PENGARUH PAPARAN MUSIK TRADISIONAL JAWA TERHADAP FUNGSI MEMORI SPASIAL TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus norvegicus).
vii
viii
ABSTRAK
Nikko Rizky Amanda, G0013177, 2016. Pengaruh Paparan Musik Tradisional
Jawa terhadap Fungsi Memori Spasial Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus). Skripsi,
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta.
Latar Belakang: Musik tradisional Jawa memiliki periodisitas musik yang mirip
dengan musik klasik yaitu berkisar 30 detik. Musik dengan periodisitas tersebut
diduga dapat meningkatkan memori spasial, namun masih perlu dilakukan
penelitian lebih lanjut untuk membuktikan hal itu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
mengetahui pengaruh paparan musik tradisional Jawa terhadap fungsi memori
spasial tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus).
Metode: Penelitian ini bersifat eksperimental murni yang dilakukan di
Laboratorium Anatomi FK UNS pada Juni-Juli 2016. Sampel berupa tikus putih
galur Wistar jantan, usia 14-21 hari. Sampel sebanyak 14 ekor yang diperoleh
secara purposive sampling, dibagi dalam 2 kelompok secara acak yaitu Kelompok
Kontrol (KK) dan Kelompok Perlakuan (KP) yang diberi perlakuan berupa
paparan musik tradisional Jawa selama 28 hari. Tingkat memori spasial diuji
melalui Morris Water Maze test. Pada hari ke-29 sampai 33, tingkat memori
spasial diuji melalui tahap spatial learning test. Pada hari ke-34, dilakukan tahap
probe test dan sensorimotoris test Data spatial learning test, probe test dan
sensorimotoris test dianalisis dengan uji Independent T-Test dan Mann Whitney
(α = 0,05).
Hasil: Rerata escape latency pada spatial learning test KK dibanding dengan KP
hari ke-1 (35,07 ; 40,60 p=0,212), hari ke-2 (20,67 ; 19,85 p=0,569), hari ke-3
(12,32 ; 16,07 p=0,710b), hari ke-4 (15,78; 15,82 p=0,993), hari ke-5 (10,85; 7,71
p=0,156). Hasil probe test antara KK dan KP menunjukkan adanya perbedaan
bermakna (13,12 ; 18,91 p=0,005). Hasil sensorimotoris test antara KK dan KP
tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna (5,29 ; 4,71 p=0,647).
Simpulan: Paparan musik tradisional Jawa meningkatkan persistensi memori
tetapi tidak berpengaruh pada escape latency yang terlihat dalam Morris Water
Maze test.
Kata kunci: Musik tradisional Jawa, memori spasial, Morris Water Maze
ix
ABSTRACT
Nikko Rizky Amanda, G0013177, 2016. Exposure Effect of Javanese
Traditional Music on Spatial Memory Function in Rats (Rattus norvegicus). Mini
Thesis, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.
Background: Javanese traditional music has similar periodicity to classical music
in range at 30 seconds. Music with this periodicity expected to improve spatial
memory, but it still need more research to prove it. This study aimed to determine
the effect of Javanese traditional music on spatial memory function in rats (Rattus
norvegicus).
Methods: This study was true experimental research and was conducted in
Anatomy Laboratory FK UNS on June-July 2016. Samples were 14 male Wistar
rats, 14-21 days old, obtained by purposive sampling. Samples were divided
randomly into 2 groups: the Control Group (KK) and the Treatment Group (KP)
that were exposed to Javanese Traditional Music for 28 days. The level of spatial
memory was tested by Morris Water Maze test. On day 29 th to 33rd, spatial
memory level was measured by spatial learning test. Probe test and sensorimotoris
test were conducted on day 34th. Spatial learning test, probe test and
sensorimotoris test datas were analyzed by Independent T-Test and Mann
Whitney (α = 0,05).
Results: The mean of escape latency at spatial learning test from KK was
compared with KP 1st day (35.07 ; 40.60 p=0.212), 2nd day (20.67 ; 19.85
p=0.569), 3rd day (12.32 ; 16.07 p=0.710b), 4th day (15.78; 15.82 p=0.993), 5th day
(10.85; 7.71 p=0.156). The result of probe test showed that there was a significant
difference (13.12 ; 18.91p=0.005). The results in sensorimotoris test showed that
there was not significant difference (5.29 ; 4.71 p=0.647).
Conclusion: Exposure of Javanese traditional music increases the persistence but
has no effect on escape latency seen in Morris Water Maze test.
Keywords: Javanese traditional music, spatial memory, Morris Water Maze
x
DAFTAR ISI
PRAKATA ...................................................................................................... vi
DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................... x
DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................... xii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................ 1
A. Latar Belakang Masalah ................................................................. 1
B. Rumusan Masalah .......................................................................... 3
C. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................ 3
D. Manfaat Penelitian .......................................................................... 3
BAB II LANDASAN TEORI
5
A. Tinjauan Pustaka ............................................................................ 5
1. Musik ....................................................................................... 5
a. Musik Klasik....................................................................... 5
1) Definisi Musik Klasik.................................................5
2) Era Klasik...................................................................5
b. Kemiripan musik Tradisional Jawa dan Musik Klasik ......... 6
2. Memori ..................................................................................... 8
a. Memori Spasial .................................................................. 8
b. Tes Pengukuran Memori Spasial ........................................ 11
1) The Corsi Block Tapping Task ................................ 11
xi
2) Visual Pattern Span................................ .................. 12
3) Pathway Span Task....................................................12
4) Dynamic Mazes........................................................ 13
5) Radial Arm Maze............................................ ......... 13
6) Morris Water Maze................................................. .. 14
3. Morris Water Maze ................................................................... 15
4. Pengaruh Musik terhadap Memori Spasial ................................ 21
B. Kerangka Pemikiran ....................................................................... 27
C. Hipotesis ........................................................................................ 28
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ................................................................... 29
A. Jenis Penelitian ............................................................................... 29
B. Lokasi Penelitian ............................................................................ 29
C. Subjek Penelitian ............................................................................ 29
D. Teknik Sampling ............................................................................ 30
E. Besar Sampel .................................................................................. 30
F. Rancangan Penelitian ..................................................................... 31
G. Identifikasi Variabel Penelitian ....................................................... 33
H. Definisi Operasional Variabel Penelitian ........................................ 34
I. Alat dan Bahan ............................................................................... 35
1. Alat........................................................................................... 35
2. Bahan ....................................................................................... 35
J. Cara Kerja ...................................................................................... 36
1. Adaptasi Tikus .......................................................................... 36
xii
2. Pengelompokan Sampel ............................................................ 36
3. Pemberian Perlakuan ................................................................ 36
4. Pemeriksaan Fungsi Memori Spasial ......................................... 37
K. Teknik Analisis Data ...................................................................... 39
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN........................................................................ 41
A. Data Hasil Penelitian ...................................................................... 41
B. Analisis Data .................................................................................. 43
BAB V PEMBAHASAN ................................................................................. 56
BAB VI SIMPULAN DAN SARAN ............................................................... 66
A. Simpulan ........................................................................................ 66
B. Saran .............................................................................................. 66
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...................................................................................... 67
LAMPIRAN .................................................................................................... 75
xiii
viii
ABSTRAK
Nikko Rizky Amanda, G0013177, 2016. Pengaruh Paparan Musik Tradisional
Jawa terhadap Fungsi Memori Spasial Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus). Skripsi,
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta.
Latar Belakang: Musik tradisional Jawa memiliki periodisitas musik yang mirip
dengan musik klasik yaitu berkisar 30 detik. Musik dengan periodisitas tersebut
diduga dapat meningkatkan memori spasial, namun masih perlu dilakukan
penelitian lebih lanjut untuk membuktikan hal itu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
mengetahui pengaruh paparan musik tradisional Jawa terhadap fungsi memori
spasial tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus).
Metode: Penelitian ini bersifat eksperimental murni yang dilakukan di
Laboratorium Anatomi FK UNS pada Juni-Juli 2016. Sampel berupa tikus putih
galur Wistar jantan, usia 14-21 hari. Sampel sebanyak 14 ekor yang diperoleh
secara purposive sampling, dibagi dalam 2 kelompok secara acak yaitu Kelompok
Kontrol (KK) dan Kelompok Perlakuan (KP) yang diberi perlakuan berupa
paparan musik tradisional Jawa selama 28 hari. Tingkat memori spasial diuji
melalui Morris Water Maze test. Pada hari ke-29 sampai 33, tingkat memori
spasial diuji melalui tahap spatial learning test. Pada hari ke-34, dilakukan tahap
probe test dan sensorimotoris test Data spatial learning test, probe test dan
sensorimotoris test dianalisis dengan uji Independent T-Test dan Mann Whitney
(α = 0,05).
Hasil: Rerata escape latency pada spatial learning test KK dibanding dengan KP
hari ke-1 (35,07 ; 40,60 p=0,212), hari ke-2 (20,67 ; 19,85 p=0,569), hari ke-3
(12,32 ; 16,07 p=0,710b), hari ke-4 (15,78; 15,82 p=0,993), hari ke-5 (10,85; 7,71
p=0,156). Hasil probe test antara KK dan KP menunjukkan adanya perbedaan
bermakna (13,12 ; 18,91 p=0,005). Hasil sensorimotoris test antara KK dan KP
tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna (5,29 ; 4,71 p=0,647).
Simpulan: Paparan musik tradisional Jawa meningkatkan persistensi memori
tetapi tidak berpengaruh pada escape latency yang terlihat dalam Morris Water
Maze test.
Kata kunci: Musik tradisional Jawa, memori spasial, Morris Water Maze
ix
ABSTRACT
Nikko Rizky Amanda, G0013177, 2016. Exposure Effect of Javanese
Traditional Music on Spatial Memory Function in Rats (Rattus norvegicus). Mini
Thesis, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.
Background: Javanese traditional music has similar periodicity to classical music
in range at 30 seconds. Music with this periodicity expected to improve spatial
memory, but it still need more research to prove it. This study aimed to determine
the effect of Javanese traditional music on spatial memory function in rats (Rattus
norvegicus).
Methods: This study was true experimental research and was conducted in
Anatomy Laboratory FK UNS on June-July 2016. Samples were 14 male Wistar
rats, 14-21 days old, obtained by purposive sampling. Samples were divided
randomly into 2 groups: the Control Group (KK) and the Treatment Group (KP)
that were exposed to Javanese Traditional Music for 28 days. The level of spatial
memory was tested by Morris Water Maze test. On day 29 th to 33rd, spatial
memory level was measured by spatial learning test. Probe test and sensorimotoris
test were conducted on day 34th. Spatial learning test, probe test and
sensorimotoris test datas were analyzed by Independent T-Test and Mann
Whitney (α = 0,05).
Results: The mean of escape latency at spatial learning test from KK was
compared with KP 1st day (35.07 ; 40.60 p=0.212), 2nd day (20.67 ; 19.85
p=0.569), 3rd day (12.32 ; 16.07 p=0.710b), 4th day (15.78; 15.82 p=0.993), 5th day
(10.85; 7.71 p=0.156). The result of probe test showed that there was a significant
difference (13.12 ; 18.91p=0.005). The results in sensorimotoris test showed that
there was not significant difference (5.29 ; 4.71 p=0.647).
Conclusion: Exposure of Javanese traditional music increases the persistence but
has no effect on escape latency seen in Morris Water Maze test.
Keywords: Javanese traditional music, spatial memory, Morris Water Maze
x
DAFTAR ISI
PRAKATA ...................................................................................................... vi
DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................... x
DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................... xii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................ 1
A. Latar Belakang Masalah ................................................................. 1
B. Rumusan Masalah .......................................................................... 3
C. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................ 3
D. Manfaat Penelitian .......................................................................... 3
BAB II LANDASAN TEORI
5
A. Tinjauan Pustaka ............................................................................ 5
1. Musik ....................................................................................... 5
a. Musik Klasik....................................................................... 5
1) Definisi Musik Klasik.................................................5
2) Era Klasik...................................................................5
b. Kemiripan musik Tradisional Jawa dan Musik Klasik ......... 6
2. Memori ..................................................................................... 8
a. Memori Spasial .................................................................. 8
b. Tes Pengukuran Memori Spasial ........................................ 11
1) The Corsi Block Tapping Task ................................ 11
xi
2) Visual Pattern Span................................ .................. 12
3) Pathway Span Task....................................................12
4) Dynamic Mazes........................................................ 13
5) Radial Arm Maze............................................ ......... 13
6) Morris Water Maze................................................. .. 14
3. Morris Water Maze ................................................................... 15
4. Pengaruh Musik terhadap Memori Spasial ................................ 21
B. Kerangka Pemikiran ....................................................................... 27
C. Hipotesis ........................................................................................ 28
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ................................................................... 29
A. Jenis Penelitian ............................................................................... 29
B. Lokasi Penelitian ............................................................................ 29
C. Subjek Penelitian ............................................................................ 29
D. Teknik Sampling ............................................................................ 30
E. Besar Sampel .................................................................................. 30
F. Rancangan Penelitian ..................................................................... 31
G. Identifikasi Variabel Penelitian ....................................................... 33
H. Definisi Operasional Variabel Penelitian ........................................ 34
I. Alat dan Bahan ............................................................................... 35
1. Alat........................................................................................... 35
2. Bahan ....................................................................................... 35
J. Cara Kerja ...................................................................................... 36
1. Adaptasi Tikus .......................................................................... 36
xii
2. Pengelompokan Sampel ............................................................ 36
3. Pemberian Perlakuan ................................................................ 36
4. Pemeriksaan Fungsi Memori Spasial ......................................... 37
K. Teknik Analisis Data ...................................................................... 39
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN........................................................................ 41
A. Data Hasil Penelitian ...................................................................... 41
B. Analisis Data .................................................................................. 43
BAB V PEMBAHASAN ................................................................................. 56
BAB VI SIMPULAN DAN SARAN ............................................................... 66
A. Simpulan ........................................................................................ 66
B. Saran .............................................................................................. 66
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...................................................................................... 67
LAMPIRAN .................................................................................................... 75
xiii