The struggle of the indigenous people in Australia seen through characters in Jack Davis` No Sugar.
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THE STRUGGLE OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN
AUSTRALIA SEEN THROUGH CHARACTERS IN JACK
DAVIS’ NO SUGAR
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Satra
in English Letters
By
PAULUS NOVEN LANDO UTAMA
Student Number: 084214031
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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THE STRUGGLE OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN
AUSTRALIA SEEN THROUGH CHARACTERS IN JACK
DAVIS’ NO SUGAR
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Satra
in English Letters
By
PAULUS NOVEN LANDO UTAMA
Student Number: 084214031
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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Karmane Vadni Adikaraste
Maphalessu Kada Chana (Do your
obligation sincerely and willingly.
If you have not acquired the
achievement yet, it will be your
de s c e nt)
- - S o e ka r n o - -
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I dedicate this undergraduate thesis to
My beloved parents and sisters
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
: Paulus Noven Lando Utama
Nomor Mahasiswa
: 0842140231
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universita Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE STRUGGLE OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN AUSTRALIA
SEEN THROUGH THE CHARACTERS IN JACK DAVIS’ NO SUGAR
beserta Perangkat yang digunakan (bila ada). dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk mrnyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya alam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 30 Mei 2013
Yang menyatakan,
Paulus Noven Lando Utama
vi
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS
Yang Bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama
: Paulus Noven Lando Utama
Nomor Induk Mahasiswa
: 084214031
menyatakan bahwa sebagai penyusun karya ilmiah yang berjudul :
THE STRUGGLE OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN AUSTRALIA
SEEN THROUGH THE CHARACTERS IN JACK DAVIS’ NO SUGAR
Saya bertanggung jawab atas keaslian gagasan-gagasan yang tertuang dalam
bentuk kata, kalimat, dan paragraf dalam karya ilmiah ini. Segala ide yang bukan
berasal dari hasil pemikiran saya sendiri telah saya rujuk pada sumber atau
referensi terkait.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Yogyakarta, 30 Mei 2013
Yang menyatakan
Paulus Noven Lando Utama
vii
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ the almighty God. I know
that He is always beside me to walk in this world. I am blessed to have Him as my
Lord. I would also like to thank my beloved parents and sisters for their support.
My deepest gratitude goes to Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum as my thesis
advisor. I thank her for the guidance, the patience, the book, also the time she has
given to me. I would also dedicate my gratitude to P.Sarwoto S.S., M.A., Ph.D.
His time, corrections and sugestions are very precious for me. I thank Rm. Budi
Susanto SJ for all the supports that he has given. I learn many things from him in
Lembaga Studi Realino. I also want to thank Caecilia Rania Prayastianti for the
time, patience, and excitement that she shares with me. She is my loved-one and
my best friend.
I would like to dedicate my acknowledgements to my friends in English
Letters Sanata Dharma University: Marsell and Pucat for the craziness that we
have done, Rigel, Saverin, Sisil, mas Win and mbak Sophie from Lembaga Studi
Realino, Yeyen, Momon, Deni, Simon, Bagas, Dama, Dimas and Leo. I will not
forget every moment we have spent together.
Paulus Noven Lando Utama
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................
APPROVAL PAGE ..............................................................................
ACCEPTANCE PAGE .........................................................................
MOTTO PAGE .....................................................................................
DEDICATION PAGE ...........................................................................
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN PUBLIKASI ILMIAH ..............................
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ORISINALITAS ........................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................
ABSTRAK ...............................................................................................
i
ii
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iv
v
vi
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viii
ix
x
xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................
A. Background of the Study ..............................................................
B. Problem Formulations ..................................................................
C. Objectives of the Study ................................................................
D. Definition of Terms ......................................................................
1
1
4
4
5
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ........................................
A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................
B. Review of Related Theories ..........................................................
C. Theory of Character ......................................................................
1. Theory of Characterization ..........................................
2. Theory of Postcolonial ................................................
3. Review on the Indigenous Society in Western Australia
D. Theoretical Framework .................................................................
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6
b
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9
12
14
19
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ....................................................
A. Object of the Study .......................................................................
B. Approach of the Study ..................................................................
C. Method of the Study .....................................................................
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CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS .................................................................
A. Characterization of the Indigenous People ....................................
1. Jimmy Munday .......................................................................
2. Joe Millimurra ........................................................................
3. Milly Millimurra .....................................................................
B. Unequal Treatments to the Indigenous People ...............................
C. The Struggle of the Indigenous People .........................................
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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...........................................................
53
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................
56
APPENDIX ............................................................................................
58
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ABSTRACT
PAULUS NOVEN LANDO UTAMA. The Struggle of the Indigenous People
in Australia Seen Through Characters in Jack Davis’ No Sugar. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University,
2013.
This study focuses on No Sugar, a play written by Jack Davis. The play
raises the struggle of the indigenous people of Australia during the great
depression in Australia. The play tells about the life of the Millimurras, an
indigenous family, and their struggle to resist the white settler. The unequal
treatments are suffered by the indigenous people. The treatments trigger the
indigenous people to fight against the white settlers. This undergraduate thesis
aims to understand the postcolonialism and the struggle of the indigenous people
to fight the white settlers.
Three problems are formulated to guide and limit the discussion in this
study. The first problem answers the characterization of Jimmy Munday, Joe
Millimurra and Milly Millimurra. The second problem answers the unequal
treatments by the white settlers. The third problem analyzes the struggle of the
indigenous people against the unequal treatments.
This undergraduate thesis applied the library research method since all the
data needed were gained from books, references, journals and internet references.
The writer applied postcolonial approach that enables the writer to find out the
struggle of the indigenous people in the play.
No Sugar reflects the indigenous people’s life during the great depression
in Australia. The indigenous people of Australia are controlled by the white
settlers. The white settlers treat the indigenous people inferiorly. Jimmy, Joe and
Milly experience the treatments. They experienced the prejudice towards the
indigenous people, discriminative law and the inferiority. The reactions of Jimmy,
Joe and Milly towards the white settlers’s treatment are the image of the
indigenous struggle. The struggle of the indigenous people are to oppose the
social prejudice that they are dangerous and lazy to work, discriminative law that
they are not allowed to associate with the white settlers and not able to have
freedom of marriage and inferior status of the indigenous people that the
indigenous people are not the first settler since they are not numerous and they
can not choose their own lifestyle. The indigenous people struggle to have the
same right and opportunity as the common Australian citizen.
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ABSTRAK
PAULUS NOVEN LANDO UTAMA. The Struggle of the Indigenous
People in Australia Seen Through Characters in No Sugar. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculti of Letters, Sana Ta Dharma University,
2013.
Penelitian ini difokuskan pada No Sugar, sebuah drama karya Jack Davis.
drama ini mengangkat masalah tentang kehidupan orang pribumi di Australia
dalam masa keterpurukan ekonomi di Australia. drama ini menceritakan tentang
kehidupan keluarga Millimurra, sebuah keluarga pribumi, dan perjuangan mereka
melawan penjajah. Perlakuan tidak adil dialami oleh orang pribumi. Perlakuan
tidak adil tersebut memicu orang-orang pribumi untuk melawan orang-orang kulit
putih. Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk memahami poskolonialisme dan perjuangan
orang-orang pribumi melawan orang kulit putih.
Ada tiga masalah yang dirumuskan untuk menuntun dan membatasi
pembahasan penelitian ini. Permasalahan pertama menjelaskan penokohan Jimmy
Munday, Joe Millimurra dan Millimurra. Permasalahan kedua menggambarkan
perlakuan tidak adil oleh orang-orang kulit putih. Permasalahan ketiga
menguraikan perjuangan orang pribumi melawan perlakuan tidak adil.
Skripsi ini menerapkan metode studi pustaka karena data-data yang
diperlukan didapatkan dari beberapa referensi yang terdapat di perpustakaan.
Penulis menerapkan pendekatan poskolonial yang memungkinkan penulis untuk
menemukan perjuangan orang pribumi di dalam drama ini.
No Sugar mencerminkan kehidupan orang pribumi dalam masa
keterpurukan ekonomi di Australia. Orang pribumi dikendalikan oleh orang kulit
putih. Orang-orang kulit putih memperlakukan orang pribumi secara tidak adil.
jimmy, Joe dan Milly mengalami perlakuan tersebut. Mereka mengalami
prasangka buruk tentang orang pribumi, hukum yang diskriminatif dan
keberadaan orang pribumi yang selalu di bawah. Reaksi yang dilakukan oleh
Jimmy, Joe dan Milly terhadap perlakuan dari orang kulit putih merupakan
gambaran perjuangan orang-orang pribumi di Australia. Bentuk perjuangan dari
orang pribumi antara lain menyanggah prasangka sosial bahwa mereka orang
berbahaya dan malas untuk bekerja, hukum yang diskriminatif bahwa mereka
tidak dapat bersosialisasi dengan orang kulit putih dan kebebasan untuk menikah
serta status orang pribumi yang selalu di bawah orang kulit putih yang
dikarenakan bahwa orang pribumi Australia dianggap bukanlah orang asli
Australia karena jumlah populasi mereka yang tidak banyak dan mereka tidak
dapat memilih gaya hidup yang mereka inginkan. Orang-orang pribumi berjuang
untuk mendapatkan hak dan perlakuan yang sama sebagai warga negara Australia
pada umumnya.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of the Study
More than one hundred years ago, the indigenous people were fighting for
resistance to dispossession and racial oppression. The first movement for
indigenous right began in 1920 when the first Aboriginal political organisations
were formed including the Australian Aborigines Protection. By the middle of the
19th century, the economical situation in Australia is in a great depression. During
that period, the oppression to Aborigine leading its peak and causing their
population to decrease (Read, 2006).
Literature is a medium to learn the human experience because it is based
on human experience. One of Australian poet laureate, Jack Davis uses the
medium literature to describe the indigenous struggle during the Great Depression
in Australia. Wellek and Warren in Theory of Literature explain that literature is
an image of human life that is written and can be defined as the art work (1956:
94). Klarer said that literature is different from any written or printed text, such as
telephone books, etc. He explained as follows.
Literature is referred to as the entirety of written expression, with the
restriction that not every written document can be categorized as literature
in the more exact sense of the word (1999: 1).
He argues that the literary work should be included such as “aesthetic” or
“artistic” to distinguish from other texts of everyday use (1999: 1). The reader of a
literary work concentrates on the general meaning of the literary work
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overlooking the fact that meaning is generated as the work is experienced . It
means that the literary work is based on the experience of human being. Those
experiences of human being can be expressed through the literary work. From
both quotation, it can be explained that literature is text based on human
experience that is wrapped in the artistic way.
In this thesis the writer is going to analyze a drama. According to
Barranger in his Understanding Plays, a play must be a human experience (real or
imagined) that is represented in artistic forms and one of the principal’s media. It
is at once a text to be read and a script to be performed (Barranger, 1994: 4).
Barranger also said that a play or drama leads us to discover and reflect our
personalities, circumstances, desires, anxieties, hopes and dreams. The playwright
stimulate social awareness and put the reader in touch with human thoughts and
feelings about issues and to discuss social and political issues of a certain time
(Barranger, 1994: 7).
In a literary work, we sometimes find the implied meaning through the
characters. The author expresses the theme through the characters to deliver the
message of a literary work. Usually to express it, the author uses more than just
one character. The characteristics of the characters is built from the influences of
the environment in the story. The process of building the characters, people can
see the message that the author wants to show through the literary work.
The drama which is used to discuss is No Sugar written by Jack Davis.
The story is written in the form of play script. The story of the play is about
Millimura’s family living under oppression by the white. The play take setting in
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the 1929-1934 in Australia which was in great depression during that period in
Northam,
Western
Australia
(http://johnwatsonsite.com/MyClassNotes/
Topics/Essay/Essay8NS.html). This play is telling about an Aboriginal family
living in a camp and when Australian was in a great depression. This Aboriginal
family questions about the nationality of the indigenous people in Australia. The
indigenous people are treated differently from the whites by the government of
Australia. Even, the indigenous people are not allowed to march on the town and
the whites are not allowed to hang out with the indigenous people. The main
theme in this play is about the racial treatment by the whites toward the
indigenous people. Tatang Iskarna on his journal Jack Davis’ No Sugar: A
Portrait of Aborigines’ Problematic Struggle said that since the whites settled in
Australia, they made several change that could be good or bad improvement.
Since the whites came to Australia, the Aborigine’s literature changed from oral
literature to written literature. The written method was brought by the first settler
which is from Europe. On the other hand, the whites intend to colonize the
indigenous people. He added that in this play there is an issue about how the
Aborigine refuse the whites hegemony as follows. “No White, meaning there
shouldn’t be no Whites in Australia” (2004: 91). The title No Sugar can be taken
as “No White” because sugar is the Whites’ tradition to add sugar to make foods.
The topic of this study is how indigenous people struggle against the
white’s treatment during the great depression revealed through the characters in
the story. The writer tries to analyze several characters that plot the story in order
to understand the pictures of indigenous struggle. So that the writer decides The
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Struggle of the Indigenous People In Australia As Seen Through The
characters in Jack Davis’ Play No Sugar as the topic of this thesis.
B.
Problem Formulation
In order to explain the topic of this thesis, the writer formulates three
problems.
1.
How are the characters of indigenous people described?
2.
How do the Whites treat the indigenous people?
3.
How are the struggle of the indigenous people revealed through the
characters?
C.
Objectives of the Study
The purpose of this study is to answer the question of the writer has
already mentioned above. The writer tries to obtain the characteristics of the
several characters in the play script. Then the writer tries to find kind of
oppression in the play toward the characters that have been mentioned before. By
having those characteristics and the oppressions, the writer tries to identify the
struggle of indigenous people against the oppressions.
D.
Definition of Terms
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In order to avoid misunderstanding on certain terms, the writer would like
to define some terms that are often mentioned in this study based on several
references.
1.
Characterization
Holman and Harmon in A Handbook to Literary Terms said that character
is an example of some virtue or type and not as an individualized
personality such as a busybody, a glutton, a fop, a bumpkin, a garrulous
old man, etc (1986: 81).
2.
Characters
Abrams and Harpham in A Glossary of Literary Term said that characters
are the person represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are
interpreted by the reader as possessing particular moral, intellectual, and
emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their
distinctive ways of saying it (2009:42).
3.
Indigenous Peoples/Aboriginal
Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin in their book Key Concepts in Post-colonial
Studies mentioned that indigenous people are those ‘born in a place or
region’. The indigenous people is the first inhabitant in a region. This term
now frequently used as a shortened form of ‘Australian Aborigine’ to
describe
the
indigeneous
inhabitants
in
Australia
(2001:
4).
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter’s points are to explain some theories that are related to this
study. It consists of three main parts. The first one is review of related studies, and
the second one is the theoretical review and the last one is the criticism. In the
review of related studies, the writer gives brief explanation of the object of the
study according to several people that took Davis’ No Sugar as their main
analysis. Theoretical review, the writer gives the explanation of the supporting
theories for the analysis.
A.
Review of Related Studies
Jack Davis is one of the most influential black playwright in Australia. He
inspired other Aborigines and Torres strait Islanders to use the stage as a forum
for communicating with white people. No Sugar depicted the forcible relocation
of ninety Aborigines to the Moore River Settlement during the depresion years in
1920s-1930s (http://www.liveperformance.com.au/halloffame/jackdavis1.html).
No Sugar is a play about Millimurra’s family living in Australia in the
time of Great Depression. Millimurra’s family and other Aboriginal family are
sent to Moore River from Northam because the government could not guarantee
them to supply the ration. The government, the white, do not like the appearance
of the indigenous people and treat them rudely. This family does not like the
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white, excluding Frank who is friend of them, and try to fight against the rules
that are very discriminative and have no benefit for the indigenous people.
There is an undergraduate thesis that discusses postcolonialism,
Postcolonial Resistance in Aborigine Society Represented by ‘I’ characters in
Wongar’s The Track to Bralgu written by Eng Onny Lawaty. The writer finds out
the similarity of this research with Iawaty’s work about how the characters reveal
the postcolonial resistance of Aborigine society (Lawaty, 2008: ix). Lawaty
chooses the characters ‘I’ as the representation of Aborigine society and the
postcolonial resistance of Aborigine society. In this research, the writer finds out
the indigenous struggle through the characters of Millimurra’s family as the
representation of Aborigine society.
The title of this play, No Sugar has a certain meaning. Sugar encompasses
the ration that the government give to Aborigines. No Sugar means no ration for
Aborigine. Tatang Iskarna wrote “Jack Davis’ No Sugar: A Portrait of
Aborigines’ Problematic Struggle” about the meaning of “no sugar” in the title.
He noted that No Sugar means “No White, meaning there should not be White in
Australia”, but it can also mean “I have no sugar, Sir. Would you give me sugar. I
like your sugar, Mr. White. We depend on your sugar, Mr. Settler” (Iskarna, 2004
:91). From his statement, we can see the problematic struggle among the
indigenous people. First, the indigenous people do not like the White since their
settlement in Australia harms the indigenous people’s life.
Second, there is cultural shift since the settlement of the white people that
change the custom of indigenous people life. The white intentionally wants to
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make the Aborigines do as the whites do. The whites supply the Aborigine with
meat, sugar and soap; which culturally are not Aboriginal custom. This action
makes the Aborigine depends on the white. In comparisson to this graduate thesis,
the writer finds that this undergraduate thesis discusses the struggle of the
indigenous people during the depression years in Australia and Iskarna discusses
on the problematic struggle of the indigenous culture that the indigenous people
become dependant to the whites. The writer focuses on the oppression by the
whites to the indigenous people that the indigenous people have to deal with the
situation in Australia during the depression years and how they struggle against
the social prejudice, unequal treatment in law and their inferior status in Australia.
The other studies about Jack davis’ No Sugar is written by Jennifer
McNeil Bertrand. She said that the white civilization causes the destruction of a
culture. The British colonizers featured in the play attempt to bring civilization to
what they see as the primitive indigenous peoples of Australia, but ultimately
embark on a devastating program of racial purification (http://jennifer-mcneilbertrand.suite101.com/jack-davis-no-sugar---destruction-of-a-culture-a231716).
The studies mentioned above that based on indigenous people of Australia
struggle to the whites oppression are developed in this undergraduate thesis. From
those studies, the writer finds that there are many kinds of struggle that showed by
the indigenous people. The writer tries to analyze how the indigenous people in
Australia toward white oppression can be seen through the Millimurra’s family.
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B.
Review of Related Theories
1.
Theory of Character
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Character is one of the intrinsic elements in the literary work. In the work
of Jack Davis’ No Sugar, the major character is about Millimurra’s family. Those
family members that the writer is going to analyze are Jimmy Munday, Joe
Millimura, and Grandma. Each character will lead to the message of the story.
Mikics in A New Handbook of Literary Terms, asserts that etimologically
the word character is from Greek word ‘Kharakter’ for a mark or stamp; a
distinctive feature; a sign, or declaration, of a person. A character presents a brief
sketch of a familiar social (2007: 53-54). So, it can be said that Millimurra’s
family, according to Mikics’ theory, is a description of Aboriginal family’s life in
Australia.
Holman and Harmon in their book A Handbook of Literary Terms explain
that character is described not as an individualized personality but as an example
of some vice or virtue or type, such as a busybody, a glutton, etc (1986: 82). It
shows that character is not only animate but also including inanimate things.
In his book, The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Term, Cuddon explains
through some quotations of the novelist’s approach to character. He says that the
man, character, was an embodiment of the universe (1998: 126-127).
2.
Theory of Characterization
Abrams and Harpham in A Glossary of Literary Terms describes that
characterization of the person in the narrative work can be seen through the
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characters’s speech and action. But sometimes the author of the narrative work
presents the quality of a character through character’s inner thoughts and feelings
(2009: 43).
Therefore, the characteristics of the major characters moral and natural
qualities in No Sugar, can be drawn by their action and what they have said in the
story. Baldick gives brief explanation about characterization in The Concise
Oxford Dictionary of Literature as follows:
the representation of persons in narrative and dramatic works. This may
include direct methods like the attribution of qualities in description or
commentary, and indirect (or ‘dramatic’) methods inviting readers to infer
qualities from characters’ actions, speech, or appearance.
He explains that there are two methods to analyze the quality of the person in the
story. Direct methods is a way of the author to give description of the character
from direct comment or brief description in the narrative story. Indirect methods
let the reader of a literary work infers the quality of the person by his or herself.
How to Analyze Drama by Christopher Russel Reaske exposes ways to
analyze character puts six devices in which an author attempts to make the
characters in a drama easy to understand and become alive for the readers (1966:
46-48). The ways are:
a. The Appearance of the Character. The playwright often describes the
the character in the physical sense. It means to say that we can see the
characteristics of the characters through how they look like and how they
dress up.
b. Asides and Soliloquies. The characterization is of course through
dialogue. We can understand the characters as they speak in short or in
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longer soliloquies. This devices is one of the most expert devices of
characterization.
c. Dialogue between Characters.
The language of the character when
speaking to others gives clues to his or her personality.
d. Hidden Narration. The hidden narration in this sense that it is not the
playwright’s direct comment, but the playwright has one character in a
play that narrate something about another character.
e. Language.
Though Reaske assumes that the language of any given
character can not be emohasized many times as extremely central
attributes, but he asserts that we must be careful to remember how the
character speaks. The way a character speaks and the expressions that the
character uses should always be our first concern.
f. Character in Action. The playwright chosses to have a character or more,
acting in one way rather than another. We can easily understand the
personality of the character as the characters become more involved in the
action of the play.
In A Handbook to Literature, Holman and Harmon say that
characterization is the creation of the imaginary persons so that they exist for the
readers as life like. A good writer’s primary attribute is the ability to characterize
(1986: 81-82). He argues that there are three fundamental methods to characterize.
First, the author gives explicit presentation through direct exposition and it is
illustrated by action. Second, the presentation of the characters in action without
or with little explicit comment by the author, in the expectation that the reader
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will be able to deduce the attributes of the actor from the action. Third, the
representation from within a character. It is without comment on the character by
the author, of the impact of actions and emotions of the character’s inner self, with
the expectation that the reader will come to a clear understanding of the attributes
of the character.
3.
Theory of Postcolonial
Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin formulate the terms in studying postcolonial
in their book Key Concepts In Post-Colonial Studies that postcolonial deals with
the effects of colonialization on culture and societies (Aschroft, 2009: 186). The
term ‘postcolonial’ was first used to refer to cultural interactions within colonial
societies. Aschroft et al state that the term postcolonial means the post
independence period. It means that postcolonial theory exposes the colonized
countries in how they move on from the colonizers (Aschroft, 2009: 186).
The term colonialism can be defined as the conquest and control of other
people’s land and goods as Loomba notes in Colonialism/Postcolonialism (1998:
1). She also notes that the term ‘postcolonial’ is not always about the colonized
country. The colonizer country sometimes are the subject of postcolonial, as it as
the agent of rule in a colonized country.
Some of postcolonial literature is written in English as the colonized
country try to do counter-discourse using literature.
Bressler in Literary
Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice, asserts that postcolonialism
can be defined as an approach to literary analysis that concerns on a work that is
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written in English in formerly colonized countries. Postcolonialism refers to the
period after the colonized country have become independent and the
characteristics of the society from the time that the colonized country become
independent until present (Bressler, 1999: 265-266).
In the same book, Bressler says that postcolonialism ussually refers to
literature of colonized culture by the British Empire. British Empire was the
center of this colonialism, that they conquer the land and the hegemony or
ideology of the colonized people. The effects of colonizations can be felt today
(Bressler, 1999: 266-267).
Ashcroft et al in their book, Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies
explains that the body has been central to colonialist and postcolonial discourse of
various kinds. The difference as manifested in skin colour, hair type, eye shape,
nose shape, etc, are emphasized. The difference develop and reinforce prejudice
against specific groups. The hegemony of the colonizer constructs the colonized
country as inferior by emphasizing the difference (Aschroft, 2001: 183-184).
The prejudice are generated for economic reason, cheap labour or slavery.
Slavery is one of the colonial devices to build a new settlement and to construct
the colonizer’s culture. Slavery was associated with ‘people or groups outside the
community’ (Aschroft, 2001: 213). In the colonial context, it means that slavery
are people with different kind of race from the colonizer’s.
Hybridity, which is less evident between descendants of white settlers and
those of the indigenous people in Australia; New Zealand or Canada, is that the
white settlers feel estranged from Britain (or France) so that they want to be
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considered postcolonial subjects. White settlers were the agents of colonial rule,
no matter what their differences with the mother country (Loomba, 1998: 9). In
addition, the term postcolonial refers to specific groups of people (colonized
country) ; intellectuals and activists who fight against colonial rule, challenge and
revise dominant definitions of race, culture, language and class in order to
demonstrate their feeling toward colonialism (Loomba, 1998: 19-20).
Bob Hodge and Vijay Mishra write about Aboriginal’s culture with their
Aboriginal Place. They find that Aboriginal art and literature is not rich in
references to land and evocations of landscapes. Aborigine is always connected to
land. Since the expansion of white civilization in Aboriginal land, it changes the
theme of Aboriginal art and literature (Hodge, 1997: 412).
4.
Review on Indigenous Society in Western Australia
Before the arrival of the white settlers to Australia, the Aborigines were
the natives in the land. As the indigenous animals of Australia is not suitable for
herding, the Aborigine live in a traditional way to get food by hunting and
gathering. One of their hunting weapons is boomerang, a throwing stick. They
lived in harmony with nature of Australia that can be seen in their religious cults
and rituals (http://www.historyworld.net).
The life of Aborigine history changed radically after the settlement of
British colony in 18th and 19th century. Captain James Cook claimed the eastern
half of the Australian continent. Cook judged the indigenous people were not the
owners of the continent since they were not numerous so that he took possession
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without negotiation to indigenous people. It is because of the claim that Australia
was a Terra Nullius or waste land (Cashmore, 2004: 1).
Indigenous people were displaced from their ways of life and living in a
camp. In the late 19th century, The government of Australia faced the “Aboriginal
Problem”. Read explains that ‘Aboriginal Problem’ meant Aboriginal people who
could not, or chose not to live as the white settler want them to do (Read, 2006).
The balance between nature and the people was broken down, because many
Aborigine bought liquor and drugs from the settlers. The Aborigine was living in
the ‘reservation camp’ during the colonization. This era was called as the
‘protectionist era’. It was illegal for an Aboriginal person to march in town. If
they were caught up walking down the city or municipality and not decently
clothed could be directed to move on. The usual exception to these restrictions
was if the person was lawfully employed. Robert Foster quotes John Verran’s
utterrance as follows.
It was proposed to legislate not only for the protection and care of those
people, but also for their control. It was becoming more and more urgently
necessary, for their own sakes, that legal power should be given to keep
them away from the towns, and where and when such was found expedient
– again for their own benefits – to require them to live in their own
localities, and on special reservation (Foster, 2000).
Verran was giving a speech to commence the debate on Aborigines Bill in
the late 1909. The indigenous people is a threat to whites people. It can be seen
through the reaction of his anxiety of the indigenous people. He argues that the
government should make the indigenous people away from the town for the good
of their life. He believes that the indigenous people is dangerous. Robert Foster
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pointed out that this action is made to control the ‘naturally childish and fickle
nature’ of the Aborigines (Foster, 2000).
The government make some rule that must be obeyed by the indigenous
people. Foster states that
Aboriginal freedom of movement was now strictly controlled by the State.
The Chief Protector was able to restrict any ‘Aboriginal or half-caste’ to a
reserve institution. It was ilegal for an Aboriginal person to be removed
from his or her district without permission, and for a non-Aboriginal
person to be on a reserve without permission. The Chief Protector could
direct any ‘Aborigines or half-castes’ who were camped, ‘or about to
camp’, near towns or municipalities to remove to another location as
directed. Any individual found loitering in any town or municipality ’and
not decently clothed’ could be directed to move on. Furthermore, any
township or municipality could be declare a prohibited area. The usual
exception to these restrictions was if the person was lawfully employed
(Foster, 2000).
This quotation explains the law that is applied to the Aborigines and the
settler. The indigenous people and half-caste do not have enough freedom in
Australia. Half-caste refers to Aboriginal-whites descent. Their lives depend on
the Chief Protector’s rule. The indigenous people are not allowed to leave their
camp without permission of the Chief Protector and non-Aboriginal people are
not allowed to associate with Aboriginal people and the indigenous people are not
allowed to loiter around the town or municipality. It means that the city has to be
‘sterilized’ from the indigenous people. Moore in his book Encyclopedia of Race
and Racism adds that the indigenous people can not develop business, able to
work and choose their own lifestyle (2008: 134). The indigenous people’s life
become inferior because they are not able to live decently. The number of the
unemployment of the indigenous people is higher than the white settlers. The
indigenous people live in poverty.
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On 8 August 1911, the Aborigines Act was formulated. This Act divides
authority between the ‘Protector and Mission Superintendents’. The Chief
Protector is able to direct a medical practitioner to enter the residence of any
Aboriginal person to examine them from contagious disease. If they are suspected
to carry the diseases, they are removed to an isolated hospital. This regulation is
made to control the sexual transmitted desease in the indigenous people
population. Aboriginal female are not allowed wearing man’s cloth (Foster,
2000).
However, the Act did not give any benefit to the indigenous people.
According to Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies, the Act gives no freedom
to the indigenous people to do their ‘movement right over property, freedom of
marriage, especially across racial lines, power over one’s family, and the right to
practice cultural activities’. The indigenous people are living in a ‘cage’ that is
called The Aborigines Act. The government plans to make the indigenous people
no longer exist by limitting the freedom of marriage and restricting the cultural
activity (Cashmore, 2004: 2). Makaa and Andersen in their book Indigenous
Experience: Global Perspectice explain that the indigenous people struggle to
explain their identity in order to pursue the equal treatment (Makaa, 1996: 57).
One way to explain their identity is through the cultural activity of the indigenous
people. The indigenous people ar prohibited to perform their identity since they
are prohibited to do cultural activity.
The Chief Protector was the legal guardian of every ‘Aboriginal and halfcaste’ child under the age of eighteen, regardless of wether they had living parents
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or relatives according to the Aborigines Act, 1911. It means that the Australian
government took aboriginal children away from their parents. The Australian state
is strictly to control the freedom of the indigenous people. The indigenous people
is not allowed to move to another camp or territory without permission by the
State and for a non-indigenous person is not allowed to be on a reserve without
permission (Foster, 2000).
Indigenous people are suspected of having skin desease. The Chief
Protector was able to direct the medical practitioner to enter the residence of any
indigenous person to examine them. If there is one who was found to be suffering
from a contagious desease, this person will be sent to a lock hospital until
authority was given for their charge (Foster, 2000). It means that the Chief
Protector could enter Aborigine’s camp and examine the people in the camp
without permission from them.
The government of Australia thought that it is good to separate the
indigenous children from their parents. Aboriginal was accused not able to raise
the children because they are childish and fickle. The indigenous children soon
learn the Western culture and live apart from their parents to remove them from
bad influences of their parents. The children were sent to the Christian church’s
mission (Foster, 2000). Cashmore adds that the indigenous people continue to
suffer ‘social marginalization and political disadvantage’ (Cashmore, 2004: 2).
Indigenous people suffer the unequal treatment among the Australian society and
have no right for the vote.
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Children were taken away from their parents that was to be expected to
assimilate the culture. The assimilation means to teach Indigineous people to live
and support themselves as white people. But there was another opinion that the
assimilation focused on the loss of Indigenous physical characteristics through
interracial relationships (Ellinghaus, 2003: 183).
The population of the indigenous people of Australia is estimated to be
60,000 and called a dying race in the 1920s. By about 1930s, the Indigenous
people had better resistance to some imported desease by the settlers which
pointed that the indigenous people were able to adapt to changed circumstances
(http://www.aushistorytimeline.com).
C.
Theoretical Framework
The writer applies some theories that have been explained before
analyzing and answer the problem formulations. Each theory will help the writer
to answer each of the problem formulations stated in previous chapters.
The writer analyze several characters that are very influential to the
meaning of the story because this play is about Millimura’s family so that there
are several characters are going to be analyzed. The writer applies theory of
characters and characterization that show the indication of indigenous struggle by
Reaske in How to Analyze Drama.
Jack Davis in No Sugar describes the idea of postcolonialism through the
Millimurra’s family life, especially about the indigenous struggles. The writer
applies the concept of postcolonialism stated by Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths,
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and Helen Tiffin in Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies that postcolonial deals
with the effects of colonization on culture and societies in order to understand
what way postcolonialism is formed through the characters’ action, thoughts, and
speeches in No Sugar.
The writer must find out and understand the indigenous struggle idea in the
story towards the characters’ actions. Each character has his or her own way to
reveal the idea of indigenous struggle.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A.
Object of the Study
This undergraduate thesis analyzed a play No Sugar written by Jack
Leonard Davis. The play was published by Currency Press in 1986. Jack Davis is
an Aborigine actor and author who was born on 11 March 1917 in Perth, Western
Australia. His early childhood was in mill town of Yarloop, then he was sent to
Moore River Native Settlement that inform much of his later writing.
According to http://www.liveperformance.com.au/halloffame/jackdavis1.
html, a site about australian hall of fame performance, the play was first
performed on 18 February 1985 at the Maltings in North Perth in a production by
the Western Australian theatre Company for the Festival of Perth. No Sugar
received the Australian Writers’ Guild Awgie as Best Play of the Year and the
Ruth Adney Koori Award. This play consists of four Acts.
No Sugar is about Aborigine struggle within the colonization during the
Great Depresion in Western Australia that is represented by Millimurras family.
In this play, Davis represents the terrible living conditions the indigenous people
who are living in white colonization. There are many events that picture the the
white treat the Aborigine cruelly in the play. The play shows us the struggle of
indigenous people to defend their existence and rights.
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B.
Approach of the Study
In order to analyse the topic that has been chosen by the writer and to
answer the three questions in the problem formulation, the writer applied the
theory of postcolonial studies. The writer applies postcolonial theories to find the
effect of indigenous people after the colonialization of British settler in Australia.
Postcolonial studies deals with the movement of the colonized country after the
end of colonizer country. According to Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies by
Aschroft et al, postcolonialism deals with the effects of colonization on culture
and societies (Aschroft, 2001: 186). This approach is used in order to find how
political, cultural, racial and gender struggle form the postcolonialism that is
shown by the characters in No Sugar.
Bressler in Literary Criticism: An Introduction toTheory and Practice,
postcolonial’s major concern is highlighting the struggle that occurs when one
culture is dominated by another. The context of postcolonialism is about the
colonized people’s respond to the oppression of the conqueror. This approach was
applied to examine the indigenous struggle in their custom which can be seen
through the characters in No Sugar.
C.
Method of the Study
To complete the study requires a lot of thought as well as reference books
and notes. Library research is conducted in this study. It means that the data are
gathered from many references and some other important written sources. The
main source that the writer uses is No Sugar by Jack davis. The secondary source
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that the writer chooses to analyze the main source are Christopher Reaske’s How
to Analyze Drama, and in order to understand the postcolonialism Key Concepts
in Post-Colonial Studies by Aschroft et al are applied in this study.
The first step was reading the main source, No Sugar, through close
reading method to understand it. While rereading the main source, the writer
formulated the questions to examine the play and to limit the scope of the topic.
The writer formulated three questions: how are the characters described, how do
the white treat the indigenous people and how the indigenous peole struggle
against white oppression. Second, the writer tried to find some references that
were used to analyze the topic in order to get more data related to the p
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THE STRUGGLE OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN
AUSTRALIA SEEN THROUGH CHARACTERS IN JACK
DAVIS’ NO SUGAR
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Satra
in English Letters
By
PAULUS NOVEN LANDO UTAMA
Student Number: 084214031
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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THE STRUGGLE OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN
AUSTRALIA SEEN THROUGH CHARACTERS IN JACK
DAVIS’ NO SUGAR
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Satra
in English Letters
By
PAULUS NOVEN LANDO UTAMA
Student Number: 084214031
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
i
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ii
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iii
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Karmane Vadni Adikaraste
Maphalessu Kada Chana (Do your
obligation sincerely and willingly.
If you have not acquired the
achievement yet, it will be your
de s c e nt)
- - S o e ka r n o - -
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I dedicate this undergraduate thesis to
My beloved parents and sisters
v
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
: Paulus Noven Lando Utama
Nomor Mahasiswa
: 0842140231
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universita Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE STRUGGLE OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN AUSTRALIA
SEEN THROUGH THE CHARACTERS IN JACK DAVIS’ NO SUGAR
beserta Perangkat yang digunakan (bila ada). dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk mrnyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya alam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 30 Mei 2013
Yang menyatakan,
Paulus Noven Lando Utama
vi
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS
Yang Bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama
: Paulus Noven Lando Utama
Nomor Induk Mahasiswa
: 084214031
menyatakan bahwa sebagai penyusun karya ilmiah yang berjudul :
THE STRUGGLE OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN AUSTRALIA
SEEN THROUGH THE CHARACTERS IN JACK DAVIS’ NO SUGAR
Saya bertanggung jawab atas keaslian gagasan-gagasan yang tertuang dalam
bentuk kata, kalimat, dan paragraf dalam karya ilmiah ini. Segala ide yang bukan
berasal dari hasil pemikiran saya sendiri telah saya rujuk pada sumber atau
referensi terkait.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Yogyakarta, 30 Mei 2013
Yang menyatakan
Paulus Noven Lando Utama
vii
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ the almighty God. I know
that He is always beside me to walk in this world. I am blessed to have Him as my
Lord. I would also like to thank my beloved parents and sisters for their support.
My deepest gratitude goes to Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum as my thesis
advisor. I thank her for the guidance, the patience, the book, also the time she has
given to me. I would also dedicate my gratitude to P.Sarwoto S.S., M.A., Ph.D.
His time, corrections and sugestions are very precious for me. I thank Rm. Budi
Susanto SJ for all the supports that he has given. I learn many things from him in
Lembaga Studi Realino. I also want to thank Caecilia Rania Prayastianti for the
time, patience, and excitement that she shares with me. She is my loved-one and
my best friend.
I would like to dedicate my acknowledgements to my friends in English
Letters Sanata Dharma University: Marsell and Pucat for the craziness that we
have done, Rigel, Saverin, Sisil, mas Win and mbak Sophie from Lembaga Studi
Realino, Yeyen, Momon, Deni, Simon, Bagas, Dama, Dimas and Leo. I will not
forget every moment we have spent together.
Paulus Noven Lando Utama
viii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................
APPROVAL PAGE ..............................................................................
ACCEPTANCE PAGE .........................................................................
MOTTO PAGE .....................................................................................
DEDICATION PAGE ...........................................................................
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN PUBLIKASI ILMIAH ..............................
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ORISINALITAS ........................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................
ABSTRAK ...............................................................................................
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................
A. Background of the Study ..............................................................
B. Problem Formulations ..................................................................
C. Objectives of the Study ................................................................
D. Definition of Terms ......................................................................
1
1
4
4
5
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ........................................
A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................
B. Review of Related Theories ..........................................................
C. Theory of Character ......................................................................
1. Theory of Characterization ..........................................
2. Theory of Postcolonial ................................................
3. Review on the Indigenous Society in Western Australia
D. Theoretical Framework .................................................................
6
6
b
8
9
12
14
19
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ....................................................
A. Object of the Study .......................................................................
B. Approach of the Study ..................................................................
C. Method of the Study .....................................................................
21
21
22
22
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS .................................................................
A. Characterization of the Indigenous People ....................................
1. Jimmy Munday .......................................................................
2. Joe Millimurra ........................................................................
3. Milly Millimurra .....................................................................
B. Unequal Treatments to the Indigenous People ...............................
C. The Struggle of the Indigenous People .........................................
24
24
25
29
33
36
45
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...........................................................
53
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................
56
APPENDIX ............................................................................................
58
ix
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ABSTRACT
PAULUS NOVEN LANDO UTAMA. The Struggle of the Indigenous People
in Australia Seen Through Characters in Jack Davis’ No Sugar. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University,
2013.
This study focuses on No Sugar, a play written by Jack Davis. The play
raises the struggle of the indigenous people of Australia during the great
depression in Australia. The play tells about the life of the Millimurras, an
indigenous family, and their struggle to resist the white settler. The unequal
treatments are suffered by the indigenous people. The treatments trigger the
indigenous people to fight against the white settlers. This undergraduate thesis
aims to understand the postcolonialism and the struggle of the indigenous people
to fight the white settlers.
Three problems are formulated to guide and limit the discussion in this
study. The first problem answers the characterization of Jimmy Munday, Joe
Millimurra and Milly Millimurra. The second problem answers the unequal
treatments by the white settlers. The third problem analyzes the struggle of the
indigenous people against the unequal treatments.
This undergraduate thesis applied the library research method since all the
data needed were gained from books, references, journals and internet references.
The writer applied postcolonial approach that enables the writer to find out the
struggle of the indigenous people in the play.
No Sugar reflects the indigenous people’s life during the great depression
in Australia. The indigenous people of Australia are controlled by the white
settlers. The white settlers treat the indigenous people inferiorly. Jimmy, Joe and
Milly experience the treatments. They experienced the prejudice towards the
indigenous people, discriminative law and the inferiority. The reactions of Jimmy,
Joe and Milly towards the white settlers’s treatment are the image of the
indigenous struggle. The struggle of the indigenous people are to oppose the
social prejudice that they are dangerous and lazy to work, discriminative law that
they are not allowed to associate with the white settlers and not able to have
freedom of marriage and inferior status of the indigenous people that the
indigenous people are not the first settler since they are not numerous and they
can not choose their own lifestyle. The indigenous people struggle to have the
same right and opportunity as the common Australian citizen.
x
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ABSTRAK
PAULUS NOVEN LANDO UTAMA. The Struggle of the Indigenous
People in Australia Seen Through Characters in No Sugar. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculti of Letters, Sana Ta Dharma University,
2013.
Penelitian ini difokuskan pada No Sugar, sebuah drama karya Jack Davis.
drama ini mengangkat masalah tentang kehidupan orang pribumi di Australia
dalam masa keterpurukan ekonomi di Australia. drama ini menceritakan tentang
kehidupan keluarga Millimurra, sebuah keluarga pribumi, dan perjuangan mereka
melawan penjajah. Perlakuan tidak adil dialami oleh orang pribumi. Perlakuan
tidak adil tersebut memicu orang-orang pribumi untuk melawan orang-orang kulit
putih. Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk memahami poskolonialisme dan perjuangan
orang-orang pribumi melawan orang kulit putih.
Ada tiga masalah yang dirumuskan untuk menuntun dan membatasi
pembahasan penelitian ini. Permasalahan pertama menjelaskan penokohan Jimmy
Munday, Joe Millimurra dan Millimurra. Permasalahan kedua menggambarkan
perlakuan tidak adil oleh orang-orang kulit putih. Permasalahan ketiga
menguraikan perjuangan orang pribumi melawan perlakuan tidak adil.
Skripsi ini menerapkan metode studi pustaka karena data-data yang
diperlukan didapatkan dari beberapa referensi yang terdapat di perpustakaan.
Penulis menerapkan pendekatan poskolonial yang memungkinkan penulis untuk
menemukan perjuangan orang pribumi di dalam drama ini.
No Sugar mencerminkan kehidupan orang pribumi dalam masa
keterpurukan ekonomi di Australia. Orang pribumi dikendalikan oleh orang kulit
putih. Orang-orang kulit putih memperlakukan orang pribumi secara tidak adil.
jimmy, Joe dan Milly mengalami perlakuan tersebut. Mereka mengalami
prasangka buruk tentang orang pribumi, hukum yang diskriminatif dan
keberadaan orang pribumi yang selalu di bawah. Reaksi yang dilakukan oleh
Jimmy, Joe dan Milly terhadap perlakuan dari orang kulit putih merupakan
gambaran perjuangan orang-orang pribumi di Australia. Bentuk perjuangan dari
orang pribumi antara lain menyanggah prasangka sosial bahwa mereka orang
berbahaya dan malas untuk bekerja, hukum yang diskriminatif bahwa mereka
tidak dapat bersosialisasi dengan orang kulit putih dan kebebasan untuk menikah
serta status orang pribumi yang selalu di bawah orang kulit putih yang
dikarenakan bahwa orang pribumi Australia dianggap bukanlah orang asli
Australia karena jumlah populasi mereka yang tidak banyak dan mereka tidak
dapat memilih gaya hidup yang mereka inginkan. Orang-orang pribumi berjuang
untuk mendapatkan hak dan perlakuan yang sama sebagai warga negara Australia
pada umumnya.
xi
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of the Study
More than one hundred years ago, the indigenous people were fighting for
resistance to dispossession and racial oppression. The first movement for
indigenous right began in 1920 when the first Aboriginal political organisations
were formed including the Australian Aborigines Protection. By the middle of the
19th century, the economical situation in Australia is in a great depression. During
that period, the oppression to Aborigine leading its peak and causing their
population to decrease (Read, 2006).
Literature is a medium to learn the human experience because it is based
on human experience. One of Australian poet laureate, Jack Davis uses the
medium literature to describe the indigenous struggle during the Great Depression
in Australia. Wellek and Warren in Theory of Literature explain that literature is
an image of human life that is written and can be defined as the art work (1956:
94). Klarer said that literature is different from any written or printed text, such as
telephone books, etc. He explained as follows.
Literature is referred to as the entirety of written expression, with the
restriction that not every written document can be categorized as literature
in the more exact sense of the word (1999: 1).
He argues that the literary work should be included such as “aesthetic” or
“artistic” to distinguish from other texts of everyday use (1999: 1). The reader of a
literary work concentrates on the general meaning of the literary work
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overlooking the fact that meaning is generated as the work is experienced . It
means that the literary work is based on the experience of human being. Those
experiences of human being can be expressed through the literary work. From
both quotation, it can be explained that literature is text based on human
experience that is wrapped in the artistic way.
In this thesis the writer is going to analyze a drama. According to
Barranger in his Understanding Plays, a play must be a human experience (real or
imagined) that is represented in artistic forms and one of the principal’s media. It
is at once a text to be read and a script to be performed (Barranger, 1994: 4).
Barranger also said that a play or drama leads us to discover and reflect our
personalities, circumstances, desires, anxieties, hopes and dreams. The playwright
stimulate social awareness and put the reader in touch with human thoughts and
feelings about issues and to discuss social and political issues of a certain time
(Barranger, 1994: 7).
In a literary work, we sometimes find the implied meaning through the
characters. The author expresses the theme through the characters to deliver the
message of a literary work. Usually to express it, the author uses more than just
one character. The characteristics of the characters is built from the influences of
the environment in the story. The process of building the characters, people can
see the message that the author wants to show through the literary work.
The drama which is used to discuss is No Sugar written by Jack Davis.
The story is written in the form of play script. The story of the play is about
Millimura’s family living under oppression by the white. The play take setting in
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the 1929-1934 in Australia which was in great depression during that period in
Northam,
Western
Australia
(http://johnwatsonsite.com/MyClassNotes/
Topics/Essay/Essay8NS.html). This play is telling about an Aboriginal family
living in a camp and when Australian was in a great depression. This Aboriginal
family questions about the nationality of the indigenous people in Australia. The
indigenous people are treated differently from the whites by the government of
Australia. Even, the indigenous people are not allowed to march on the town and
the whites are not allowed to hang out with the indigenous people. The main
theme in this play is about the racial treatment by the whites toward the
indigenous people. Tatang Iskarna on his journal Jack Davis’ No Sugar: A
Portrait of Aborigines’ Problematic Struggle said that since the whites settled in
Australia, they made several change that could be good or bad improvement.
Since the whites came to Australia, the Aborigine’s literature changed from oral
literature to written literature. The written method was brought by the first settler
which is from Europe. On the other hand, the whites intend to colonize the
indigenous people. He added that in this play there is an issue about how the
Aborigine refuse the whites hegemony as follows. “No White, meaning there
shouldn’t be no Whites in Australia” (2004: 91). The title No Sugar can be taken
as “No White” because sugar is the Whites’ tradition to add sugar to make foods.
The topic of this study is how indigenous people struggle against the
white’s treatment during the great depression revealed through the characters in
the story. The writer tries to analyze several characters that plot the story in order
to understand the pictures of indigenous struggle. So that the writer decides The
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Struggle of the Indigenous People In Australia As Seen Through The
characters in Jack Davis’ Play No Sugar as the topic of this thesis.
B.
Problem Formulation
In order to explain the topic of this thesis, the writer formulates three
problems.
1.
How are the characters of indigenous people described?
2.
How do the Whites treat the indigenous people?
3.
How are the struggle of the indigenous people revealed through the
characters?
C.
Objectives of the Study
The purpose of this study is to answer the question of the writer has
already mentioned above. The writer tries to obtain the characteristics of the
several characters in the play script. Then the writer tries to find kind of
oppression in the play toward the characters that have been mentioned before. By
having those characteristics and the oppressions, the writer tries to identify the
struggle of indigenous people against the oppressions.
D.
Definition of Terms
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In order to avoid misunderstanding on certain terms, the writer would like
to define some terms that are often mentioned in this study based on several
references.
1.
Characterization
Holman and Harmon in A Handbook to Literary Terms said that character
is an example of some virtue or type and not as an individualized
personality such as a busybody, a glutton, a fop, a bumpkin, a garrulous
old man, etc (1986: 81).
2.
Characters
Abrams and Harpham in A Glossary of Literary Term said that characters
are the person represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are
interpreted by the reader as possessing particular moral, intellectual, and
emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their
distinctive ways of saying it (2009:42).
3.
Indigenous Peoples/Aboriginal
Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin in their book Key Concepts in Post-colonial
Studies mentioned that indigenous people are those ‘born in a place or
region’. The indigenous people is the first inhabitant in a region. This term
now frequently used as a shortened form of ‘Australian Aborigine’ to
describe
the
indigeneous
inhabitants
in
Australia
(2001:
4).
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter’s points are to explain some theories that are related to this
study. It consists of three main parts. The first one is review of related studies, and
the second one is the theoretical review and the last one is the criticism. In the
review of related studies, the writer gives brief explanation of the object of the
study according to several people that took Davis’ No Sugar as their main
analysis. Theoretical review, the writer gives the explanation of the supporting
theories for the analysis.
A.
Review of Related Studies
Jack Davis is one of the most influential black playwright in Australia. He
inspired other Aborigines and Torres strait Islanders to use the stage as a forum
for communicating with white people. No Sugar depicted the forcible relocation
of ninety Aborigines to the Moore River Settlement during the depresion years in
1920s-1930s (http://www.liveperformance.com.au/halloffame/jackdavis1.html).
No Sugar is a play about Millimurra’s family living in Australia in the
time of Great Depression. Millimurra’s family and other Aboriginal family are
sent to Moore River from Northam because the government could not guarantee
them to supply the ration. The government, the white, do not like the appearance
of the indigenous people and treat them rudely. This family does not like the
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white, excluding Frank who is friend of them, and try to fight against the rules
that are very discriminative and have no benefit for the indigenous people.
There is an undergraduate thesis that discusses postcolonialism,
Postcolonial Resistance in Aborigine Society Represented by ‘I’ characters in
Wongar’s The Track to Bralgu written by Eng Onny Lawaty. The writer finds out
the similarity of this research with Iawaty’s work about how the characters reveal
the postcolonial resistance of Aborigine society (Lawaty, 2008: ix). Lawaty
chooses the characters ‘I’ as the representation of Aborigine society and the
postcolonial resistance of Aborigine society. In this research, the writer finds out
the indigenous struggle through the characters of Millimurra’s family as the
representation of Aborigine society.
The title of this play, No Sugar has a certain meaning. Sugar encompasses
the ration that the government give to Aborigines. No Sugar means no ration for
Aborigine. Tatang Iskarna wrote “Jack Davis’ No Sugar: A Portrait of
Aborigines’ Problematic Struggle” about the meaning of “no sugar” in the title.
He noted that No Sugar means “No White, meaning there should not be White in
Australia”, but it can also mean “I have no sugar, Sir. Would you give me sugar. I
like your sugar, Mr. White. We depend on your sugar, Mr. Settler” (Iskarna, 2004
:91). From his statement, we can see the problematic struggle among the
indigenous people. First, the indigenous people do not like the White since their
settlement in Australia harms the indigenous people’s life.
Second, there is cultural shift since the settlement of the white people that
change the custom of indigenous people life. The white intentionally wants to
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make the Aborigines do as the whites do. The whites supply the Aborigine with
meat, sugar and soap; which culturally are not Aboriginal custom. This action
makes the Aborigine depends on the white. In comparisson to this graduate thesis,
the writer finds that this undergraduate thesis discusses the struggle of the
indigenous people during the depression years in Australia and Iskarna discusses
on the problematic struggle of the indigenous culture that the indigenous people
become dependant to the whites. The writer focuses on the oppression by the
whites to the indigenous people that the indigenous people have to deal with the
situation in Australia during the depression years and how they struggle against
the social prejudice, unequal treatment in law and their inferior status in Australia.
The other studies about Jack davis’ No Sugar is written by Jennifer
McNeil Bertrand. She said that the white civilization causes the destruction of a
culture. The British colonizers featured in the play attempt to bring civilization to
what they see as the primitive indigenous peoples of Australia, but ultimately
embark on a devastating program of racial purification (http://jennifer-mcneilbertrand.suite101.com/jack-davis-no-sugar---destruction-of-a-culture-a231716).
The studies mentioned above that based on indigenous people of Australia
struggle to the whites oppression are developed in this undergraduate thesis. From
those studies, the writer finds that there are many kinds of struggle that showed by
the indigenous people. The writer tries to analyze how the indigenous people in
Australia toward white oppression can be seen through the Millimurra’s family.
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B.
Review of Related Theories
1.
Theory of Character
9
Character is one of the intrinsic elements in the literary work. In the work
of Jack Davis’ No Sugar, the major character is about Millimurra’s family. Those
family members that the writer is going to analyze are Jimmy Munday, Joe
Millimura, and Grandma. Each character will lead to the message of the story.
Mikics in A New Handbook of Literary Terms, asserts that etimologically
the word character is from Greek word ‘Kharakter’ for a mark or stamp; a
distinctive feature; a sign, or declaration, of a person. A character presents a brief
sketch of a familiar social (2007: 53-54). So, it can be said that Millimurra’s
family, according to Mikics’ theory, is a description of Aboriginal family’s life in
Australia.
Holman and Harmon in their book A Handbook of Literary Terms explain
that character is described not as an individualized personality but as an example
of some vice or virtue or type, such as a busybody, a glutton, etc (1986: 82). It
shows that character is not only animate but also including inanimate things.
In his book, The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Term, Cuddon explains
through some quotations of the novelist’s approach to character. He says that the
man, character, was an embodiment of the universe (1998: 126-127).
2.
Theory of Characterization
Abrams and Harpham in A Glossary of Literary Terms describes that
characterization of the person in the narrative work can be seen through the
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characters’s speech and action. But sometimes the author of the narrative work
presents the quality of a character through character’s inner thoughts and feelings
(2009: 43).
Therefore, the characteristics of the major characters moral and natural
qualities in No Sugar, can be drawn by their action and what they have said in the
story. Baldick gives brief explanation about characterization in The Concise
Oxford Dictionary of Literature as follows:
the representation of persons in narrative and dramatic works. This may
include direct methods like the attribution of qualities in description or
commentary, and indirect (or ‘dramatic’) methods inviting readers to infer
qualities from characters’ actions, speech, or appearance.
He explains that there are two methods to analyze the quality of the person in the
story. Direct methods is a way of the author to give description of the character
from direct comment or brief description in the narrative story. Indirect methods
let the reader of a literary work infers the quality of the person by his or herself.
How to Analyze Drama by Christopher Russel Reaske exposes ways to
analyze character puts six devices in which an author attempts to make the
characters in a drama easy to understand and become alive for the readers (1966:
46-48). The ways are:
a. The Appearance of the Character. The playwright often describes the
the character in the physical sense. It means to say that we can see the
characteristics of the characters through how they look like and how they
dress up.
b. Asides and Soliloquies. The characterization is of course through
dialogue. We can understand the characters as they speak in short or in
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longer soliloquies. This devices is one of the most expert devices of
characterization.
c. Dialogue between Characters.
The language of the character when
speaking to others gives clues to his or her personality.
d. Hidden Narration. The hidden narration in this sense that it is not the
playwright’s direct comment, but the playwright has one character in a
play that narrate something about another character.
e. Language.
Though Reaske assumes that the language of any given
character can not be emohasized many times as extremely central
attributes, but he asserts that we must be careful to remember how the
character speaks. The way a character speaks and the expressions that the
character uses should always be our first concern.
f. Character in Action. The playwright chosses to have a character or more,
acting in one way rather than another. We can easily understand the
personality of the character as the characters become more involved in the
action of the play.
In A Handbook to Literature, Holman and Harmon say that
characterization is the creation of the imaginary persons so that they exist for the
readers as life like. A good writer’s primary attribute is the ability to characterize
(1986: 81-82). He argues that there are three fundamental methods to characterize.
First, the author gives explicit presentation through direct exposition and it is
illustrated by action. Second, the presentation of the characters in action without
or with little explicit comment by the author, in the expectation that the reader
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will be able to deduce the attributes of the actor from the action. Third, the
representation from within a character. It is without comment on the character by
the author, of the impact of actions and emotions of the character’s inner self, with
the expectation that the reader will come to a clear understanding of the attributes
of the character.
3.
Theory of Postcolonial
Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin formulate the terms in studying postcolonial
in their book Key Concepts In Post-Colonial Studies that postcolonial deals with
the effects of colonialization on culture and societies (Aschroft, 2009: 186). The
term ‘postcolonial’ was first used to refer to cultural interactions within colonial
societies. Aschroft et al state that the term postcolonial means the post
independence period. It means that postcolonial theory exposes the colonized
countries in how they move on from the colonizers (Aschroft, 2009: 186).
The term colonialism can be defined as the conquest and control of other
people’s land and goods as Loomba notes in Colonialism/Postcolonialism (1998:
1). She also notes that the term ‘postcolonial’ is not always about the colonized
country. The colonizer country sometimes are the subject of postcolonial, as it as
the agent of rule in a colonized country.
Some of postcolonial literature is written in English as the colonized
country try to do counter-discourse using literature.
Bressler in Literary
Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice, asserts that postcolonialism
can be defined as an approach to literary analysis that concerns on a work that is
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written in English in formerly colonized countries. Postcolonialism refers to the
period after the colonized country have become independent and the
characteristics of the society from the time that the colonized country become
independent until present (Bressler, 1999: 265-266).
In the same book, Bressler says that postcolonialism ussually refers to
literature of colonized culture by the British Empire. British Empire was the
center of this colonialism, that they conquer the land and the hegemony or
ideology of the colonized people. The effects of colonizations can be felt today
(Bressler, 1999: 266-267).
Ashcroft et al in their book, Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies
explains that the body has been central to colonialist and postcolonial discourse of
various kinds. The difference as manifested in skin colour, hair type, eye shape,
nose shape, etc, are emphasized. The difference develop and reinforce prejudice
against specific groups. The hegemony of the colonizer constructs the colonized
country as inferior by emphasizing the difference (Aschroft, 2001: 183-184).
The prejudice are generated for economic reason, cheap labour or slavery.
Slavery is one of the colonial devices to build a new settlement and to construct
the colonizer’s culture. Slavery was associated with ‘people or groups outside the
community’ (Aschroft, 2001: 213). In the colonial context, it means that slavery
are people with different kind of race from the colonizer’s.
Hybridity, which is less evident between descendants of white settlers and
those of the indigenous people in Australia; New Zealand or Canada, is that the
white settlers feel estranged from Britain (or France) so that they want to be
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considered postcolonial subjects. White settlers were the agents of colonial rule,
no matter what their differences with the mother country (Loomba, 1998: 9). In
addition, the term postcolonial refers to specific groups of people (colonized
country) ; intellectuals and activists who fight against colonial rule, challenge and
revise dominant definitions of race, culture, language and class in order to
demonstrate their feeling toward colonialism (Loomba, 1998: 19-20).
Bob Hodge and Vijay Mishra write about Aboriginal’s culture with their
Aboriginal Place. They find that Aboriginal art and literature is not rich in
references to land and evocations of landscapes. Aborigine is always connected to
land. Since the expansion of white civilization in Aboriginal land, it changes the
theme of Aboriginal art and literature (Hodge, 1997: 412).
4.
Review on Indigenous Society in Western Australia
Before the arrival of the white settlers to Australia, the Aborigines were
the natives in the land. As the indigenous animals of Australia is not suitable for
herding, the Aborigine live in a traditional way to get food by hunting and
gathering. One of their hunting weapons is boomerang, a throwing stick. They
lived in harmony with nature of Australia that can be seen in their religious cults
and rituals (http://www.historyworld.net).
The life of Aborigine history changed radically after the settlement of
British colony in 18th and 19th century. Captain James Cook claimed the eastern
half of the Australian continent. Cook judged the indigenous people were not the
owners of the continent since they were not numerous so that he took possession
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without negotiation to indigenous people. It is because of the claim that Australia
was a Terra Nullius or waste land (Cashmore, 2004: 1).
Indigenous people were displaced from their ways of life and living in a
camp. In the late 19th century, The government of Australia faced the “Aboriginal
Problem”. Read explains that ‘Aboriginal Problem’ meant Aboriginal people who
could not, or chose not to live as the white settler want them to do (Read, 2006).
The balance between nature and the people was broken down, because many
Aborigine bought liquor and drugs from the settlers. The Aborigine was living in
the ‘reservation camp’ during the colonization. This era was called as the
‘protectionist era’. It was illegal for an Aboriginal person to march in town. If
they were caught up walking down the city or municipality and not decently
clothed could be directed to move on. The usual exception to these restrictions
was if the person was lawfully employed. Robert Foster quotes John Verran’s
utterrance as follows.
It was proposed to legislate not only for the protection and care of those
people, but also for their control. It was becoming more and more urgently
necessary, for their own sakes, that legal power should be given to keep
them away from the towns, and where and when such was found expedient
– again for their own benefits – to require them to live in their own
localities, and on special reservation (Foster, 2000).
Verran was giving a speech to commence the debate on Aborigines Bill in
the late 1909. The indigenous people is a threat to whites people. It can be seen
through the reaction of his anxiety of the indigenous people. He argues that the
government should make the indigenous people away from the town for the good
of their life. He believes that the indigenous people is dangerous. Robert Foster
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pointed out that this action is made to control the ‘naturally childish and fickle
nature’ of the Aborigines (Foster, 2000).
The government make some rule that must be obeyed by the indigenous
people. Foster states that
Aboriginal freedom of movement was now strictly controlled by the State.
The Chief Protector was able to restrict any ‘Aboriginal or half-caste’ to a
reserve institution. It was ilegal for an Aboriginal person to be removed
from his or her district without permission, and for a non-Aboriginal
person to be on a reserve without permission. The Chief Protector could
direct any ‘Aborigines or half-castes’ who were camped, ‘or about to
camp’, near towns or municipalities to remove to another location as
directed. Any individual found loitering in any town or municipality ’and
not decently clothed’ could be directed to move on. Furthermore, any
township or municipality could be declare a prohibited area. The usual
exception to these restrictions was if the person was lawfully employed
(Foster, 2000).
This quotation explains the law that is applied to the Aborigines and the
settler. The indigenous people and half-caste do not have enough freedom in
Australia. Half-caste refers to Aboriginal-whites descent. Their lives depend on
the Chief Protector’s rule. The indigenous people are not allowed to leave their
camp without permission of the Chief Protector and non-Aboriginal people are
not allowed to associate with Aboriginal people and the indigenous people are not
allowed to loiter around the town or municipality. It means that the city has to be
‘sterilized’ from the indigenous people. Moore in his book Encyclopedia of Race
and Racism adds that the indigenous people can not develop business, able to
work and choose their own lifestyle (2008: 134). The indigenous people’s life
become inferior because they are not able to live decently. The number of the
unemployment of the indigenous people is higher than the white settlers. The
indigenous people live in poverty.
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On 8 August 1911, the Aborigines Act was formulated. This Act divides
authority between the ‘Protector and Mission Superintendents’. The Chief
Protector is able to direct a medical practitioner to enter the residence of any
Aboriginal person to examine them from contagious disease. If they are suspected
to carry the diseases, they are removed to an isolated hospital. This regulation is
made to control the sexual transmitted desease in the indigenous people
population. Aboriginal female are not allowed wearing man’s cloth (Foster,
2000).
However, the Act did not give any benefit to the indigenous people.
According to Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies, the Act gives no freedom
to the indigenous people to do their ‘movement right over property, freedom of
marriage, especially across racial lines, power over one’s family, and the right to
practice cultural activities’. The indigenous people are living in a ‘cage’ that is
called The Aborigines Act. The government plans to make the indigenous people
no longer exist by limitting the freedom of marriage and restricting the cultural
activity (Cashmore, 2004: 2). Makaa and Andersen in their book Indigenous
Experience: Global Perspectice explain that the indigenous people struggle to
explain their identity in order to pursue the equal treatment (Makaa, 1996: 57).
One way to explain their identity is through the cultural activity of the indigenous
people. The indigenous people ar prohibited to perform their identity since they
are prohibited to do cultural activity.
The Chief Protector was the legal guardian of every ‘Aboriginal and halfcaste’ child under the age of eighteen, regardless of wether they had living parents
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or relatives according to the Aborigines Act, 1911. It means that the Australian
government took aboriginal children away from their parents. The Australian state
is strictly to control the freedom of the indigenous people. The indigenous people
is not allowed to move to another camp or territory without permission by the
State and for a non-indigenous person is not allowed to be on a reserve without
permission (Foster, 2000).
Indigenous people are suspected of having skin desease. The Chief
Protector was able to direct the medical practitioner to enter the residence of any
indigenous person to examine them. If there is one who was found to be suffering
from a contagious desease, this person will be sent to a lock hospital until
authority was given for their charge (Foster, 2000). It means that the Chief
Protector could enter Aborigine’s camp and examine the people in the camp
without permission from them.
The government of Australia thought that it is good to separate the
indigenous children from their parents. Aboriginal was accused not able to raise
the children because they are childish and fickle. The indigenous children soon
learn the Western culture and live apart from their parents to remove them from
bad influences of their parents. The children were sent to the Christian church’s
mission (Foster, 2000). Cashmore adds that the indigenous people continue to
suffer ‘social marginalization and political disadvantage’ (Cashmore, 2004: 2).
Indigenous people suffer the unequal treatment among the Australian society and
have no right for the vote.
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Children were taken away from their parents that was to be expected to
assimilate the culture. The assimilation means to teach Indigineous people to live
and support themselves as white people. But there was another opinion that the
assimilation focused on the loss of Indigenous physical characteristics through
interracial relationships (Ellinghaus, 2003: 183).
The population of the indigenous people of Australia is estimated to be
60,000 and called a dying race in the 1920s. By about 1930s, the Indigenous
people had better resistance to some imported desease by the settlers which
pointed that the indigenous people were able to adapt to changed circumstances
(http://www.aushistorytimeline.com).
C.
Theoretical Framework
The writer applies some theories that have been explained before
analyzing and answer the problem formulations. Each theory will help the writer
to answer each of the problem formulations stated in previous chapters.
The writer analyze several characters that are very influential to the
meaning of the story because this play is about Millimura’s family so that there
are several characters are going to be analyzed. The writer applies theory of
characters and characterization that show the indication of indigenous struggle by
Reaske in How to Analyze Drama.
Jack Davis in No Sugar describes the idea of postcolonialism through the
Millimurra’s family life, especially about the indigenous struggles. The writer
applies the concept of postcolonialism stated by Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths,
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and Helen Tiffin in Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies that postcolonial deals
with the effects of colonization on culture and societies in order to understand
what way postcolonialism is formed through the characters’ action, thoughts, and
speeches in No Sugar.
The writer must find out and understand the indigenous struggle idea in the
story towards the characters’ actions. Each character has his or her own way to
reveal the idea of indigenous struggle.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A.
Object of the Study
This undergraduate thesis analyzed a play No Sugar written by Jack
Leonard Davis. The play was published by Currency Press in 1986. Jack Davis is
an Aborigine actor and author who was born on 11 March 1917 in Perth, Western
Australia. His early childhood was in mill town of Yarloop, then he was sent to
Moore River Native Settlement that inform much of his later writing.
According to http://www.liveperformance.com.au/halloffame/jackdavis1.
html, a site about australian hall of fame performance, the play was first
performed on 18 February 1985 at the Maltings in North Perth in a production by
the Western Australian theatre Company for the Festival of Perth. No Sugar
received the Australian Writers’ Guild Awgie as Best Play of the Year and the
Ruth Adney Koori Award. This play consists of four Acts.
No Sugar is about Aborigine struggle within the colonization during the
Great Depresion in Western Australia that is represented by Millimurras family.
In this play, Davis represents the terrible living conditions the indigenous people
who are living in white colonization. There are many events that picture the the
white treat the Aborigine cruelly in the play. The play shows us the struggle of
indigenous people to defend their existence and rights.
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B.
Approach of the Study
In order to analyse the topic that has been chosen by the writer and to
answer the three questions in the problem formulation, the writer applied the
theory of postcolonial studies. The writer applies postcolonial theories to find the
effect of indigenous people after the colonialization of British settler in Australia.
Postcolonial studies deals with the movement of the colonized country after the
end of colonizer country. According to Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies by
Aschroft et al, postcolonialism deals with the effects of colonization on culture
and societies (Aschroft, 2001: 186). This approach is used in order to find how
political, cultural, racial and gender struggle form the postcolonialism that is
shown by the characters in No Sugar.
Bressler in Literary Criticism: An Introduction toTheory and Practice,
postcolonial’s major concern is highlighting the struggle that occurs when one
culture is dominated by another. The context of postcolonialism is about the
colonized people’s respond to the oppression of the conqueror. This approach was
applied to examine the indigenous struggle in their custom which can be seen
through the characters in No Sugar.
C.
Method of the Study
To complete the study requires a lot of thought as well as reference books
and notes. Library research is conducted in this study. It means that the data are
gathered from many references and some other important written sources. The
main source that the writer uses is No Sugar by Jack davis. The secondary source
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that the writer chooses to analyze the main source are Christopher Reaske’s How
to Analyze Drama, and in order to understand the postcolonialism Key Concepts
in Post-Colonial Studies by Aschroft et al are applied in this study.
The first step was reading the main source, No Sugar, through close
reading method to understand it. While rereading the main source, the writer
formulated the questions to examine the play and to limit the scope of the topic.
The writer formulated three questions: how are the characters described, how do
the white treat the indigenous people and how the indigenous peole struggle
against white oppression. Second, the writer tried to find some references that
were used to analyze the topic in order to get more data related to the p