway, but the ball's too big for her and the hoop's too.high. Every time she tries to shoot, the ball falls short and BANGS against the house.

KATE : Stop banging that against the house!I'm trying-to work!.

The underlined sentence above refers to show forbide which can be explained based on SPEAKING formula such as setting of place and time, participant, the end of the utterance, act sequence, the key, the instrumentality, the norm and genre.

The setting of place located in the Coleman Residence. It is exactly in driveway. The setting of time in the day. Meanwhile, the setting of scene is quiet situation. Seen from the participants, they are Kate as the speaker of

directive, Max as the listener of directive. Max is Kate’s daughter. The end of uttering utterance, Kate is intended to command Max to stop banging the ball against the house because it disturb Kate’s work. Viewed from the act sequence, the utterance is the form of direct speech and contain of Kate directive to Max to stop banging the ball against the house. She says ” Stop banging that against the house!I'm trying-to work! ”. It said by Kate anerly.

Observed from key, its key is seriously. Looked at the channel of instrumentality of communication, it is consisting of the channel in oral communication. From the norm Kate sound behaves anger; viewed from the genre, the directive utterance is classified as informal communication.

Based on the explanation above, the utterance which is uttered by the speaker has reason as showing forbide because in this utterance show that Kate forbide Max to banging the ball against the house, it is disturbing Kate’s work. It is viewed from act sequence were explained, where the speaker command Max by saying “Stop banging that against the house! I'm trying-to work! !”. It means that Esther wants to show forbide to Max.

D.Conclusion

Based on the data analysis and discussion, the writer can make the conclusions:

1. The addressee must see the context of the directive utterances to interpret the intention of them. The intention of directive utterance in this movie manuscript are : command, request, suggestion, and warning. The writer finds 100 number data of directive utterances in the movie manuscript of ORPHAN. Based on the analysis of 100 numbers of the data of the directive utterances, the writer finds 38 numbers of data command, 32 number of data request, 20 numbers of data suggestion and 10 number of data warn. From the description above the writer can conclude that most of the directive utterances in movie manuscript “ORPHAN” are used to command someone to do something.

2. From the analysis of 100 number data of directive utterances. They are three type of linguistic form that used in this movie manuscript. They are declarative sentence, imperative sentence and interrogative sentence. After analysing, the writer finds 40 data of directive utterances in form of declarative sentence, 42 data of directive utterances in form of imperative sentence and 18 data of directive utterance in form of interrogative sentence. 3. From analysing the data in movie manuscript that contains directive

utterances, the writer also can finds the reason of the speaker why used directive utterance. The writer analysed the data by using SPEAKING theory. Then, the writer finds 5 reasons using the directive utterance. They are showing anger, showing advice, showing order, showing softening utterance and showing forbid. There are found 17 data of showing anger, 19 data of showing advice, 36 data of showing order, 19 data of showing softening utterance and 9 data of showing forbide. From the finding, the writer may conclude that most of the reason of speaker used directive utterances in movie manuscript of ORPHAN is showing order. The reason is because by showing order, the writer can get more intention of the listener or hearer to do something.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Griffits, Patrick. 2006. An Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd.

Johnson, David. 2009. “ORPHAN”(online), (http://www.imdb.com, diakses tanggal 30 Agustus 2012, pukul 02.00 pm).

Kreidler, Charles W. 1998. Introducing English Semantic. London: Routledge.